Language | Technology | Business July/August 2011

Industry Focus: Medical Translating to save lives Medical translation basics Providing interpretation for successful medical care Understanding etymology to improve medical translation Medical software localization done right Culture and language issues in global clinical trials Finding the ideal process for pharmaceutical translations Insights into the future of XLIFF

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MultiLingual Core Focus and Guides #121 Volume 22 Issue 5 July/August 2011 Editor-in-Chief, Publisher: Donna Parrish Managing Editor: Katie Botkin Editorial Assistant: Jim Healey Proofreaders: Bonnie Hagan, Bernie Nova News: Kendra Gray Production: Darlene Dibble, Doug Jones Cover Photo: Doug Jones Webmaster: Aric Spence Technical Analyst: Curtis Booker Assistant: Shannon Abromeit Circulation: Terri Jadick Special Projects: Bernie Nova Our Core Focus and Guides content provides valuable information to Advertising Director: Jennifer Del Carlo help people understand the issues and challenges involved in localization. Advertising: Kevin Watson, Bonnie Hagan These provide a great introduction on what questions to ask and where to Editorial Board go for answers. This is a way to increase your “core strength” in localiza- Jeff Allen, Ultan Ó Broin, Arturo Quintero, Jessica Roland, Lori Thicke, Jost Zetzsche tion and translation knowledge! The information is available for download Advertising on our site – at no cost. If you need to learn more, brush up on what you [email protected] know or introduce someone new to the concepts, then go to multilingual www.multilingual.com/advertising .com and download any or all pdf files. 208-263-8178 Subscriptions, back issues, customer service [email protected] Get social with us! www.multilingual.com/ subscriptionInformation Submissions, letters MultiLingual keeps a running [email protected] tweet stream on its home Editorial guidelines are available at page, showing items that are www.multilingual.com/editorialWriter in our Twitter conversation. Reprints: [email protected] Join the conversation and follow us directly at @multilingualmag to MultiLingual Computing, Inc. get industry-related information about articles, events, news and views 319 North First Avenue, Suite 2 Sandpoint, Idaho 83864-1495 USA as we share them. [email protected] www.multilingual.com © MultiLingual Computing, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction without permission is prohibited. For reprints and e-prints, please Subscriptions e-mail [email protected] or call 208-263-8178. MultiLingual (ISSN 1523-0309), July/August 2011, is published monthly except Apr-May, Jul-Aug, Oct-Nov for US$58, international $85 per year by MultiLingual Computing, Inc., The print magazine is mailed nine times a 319 North First Avenue, Suite 2, Sandpoint, ID 83864-1495. Periodicals postage paid at Sandpoint, ID and additional mailing offices. year (eight issues plus an annual resource POSTMASTER: Send address changes to MultiLingual, 319 North First Avenue, Suite 2, Sandpoint, ID 83864-1495. directory/index) for $58 domestically, $85 internationally, and includes full access to

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2-3 MLC #121.indd 3 6/29/11 4:41 PM Language Technology for a Globalized World.

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4-5 TOC #121.indd 4 6/29/11 2:40 PM MultiLingual Language | Technology | Business July/August 2011 #121 Volume 22 Issue 5 n Up Front n Feature Articles n 3 www.multilingual.com n Industry Focus n 6 Post Editing 24 Translating to save lives n News — Lori Thicke n 7 News 27 Medical translation basics n 12 Featured Webinars — n 13 Calendar Afaf Steiert & Matthias Steiert 29 Providing interpretation n Reviews for successful medical care 14 tekom Studie — Elizabeth Colón Up Front — Reviewed by Barbara Inge Karsch 30 Medical interpreting in the United States — n Columns and Commentary Dena Bugel-Shunra 34 Understanding etymology 17 Enterprise Innovators — Lori Thicke to improve medical translation 20 Off the Map — Kate Edwards — Luciana Ramos 22 World Savvy — John Freivalds 37 62 Takeaway — Wayne Bourland Medical software localization done right n 53 Basics — Sandra La Brasca & Jason Heaton n 55 Buyer’s Guide 42 Culture and language issues in global clinical trials 61 Advertiser Index — Inna Kassatkina, Stacy Liechti & Mark Opler 46 About the cover Finding the ideal process for Made of recycled telephone wire pharmaceutical translations handcrafted by native weavers from the Durban region of — Libor Safar South Africa, this colorful basket combines the messages n Technology of a modern-day medical reality with traditional tribal symbolism. 51 Insights into the future of XLIFF — Christian Lieske

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4-5 TOC #121.indd 5 6/29/11 2:40 PM Katie Botkin Post Editing

Like medicine

Medicine as a practice involves “the human existence. As Lori Thicke points focus, Libor Safar has some details on art of healing” — fixing broken things, out in the first article of the focus, pharmaceutical translation. curing ailments and helping those past however, much of this world-changing Also in this issue, Lori Thicke Mcure. In certain eras, medicine and magic information is useless unless you and interviews Christine Duran of Adobe, were lumped into the same category, your medical practitioners understand it. Kate Edwards writes about animal and truly, there is something that feels Often, then, and particularly in certain symbolism, and John Freivalds has uncanny about returning to health after parts of the world, translation is crucial. some thoughts on language apps and a long sickness. To anyone who has ever The theme of translating medical the military. For the more technically hurt, and that would be about 100% information is continued with Afaf inclined, Christian Lieske provides of the human population, the “art of Steiert and Matthias Steiert’s article, insights into the future of XLIFF, healing” sounds pretty good. which comes next in the focus. Then and Barbara Inge Karsch reviews the Pain and degeneration are universal, Elizabeth Colón, with a little help German tekom Studie. Finally, Wayne and how we answer it takes up a large from Dena Bugel-Shunra’s sidebar, Bourland gives us reasons why machine portion of our lives. Friends, family, has some tips for providing medical translation hasn’t taken hold as much as melody, exploration, vitamins and interpretation. Next, Luciana Ramos theory claims it should. most of our hobbies may help hold our offers some basic etymology for medical There’s a proverb that says “a word mortality at bay, but there are times translation, Sandra La Brasca and aptly spoken is like apples of gold.” when we need very specific medical Jason Heaton discuss medical software Folklore says “an apple a day keeps the attention. Western medicine, combined localization, and Inna Kassatkina, Stacy doctor away.” Hence, apt words may with improved nutrition and sanitation, Liechti and Mark Opler cover culture keep the doctor away, becoming part has produced near-miraculous life and language issues in global clinical of prevention. Folk wisdom confirms it: expectancy in the broader scheme of trials. Last but not least for our medical Good words are like medicine. W

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6 | MultiLingual July/August 2011 [email protected]

6 Postediting #121.indd 6 6/29/11 2:41 PM Record-setting Localization World focuses on future

Sessions take cue from keynoter On the crowd-based community News Localization World once again boasted translation side, Rebecca Ray of record attendance at its June 13-16, 2011, Common Sense Advisory explained event in Barcelona, Spain. Futurist Patrick later that day how crowdsourced Dixon set the tone for the conference with translation is working for a number a June 15 keynote entitled “Futurewise,” of companies. Ray stated that it can where he also gave out signed copies of work if it’s cause-driven, product- his book by the same name. Dixon laid out driven or outsourcing-driven, but the six faces of global change discussed in that there needs to be definitive the book, focusing on three in particular. Barcelona, seen here from Park Güell, was management regardless of whether First of all, as he sees it, demand for speed revisited for the 17th Localization World. the crowd’s motivation is con- worldwide will only rise. Dixon predicted science, pragmatism or money. “We that the pace at which companies need to tant than the company.” Hence, “how humans don’t really do very well respond to queries will increase tenfold, those crowd comments are translated” unless there’s guidance,” Ray said. as will the speed at which you’re required makes a huge amount of difference for Language service providers may thus to work. For translation companies, said the company. need to convince clients that they Dixon, this means “an absolute commit- Many sessions within the conference have the management skills needed for such ment to automatic translation.” echoed the ideas that Dixon had touched projects, and that they are good at working Dixon was not sure exactly how imme- on. In a session on the future of standards, with diverse multilingual communities. diate noncommercial translation would Jaap van der Meer of TAUS commented The July 16 keynote panel continued play out and commented that “one of my that the ultimate goal is to “make trans- Dixon’s themes, with moderator Paula frustrations, which I’m hoping someone lation so easy it’s part of everything you Shannon of Lionbridge stating that “user- can solve for me today,” is how to provide do.” Van der Meer said that we still have generated content is a steamroller coming.” instantaneous translation for content an unfortunate export mentality, where Panelist Calijn Roeters van Lennep of such as YouTube broadcasts and tweets. we’re pushing things from the top down, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines agreed, quoting For all the speed and machine-driven and we own the content and count words. McKinsey Quarterly that “the outreach of efficiency that Dixon claimed lies ahead, To address this, TAUS’s goals for the future consumers is dramatically more important he said the future is about emotion. of standards include consolidating frag- than the outreach of marketers.” It is im- “Innovation alone cannot tell you the mented functions in the global translation portant for KLM to be available anytime, future.” Any innovation that has staying industry, driving translation interoperabil- anywhere, so KLM has a strong mobile strat- power touches the heart in some way, and ity, delivering dynamic quality evaluation egy with apps and website, and sees high innovation is about what you want and framework and developing a market for volumes of booking from mobile phones in how people want to live. open-source machine translation. Indonesia, for example. “This is all because Tied in with this is the concept of of the shifting focus of the consumer,” said tribalism, which creates poetry, family Roeters van Lennep. The company embraces and a sense of belonging. “Every tribe the mantra “think global, act local,” and has its own brand, every brand creates its to that end KLM.com has more than 140 own tribe. Every community has within websites in 77 countries, in 16 languages. it hundreds of tribes,” said Dixon, and Roeters van Lennep said that none of these for better or worse the contrast between used automated translation. This provoked tribes within nations can tear them apart. a gasp from the audience, which Shannon The opposite of tribalism is universalism, responded to by saying she thought this and the two actually feed on each other should create “a moment of reflection for because people want to find common this industry” for asking why we aren’t ground even as they want their separate evolving and becoming more helpful to identities. “In my own country, the UK is clients in worlds such as KLM’s, where web- breaking up into tribes,” Dixon said, giving sites don’t use CAT tools to translate, but do as an example the reemergence of Scots need to adapt to phones and other mobile Gaelic in the last five to ten years. “The devices. more McDonalds is everywhere, the more On the whole, sessions were well re- people want their own culture.” ceived, and Tim Young, senior operations But within the universal of these frag- manager at Cisco, said “I definitely see a mented tribes lies consumer power in buzz” at this Localization World he hadn’t more ways than one, said Dixon. “Author- seen before, which could turn out to be a ity has moved from CEOs to the crowd. “flash point” where we start understanding What the crowd is saying is more impor- Keynote speaker Patrick Dixon with his book. where we’re going.

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7-8 NewsFront#121.indd 7 6/29/11 2:48 PM News

Networking and more (Clockwise from top left): Preconference Beyond Marketing session with speaker Salvatore Giammarresi; Localization World badges awaiting attendees; opening Localization World is a touchpoint within the language reception on June 14 in the garden of the conference venue, Gran Hotel Princ- industry, and many attend to network and catch up on the esa Sofia; dinner-goers walking to the nearby Hotel Rey Juan Carlos I for a wel- latest industry trends. One announcement that created some coming drink and multicourse meal; dinner at the Hotel Rey Juan Carlos I during conference buzz involved TAUS founder Jaap van der Meer the full lunar eclipse on June 15; attendees enjoying the opening reception; Re- stating that there were more than enough language industry nato Beninatto pouring at ELIA’s social hour and wine tasting event in the ex- conferences, and for the sake of simplicity and collaboration, hibit hall. More event photos are available on the Localization World website: localizationworld.com/lwbar2011/photos. the TAUS user conference will be co-located in Santa Clara in the fall of 2011, and starting in 2012, it will be a new track within Localization World itself. Translators without Borders (TWB) underwent a fundrais- Where in the world is MultiLingual? ing effort at Localization World and its raffle raised around $10,000, with prizes donated from large companies such as If you have ever wanted your photography Lionbridge and Language Line to a personal donation from or yourself to be featured in an international Daniel Goldschmidt and Iris Orriss of Microsoft. The grand prize magazine, now’s your chance. Send us a photo was an all-expenses-paid weekend getaway at Chateau de of MultiLingual in an interesting or exotic set- Berne in Provence, France, donated by Conversis. The fundraising ting of some kind, featuring you or someone effort is part of a broader goal to ensure full-time management else reading the magazine. In order for it to of TWB’s scaled-up enterprise, complete with a new translation be published, the original image needs to be platform put together by ProZ.com. “Much as I love the tech- a high-resolution file: 300 dpi at a printable nology, it’s all about the community,” said TWB cofounder size. It needs to be in focus at that size, too. If Lori Thicke, and, due to this community, almost $3 million we print your photograph, we will send you a in services have been donated to non-government orga- MultiLingual mug. Let us know the details of the nizations. The organization is particularly concerned with image (where it was taken and who it involves, making medical information available in minority and local if applicable) and send us your mailing address languages. TWB’s current goal is to raise $120,000, and they with your submission. have already garnered a host of sponsors to this end. Said Thicke, “This initiative belongs to all of us. We are the E-mail submissions to [email protected] language industry. We are all translators without borders.”

8 | MultiLingual July/August 2011 [email protected]

7-8 NewsFront#121.indd 8 6/29/11 2:49 PM News

People to make the most efficient use of their ETSI Industry Specification Group language service providers. Technology is Localisation Industry Standards Recent industry hires also starting to fill some of the automation The European Telecommunications Stan­ ■ Syntes Language Group, Inc., a lan­ voids that made vendor management so dards Institute (ETSI), a producer of globally­ guage services provider, has hired Laurie difficult for clients in the past. applicable standards for information and Gerber as director of business development. “The Language Services Market: 2011” com munications technologies, has announced Gerber has been involved in the language presents the world’s leading providers of the formation of ETSI Industry Specification industry for over 25 years. translation, localization and interpreting Group Localisation Industry Standards (ISG ■ Global Lingo Ltd., a language service services. It also sizes the market based on LIS). Membership is not required and anyone provider, has hired Melanie Race as trans­ reported revenue data and includes the can participate in the development of TMX, lation project administrator. The company firm’s projections for the next five years. SRX, TBX and GMX (former LISA OSCAR SIG has also promoted Gemma Higham to head Common Sense Advisory, Inc. standards). There is no cost for mailing list of translation production and Claire Scho­ www.commonsenseadvisory.com subscription, browsing of web archives, con­ field to senior project account manager. ference call attendance and virtual meeting ■ Milengo Ltd., a language service pro­ SDL Elevation Center participation. Contact Patrick Guillemin (pat vider, has hired Bjoern Lux as sales director. SDL, a provider of global information [email protected]), ETSI Secretariat, for Lux’s previous industry experience includes management solutions, has launched the more information. account and business development man­ Elevation Center, an online, virtual briefing European Telecommunications agement and project management. center for cloud computing. The center Standards Institute www.etsi.org ■ LanguageWire, a provider of transla­ is designed to enable individuals in the tion, proofreading, text editing, layout and localization industry to collaborate, learn, Products and Services graphic processing services, has promoted interact and discuss ways to accelerate the Anne Schmidt to country manager of the adoption of cloud solutions for localization Xbench 2.9 company’s Danish division. Sander Chris­ and globalization. ApSIC S.L., a provider of technical trans­ tophersen was promoted to information SDL www.sdl.com lation and software product localization, technology project manager. Jacob Nielsen has released Xbench version 2.9. The new was hired as account manager. Certificate in Localization: version directly supports SDL Studio 2009 ■ Argos Translations Sp z o.o., a provider Customizing Software for the World bilingual files and the use of multiple per­ of language services, has hired Frans Wijma University of Washington Professional sonal checklists during quality assurance. for his background with Simplified Techni­ & Continuing Education is offering a cer ­ ApSIC S.L. www.apsic.com cal English (STE) training and technology to tificate program in localization (www.pce help the company develop STE training and .uw.edu/prog.aspx?id=6040) that provides PangeaMT-BIO consulting services. practical experience and an overview of PangeaMT, a provider of open­source sta­ Syntes Language Group, Inc. www.syntes.com the rapidly growing field through a three­ tistical translation automation solutions, has Global Lingo Ltd. www.global-lingo.com course, nine­month program. The courses introduced PangeaMT­BIO, a machine trans­ Milengo Ltd. www.milengo.com are offered in the evening and include lation system focused on biotechnology. LanguageWire www.languagewire.com classroom and online time. Applications PangeaMT www.pangea.com.mt Argos Translations Sp z o.o. are now being accepted for the program www.argostranslations.com starting October 5, 2011. GPI Translation Services Portal update University of Washington Globalization Partners International (GPI), Resources Professional & Continuing Education a provider of website, software and docu­ www.pce.uw.edu mentation translation services, has updated New Common Sense research Common Sense Advisory, Inc., an inde­ pendent market research firm specializing in the language services industry, has re­ leased two new reports. “Content Strategy for the Global Enterprise” helps organiza­ tions understand the content they create, how they manage and transform it, and where these operations fit into an enter­ prise content strategy. “Translation Vendor Management” re­ veals that buyers have very clear criteria for making decisions about vendors and buyers are getting even more savvy with time. Organizations are improving their procurement processes, reducing their vendor pools, centralizing their operations, and in general getting smarter about how

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its Translation Services Portal. New features simple method of writing to create modular new translation management system (TMS) include a blog, global news feed, global bits of content. connectors — SDL TMS Connector, Global­ business resource library and a budget cal­ 3di Information Solutions Ltd. Sight Connector and LionBridge Freeway culator for companies needing to create www.3di-info.com Connector — designed to automate the im­ annual translation budgets. porting of content into a TMS and exporting Globalization Partners International Plunet BusinessManager 5.2 it back to a content management system. www.globalizationpartners.com Plunet GmbH, a provider of business man­ Clay Tablet Technologies agement software for translation services www.clay-tablet.com Tridion 2011, LiveContent 2011 and agencies, has released version 5.2 of Busi­ SDL, a provider of global information nessManager. The new version is designed to Wordfast Classic 6.0 management solutions, has released SDL better enable translation project managers to Wordfast LLC, a provider of transla­ Tridion 2011, including tools designed to monitor operations across multiple systems. tion memory (TM) software, has released enable brands to extend existing online Plunet GmbH www.plunet.de Wordfast Classic 6.0. Updates include the and offline global campaigns to mobile. ability to share TMs and glossaries with an SDL has also launched SDL LiveContent Déjà Vu X2 unlimited number of users, enhanced qual­ 2011, a software application designed to ATRIL/PowerLing, a developer of com­ ity assurance, AutoComplete and improved improve customer experience by making puter­assisted translation technology, has glossary term recognition. product content interactive and available released Déjà Vu X2, its computer­assisted Wordfast LLC www.wordfast.com on multiple devices. translation system. New features include SDL www.sdl.com DeepMiner data mining and translation Lido-Lang voice-over service engine, SmartView Interface and a multi­ Lido­Lang Technical Translations, a provider XTRF 2.3 file and multiformat alignment tool. of language services, has added voice­over XTRF Translation Management Systems ATRIL/PowerLing www.atril.com service spanning the entire audio production has upgraded its translation company and execution process and covering record­ management system XTRF to version 2.3. Author-it v5.5 ings made in a chosen language. Voice­over is Improvements include EU VAT number ver­ Author­it Software Corporation, a de­ offered as a standalone service or as a part of ification when creating new client/vendor veloper of software for authoring, content a translation project. profiles (via europa.eu) and system integra­ management, publishing and localization, Lido-Lang Technical Translations tion with the European Central Bank portal has introduced Author­it v5.5. Updates www.lidolang.com to provide the currency exchange rates and include Reviewer for content review and history. approval processes, versioning and branch­ AGITO Translate XTRF Translation Management Systems ing management for multiple releases of LanguageWire, a provider of transla­ www.xtrf.eu software, and multiselect importing of tion, proofreading, text editing, layout and translation jobs in Localization Manager. graphic processing services, has introduced ErrorSpy Online version 6 Author-it Software Corporation AGITO Translate, a terminology database D.O.G. (Dokumentation ohne Grenzen) www.author-it.com and translation memory tool designed to GmbH, a provider of translation, documen­ assist translators. tation and software services, has created a One Hour Transcription LanguageWire www.languagewire.com new free service for checking the quality of One Hour Translation, a web­based translations, one of the updates to version translation service provider, has launched Clients and Partners 6 of its ErrorSpy Online quality assurance One Hour Transcription. The service is pro­ service. vided for all 57 languages supported by the SH3 chooses Across technology D.O.G. (Dokumentation ohne Grenzen) GmbH company. SH3, Inc., a translation service provider, www.dog-gmbh.de One Hour Translation has integrated technology from Across www.onehourtranslation.com Systems GmbH, a manufacturer of corpo­ Lingvo Dictionaries 2.0 rate translation management systems, to ABBYY USA, a developer of language TM Repository further support the translation of technical software and document recognition and Kilgray Translation Technologies, a devel­ information for manufacturers of indus­ forms processing technologies, has created oper of translation productivity tools, has trial machinery and pharmaceuticals. ABBYY Lingvo Dictionaries 2.0 for iOS, a created TM Repository, a translation mem­ SH3, Inc. www.sh3.com dictionary and translation application for ory management system with a single point Across Systems GmbH www.across.net Apple mobile devices. A total of 96 language of access that collects a company’s transla­ combinations are represented. tion memory data in a single database. CLS Communication and ABBYY USA http://abbyyusa.com Kilgray Translation Technologies Vermilion meet KIID requirements www.kilgray.com CLS Communication AG, a provider 3di Modular Design of multilingual communication services, 3di Information Solutions Ltd., a content Clay Tablet translation has partnered with Vermilion Software, a development and localization company, has management system connectors provider of client reporting software and created 3di Modular Design (3MD) solution Clay Tablet Technologies, a provider of services, to combine technology to cover and workshops. The 3MD approach offers a integration software, has introduced three every aspect of the legal requirements of

10 | MultiLingual July/August 2011 [email protected]

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Key Investor Information Document (KIID) US Library of Congress assist more non­government organizations reporting. The KIID contains concise de­ selects Trusted Translations in more languages. The organization hopes scriptions of key fund information. Trusted Translations, Inc., a translation to do so by the end of 2011. CLS Communication AG service company, has been selected by the Translators without Borders www.cls-communication.com US Library of Congress as one of its pri­ http://translatorswithoutborders.com mary translation providers for the World Metaphrasis partners with Digital Library (WDL) site. The content of XTRF share ideas campaign Resurrection Health Care the WDL is stored in a variety of formats XTRF Translation Management Systems Metaphrasis Language & Cultural Solu­ and languages from different places and has launched a share ideas program al­ tions, LLC, a provider of language and time periods. lowing XTRF system users and others to training solutions, and Resurrection Health Trusted Translations, Inc. submit ideas regarding the development Care (RHC) have announced a partnership www.trustedtranslations.com of the system. Those interested may share to provide medical interpreting services for ideas via [email protected] from June 1 seven RHC hospitals, including Resurrec­ CloudFlare uses Smartling platform to August 31, 2011. tion Medical Center in Chicago, Illinois. Smartling, provider of a cloud­based XTRF Translation Management Systems Metaphrasis Language & software platform, has announced that its www.xtrf.eu Cultural Solutions, LLC Translation Delivery Network is being of­ www.metaphrasislcs.com fered as a new service by CloudFlare, a web Kokusaika celebrates five years performance and security company. Kokusaika JP, Inc., a software and web U.S. Translation Company Smartling www.smartling.com internationalization company, is celebrat­ selects Kilgray technology ing its fifth anniversary. The company’s U.S. Translation Company has selected Announcements technology offerings include MundoRec, memoQ, an integrated translation environ­ a visual software translation testing tool, ment from Kilgray Translation Technologies, Translators without Borders and World Wide Navi, a software interna­ a developer of translation productivity tools. receives sponsorship support tionalization tool. U.S. Translation Company Translators without Borders (TWB), a not­ Kokusaika JP, Inc. www.kokusaika.jp www.ustranslation.com for­profit focused on spreading knowledge Kilgray Translation Technologies through humanitarian translations, has Xscript celebrates ten years www.kilgray.com announced an initial round of sponsors Xscript, a language services provider, is who have pledged support. The financial celebrating its tenth anniversary. Based in C&M chosen by UNIT4 TETA support provided by sponsors is critical to Lyon, France, the company focuses on soft­ Centrum Lokalizacji C&M Sp. z o.o., a sustaining and growing the organization. ware and website localization and techni­ language service provider, has been chosen In order to grow, TWB needs to hire a pro­ cal and medical translation. by UNIT4 TETA, a provider of enterprise gram coordinator to lead the initiative to Xscript www.xscript.fr resource planning solutions, to localize the TETA Constellation application into English. Centrum Lokalizacji C&M Sp. z o.o. Belgium Bulgaria www.cmlocalization.eu Czech Republic Estonia Germany TranslateMedia shares resources Localization Services: Hungary Latvia with Mountainview Learning Adapt to the local market. Lithuania China TranslateMedia, a digital document trans­ Slovenia Russia lation provider, and Mountainview Learning, Slovakia Poland a training and research company focused on USA neuroscience, have partnered resources to further explore audience engagement of diverse cultures. TranslateMedia www.translatemedia.com

Ocean Translations expands Individual needs call for individual solutions. We customize our services offered with Main Post USA approach to localization to meet Ocean Translations S.R.L., a language ser­ your localization needs in a cost vice provider, has announced its partnership effective way. with Main Post USA. Main Post is a company We deliver languages. Worldwide. International production facilities specializing in closed captioning, sub titling, Cutting edge technology dubbing and the translation of audiovisual Technical translation teams material. [email protected] Fully staffed engineering Ocean Translations S.R.L. www.skrivanek.com www.oceantranslations.com department Main Post USA www.mainpostusa.com

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9-13 News-Calendar #121.indd 11 6/29/11 2:50 PM Featured Webinars

Get Acquainted with GALA Recently Archived July 26, 2011 Globalization and Localization Association Optimizing the Process of Language Quality Assurance www.gala-global.org/gala-webinar-get-acquainted-gala 57 minutes Moravia Worldwide Going Mobile With Flare — www.moraviaworldwide.com/en/knowledge-center Part 2: So How Do I Use Flare To Go Mobile? July 27, 2011 Multimedia Localization: MadCap Software, Inc. Clearing Roadblocks to Efficiency www.madcapsoftware.com/demos/webinars.aspx 55 minutes Moravia Worldwide August www.moraviaworldwide.com/en/knowledge-center Bridging the Gap Between July Software Development and Localization August 3, 2011 Introductory webinar: Lingoport, https://www1.gotomeeting.com/register/964415249 Successful Translation Management with Plunet July 19, 2011 XTRF workflow Plunet GmbH, https://www1.gotomeeting.com/register/942518864 August 9, 2011 XTRF Translation Management Systems, www.xtrf.eu//Webinars The New MultiTrans Prism - An exclusive look at what it means for existing customers Introductory webinar: July 20, 2011 Successful Translation Management with Plunet MultiCorpora R&D Inc., http://bit.ly/imorXy August 23, 2011 Plunet GmbH, https://www1.gotomeeting.com/register/267395561 Financial Project Management July 21, 2011 Terminology Management November 16, 2011 August 25, 2011 The Localization Institute The Localization Institute www.localizationinstitute.com/index.cfm?seminar_cat_id=5 www.localizationinstitute.com/index.cfm?seminar_cat_id=1#session1 Going Mobile With Flare — September Part 1: An Overview of the Mobile Ecology July 22, 2011 Best Practices for Indexing Online Help MadCap Software, Inc. September 8, 2011 www.madcapsoftware.com/demos/webinars.aspx MadCap Software, Inc. www.madcapsoftware.com/demos/webinars.aspx qTerm — new dimensions in terminology management (for LSPs) Extending the Authoring Process: Using MadCap July 26, 2011 Lingo to Manage Your Company’s Translation Assets Kilgray Translation Technologies September 21, 2011 http://kilgray.com/webinars/qterm-new-dimensions- MadCap Software, Inc. terminology-management-lsps-1700-cest www.madcapsoftware.com/demos/webinars.aspx

STAR Group – Interested in more industry-related events? Your reliable Check out our online calendar at Partner for www.multilingual.com/calendar And follow us on Documentation, www.twitter.com/ multilingualmag Translation & www.facebook.com/ www.star-group.net Publishing. multilingualmagazine

12 | MultiLingual July/August 2011 [email protected]

9-13 News-Calendar #121.indd 12 6/29/11 2:50 PM A Local Focus for the Multilingual Web July September 21­22, 2011, Limerick, Ireland. MultilingualWeb project, www.multilingualweb.eu/ Calendar International Literary Translation Summer School documents/limerick-workshop/limerick-cfp July 24­30, 2011, in Norwich, UK. British Centre for Literary Translation LRC XVI www.bclt.org.uk/index.php/summer_school September 21­23, 2011, Limerick, Ireland. Localisation Research Centre, CNGL, 6th Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation www.localisation.ie/resources/conferences/2011/index.htm July 30­31, 2011, in Edinburgh, UK. Association for Computational Linguistics, www.statmt.org/wmt11 2nd International XLIFF Symposium September 28, 2011, Warsaw, Poland. August Translation Management Europe, IALB, PSBT www.tm-europe.org/xliff FIT XIX World Congress August 1­4, 2011, in San Francisco, California USA. TM-Europe 2011 International Federation of Translators, www.fit2011.org September 29­30, 2011, Warsaw, Poland. PSBT, www.tm-europe.org Cloud-Based Translation Memory August 8­9, 2011, in Monterey, California USA. 2011 IMIA Conference Monterey Institute of International Studies September 30­October 2, 2011, Boston, Massachusetts USA. www.miis.edu/academics/programs/translationinterpretationshort International Medical Interpreters Association www.imiaweb.org/conferences/2011conference.asp 7th Language & Technology Conference August 20­22, 2011, in Córdoba, Argentina. October IMTT, www.imtt.com.ar/2011conference International Legal Translation Conference Grammatical Framework Summer School 2011 October 7­8, 2011, Lisbon, Portugal. August 15­26, 2011, in Barcelona, Spain. TRADULÍNGUAS, www.tradulinguas.com/conf-juridica/index.htm Centre for Language Technology, Gothenburg http://school.grammaticalframework.org Localization World Silicon Valley October 10­12, 2011, San Jose, California USA. 5th Annual TAHIT Symposium on Language Access Localization World Ltd., www.localizationworld.com August 19­20, 2011, in Dallas, Texas USA. Texas Association of Healthcare Interpreters and Translators 35th Internationalization & Unicode Conference (IUC 35) www.runmyclub.com/tahit/eventcalendar.asp?id=206674 October 17­19, 2011, Santa Clara, California USA. Object Management Group, www.unicodeconference.org NLPCS 2011 August 20­21, 2011, in Copenhagen, Denmark. tcworld 2011 — tekom Copenhagen Business School October 18­20, 2011, Wiesbaden, Germany. www.cbs.dk/Forskning/Konferencer/NLPCS-2011 tekom, www.tekom.de/tagung/tagung.jsp

DrupalCon 2011 Languages & Business August 22­26, 2011, in London, UK. October 26­28, 2011, Berlin, Germany. Drupal, http://london2011.drupal.org/conference ICWE GmbH, www.sprachen-beruf.com/pages/en/index.php September 52nd ATA Conference October 26­29, 2011, Boston, Massachusetts USA. Content Strategy Forum 2011 American Translators Association, www.atanet.org/conf/2011 September 5­7, 2011, London, UK. Together London, http://csforum.eu GLoCALL 2011 October 27­29, 2011, Manila, Philippines. Fictional Translators in Literature and Film Globalization and Localization in September 15­17, 2011, Vienna, Austria. Computer-Assisted Language Learning, http://glocall.org University of Vienna, http://transfiction.univie.ac.at 7th International Postgraduate Technical Communication UK Conference in Translation and Interpreting September 20­22, 2011, Thame, Oxfordshire, UK. October 28­30, 2011, Edinburgh, Scotland. Institute of Scientific and Technical Communicators Dublin City University, Heriot-Watt University, www.technicalcommunicationuk.com University of Manchester, University of Edinburgh, www.ipciti.org.uk

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9-13 News-Calendar #121.indd 13 6/29/11 2:50 PM 14-16 Review/Karsch #121.indd 14 #121.indd 14-16 Review/Karsch 14 T | point rather thantheauthors’ error? announced thepublicationof the GermanterminologyassociationDTT andinthesame breath nung terminology: consistent. Irefer toanAnglicism thathascrept into German demonstrates how difficultitis tokeepterminologycorrect and survey expert.Despite theauthors’ skills, thereport’s titleitself of AppliedSciences, andDanielaStraub, psychologist andtekom nology studiesandlanguagetechnologyatCologneUniversity kept this promise. review. Inmyopinion,the authors more than on investment (ROI)analysis aswellatools its applicationinthereal world,andareturn guidelines, basicsinterminologytheoryand authors promise bestpractices and practical large scope of the300-pagereport, andthe Nutzen-Analyse, Systemübersicht und Leitfaden: Grundlagen,Umsetzung,Kosten- Unternehmen Erfolgreiches Terminologiemanagement im

MultiLingual The authors are Klaus-Dirk Schmitz,fullprofessor oftermi- In early2010, tekompublished learn more aboutthefield. anyone involved incommunication—to lishers, andmanagers aswell—inshort, terminologists, translators, contentpub- market forayear. Itsstructure allows ogy research report hasbeenonthe Reviews The Germanversion ofthis terminol- . SinceSchmitzreminded us ofthis atthelastsymposiumof . ItsGermansubtitle term and herown consultancy, BIKTerminology. and Microsoft,morerecently forTermNet terminologist forover 14years, firstatJ.D.Edwards Barbara IngeKarsch hasbeenapassionate July/August 2011 2011 July/August . Term is not In-depth educational toolon terminology management Reviewed byBarbaraIngeKarsch tekom Studie tekom Studie tekom Term indicates the indicatesthe Praxishilfe inGerman;itis S tudie: , mightitbeacasein members. ISBN: 978-39812683-1-7. non- for ˜260 members, for ˜170 Price: pages. and Daniela Straub, 299 tekom Studie Benen- by Klaus-Dirk Schmitz Schmitz Klaus-Dirk by able asafollow-upread forsomeonewhojust wentthrough a valu-a standaloneguide,butcouldbe be detailedenoughas standing tocorrectly applytheinformationgiven. Itwouldnot ogy database.However, theymust already have a goodunder- helpful tothosewhoare intheprocess ofsetting upaterminol- too extensive tobore experts. appropriate toprovide thefoundationfornovices, butitis not stand thesubject.Thelevel ofdetailinthis publicationis certainly succeed intheirorganization toputinthe timeittakestounder I encourage thosewhowouldliketerminology managementto management is adifferent animal.”Sheunderstood thebasics. Edwards’ translation departmentdirector Loy Searle, “terminology if managementgrasps atleast the basics. To quote former J.D. gist, Iknowfirsthand thatterminologymanagementonlyworks believe bothhave merits. From 14years asacorporate terminolo- The sectiononpractical workinacompany settingcouldbe Practical workinacompanysettingandROI Introductiontoterminologyissues finally, practical examples andexperiences. assume terminological knowledge of the assume terminologicalknowledgeof motivated layreader togetintothefield.I ume withabriefintroduction, butenablethe informed readership —ortoexpandthevol- tion outaltogether, butthenalso forgo less members; aterminologytools review; and pany setting;asurvey ofnearly1,000tekom ROI; aspectsa com- work in of terminology to terminologyissues; anextensive sectionon attention. Afterthatfollowanintroduction reader andleave thetheoretical founda- — anarea inourfielddire needofmore The authors hadtomakeadecision: to short five pagesgreat weightis put on ROI terminology management.Even inthese those who can’t stomach 300 pages on those whocan’tstomach300pageson summary, whichmightbeenoughfor The publicationbegins withahandy [email protected] 6/29/11 2:52 PM 2:52 6/29/11 - Reviews

The survey The enormous number of pool respon- dents is not only testimony to the sig- nificance of the data gathered and the time invested by the researchers, but also to the openness of German industry for terminology topics. Most participants (56%) were individual contributors with some experience; over 30% were man- agers and the rest were students and recent graduates. The report covered a large cross section of industries and company sizes. The data gathered shows how many departments on average par- ticipate in the naming of concepts. Over 56% of respondents said that at least two departments participated in naming, and 34% stated that it is even six to ten departments. The report makes a strong case for content publishers to drive nam- ing since documentation departments are the only groups that tend to be involved in most production phases where nam- Figure 1: Terminological record in MultiTrans. ing — the research of existing or the cre- ation of new terms for products — occurs. TermNet Terminology Summer School, for translation costs and edits. That might Note that so far we are only referring to example. It is certainly well written and rule out investing in terminology manage- monolingual terminology in the source easy to digest. ment for a good number of companies in language. Why is this noteworthy? Termi- For anyone thinking about introducing a market such as the United States where nology management is almost exclusively terminology management in his or her the average lifetime of a company is 12 tied to localization in the United States, organization or for language service pro- years. The good news is that the authors but efficiencies in the translation process viders who might want to offer terminol- took conservative figures and still showed are only one benefit of proper terminology ogy services to their clients, this section is clearly that these costs can be reduced by management. How about clear branding a must read. There is more data available terminology management. through a consistent corporate language, now (Beate Frueh, Annelise Grinsted and Hanne Erdman Thomsen all have contrib- uted greatly in this area) than there was in 2001 when Ben Martin made a splash at the TAMA conference in Antwerp with just a few figures on a small terminology ROI study at J.D. Edwards. Schmitz and Straub boil it down to a step-by-step analysis that is replicable. Part of the problem of an ROI study in an enterprise is that the time and money spent on the study could consume all of the benefits derived from terminology management. The tables and formulas as well as the sample data can easily be reused with appropriate modifi- cations to show the benefit of terminol- ogy management in most enterprise or organizational settings. However, lest you get overly excited, the report shows that the break-even point does not occur until year four after the implementation of terminology man- agement in an enterprise. That is when, according to the report, cost of the imple- mentation sinks below cost for termino- [email protected] Tel: +86.158.168.552.47 www.ChinaLinguists.com logical changes, questions by translators,

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14-16 Review/Karsch #121.indd 15 6/29/11 2:52 PM Reviews

clear communication among product that information, spread over 48 pages, While technical documentation aims to teams or simply transparent communica- is much easier to absorb than doing the reflect reality, branding and marketing tion with the customer? research on individual tools providers’ create reality. When these two views drift It was particularly interesting to see that websites. However, be aware that some too far apart, communication gets dicey. 61% of respondents whose companies of the information is provided not by the In the United States, branding and mar- participated in terminology management tools product managers or experts, but by keting experts are more closely associated thought that it provided very high, high or marketing representatives. with sales than content publishing and fairly high cost reduction, while not even therefore have more organizational clout. 30% of respondents whose companies are Practical examples But just as often, these departments don’t not managing terminology agreed with and case studies know that they might need help in cre- them. This confirms the results of a recent In this section, the authors share more ating new terms and names or they sim- terminology survey conducted for the of the results from the industry survey. ply forget that the product is to be sold North American market by TermNet; most For anyone who is thinking of starting abroad. participants who generally had much less terminology management or who is in This publication makes a good case experience with terminology management the early stages, this presents a gold of why content publishing departments did not think that cost reduction can be mine of arguments and support, but also should be the central guardian of corporate accomplished by managing terminology. warnings. Terminology management is concepts and terms. Even in the United The details of this survey are enormous not a panacea — one respondent used the States when linguistic issues are hardly and might seem overwhelming to the colorful German expression eierlegende on the radar of top managers, the aver- casual consumer, but they provide plenty Wollmilchsau, which literally is an ani- age writer and editor have more linguistic of food for thought for the rest of us. mal that produces everything from eggs talents than the average engineer. After all, to wool to milk to meat. Terminology they became engineers to deal with calcu- Tools review management cannot be that, and it cer- lations, formulas, zeros and ones. A writer At first glance, this section seems hard tainly can’t even get close to it if man- proficient in terminology management to read, especially the description of func- agement does not back the endeavor, as theories and practices paired with a sub- tionality. Terminology management tools another respondent remarked. If you set ject matter expert can avoid hundreds of are complex, and there are many different it up correctly with a long-term view and downstream errors or problems by spend- types. It is not easy to present the dif- provide the right support, terminology ing time on coining a good new term. ferent tools and their functionality in a management can solve many commu- But we have to get more content creators way that is easy for the reader to digest. nication problems and can save money. equipped with the basics first. But, as the authors state, the list of func- While this last section adds considerably It remains to be seen whether the Eng- tions can serve to compile a requirements to the length of the publication, it would lish version of tekom studie: Erfolgreiches document, and it is very well suited for have been a shame to not share the Terminologiemanagement im Unterneh- that purpose. Those who would like more insights of these veterans. men was localized appropriately to meet details regarding a particular tool are best the demands of the much less well-devel- off reviewing the survey documents that Broader markets oped international terminology market. A are available on a CD that comes with the The authors juxtapose the philosophers mere translation might be too lengthy or publication (See Figure 1 for an example). Wittgenstein and Watzlawick in part of the appear too academic to evangelize termi- ßThe survey filled in by MultiCorpora, discussion on why we have terminology nology management in the United States for instance, contains all the details that challenges. According to the former, real- where, based solely on my experience, one would want to read up on before ity is reflected in language, and accord- attention spans are generally shorter. What investing more time with the tool. And ing to the latter, language creates reality. it can be, though, is an educational tool for those who already know a bit about terminology management and who derive value from the Germanic way of organiz- The ing information. In a year where the localization commu- R SETTA Help Us nity is embarking on the road to collabora- Foundation to Break Down Language Barriers tion and standardization from beginning to end of the content supply chain, ter- “Access to information is a fundamental right.” minology and with it the tekom Studie Reinhard Schäler deserve attention. Too often terminology Founder of The Rosetta Foundation is relegated to the margins. Schmitz and Straub demonstrate effectively that many Special Thanks to our Supporters: people in an enterprise, from research and ONTRAM development to engineering to content CNGL MultiLingual Computing Inc. CDAC publishing, create or use terms and names Welocalize Localisation Research Centre PROMT and therefore should be applying, be sup- And thank you to all of our individual supporters. ported by or, at minimum, be aware of www.TheRosettaFoundation.org terminology practices. M

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14-16 Review/Karsch #121.indd 16 6/29/11 2:52 PM 17 | 6/29/11 2:53 PM Column

MultiLingual July/August 2011 What’s the biggest challenge? What’s Keeping up with the constant changes in in up with the constant changes Keeping editorial board. Thicke: Duran: between companies and outside producers — think — think between companies and outside producers is of amateur Super Bowl ads. All this collaboration experience, but for enhancing the customer great so many it is a challenge to localize content from and unscheduled. much of it unstructured sources, can easily We content, when and how. who creates of traditional per year localize half a billion words going to react content. The question is how we are is exploding, content to this new world, where involved, and content is are contributors different media and places. We being published in different and infra- adapting our localization processes are From a translation technology point of view, we have technology point of view, a translation From How does translation technology fit in this ecosystem? How does translation MultiLingual Thicke: Duran: Enterprise Innovators Lori Thicke is cofounder and general manager of Lexcelera, without Borders and a member cofounder of Translators of the driven by documents and assets, but that’s not all we localize any- driven by documents and assets, but that’s a simple tweet to a complex have to be able to go from We more. important than ever. Marketing content, representing your your content, representing Marketing important than ever. most companies still want to is where voice to the customer, collaboration seeing more but even that is maintain control, to handle both the short-term changes, but also to structure demands. be flexible enough to meet future computer-aided translation Traditional to enable this process. innovative in their time, and many tools and even GMS were (CAT) focused on but they are companies use these tools extensively, overly complicated and and ISPs. These tools are files, translators too com- tools are overly simplistic at the same time. The CAT optimized for file-based GMS are plicated for casual translators. is still mostly workflows. The localization process translation find marketing content inside of software, software embed- software find marketing content inside of software, Who gets ded in web content and social media everywhere. Content comes from to publish content has changed as well. content is more inside and outside of Adobe. User-generated

Christine Duran, Adobe. Fortune Adaptability at Adobe Adaptability

Adobe is by definition innovative. What Adobe is changing our entire way of doing Adobe is changing our entire localization has been fairly straightfor- Traditionally, That’s a big mandate. Tell me more. a big mandate. Tell That’s What is your main role? I have been working for the last couple of years on the I have been working for the last couple of years Adobe is not only changing the world through through Adobe is not only changing the world Thicke: Duran: Thicke: Duran: ees worldwide and is headquartered in ees worldwide and is headquartered San Jose, California. Thicke: Duran: winning technologies have redefined winning technologies have redefined business, entertainment and personal is the communications. Christine Duran Technology senior manager of Translation at Adobe, which has over 9,000 employ- digital experience, the company is also changingdigital experience, the company is community engage- the language industry through by ment and continual innovation. Ranked in tech company magazine as the most admired award- Adobe’s computer software, A www.multilingual.com schedules. We used to have systems that were highly optimized highly optimized used to have systems that were We schedules. each silo. The one uniting factor involved centrally around memory and globalization management managed translation blowing up. You systems (GMS). Now all those distinctions are to come up with a platform to enable almost anyone, anywhere, to come up with a platform to enable almost anyone, anywhere, almost any type of content and publish it anytime, to translate in multiple modes on multiple devices. user interface with delineated silos of content — software, ward (UI), help files, website and so on — published on predictable tion process down to the infrastructure and systems that support and systems that support down to the infrastructure tion process the fact that it is a multilingual embracing localization. We’re customer expe- world and language can’t be a barrier to a great rience. wanted We anything, anytime, for anybody.” mandate “translate are you doing that’s especially innovative? especially you doing that’s are who participates in the transla- localization, from Lori Thicke Thicke Lori 17-19 ThickeCol..indd 17 Column

multimedia file. Also, GMS have no vis- abstract linguistic functions and other product teams, Geo reviewers, channel ibility into other parts of the localization functions into services. For example, we partners, third-party publishers, user life cycle — such as testing, engineering, can offer leveraging, terminology and communities and crowds. By “crowds” I publishing, finance and procurement. You MT as standalone services as well as part mean people who are not professional can keep adding capability to the GMS by of a GMS workflow. We can abstract the translators, but have a passion for Adobe connecting it to other technologies such file and data filtering as a standalone products and want to contribute to as machine translation (MT) engines and service and write filters once instead expanding localized content. content management systems, and there of replicating them in many different Thicke: What kind of content are you are some technology providers who are systems. We can create flexible work- handling? trying to supply that whole technology flows across services — meta-workflows Duran: Our systems currently handle stack. A large, diverse company such as — and include steps such as updating the product UI (desktop or SaaS-based) Adobe can’t dictate one set of technol- the finance system. So, I can send a and documentation, including traditional ogy for all its businesses. Other providers request for a dynamic MT translation or help, knowledge bases, tutorials and will say “We have connectors to anything a complex human translation and review e-learning. We also localize all of Adobe you need,” and that’s true. But you can go workflow that will take a week. The .com and basically anything published on too far with that model as well. You can service bus concept should also allow us the web. There’s more and more multi- create a situation where every enabling to trigger localization workflows from media from places I never would have technology and client have a direct con- events in other systems. Instead of the imagined. nector to the GMS. If the GMS goes down GMS being the center of the universe, it Thicke: So anything and everything! or you want to change providers, then becomes one of many systems involved Duran: I’m trying to design systems that everything else is affected. It’s a lot of in localization. We can change the GMS are accessible to a community user, a tra- overhead to maintain all those connectors. or MT engines or finance systems with- ditional localization vendor or a partner. So we decided, let’s stop trying to make out affecting the other pieces of the I want to be able to support professional, the GMS the center of the universe and ecosystem. We can support clients and heavy clients for complex translation tasks let’s make it one part of the content deliv- consuming services of all sorts — inside as well as lighter, simpler interfaces for ery ecosystem where we may not know and outside the firewall, desktop, mobile community translation or feedback. I’d what the next piece of needed technology or web-based, and broker them through like to be able to instantly translate a web may be. We want the GMS focused on the service bus. page and edit the results in place as well what it’s good at: professional translation Thicke: Who are your stakeholders? as send a 100-page document off to a and leveraging. Duran: Traditionally, my stakeholders more complex workflow. Thicke: What will you replace it with? are program managers, localization ven- Thicke: How do you handle community Duran: We’re working on a global- dors, internationalization engineers and translation? How do you motivate the ization tools platform that features content writers, but I also have a new community at Adobe? a localization service bus. This lets us set of stakeholders that includes Adobe Duran: There are a number of differ- ent community efforts at Adobe. There has been an existing set of user groups and various levels of group participa- tion for different products, with more or less Adobe involvement depending on the type of group. We’ve supported user forums for a long time; some of that is replicated internationally. Of course, there has always been the crowd. Some types of products lend themselves to communities, while others cater to a crowd with a common interest in the product but who don’t necessarily meet together or have strong personal asso- ciations. Thicke: So for you, the crowd and the community both have strong interests in a product, but the crowd doesn’t work together as a community will? Duran: More like the crowd is geo- graphically disbursed and probably not meeting together regularly. For example, I’m interested in Photoshop Express, but I may not go to a user group meeting and hang out with other users. But as a Flex developer, I probably want to be

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17-19 ThickeCol..indd 18 6/29/11 2:53 PM Column

part of a focused community. The crowd In my opinion, the idea that the Thicke: What innovation are you has a common interest, a casual interest. crowd is going to translate long docu- most proud of? A complex product, on the other hand, ments is unrealistic. They don’t have Duran: This whole ecosystem of might have a focused community that that kind of staying power. And they enabling localization in different para- wants to work closely together. At Adobe have day jobs. So, they tend to translate digms, for different people and different we’re trying to reach people from all excerpts of texts. LSPs are not going types of content. We have given other across that spectrum. Certain products to lose this work to communities or people the ability to participate in the have dedicated communities. People crowdsourcing because it’s not the kind process, and the process is becoming more want to write articles, provide sample of work communities want to do. flexible, timely and continuous. M code and jump in to help. Thicke: Do you have a hierarchy for Thicke: Do you direct your communi- what content the crowd can translate? ties of users? Duran: We just started the com- Duran: As I said, there are differ- munity translation efforts, so there are ent types of user groups with more no hard and fast rules in place at this or less direction from Adobe. But in point. We evaluate each case and work terms of translation, we take a hands- closely with product teams to make off approach. If they want to translate decisions about what can be crowd- something, we want to help them get sourced and what can’t. the information they need. If there is Thicke: What about MT? something they want translated within Duran: What I see is that companies their communities that we are not going have more interest in MT as they have to translate, we can facilitate that. We more content to get out there. Across encourage them to organize translation the board, for anything that needs to tasks in a way that works for them. They be translated quickly or where the qual- can choose to motivate their members ity expectation is “good enough,” MT is with recognition or competitions — being used. Many companies machine whatever they like. translate transient content such as Thicke: Why would the community go to service notes and knowledgebase the trouble of translating Adobe content? articles because it is more important to Duran: To get content that they feel have a useful, timely translation than is valuable. In some communities, the a perfect translation or no transla- articles they pick for translation aren’t tion at all. However, when Adobe first the articles that we would have chosen. deployed MT, we went straight into They could be digests of blogs that we product documentation. We first looked might not think to translate. It could at our Action Script developer docu- be content coming from Adobe, but ments — millions of words, class names it could also be content about Adobe and descriptions, and a rapid publishing products coming from other sources cycle. In a traditional process it would that they want to publish on their own have taken two months and seven sites. As long as the content is licensed translators for a new language; with under Creative Commons, we’re happy MT, it took a few days for the first cut. to facilitate community translation. Even with post-editing, it was done in We’ve also just rolled out community half the amount of time. translation on Adobe TV. This is content Thicke: What about quality? that Adobe has created. It could be train- Duran: Adobe draws from an exten- ing videos, evangelist talks or e-learning sive pool of professional translators to modules. Adobe has partnered with a ensure all critical materials are precise third party, dotSub, to enable the com- and of the highest quality. We’ve found, munity to translate the subtitles. They however, that there are many other might be resellers who want to see the materials — such as blogs, developer training in local languages such as Indo- articles or subtitles for a video — which nesian or maybe enthusiasts. They apply the community finds of value and to be a translator, and then we qualify chooses to translate voluntarily and for them. dotSub provides the underlying their benefit. This is usually material technology. Adobe TV is more of a crowd Adobe would not translate, and we try translation paradigm because individuals to empower the community by provid- choose what’s interesting to them. And ing tools. Most community translations the subtitling is fun; it’s something they are moderated, and there are voting can do in an hour or a couple of hours. It mechanisms for community members to works because it’s a finite task. indicate which translations are best.

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17-19 ThickeCol..indd 19 6/29/11 2:53 PM Off the Map Kate Edwards

Animal symbolism Column

Whether up close and cuddly or from a safe serve as the primary sign of strength. distance, I’d venture to say that most people have As human culture progressed and congealed around states, a long-standing respect and fascination with the nations and later the sovereign countries we know today, the W people of various locales often adopted a particular animal animal kingdom. As the daughter of a high school to help symbolize and exemplify their national character and science teacher, I really couldn’t social identity. For the sake of a refresher on avoid them. Our house was always symbol usage, symbols have been created and populated with a variety of crea- employed for a wide variety of both inten- tional and unintentional purposes through- tures — from cats, dogs and birds to out human history; whether intentional or rodents, reptiles, insects and arach- accidental in nature, they exist to more clearly nids, including scorpions. Undoubt- convey a concept for a specific purpose. The edly, the near-universal appeal of interesting aspect is that animal symbolization was often based on a combination of both animals has resulted in the wide- the observable traits of the animal, such as spread use of them as symbols, icons strength and speed, and the human-perceived and representations throughout qualities of the animal’s character. In a way, the animal was being anthropomorphized as a history. As such, they’ve taken on reflection of human nature, either individually a whole different level of cultural Figure 1: Chinese guardian lion. or collectively for a specific culture. significance. A good example of this phenomenon is the lion, one of the most frequent and enduring The close relationship between humans and animals began at animal symbols, which almost universally evokes the concepts of the dawn of history with the early domestication of cows, sheep, strength, bravery and nobility. Depictions of lions stretch back as goats, dogs and so on. Animals began appearing in artwork far as 32,000 years and have persistently appeared in practi- and artifacts at about the same time; for example, some of the cally every major human civilization since that time — from the earliest known cave paintings depicted scenes of animals being Egyptians, Assyrians and Romans to the Rajputs and Chinese, hunted. In addition, many sacred texts of various world reli- to modern-day nations, sports teams and other organizations. gions have prominently featured the use of animals to illustrate The lion’s longevity as a symbol isn’t surprising, as the beast’s various concepts and to tie the human rituals with a divine perceived traits are something worth emulating. Some historical purpose and meaning. For example, in Judaism and Christianity, uses of the lion as a symbol are now ingrained in popular history, the serpent is explicitly used as a symbol of evil and deceitful- ness, while the lamb is a sign of sacrifice. In the Christian New Testament, Jesus Christ is often referred to as the “Lamb of God.” Kate Edwards is a geographer and the principal consultant of In Islam’s Qur’an, dogs are often used as a symbol of something Englobe, a Seattle-based consultancy for geocultural intelligence unclean. In Hinduism, the cow is revered as a symbol of wealth and content strategy. Previously, Kate spent over 13 years at and earthly abundance, while in Buddhism elephants frequently Microsoft as a geographer and its senior geopolitical strategist.

20 | MultiLingual July/August 2011 [email protected]

20-21 Edwards #121.indd 20 6/29/11 2:54 PM Column

such as the “Rampant Lion” represent- sacred or other symbols that have per- human nature. The use of animals in ing Scotland; the English king Richard sisted in meaning through long periods this way taps into our natural fondness the Lionhearted; the nation of Singapore of time. for most animals and allows the content whose name is derived from the Malay Cultural — these symbols have a creators to use them as a gateway for words for lion (singa) and fortress (pora); culture-specific meaning, and as such nontraditional purposes. Usually this is and the imperial guardian lions that are they might not apply universally to every considered benign and entertaining. We such an iconic part of Chinese culture culture, yet they remain abundant in a laugh at the animal behavior that mimics (Figure 1). wide variety of cultural contexts. humans, and thus we laugh at ourselves In later times and to the present day, Functional — symbols used in trans- safely and indirectly. However, at times animals of many varieties continue to portation, utilities, safety notices and so the use of animal appeal has its limits, find favor as cultural and national sym- on — basically all the things that we see such as when the R.J. Reynolds tobacco bols. Some of them are so implicit that every day for practical use. company incurred a strong public backlash it’s difficult to separate in 1988 over the use of the animal from the their character Joe Camel symbolism with which (a cartoon camel with a it’s become so closely cool vibe, discontinued in associated. In the United 1997) to sell cigarettes. Did States, the bald eagle it work? Well, a 1991 study can certainly be classi- showed that just as many fied as one such symbol six-year-old children could that remains indelible and identify Joe Camel with highly visible throughout cigarettes as they could the culture. You’ll find the identify Mickey Mouse bald eagle being used in with the Disney Channel. contexts from the postal Animals are obviously service to government popular, important and emblems to retail names endearing to cultures, but to Olympic mascots and like any set of symbols, so on. In France, the unof- they need to be man- ficial animal of the culture aged with the utmost is the Gallic rooster, le Figure 2: Functional symbols to warn drivers of deer and kangaroos. care. With that in mind, coq gaulois, which stands I would suggest the fol- for readiness and watch- lowing basic rules for fulness, originally based on a Biblical Where do animals fit within these leveraging animals as symbols. passage. This is also the reason why many categories? They actually fall within all First, do your research. This should be weathervanes feature a rooster. The lion four, as animals have become arguably implicit to any content development with was long considered the symbol of Eng- one of the most widely used elements of a potential cultural impact, but it’s espe- land, yet the bulldog emerged as another symbology. Admittedly, their use for the cially critical to thoroughly understand a popular depiction during World War II functional type of symbols is usually not specific animal’s symbology and impor- to illustrate the country’s courage and to convey a particular meaning or quality tance in your target locales. Second, reflect resiliency in the face of German aggres- but rather to simply indicate the pres- the obvious. Unless you’re aiming for an sion. In China, the red-crowned crane is ence of that animal. For example, a com- animal’s use as a human allegory, it’s best considered to be the unofficial animal mon road sign in the United States is the to simply reflect the known traits of the symbol for its perceived longevity and DEER XING signs containing a stylized, animal rather than infuse it with unchar- immortality. As a geopolitical side note jumping stag, whereas in the Australian acteristic behaviors. Third, avoid icons. It to this, the only reason this crane is not outback it’s not at all uncommon to see a can be tempting to use an animal as an considered the official animal in China similar yellow diamond sign with a jump- icon for one’s business, project or other is because the assigned Latin scientific ing kangaroo to warn the driver of the context, but unless the animal has uni- name translates to Japanese crane. animal’s proximity (Figure 2). versal and positive appeal, such as a lion, As I’ve mentioned previously in this Another widespread use of animals it’s risky to use an animal that could be column, I generally consider four broad as symbols that has emerged in more perceived locally as something completely types of symbol categories, as follows: recent times is their use in marketing opposite from your intended use. Sacred — the most recognizable group and mass media. While I don’t intend We shouldn’t shy away from our uni- of symbols embodies a religious faith to recite a litany of famous cartoon versal love of animals and their historical and creed and is often considered to be characters such as Mickey Mouse, Bugs and cultural importance as symbols, but inviolable by adherents. Bunny, Charlie the Tuna or Morris the in an increasingly interconnected world, Historical — related to the sacred, Cat, it’s important to note that since the we have to remain diligent in choosing historical symbols are those which have a earliest days of modern media, animals our symbols wisely and continue to strive clear historical place, yet may or may not have been frequently used as allegori- for something with a universally positive hold the continuing significance of the cal devices to satirize, reflect and reveal impact. M

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20-21 Edwards #121.indd 21 6/29/11 2:54 PM World Savvy John Freivalds

Winning the war

Column of word apps

The BBC reported that the first soldier out of the We are fighting a war of words the United States is having a helicopter full of commandos who attacked and hard time winning in spite of its technological superiority. I got the distinct impression growing up in a multilingual immigrant Tthen killed Osama Bin Laden in a pre-dawn raid household that both the Pentagon, which finances language spoke fluent Pashto. Compare this to the recent work, and some of the high-tech contractors carrying out the job posting by a US-based development contrac- work referred to languages other than English as an irritant to tor searching for a person to serve as strategic be dealt with rather than an expression of a people’s culture. No one would, of course, admit to that. communications and outreach advisor in Herat, Whatever the case, the military seems to be throwing money Afghanistan, whose job is to oversee all capacity- at something that may seem more straightforward to the average building activities related to improving the skills, language-savvy person. “Psst, Military: There’s Already a Universal Translator in the App Store” proclaimed an April 19, 2011, headline competencies and abilities of local officials to in Wired magazine. Wired asks, “On one side of the scale: an app de- deliver effective citizen-oriented communication veloper that wants to translate Pashto and Dari on your iPhone. On and outreach strategies. The language requirement the other: around $50 million in federal money, this year alone, for is English only. research into a Cadillac version of the same translation tools. Which sounds like the better deal?” But how can you develop successful strategies to communi- The Universal Translator SpeechTrans uses Nuance, the world’s cate with a local, uneducated populace if you do not speak their largest speech recognition technology. Nuance acquired part of language and know nothing about their culture? You rely on IBM’s speech recognition technology back in 2009, and its current an interpreter, who is probably someone the company recruited automatic speech recognition algorithms and technology are self- from who knows where. learning and constantly improving. Record a spoken phrase, choose The successful kill operation involved at least one fluent the translation, and SpeechTrans will play it back, displaying both Pashto speaker, while a development company wants to rely the source and target texts on the screen. on a “communicator” with no local language skills. The whole Nuance’s Dragon Medical is already used by the military in the US issue of how the United States handles languages in a war zone Army Medical Department, though as an advanced dictation method dominated by insurgents who are indistinguishable from the rather than a translation or interpretation device (Figure 1). As a local populace and speak in local dialects with bad syntax, poor result of Dragon Medical’s ability to enable direct dictation into elec- diction, slang and accents is fascinating to me if for no other tronic health records, the use of voice-recognition software with the reason than that the most money being spent anywhere on military e-health record system is freeing doctors from hours of typ- earth on languages is in the Middle East by the US military and ing patient notes each week, thus eliminating the need for traditional contractors. According to Wired, the Pentagon spends US$1 bil- lion a year for translation and interpretation services, and much of this language work barely touches what we are doing in the John Freivalds is managing director of the marketing communications commercial sector. firm JFA and the marketing representative for his native country, Latvia.

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22-23 Frievalds #121.indd 22 6/29/11 2:55 PM Column

medical transcription, in the universal which saves operating version that al- costs in the long run. lows translation However, given the in multiple lan- size of the Pentagon guages? However, budget, there is money critics say this only to reinvent the wheel. works when you The Pentagon loves to are in places where flirt with technology, there are transmis- something I readily sion towers, not saw when I wrote part the hostile deserts of my master’s thesis where US troops while sitting at a desk are fighting. Wired given to me by the adds that “the Army US army’s civic action really, really wants command. to equip its soldiers What the military with smartphones. has wanted all along Figure 1: Nuance’s speech recognition technology is It’s just also having is a silver bullet —that already used by the US military for automated medical transcription. a hard time saying magic piece of tech- goodbye to the nology allowing instantaneous transla- the need for linguists and analysts and expensive high-tech development proj- tion of any language into any language automatically providing relevant, dis- ects that smartphones appear to make without any glitches. They want a Star tilled actionable information to military irrelevant.” Wars protocol droid — a C-3PO fluent in commands and personnel in a timely This has all come a long way from over six million forms of communication. fashion. Automatic processing ‘engines’ where I began with portable transla- This is not new, for this has been go- will convert and distill the data, deliver- tion devices, namely the Seiko handheld ing on since 1954 when IBM crunched ing pertinent, consolidated information translators. I remember being confused as a bit of Russian text into its English in easy-to-understand forms to military to how to get out of a Tokyo park, which equivalent. A Georgetown University personnel and monolingual English- was totally surrounded by water. The only professor who worked on the project speaking analysts in response to direct way out was a bridge that I couldn’t find predicted the computerized translation or implicit requests.” Excuse me while I on the way back. So, I typed in bridge of entire books in “five, perhaps three catch my breath. To this end, Raytheon in English, and the corresponding term years hence.” So, here we are 57 years BBN, which, by the way, is a member of appeared in katakana. I showed it to the later, and no one has mastered literary TAUS, has assembled a team of compa- nearest human, shrugged my shoulders, machine translation (MT), let alone in- nies, including Language Weaver and and he pointed to the bridge off in the stantaneous speech-to-speech transla- MIT, to pursue this goal by the rather distance, and I followed his sign lan- tion complete with all its slang, broken traditional means of speech-to-text guage and eventually got out. That was sentences and spoken poetry. technology followed by MT and so on. high-tech portable language transla- No one has mastered that yet, but this But given that the military needs tion ten years ago, but hey, it solved my has not stopped the Pentagon’s far-out- something now, why not officially do problem. Whether this current batch of there research branch DARPA to start what some soldiers are doing already — expensive research and development will BOLT (Boundless Operation Language buy the SpeechTrans app for US$19.95 do any better remains to be seen. M Translation), which is slated to be sophis- ticated enough that it can understand foreign slang. By the way, for those of you considering sending in a proposal, the first step to getting money from the Pentagon is to have a workable, alert- sounding acronym; of course, you need to be registered and have a retired mili- tary guy as your representative as well. The research and development company Raytheon BBN Technologies has formed a team to meet DARPA’s GALE (Global Autonomous Language Exploitation) program whose goal is “to develop and apply computer software technologies to absorb, analyze, and interpret huge volumes of speech and text in multiple languages, eliminating

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22-23 Frievalds #121.indd 23 6/29/11 2:56 PM Translating to save lives

Lori Thicke Industry Focus Industry

The Richmond High School students gather ers, Thange is desperately in need of translation. Accompanied around the new poster, studying it closely. “It by an interpreter from Nairobi, I met with the people of the village. Some of them were orphans who are HIV positive and says something about an epidemic,” says a tall living with their widowed grandmothers or alone in households girl with red hair. She turns to the others with a where the oldest family member is a sibling as young as ten. T Many of the Thange villagers, particularly the orphans and worried look. If only she had paid more atten- other vulnerable children, were clearly in poor health. Eight- tion in French class. year-old Mazoki, who is HIV positive, coughed continuously “Yes,” the boy next to her concludes. “It says we’re supposed as she sat on a bench beside me, bending a head covered with to, uh, do something.” His voice trails off. small sores. Next to us, children — either infected by AIDS or “No, it doesn’t,” a third teenager in braces corrects him. “It orphaned because of it — played in front of a poster on the wall says we’re not supposed to. . . .” She turns to her friends for that spelled out how to protect themselves against the disease. help. They shrug and return to the poster. It’s clearly important, Neither they nor the adults could read it. but they are unable to make any sense of the foreign words. No one asks, “If the information is important enough to warrant The disease burden in Africa a sign outside their lunchroom, why isn’t it in English?” They Like nearly everywhere in Africa, while the poor health of look from one to another as more students come down the hall Thange’s people is partly due to AIDS, the village also has to to peer at the poster. contend with a lack of clean drinking water, inadequate sani- Full disclosure: The Richmond High School students and the tation and a shortage of food (they refer quite matter-of-factly pandemic poster are made up, but just imagine if it were all to the season known as the hungry time). Unchecked malaria, true. Without translation, how could those students possibly parasites and indoor cooking fires also place a higher disease know how to avoid being infected? burden on these Kenyans and especially on the children. While this absurd situation may be fiction for us, it most Africa carries approximately 25% of the world’s disease definitely isn’t for up to four-fifths of the world’s population. It burden, but to address this, the continent has 2% to 3% of the would seem like science fiction if a pharmacist were to hand out world’s doctors and nurses. Aggressive recruiting of high-level a prescription with directions in Esperanto. Yet the everyday medical staff by the wealthiest nations is one of the main rea- reality for billions of people in the world’s poorest countries sons why health care in Africa is largely dependent on commu- is that critical health information, such as how to protect nity health workers. These health care workers may be young or themselves against the AIDS pandemic, is inaccessible to them they may be old, they may be illiterate or they may be educated. because it’s locked up in a language they don’t speak. But one thing is certain: They are not fluent in English. I myself witnessed just such a scene in one of the villages This may not seem like much of a problem — except that their I visited in Kenya a few months ago. An isolated village four medical training is often delivered not in their local language or hours from Nairobi along a road choked with long-haul truck- even in a lingua franca such as Kiswahili, but in English. This influences the quality of training for health care workers who shoulder a large burden for providing health care in a situation that combines a high rate of disease with a low rate of doc- Lori Thicke is cofounder and CEO of Lexcelera. tors and nurses. For the people of Thange, the nearest hospital She would like to thank Ros Smith-Thomas, is hours away, and transportation is expensive. Even children fellow cofounder of Translators without living with AIDS such as Mazoki only get to the hospital once Borders, for her contributions to this article. a month, if they’re lucky, for the antiretroviral treatment that

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24-26 Thicke #121.indd 24 6/29/11 2:56 PM Industry Focus

lack of knowledge. James Grant, former to medical support in their languages? head of UNICEF, estimated that 90% of We in the translation industry know all the children who died during his tenure too well the small mindshare transla- died because the knowledge to save them tion occupies in general, so it is sad, wasn’t available where and when it was but not surprising, to see that language needed. According to Neil Pakenham- is quite simply not an issue for many Walsh of the Global Healthcare Informa- non-governmental organizations (NGOs) tion Network, “a major contributing factor operating in the developing world. is that the mother, family caregiver or This could be due to a phenomenon health worker does not have access to the we call “Everyone speaks English,” information and knowledge they need, though nothing could be further from when they need it, to make appropriate the truth. Even in India, an ex-British decisions and save lives.” The organiza- colony, only around 14% of the popu- tion goes on to detail some of the ways lation speaks English. Where does the the lack of information costs lives: misconception of the universality of ■■Seven in ten children with malaria English speakers come from? It could be cared for at home are given improper that the 86% of Indians who don’t speak treatment (2,000 deaths every day in English live in the rural areas and, as Africa alone). such, are invisible. ■■Four in ten mothers in India believe We’ve also heard it said that everyone that they should withhold fluids if their speaks English in Kenya, and, yes, they baby develops diarrhea (1.8 million do speak a beautiful English in Nairobi, deaths every year from dehydration due with a mellifluous accent that is a sheer to diarrhea). pleasure to listen to. But the farther you ■■Seven in ten women giving birth in stray from the cities, the less proficient health facilities in Africa and South Asia the English until you reach villages are incorrectly managed during the third where no one speaks it at all. stage of labor, leading to postpartum hem- If NGOs and the donors who sup- Eight-year-old HIV-positive orrhage (500 maternal deaths every day). port them are unaware of the high cost Mazoki, in Thange, Kenya. of neglecting local languages, the same ‘Everyone speaks English’ cannot be said of grassroots African will keep them alive. The rest of the time So why do the countries with the groups. Speaking to African humanitar- they, like the other villagers, must rely highest disease burden and the fewest ian medical publishers on the ground, it on visits from the community health care health resources have so little access was obvious that translation is indeed worker. When I visited the village’s new dis- pensary built with funds from the Cana- dian International Development Agency, I saw no medicines and no bandages, just a well-thumbed community health manual and a couple of posters up on the outside wall. The posters described how to avoid AIDS and cholera and what to do in the event of malaria. But everything was in English, even though the first language of everyone in the vil- lage is Kikamba and Kiswahili the sec- ond, with English a very far third. This is the situation being played out every day in villages, not only across Kenya but across the whole of Africa, where criti- cal information is trapped in a foreign language. The consequences are all too predictable. One-fifth of all African chil- dren will die before their fifth birthday, to give just one example, and most of them will die needlessly since the ways to save them are well documented. The truth is that millions of children die each year from nothing more than a

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24-26 Thicke #121.indd 25 6/29/11 2:56 PM Industry Focus

an issue for them, but, alas, it is also the health care and corporate sectors support organizations as another chal- outside their means. Because of a short- alike. A vicious cycle is thus created. lenge for African translators. “To begin age of professional translators in many The high rate actually limits demand, with, the education system or institutions African languages, per-word prices can meaning there is less work to encourage have not given this field ample exposure. go as high as $3. At these levels, most a new generation of Africans to become This means that few people know about organizations — for profit or nonprofit translators. This also handicaps compa- translation, and since the institutions — simply don’t translate their content, nies. There are notoriously few trained have not been keen on offering courses which leads to word prices staying high African language translators to meet the specific to the area, we have fewer prop- and putting translation out of reach for demands of global companies such as erly trained and informed translators. In Google and Microsoft, even when they addition, there is no existing and well- are ready to pay the local price. established body for translators which Translators in Africa face multiple would greatly help in providing infor- barriers to entry. One, ironically, is the mation on the field. Without such a body scarcity of constant and thus well-paid and with the few existing translators translation assignments, which leads to hardly interacting, there is no clear guide many translators having to have day on how to charge for work; thus, young jobs and translate in the evening or translators really struggle with quoting on the weekend. Says Evelyne Iminza, rates to their clients.” Ndichu also sees a Kenyan translator, “I have a regular the need for training to enhance trans- 8-to-5 job, and I do translations on the lators’ skills and the need for free CAT side. At times my job requires me to tools licenses. travel to some remote areas of the coun- try, and if I have a translation to do, the ELM program task becomes very arduous since some Let’s go back to our fictitious Rich- areas have no internet connectivity.” mond High School students. If we really This sentiment is echoed by the manager wanted to help them understand how of Tamarind Translations in Nairobi, to protect themselves against AIDS, Theo Marube: “In the face of unpre- wouldn’t we want to be darn sure they dictable income from translation work, understand the information we’re giving Kenyan translators are unable to invest them? And isn’t that equally as impor- in relevant training and equipment, tant when teaching sex education to including the inability to buy new and teenagers half a world away? well equipped computers/laptops, as well Translators without Borders, a non- as translation and other word processing profit providing free translations to software.” humanitarian organizations, is trying Internet connectivity is yet another to help lift some of these barriers to substantial hurdle for African translators. freely available medical information “In Kenya, most translators rely on cyber- for all Africans. Looking to increase the cafés since the cost for domestic instal- pool of professional translators in local lation of the internet is prohibitive and African languages, we are developing infrastructure limited to the main towns. a program called Emerging Languages Modems are the only option, but these Mentoring (ELM) to help foster a locally do not provide broadband and are very based translation industry in the con- expensive,” continues Marube. “Cyber- tinent. With support from partners cafés tend to be unreliable in terms of across the translation industry such as connectivity and ill-designed to provide ProZ.com, Google, Wordfast and acro- a conducive environment. Consider the linx, ELM will make training and tools opening and closing hours, limited addi- available to African translators. Once tional word processing and text exchange funding is in place, other actions will software and erratic connection, the noisy include enabling mentoring relation- environment and risks for viral attacks ships with individual translators and and corruption of translated files.” translator associations and helping to Within the next 24 months, a con- arrange for laptops and internet con- nectivity solution may be on its way. nections in exchange for the translation Google’s O3B project — for the Other 3 of health materials. How will we know Billion — will start to come on-stream, we have made an impact? When local with low-orbit satellites linking the African translators can help provide developing world to the internet. medical information that is accessible Rachel Ndichu, a freelance translator to and understandable by the people working out of Nairobi, sees the lack of who need it the most. M

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24-26 Thicke #121.indd 26 6/29/11 2:56 PM Industry Focus

Medical translation basics

Afaf Steiert & Matthias Steiert

Translation of medical literature involves many to this mistranslation, 47 prostheses were implanted without aspects of human health: drug prescription infor- cement, and this caused difficulties for the patients’ health. The hospital had to offer the affected patients costly remedial mation, medical device manuals, medical and surgeries. The press reports also mentioned large compensation pharmaceutical patents, clinical trial literature, claims on behalf of the patients and claims from health insur- T ance companies. A manufacturer of the knee implants stated patient education and medical history. Due to the that the outer packaging was in English only, in full compliance impact of medications and medical devices on peo- with German law. However, a detailed manual in German was ple’s lives, it is especially important to avoid errors included inside each package. According to the implant manu- in comprehension or suppression of information. facturer, the mistranslation of labels was not a language issue, but an issue of internal quality control procedures at the Berlin For any given medicine or medical device, in the situation hospital. In any case, the language factor entered the story and of a regular treatment or in a clinical trial of a new medicine, caused troubles and problems for all parties involved — the this information needs to be explained clearly in the patient’s manufacturer, patients and hospital. native language in any country where the drug or device has Another case occurred between 2004 and 2005 at a hospi- been approved for the respective market. tal near Epinal in eastern France, where men suffering from The consequences of wrongful information due to translation prostate cancer received massive overdoses of radiation treat- errors can, for example, result in incorrect dosages of medications ment. As a result, several patients died, and dozens of other and can jeopardize a person’s life. Therefore, medical literature patients were also affected. The regulator of the French health requires translators who are highly specialized in this field and care sector investigated the case and found several problems who are extremely cautious about terminology and the exact at the hospital, including language translation issues. The dose translation of subject-specific terms and phrases. Professional defining software used for cancer therapy in the hospital at translators know that many bilinguals are not as fluent as they Epinal was in English only. A user manual in French was not think. A self-proclaimed bilingual with a passing knowledge of available. So the hospital’s administration relied on bilingual a foreign language who uses a bilingual dictionary to struggle staff members who used the software. These tragedies remind through technical documents in the foreign language can easily us once again that proper translations made by experienced overlook or misunderstand fundamental points. and specialized professional translators can help reduce risks of Two examples have been reported showing the dramatic effect translation errors in the health sector. that even a minor mistranslation can have. One involves the With today’s globalization, more and more medical and story of a knee endoprostheses that was incorrectly implanted pharmaceutical patents are translated all over the world with the due to a flawed translation at a Berlin hospital in 2007. Pros- intention of submitting these documents as patent applications thesis labels that were marked “Non-Modular Cemented” had to countries other than that of the inventor in order to obtain been mistranslated as zementfrei (not requiring cement). Due broader and international patent protection for new inventions and future products. Usually, the pat- Afaf Steiert, president and cofounder of Afaf Translations, ent consists of an introduction, detailed works as a conference Arabic interpreter and translator. She description of the invention, claims holds an M.Sc. in molecular biology from the University of and a concluding summary or final Basel. Matthias Steiert, cofounder of Afaf Translations, spe- abstract. The patent claims are com- cializes in German pharmaceutical translations. He holds a prised of an extensive list of what type Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of Basel. of methods, technologies or procedures

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27-28 Steiert2 #121.indd 27 6/29/11 2:57 PM Industry Focus

are covered and legally protected by the a large number of new terms into the the original was omitted and nothing has invention’s discovery, and they deserve medical lexicon. Because of the need to been added to the target text), and con- particular attention during translation quickly update their knowledge, health sistently (specific terms, stylistic elements because they are most often disputed by professionals learn directly in the origi- and language-specific norms have been competing pharmaceutical companies in nal language of the publication and stick consistently used throughout).” While patent suits. For this reason it is impor- to it in daily usage, as medical interpret- of importance for the entire translation tant to also include the final revision ers or translators have to continuously industry, this statement could not be more with an expert in the medical field and its read and educate themselves in the field crucial for medical translation. Constant target language (TL). Usually, the intro- terminology. It is only much later that communication between the client and the duction can be hard to understand for the the first attempts to translate these terms project manager is also of utmost impor- translator, and then once he or she works start to timidly appear, and this leads to tance to resolve uncertainties in under- on the project, it tends to become easier. further problems. For many words, it is standing the material. Project managers To cut the research time for the translator, not easy to find suitable corresponding can then clearly explain any issues to the the availability of glossaries is always a terms in the TL, thus making translation medical translator or editor. The project great advantage. Furthermore, previously difficult. The correct translation of new manager also utilizes his or her medical translated patents in the same subject terminology has to be introduced by a expertise to fix occasional writing errors matter or field help reduce the efforts for translator who is an expert in the medi- in the source text before the translation. translation and are just as important to cal field in order to render the target text This is especially helpful if the source text improve the efficiency and consistency of so that it is not only easier to understand will be translated into different languages the TL and its terms. It tends to be much but also to make sure errors, such as the and helps to prevent transferring those easier to work with the same translators previously mentioned mistranslation at errors into the TL translations. If a docu- or translation team to maintain consistent the Berlin hospital, will be avoided. ment is translated the first time with expert quality. Even when a preexisting transla- There have been an increasing num- understanding of the subject, the better the tion memory (TM) is available, a highly ber of requirements and higher standards quality outcome of the final document. knowledgeable translator is still needed. implemented by pharmaceutical corpora- Many small specialized translation compa- Basic linguistic skills and reliance on an tions, requiring a lot of additional time nies follow this structural approach rather extensive TM alone will not suffice for for auditing. While this trend of all the than opting for a high-throughput, low quality medical translation. respective ISO certifications in more (initial) cost approach — a procedure that The qualification of translators, com- stringent quality control is understand- is often adopted by some large translation petence, certification, back translation, able from a safety and liability stand- corporations, who then spend much time editing and quality assurance represent point, the entire process of editing and and money fixing incorrect translations the essential ingredients of a successful verifying documents becomes extremely during the editing and proofreading pro- and precise medical translation. It is also tedious and time consuming and at times cess. Updates and last-minute corrections strongly advisable to check on transla- still results in a loss of culture-specific, require much energy and create an oppor- tors’ references and to review samples understandable content of the entire tunity to actually introduce new errors. and other proof of their personal expertise translation project itself. in medical translation. The best outcome for a medical transla- Finally, if translation companies are Initiation of new translation projects tion project lies in relying on specialist- committed to the products they provide, begins with creating a glossary of the trained medical translation project managers, they must pay professionals satisfac- major subject terms. We collaborate with translators, editors and proofreaders. Often, torily. Poorly paid work leads to rush many translators and always observe specific medical and pharmaceutical research jobs, consequently lowering the quality how important it is to have translators subject matters need to be translated under of the final result. These measures will with not only linguistic skills but the the guidance or with the assistance of a help improve the quality of medical text capability of clearly understanding the translator and editor holding either a medi- translations. All things considered, it is medical or pharmaceutical subject matter. cal degree or a scientific degree, rather than worth investing in a project from the Ideally, translators should understand a just by a generally certified translator, even beginning with a well-trusted medical broad range of complex procedures and one operating in an ISO environment. translation team. M experiments in laboratories and the medi- Rocío Txabarriaga states in the article cal practice. Even if the individual is a “About Translation Standards” that “the References certified medical translator or interpreter, real indicators of proficiency in transla- Fakler, Johannes K., Yohan Robinson, it is paramount for him or her to be in tion are knowledge of the subject matter, Christoph E. Heyde and Thilo John. “Errors in touch with the current progressions and knowledge of relevant terminology, the handling and manufacturing of orthopaedic innovations in the medical field, keeping ability to discern meaning in context and implants: the tip of the iceberg of an abreast with recent medical and scientific transfer it within the target language con- unrecognized system problem?” Patient journal articles. straints, i.e., accurately (all meaning has Safety in Surgery (2007): 1: 5. www. been transferred), precisely (all nuances of pssjournal.com/content/1/1/5 Obtaining a good translation the language, tone, intent, style have been Txabarriaga, Rocío. IMIA Guide on Medicine is a field of knowledge in preserved in the target language), correctly Medical Translation. International Medical accelerated scientific and technological (grammar, syntax, orthography rules have Interpreters Association, January 2009. www. development that each year incorporates been observed), completely (no part of imiaweb.org/uploads/pages/438.pdf

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Providing interpretation for successful medical care

Elizabeth Colón

A growing body of research on health dispar- over what qualifies as adequate supplementary language ser- ities among ethnic groups is making it increas- vices for LEP patients and how to pay for these services has been especially heated in recent years. As health care systems ingly clear that being a member of a minority aim to provide enhanced service to their patients, meet federal Agroup in the United States can be a barrier to standards and become assimilated to their diverse communi- health care. The inability to speak English has ties, they are becoming more proactive about their need for been empirically associated with less care seek- language services (see sidebar on page 30). With the current administration taking a harder look at ing and limited access. Now more than ever, the institutions that do not meet federal regulations and because tide of US health care has to be turned to work of the increase of the LEP populations being served, health care more effectively with limited English proficient systems are looking at the need to budget for language services, (LEP) populations. In the medical world, lan- though this is just one area of concern. Understanding what it entails to comply with federal regulations and providing the most guage barriers create problems for both patients effective communication possible to patients, both verbally and and providers. written, are also high on the list of health care facility concerns. As a matter of fact, under the Patient Protection and Afford- For patients, language and communication influence how able Care Act of 2010, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid and if LEP patients access and experience health care. Because Services has a program designed to provide incentive payments of the language barrier, LEP patients often encounter basic to hospitals that meet set performance standards for selected problems such as a lack of awareness of existing services and quality measures, including communication about medicine and how to access them. LEP patients also often have the inability communication with doctors and nurses. to communicate adequately with health care support staff and providers. As language service providers (LSPs), we need to LSPs tapping into the opportunity be on the front lines with specialized medical translation and One of the most important parts of providing adequate interpreting services. health care is the exchange of information between patient and Though language barriers have long been a concern for caregiver. Without clear communication, it is difficult and can health professionals and patients in this country, the debate even be dangerous to treat a patient. For LEP patients as well as providers, the presence of a trained medical interpreter can dramatically change the effectiveness of care communication. Until recently, there has been no national standard by which Elizabeth Colón founded Metaphrasis to evaluate medical interpreters. Even national requirements Language & Cultural Solutions, LLC, in 2007. on the part of hospital accreditors were lax. In January 2010, For the past 25 years she has worked however, the Joint Commission released new standards con- in the health care industry and immersed cerning patient-provider communication that went into effect herself in community outreach programs. in early 2011. One standard specifically addresses qualifications

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Medical interpreting in the United States

A sense of excitement permeates conversation with That decision was most recently reaffirmed by US Attorney medical interpreters these days. The profession is changing General Eric Holder in a memorandum in February 2011. and growing, driven by rising numbers of limited English In his memorandum, Holder reaffirms ”once again the speakers living in the United States and with the requirements Department of Justice’s commitment to implement Executive at federal and state levels that place the burden of Order 13166 interpreting Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, communication on health care providers, rather than having it ensuring language access in all federally funded programs rest with the patients themselves. and activities and in all public contact activities of the This shift of the burden is a game-changer for all parties federal government itself,” according to independent health involved. If the interpreter is seen to serve the provider police consultant Ignatius Bau, in a blog posted last February. rather than the patient — the individual with limited English One way to guarantee an absence of discrimination due to proficiency (LEP) — standards of service rise to match the LEP would be to staff every clinic in the land with the most provider’s expectations in all other areas. Just as they would commonly spoken languages or, indeed, mandate much bigger not use a questionable lab to test samples, put their clinic in ambulances, with several rows of interpreter seating, just in a seedy building or use an accountant or billing service that case the patient being transported will involve a language is not up to standards, health care providers can now choose or two. The resulting picture is fleetingly amusing, but that from a tested pool of state-certified, local interpreters. They would not work in the real world. might also deploy a service that allows for telephone access What actually happens is that for languages that are in virtually any language. spoken widely in any particular state, a pool of interpreters Change has been a long time coming. Even working in is registered and accessible to the brokering agencies that Spanish, which is the second-most widely spoken language supply health care providers with interpreters for scheduled in the United States, has posed a challenge for providers. The appointments, covering the full spectrum of medical services, problem was less due to the availability of interpreters and from obstetrics to dentistry (in what turns out to be a rather more due to the expectation that patients should reach out one-sided interpreting session), from orthopedic surgery to for their communication needs. physical therapy. This meant bringing an acquaintance to a consultation: For the rarer languages and unscheduled situations, the dreaded ad hoc interpreter. Often, this will be a relative, phone interpreting agencies provide a workable alternative a child or partner. “This changes the locus of power and to an ambulance with interpreter seating. Wes Hilton, decisions making,” explains Louise Morehead, who coaches who recruits interpreters for Oregon’s Certified Languages medical interpreters in Seattle and is on the board of NOTIS, International, shared some insights about the kind of urgent the Northwest Translators and Interpreters Society. “They are needs that telephone interpreting provides. “All you need to often not paying attention” and are often motivated by the get connected is a patient, a doctor and a simple telephone,” desire to avoid a situation that is socially uncomfortable and Hilton explains. As recruiter, he makes sure that all of the embarrassing. linguists are based in the United States, which is of great Not uncommonly, the ad hoc interpreter will have an importance for their ability to understand and convey the agenda of his or her own and be unwilling to take part in the culture-specific niceties of a US medical situation. slow, thorough questioning of symptoms and explanations “Sometimes, the interpreter must step in and discreetly of treatment. “The doctor might give an instruction, like alert the provider to what may be a cultural faux pas,” ‘remove your clothes and lay on the exam table,’ and suddenly Morehead points out. Hilton concurs: “When working with see the patient and ad hoc interpreter start heading out of recent immigrants or tourists, they might not be familiar with the room,” relates Morehead. “They just want to get out of the broader cultural context of what is happening,” such as there.” in cases of the legally mandated quarantine for tuberculosis. There is another danger, she cautions. “When the The difference between quarantine and imprisonment would interpreter is a spouse, that spouse holds all the power over be hard to explain without the cultural knowledge, for the patient — the power to convey questions and shield example. answers. This is a problem when screening for domestic As the legal and professional climate changes, health care violence!” providers are taking on their added burden with varying Title VI of the Civil Rights Act states that “No person degrees of grace. “In the bigger hospitals they are better in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or at knowing how to work with an interpreter,” Morehead national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied reports. “Smaller ones can be very good, too,” she adds, but the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any not necessarily. In such cases, the medical interpreter will program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” give a brief explanation to the provider, as well as making his or her role clear to the LEP: not a friend, not an advocate, In Lau v. Nichols (414 U.S. 563, 569 (1974)) this was not a go-between — a medical interpreter, a person who is interpreted broadly, to mean that wherever federal dollars there to speak and listen for the health care provider, thereby go to provide a service, it is the responsibility of the service providing the patient with medical service just as good as any provider to communicate in such a way as to be understood other patient can receive. by the recipient of that service, and that failing to do so would constitute prohibited discrimination. — Dena Bugel-Shunra

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for language interpreters and translators. tion themselves as a partner in medical starting a medical interpreting service This push toward setting standards has interpreting. line? While there is no mandatory cer- opened up an opportunity for LSPs to Interpreters want to be acknowledged tification in the medical interpreting enter into the medical interpreting space for the great work they do, while clients field, interpreters should be required to rather than medical staff relying on fam- are seeking qualified trained interpreters be tested for oral proficiency prior to ily interpreters. in an agency that didn’t cut corners. Tak- entering a medical interpreting training. There have been a few highly publi- ing this stance when starting a medical Specific medical interpreting training cized incidents of medical interpretation interpreting service line is important. should follow where they are taught the gone wrong, one being the 1980 case Knowing that you are dealing with importance of following the standards of of Willie Ramirez, a Spanish-speaking critical medical information and patient practice, what role they should play in teenager from southern Florida. Ramirez interactions brings a level of intensity patient care and the importance of Health reported feeling dizzy and having a Insurance Portablility and Accountabil- headache, the result of an intracerebel- ity Act (HIPAA) and confidentiality. lar hemorrhage, to doctors at an area Taking a chance on sending in an hospital. However, because among other Taking a chance on sending interpreter with no formal training will reasons he and his family insisted he in an interpreter with no almost undoubtedly result in losing that was intoxicado, his original ailment was client. LSPs must consider that health diagnosed as an intentional drug over- formal training will almost care interpreting is highly competitive, dose. The word intoxicado in Spanish, and they may have to also be competi- though, can mean feeling dizzy or nau- undoubtedly result in losing tive in their pricing. Another factor to seated. Ramirez became a quadriplegic that client. consider when expanding into medical as the result of the misdiagnosis. This interpreting services is the recommended case is often referred to as one example use of a scheduling database to cut of the need to have qualified medical that isn’t always present in other types back on the number of calls that one interpreters available in the hospital. of interpreting activities. can receive. Instead, all appointments Many hospitals subscribe to a telephone The most important component for are entered, assigned and seen by your interpreting service because of the many successfully expanding into medical inter- clients. This will reduce possible errors languages for which they may have preting is that the current interpreter pool in time, date or language, which result to be responsible. Similarly, because be trained in the field of medical inter- in the patient not having an interpreter. of the lack of one national standard, preting. You may think that interpreters Becoming a vendor for any hospital many facilities had to rely on bilingual who provide services to other industries or health care facility requires the LSP to staff members who could serve as an may be suited for medical interpreting, understand what Title VI means and how interpreter in addition to their normal but health care has its own set of stan- you can help with compliance. Simpli- duties — and many still do. However, dards an interpreter has to follow. fied, Title VI is part of comprehensive US now with legislation and culture shifts, What types of considerations should law intended to end discrimination based LSPs have a prime opportunity to posi- be made when an LSP is thinking about on race, color, religion or national origin.

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It assures nondiscrimination in the distri- an interpreting vendor. There are a few both in writing and orally. This means bution of funds under federally assisted points that we have learned over the they should have passed an oral and programs. President Clinton’s Executive years that will help any agency start written assessment, attended training Order 13166, “Improving Access to Ser- making good contacts at hospitals. involving topics such as ethics, HIPAA, vices for Persons with Limited English A challenge in selling medical inter- OSHA, Title VI, terminology relevant to Proficiency” issued in 2000, attempted preting services is that there isn’t a single the industry, role play, field experience to clarify and strengthen the language common point of contact to sell to. Each and professional development. access implications of Title VI. hospital or health care facility structure In order to successfully interact with We are frequently asked how to posi- is different, and interpreting services are patients and favorably represent your tion an agency to appeal to hospitals as housed within different offices. The process agency, interpreters should also clearly for making a contact can at times be dif- understand expectations and standards. ficult. Interpreting services can be housed Interpreters must always obey the code of in the social work department, nursing confidentiality. Sharing information with administration, a volunteer department or others is a HIPAA violation and causes an the patient representative office. Making agency or hospital to be penalized. Inter- calls directly to the hospital very rarely preters must always be prepared for their has resulted in getting to the right person. assignments. Before going to an assign- What does? A bit of creativity. ment, a good interpreter will research the A tactic that I have taken is going information and terminology. directly to and walking through the Where interpreters position them- hospital, taking notes on areas that need selves is important, in that the relation- signage and asking staff what steps are ship is always between the patient and taken to access an interpreter. It gives service provider. An interpreter who me the proper information to establish remains on the side of the provider a need. I begin talking to staff members can make the patient feel helpless and who have direct patient interaction alone. Interpreters must be conduits of (nurses, receptionists) and forward my information only and refrain from tak- information from there. The buy-in for ing on the role of a social worker, friend interpreting services really comes from or health professional. They facilitate those working with patients and not communication, and when an interpreter always management. feels too close to the patient, it may be Once you have this outline estab- in the best interest of the patient that lished, there is also typically a need for the interpreter no longer serves as the some education on the part of the LSP. person interpreting. There are times Here are a few tips and insights that will when an interpreter is a cultural broker help you engage with the right points or clarifier, sometimes even an advocate. that are important to the hospital or However, interpreters should proceed health care facility. As a qualified medi- with caution when taking on the role of cal interpreting vendor, you will be able an advocate since it can do more harm to provide assistance in implementing than good. Interpreters who participate the new Joint Commission standards; in medical interpreter training and clearly be available to assess staff or provide understand the importance of their role as training on how to work with interpret- a conduit, their positioning and the need ers; provide them with more than one for confidentiality will truly develop in- option for interpreter services, such as to professionals and will be recognized telephone, on-site or video remote inter- as such. preting; and offer opportunities to check What makes a successful health care your references against other facilities facility and LSP relationship? Years of you have worked with. fine-tuning the process has given a clear answer: partnership and education. Sim- Qualifying and partnering ply offering a medical interpreting service Whether the health care system has in- won’t necessarily yield success. Many house medical interpreters or contracted staff members have never worked with language professionals, they all should professional interpreters or an outside meet a strict list of criteria prior to being language service vendor. Educating them considered as a qualified medical inter- and developing protocol systems that will preter. While starting a training program work within the confines of their facil- might not be high on an LSP’s list, what ity will make for a much more success- should be is seeking qualified interpreters ful partnership and offer a value add to who are proficient in their language pair working with your agency.

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The earlier a medical interpreter is labor and delivery. The interpreter has involved in an LEP patient’s care, the been present during many deliveries better. Ideally, a patient needing an inter- where the babies were stillborn. That preter will be identified upon registra- same interpreter is requested to return tion, and an interpreter will be scheduled for the memorial service that the hos- for all the appointments. If that doesn’t pital holds for parents of babies that happen, however, encourage clinicians to have died. This interpreter knows how call an interpreter as soon as they realize to handle an extremely sensitive situa- the need. It’s worth waiting for the inter- tion, and we make sure to provide this preter to arrive, since the encounter will interpreter’s services for those instances. probably go more smoothly and quickly Not only should an LSP provide qual- with an interpreter present. ity interpreting services, it should also Interpreter, patient and health care provider. Take time to prepare. It’s useful for the consider what other ancillary services interpreter and clinician to have a short Knowing the personalities of your inter- it can provide. For example, I have preconference before seeing a patient to preters and needs of the provider will in trained professional nurses on how to clarify the goals of the appointment and turn guide an LSP to select the best match better understand the needs of other what will occur. For example, medical for both. It is important to stay in touch ethnic groups. Many health profession- staff will often begin to converse directly with the provider to see how services als were struggling with certain beliefs, with the interpreters. As part of the edu- are going and what can be tweaked for values and taboos that came with under- cation process, LSPs/interpreters should improvement. Knowing the background standing how to manage disease — for encourage clinicians to speak directly to of your interpreters will also help make example, diabetes within the Hispanic the patient, not the interpreter. matches based on experience. We match community, how to limit food intake Medical interpreting should stylisti- interpreters to our clients in terms of their during the holidays and understanding cally be short and simple. Speaking in seniority, capabilities and interpreting why in some cultures you couldn’t speak short sentences allows for complete and experience. directly to the patient, but to the spouse. accurate interpretation. Even though We have health care facilities that The bottom line is that medical inter- interpreters are trained to develop a good often request coverage. This entails the preting is more than just translating spo- memory, they cannot keep up with every- interpreter carrying a pager and seeing ken words from one language to another. thing when a provider keeps on talking. multiple patients throughout the day. It involves conveying messages, cultural Again, there will be some education on When these calls are received, we do not nuances and promoting understanding the process needed on the end of the just send anyone. We pull our most senior between the medical staff and patients provider. Providers should also avoid interpreter who is able to handle this kind from different backgrounds. It is one of using complicated medical terminology. of volume, able to run from one end of the most unique and rewarding types of Although trained medical interpreters can the hospital to the other and work with- interpreting services. There are challenges interpret that information, technical jar- out a break. Our clients really like this and in offering medical interpreting services, gon can be confusing. Providers shouldn’t know that we won’t shortchange them. but with the makeup of our population be surprised if an interpreter asks them to Matching specialties is also very becoming increasingly multilingual, the slow down or repeat critical information, important. For example, we have one demand for these services will continue such as medication names and doses. interpreter who has worked often in to grow. M

International Federation of Translators / Federation Internationale des Traducteurs

XIX World Congress Bridging Cultures eAugust 1-4, 2011 l San Francisco, California, USA l Hilton San Francisco Union Square

Congress Registration is Open The FIT XIX World Congress will bring together translators, To save 20% on registration rates, register now at www.fit2011.org/register.htm. interpreters, terminologists, and other professionals from all over the world to discuss topical issues. Educational sessions Hilton San Francisco Union Square 333 O'Farrell Street, San Francisco, California, USA 94102; Phone: +1-415-771-1400 will be offered along with events to provide opportunities to Special FIT Rates: Single = $209 / Double = $229 (exclusive of tax) network, mingle, and socialize. Available until July 6, 2011 or as space allows. Includes 50% off Internet access in guest room. To make reservations, visit www.fit2011.org/hotel.htm. Learn more at www.fit2011.org

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29-33 Colon #121.indd 33 6/29/11 3:03 PM Understanding etymology to improve medical translation

Industry Focus Industry Luciana Ramos

For the vast majority of professionals some- Root Meaning Examples how related to the business of language or, I audi (L) hear audible, audience would rather say, the pleasure of studying lan- auto (G) self automatic, autopsy guages, it is not new that the language of sci- F bene (L) good benefit, benign ences is characterized by the use of Greek and Latin roots. But familiarity with those “mother” bio (G) life biography, biology tongues is not as frequent as it should be among chrono (G) time chronic, synchronize modern translators. The close link between sci- dict (L) say dictate, diction ence and these languages has a long history. gen (L) give birth gene, generate The first scientific writings originated in Greece, graph (G) write autograph, graph and the terminological corpus used therein was luc (L) light lucid, translucent inherited by the Romans, whose lexicon retained man(u) (L) hand manual many Greek roots. mand, mend (L) order demand, recommend mis, mit (L) send missile, transmission For many years in Europe, Latin was the vernacular of the omni (L) all omnivorous Church, as well as the language in which virtually all documents were written, since most people who were not illiterate could read path (G) feel empathy, pathetic and write only in Latin. Romance languages derived from Latin phil (G) love philosophy, bibliophile (or neo-Latin) conjugate borrowings from different origins. phon (G) sound phonics, telephone For medical translators who are native speakers of Spanish, French, Italian and other Romance languages, this may be a qui(t) (L) quiet, rest acquit, tranquil great advantage, provided they are able to easily recognize the scrib, script (L) write ascribe, script meaning of terms in their original language. In Spanish medical sens, sent (L) feel resent, sensitive jargon, terms rooted in classical languages are more frequent and are more widely understood than terms in English among vac (L) empty evacuate, vacate the general public. This is why on many occasions the English vid, vis (L) see visible, video < Spanish translator will find it more appropriate to use such equivalents, even in text not intended for the scientific commu- Table 1: Medical-related roots in the common parlance: nity or health care professionals. Think, for example, of lung used (L) = Latin etymology and (G) = Greek etymology. as an adjective instead of pulmonary (in Spanish: pulmonar). Medicine as a field of specialization Every human discipline or activity uses and applies a par- ticular vocabulary called a terminological corpus. Specialized groups create, by means of their research and works, a series Luciana Ramos is the director of Ocean of words related to the materials, instruments and procedures Translations S.R.L. She authored this article they implement or execute. Whether you are already a medical with the collaboration of her partners, translator or intend to be one, you soon realize that medicine Betty Galiano and Federico Carroli. has a vast lexicon of its own. The human body, its functioning,

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the pathological processes that affect Root Example and meaning it, the useful approaches for mitigat- ing pain or healing, diagnostic and aden (G) adenoma: gland tumor. aden: gland; oma: tumor. treatment methods, among others, give angio (G) angiotomy: sectioning of a blood vessel. angio: vessel; tomy: incision. rise to a great many specific terms. arthr (G) arthralgia: joint pain. arthr: joint; algia: pain. Although they are later poured into the popular jargon, these actually compose cerebro (L) cerebrospinal: related to the brain and spinal cord. cerebr: of or pertaining to the brain; spinal: pertaining to the spinal cord. the technical language of this disci- pline and its branches. Thus, decoding cervi, cervico (L) cervical cervic: neck, cervix. al: pertaining to. medical terminology by identifying the cole (G) cholecysto: gallbladder. chole: bile; cysto: pertaining to the gallbladder. root, suffixes or prefixes that make up cito (G) erythrocyte: red blood cell. erythro: denotes red color; cyte: cell. each word can aid in understanding all the information embedded in the term. enter, entero (G) enterocele: herniation of the intestines. enter(o): of or pertaining to the intestine; cele: pouching, herniations. As discussed previously, the trans- lator will find that the Latin or Greek ileo (L) ileocecum: related to the ileum and cecum. ileo: ileum or lower section of the small root, prefix or suffix is used and intestine between the jejunum and the cecum cecal: pertaining to the cecum. understood in Romance languages ilio (L) iliosacral: relating to the ilium and sacrum. ilium: uppermost and largest bone by a large group of people, while in of the pelvis. English these may be limited to users metr, metro (G) metrorrhagia: uterine bleeding at irregular intervals. metro: uterus, womb; of the language with a higher level rrhagia: abnormal or excessive discharge or flow. of education. In other words, English myo (G) myocardium: the heart muscle. myo: muscle; cardio: of or pertaining to the heart. texts written for the general public will tend to avoid the use of Greek Table 2: Common medical root words. or Latin terms, while Spanish texts, for example, may accommodate them Root Example and meaning much more comfortably. ab (L) abductor: any muscle used to pull a body part away from the midline of the body. While one of the core tasks of every ab: away from, separate; ductor: anything that conducts, leads or guides. translator is retaining new words and their meanings, when initiating in a ad (L) adductor: any muscle that pulls a body part toward the midline of the body. ad: in the direction of, toward; ductor: anything that conducts, leads or guides. new field it is hard to recall a cluster of unknown terms and concepts if you brady (G) bradycardia: slow heart rate, usually defined as less than 60 beats per minute. do not understand them — the best brady: slow; cardia: heart. capturing occurs via comprehension. brachy (G) brachycephaly: a short head that is short in diameter from front to back. Understanding the meanings of brachy: short; cephaly: head. common word roots is like dissecting brachi, brachio (L) brachiocephalic: involving the arms and the head. brachi: especially the upper lab animals and may open up a whole arm from the elbow to the shoulder; cephalic: pertaining to the head. new perspective. However, close atten- inter (L) interalveolar: between alveoli. inter: between; alveolar: pertaining to the alveoli. tion and ongoing research should be intra (L) intramuscular: into the muscle. intra: inside, within. paramount. Root words can have more than one meaning or various shades syn (G) syndactylism: congenital condition of having two or more digits united, as by of meaning; prefixes and suffixes may webbing. syn: together; dactyl: a finger, toe, or similar part or structure; a digit. differ in the sense they convey infor- mation depending on their origin; and Table 3: Common medical prefixes. words that look similar may derive from different roots. Root Example and meaning As a quick starting point, Table 1 logía (G) immunology: the study of all aspects of the immune system, including its defines and illustrates some of the most structure and function. logy: study of, science of. common Greek (G) and Latin (L) roots rrhea (G) rhinorrhea: runny nose. rrhea: flow, discharge; rhinos: nose. present in medical-related popular Eng- centesis (G) puncture, perforation; amniocentesis: puncture of the amniotic cavity used to obtain lish. In medicine, you will encounter amniotic fluid that can be used for prenatal genetic and other diagnostic tests. roots (Table 2), prefixes (Table 3) and desis (G) fusion; binding, fixation (of a bone or joint); arthrodesis: surgical fixation of a joint. suffixes (Table 4) in almost every line you read. In some cases, there may be ostomy (G) surgical opening (buttonhole-like); colostomy: a bag worn over a surgically two primary roots for one concept; for produced connection between the colon and the skin to collect feces. example, nephros comes from Greek otomy, tomy (G) surgical incision. thoracotomy: the process of making an incision (cut) into the (kidneys: in Spanish nefro) and ren from chest wall. Latin; both roots can be used to describe penia (G) deficiency, lowering of normal levels. thrombocytopenia: the presence of a kidney condition, such as in renal relatively few platelets in blood. failure (kidney failure, which in Spanish is frequently translated as insuficiencia Table 4: Common medical suffixes for diagnosis, surgeries and symptoms.

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heart chambers, to name some of the Singular form Definition Plural form basics, identifying the correct plural ala wing, feather ales (L) formation rule is key for an accurate alveolus little cavity alveoli (L) rendering: atrium derives from Latin; therefore the plural form is atria. Such apex the highest point apexes, also apices (L) chambers are divided by a septum or areola circular area areolae (L) septa in the plural (although the plural bacterium a single-celled microorganism bacteria (L) form septums is also used by medical doctors nowadays), which should be bronchus a passage of airway in the respiratory tract bronchi (L) that conducts air into the lungs translated in Spanish as tabique to be precise with the most commonly used bursa fluid-filled sac or cavity bursae (L) terminology, avoiding the Latinism septum cadaver corpse cadavers (L) and contrary to what we have stated as cortex (anatomy), the outermost or superficial layer of an cortices, also cortexes (L) a pseudo-general rule at the beginning organ; (hair), the middle layer of a strand of hair of this article; and when in English the diagnosis identification of the nature and cause of anything diagnoses (L) adjective septal is used, the prepositional phrase del tabique is recommended in embolus something that travels through the bloodstream, emboli (L) Spanish. Of course, medical specializa- lodges in a blood vessel and blocks it tion goes far beyond word formation, fibroma a benign tumor of fibrous connective tissue fibromata (L) and learning about the jargon used foramen natural opening foramina (L) takes much more reading and searching glaucoma a group of eye diseases causing optic nerve damage glaucomas (L) than translating itself. For instance, the English name of two main veins in the ilium groin, flank, lower part of the body ilia (L) cardiovascular system requires linguis- mucosa epithelial lining of viscera and body cavities that mucosae (L) tic attention: venae cavae is the plural produces mucous form of vena cava. However, in Span- nervus of or relating to the nerves or nervous system nervi (L) ish, these veins are mostly referred to in the singular form, opposing them by nodulus small node; nodule nodule (L) their position in the human body: vena nucleus core nuclei (L) cava superior and vena cava inferior. ovum egg; egg cell ova (L) Coming back to plural formation, there are several terms that frequently give radius circular area of defined distance radii (L) rise to confusion or misunderstanding sputum expectorated matter sputa (L) due to inaccuracies in terms of number stoma mouth stomata (G) (Table 5). trauma type of injury traumata (G) The love affair between Romance languages and medical science has also uterus womb uteri (L) spread to the field of abbreviations. varix an uneven, permanent dilatation of a vein varices (L) Knowing those derived from Latin or vertebra one of the bony segments of the spinal column vertebrae (L) Greek will help you a lot, considering these are much more frequently used Table 5: Potentially confusing singular and plural medical vocabulary. in English than in Spanish, contrary to what we have mentioned in relation to certain terminology (Table 6). Abbreviation Stands for Meaning in English Meaning in Spanish As we have seen in the summarized a.c. ante cibum before meals antes de la comida lists of examples cited in this article, q.d. quaque die once a day una vez al día the linguist’s appetite for knowledge should go far from the source and target b.i.d/t.i.d./q.i.d bis/ter/quater in die two/three/four times a day dos/tres/quatro veces al día language, and etymology is one of the p.o. per os by mouth por vía oral/por boca first disciplines to explore along with that object of the translation assignment. Table 6: Examples of Latin abbreviations and their meanings in English and Spanish. Counting on the appropriate bibliography on the subject matter, enough linguistic renal) and diabetic nephropathy (diabetic Plural formation of medical terms resources to help comprehension, and kidney disease, which in Spanish is com- derived from Latin and Greek is another the sense of responsibility one may have monly translated as nefropatía diabética). relevant aspect to be taken into account for this job, any translator can become It is also possible that a single prefix has a by the translator since the rule differs a terminologist. The knowledge gained different meaning depending on its Greek based on the origin of the term. There from that study should assist him or her or Latin origin, as in brachi (in Greek, are certain illustrative terms frequently in dodging potential misunderstandings short; in Latin, arm). used in the field of cardiology. For the of the source text. M

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Medical software localization done right

Sandra La Brasca & Jason Heaton

According to the European Medical Device that are most successful with their software localization are Directive (MDD) amendment of 2010, software the ones building project specifications with international- ization in mind from the start, leaning on their translation is now included in the definition of a medical providers from project inception to final testing. Preferably, device. It doesn’t matter if the software is inte- the translation provider will have specific expertise in medical A translation and use linguists who are experienced with not grated into the actual device or a standalone product. This inclusion is an acknowledgment only software but specifically with medical device software. First of all, let’s differentiate between localization and inter- of the fact that software is integral to the func- nationalization. Both words refer to ways of adapting software tioning and therapy of a device. According to to specific locales and overlap in many ways. However, there the MDD, software must also be validated, tak- are important differences. Internationalization comes first in the adaptation process and is directed at designing software ing into account the principles of development applications so that they can be used in different regions and life cycle, risk management and verification. with different languages. Why internationalization should be Given this new attention on software by global the root process is obvious. Redesigning and reengineering a regulators, proper medical software localization software program for a new linguistic environment after the fact are clearly going to be extremely expensive. is more important than ever. Localization is the process of adapting internationalized software for a specific locale through translation and perhaps The good news is that while software translation has its the addition of culturally specific elements. Sometimes, the two own complexities and unique issues, medical software uses processes are jointly referred to as globalization. A locale is a much of the same technology as any other kind of software, country (or even a region of a country) plus a language. Even so the technical side of localizing medical software is not any the same language can vary between countries (for example, more complicated. Differing, of course, are the audience and trunk and boot in US and UK English), and some countries are venue for its use and the gravity of mistranslation or improper multilingual. Internationalization and localization are complex localization. If the software that runs a packaging machine is processes that involve software designers and engineering, translated poorly, it can result in production downtime, wasted product and lost revenue. But if a pacemaker’s programming software contains an erroneous translation, it can result in injury and possibly Sandra La Brasca has been working in the field of death. globalization/translation/localization for 20 years. Medical device companies have no choice but Jason Heaton is a 12-year veteran of the localization to embrace and understand the regulations while and life sciences industries and is currently the market- devising new ways of working. The companies ing manager with ForeignExchange Translations.

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marketing teams, translators and in- strings of code are for or where they country specialists. However, careful actually appear in the software. Another planning can ensure the success of a helpful hint is to use pseudo-localization, localized product. which permits you to insert “fake” trans- lation in the software to make sure that it Internationalization will still run after being translated. Before moving to localization, it Software code needs to be able to is vital to know whether the software handle different characters such as involved is internationalized. If it hasn’t diacritical marks, as well as user inputs. been, there may be some substantial User prompts need to be unambiguous roadblocks to translation. To take a basic and clear, especially since the prompts example, if the date and time format is can be presented at times of user stress hard-coded in the original software, the and emergency situations. Some device program will be difficult to localize. In companies have started to use cognitive the United States, dates are often written debriefing techniques, which were, until with two digits for the month, two digits now, reserved for the validation of phar- for the day and two digits for the year. maceutical patient-reported outcomes, However, in much of Europe, the day in order to evaluate the effectiveness of comes before the month, while in Japan software interfaces. Having to carry this the year comes first. out in multiple languages and geogra- Another thing to consider is whether phies can complicate development pro- Figure 1: Localized software, the software supports foreign characters. unlocalized hardware. jects, not to mention the costs involved. If China and Japan are in the marketing On the translation side of medical device plan, the code needs to support double- Designers should ideally make use software, there is a narrow skill set for byte characters. While it is technically of the operating system resources. For linguists, who must be able to translate possible to represent Asian languages example, with Windows, it is possible to software strings out of context, under- with single-byte code, this would be use the Windows glossary and screens stand medical terminology and, in many extremely difficult and costly. so that developers don’t end up redo- cases, be savvy enough to test localized In preparing software for localization, ing work that has already been done. In software on different platforms. you want to have no hard-coded strings. this case, make sure to use Windows- Internationalization can benefit from Therefore, any fonts or other user-visible approved terminology to ensure consis- the creation of localization kits that configurable data in the source code tency and make the interface easier for identify the scope of the project, the files should be isolated. In other words, text the user. involved, the word counts and whether that will be displayed to users should be A good recommendation is for devel- the audience is technical (physicians) kept in a different location than the code opers to use comments in their code. or nontechnical (patients). You should that actually runs the program. Comments are useful for clarifying what write clear instructions for each group

Translation & Localization

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of people who will be working on the also important and are absolutely vital for surement guidelines — dates, times, tem- project. If time allows, it is a good idea medical software, where even slight errors peratures, units of measurement and so on. to run a pilot project — perhaps a subset in volumes or voltage settings can injure or of the files — to make sure there won’t kill. As we noted with terminology, consis- Translation be major issues later in the process. After tency is the key to successful localization. In preparing for translation, it is confirming that the software has been important to use simple sentence struc- internationalized, the project can move ture in the source text document to make on to localization. the translation more fluid. It’s also impor- The companies that are tant to avoid messages that are culturally Localization loaded and to avoid using humor and Terminology is crucial in preparing most successful with their colloquialisms. While three strikes and for localization. Planners need to prepare software localization are you’re out may speak to a US audience, a glossary with a list of terms relevant to the phrase is meaningless in many other the materials and to use the terms con- the ones building project cultures. Religious or political undertones sistently. Basically, you want to identify specifications with should be avoided because they are diffi- terms that are important in the context cult to translate and may be offensive in and use one term for one meaning. For internationalization in another culture. Tone is also important. example, you want to say Enter key Tone can be quite casual in the United every time rather than sometimes using mind from the start. . . . States, while some materials and subjects Return key. You want to use the verb require a more formal approach in other strike or press or type or depress consis- countries. tently in your material so that there’s no Style guides should cover requirements In general, you don’t want to squeeze confusion as to what each term means. specific to branding, such as company and your layout. For example, if the software In general, you want to disambiguate as product names, font guidelines, capitaliza- contains dialogue boxes, you don’t want much as possible to make the translation tion guidelines, punctuation guidelines, to put too much text in a box because easier. acronyms and abbreviations, and mea- the content often expands when the text For complex terms, you would want to provide a definition, a grammatical function and a context. The grammati- cal function is especially important in INTRODUCING TO YOU: English, where nouns and verbs are sometimes spelled the same way. It’s OUR “AUTOMATIC TRANSLATORS” important to know that you’re using a Uwe Michalis term that is either a noun or a verb so Brigitte that the translator can find the appro- Alessandra priate translation for the glossary. In general, we recommend that you work with developers, in-country resources and your vendors in order to clarify any terms that might be complex or confus- Isabella

ing. Try to keep complex terms to a min- Yasmin imum, but if you need to use such terms, provide a thorough definition so that the linguists can find a correct equivalent in the target language (TL). Style guides are important in preparing for localization. Style guides contain infor- Aleksey Stéphan mation about how you want the name of your company or product to appear, as well BECAUSE LOCALIZATION IS NOT JUST ABOUT TECHNOLOGY. as information about font guidelines. This IT’S ABOUT PASSION TOO. is particularly important when software is involved because a different font may be Thanks to the Xlated Team, your products will break language barriers. used for commands, for example. Having Our professional mother tongue translators work hard in their native countries capitalization rules set out (such as ALT or to make the language of your software less “automatic” and more “human”. ENTER) also helps the translators because capitalization rules vary among languages. The style guide should include punctuation guidelines as well as information about how acronyms and abbreviations are to be A Translators’ Company, not just a Translation Company. www.xlated.com handled. Guidelines for measurements are

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is translated. In translating from English, the target audience. Grammatical gender French expands roughly 20%, German is something else that nonlinguists may roughly 25% and Chinese about 30% to overlook. While we can say the patient’s 40%. Such expansion can result in dia- name is ready in English without any logue boxes that are either completely reference to whether the patient is male packed with text or that have become or female, in many languages the phrase unreadable. This is also an important will need to be repeated to include both consideration for buttons. A button that is genders. just large enough for the word Cancel may Other translation considerations include truncate the word Cancelar (Figure 2). Figure 2: Buttons and text. documentation cross-referencing between Text in graphics should be avoided for user guides and the software, and privacy the same reason. If much text appears in est and the most accessible. Something laws, which are very strict in some coun- a graphic in English, once the graphic is else to consider is the issue of hot keys. tries. Here, you need to pay attention to translated, the graphic might either need Because the translator may have to what information you’re asking the user to be enlarged — which may not be pos- choose a different key for some func- to input because that may not be in line sible — or the font reduced to the point tions (think of the change from Close to with the local laws. We recommend con- that the text becomes illegible. Also, Fermer), it’s vital to keep a running list sulting with your localization vendor and graphic localization is more expensive, to ensure that one key corresponds to also with your in-country representative so the less text appears in graphics, the one function only. and counsel. The laws change frequently, better. As a further note on graphics, Designers also need to keep in mind so the best route is always to consult with symbols that are perfectly acceptable in that word order will change in transla- a legal specialist to make sure that you one culture may be offensive in another. tion and to write user interface sen- are compliant. Therefore, mainstream symbols such as tences and commands that have logical those developed by the International syntax or units that allow the translators Post-translation activities: Standards Organization are usually saf- to create translations that are viable for builds and testing The build is the step at which the localized software starts to run. Obvi- ously, an important question here is the operating system to be used (Mac, PC, Unix) and whether a specific or local- ized version of the operating system is necessary. At this point, some testing can Agility also be done — for example, simulating error messages. This is also another point It’s about the speed, isn’t it? (the design stage was the first) to con- Today’s competition is about getting sider whether training is required to run your products or content to your global the software and what sort of test plans customers faster. Rapid development exist. leads to very short release cycles, You want to go through a linguistic and almost instantaneous publication. validation — ideally run a version of the Use our agile localization best practices software in the TL — so that the transla- to accelerate your localization process tors can review the software in context. and jump ahead of the curve. We recommend doing an in-country And remember, you don’t need to review with your in-country stakehold- be purely “Agile” to be truly agile. ers to make sure that everything is being translated appropriately. The software should have a bug reporting and bug fixing mechanism so that if your trans- lators or localization vendors find a bug, they are able to report it but also, ideally, to fix it. Performing regression testing is also a good idea. The overall environment surrounding medical device software is one of height- ened scrutiny due to the regulations that oversee its approval and use. While this places more demands on device compa- nies and developers, it has the obvious www.moraviaworldwide.com/agile-localization benefit of ensuring better, safer medical devices for patients. M

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37-40 Heaton #121.indd 40 6/29/11 3:08 PM Medical Focus Showcase

Beyond Medical Recognized Specialists Localization Expertise For 19 years HTP has partnered with medical in Medical Translation Medical, Pharmaceutical, and life sciences companies to offer creative • Experienced, knowledgeable translators Scientific Document language solutions for their UI, help, website and • Dedicated project managers documentation localization needs. • Fast, accurate, cost-effective translations Translation What you can expect from us: Verbatim Solutions offers the very best in We offer translation services in any language • Teams with subject-matter expertise medical translation services. Our dedicated for medical, pharmaceutical and scientific fields. • Consistent linguistic accuracy team understands the special needs your project Subjects ranging from drug monographs, clinical • Technical excellence requires and ensures that these needs are met trials, launching and marketing of new drugs, • Flexible, customizable processes time and time again. Our experience provides you PowerPoint presentations to sales reps, surveys • Dedicated, responsive project management guaranteed expertise on any medically related from doctors and patients and so on. We give • Timely delivery, sense of urgency project from brochures to patient histories and free quotes for any project, and we always meet • Long-term partnership medical device manuals. our clients’ deadlines. Unlike many competitors, Our localized products are delivered with Use promo code MULTIMED to receive 5% off we also carry professional liability insurance that certificates of accuracy and a personal touch. your first project. is absolutely vital to protect your interests. Free estimates and references available. Verbatim Solutions Dussault Translation Ltd. HighTech Passport Salt Lake City, New York City, San Francisco, Chicago Toronto, Ontario, Canada San Jose, California • Bucharest, Romania [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] • www.htpassport.com www.verbatimsolutions.com/medical www.dussault-translation.com

Looking for Medical Translations? Medical Translations Ocean Translations offers an ISO-certified, one- MediLingua is one of Europe’s few companies Putting the “exe” stop solution with a proven record of client satisfaction. specializing in medical translation. We provide Linguistic and DTP services, coupled with PM and all European languages and the major languages in “exemplary” SW support, to cater to all your needs, including: of Asia and Africa as well as the usual translation- Are your medical translations giving you • Protocols for clinical trials related services. headaches? Seek professional medical help. • Patient information leaflets • Informed consents regulations Our 450-plus translators have a combined The symptoms may be alleviated by our team medical and language background. • Instructions for discharge of medical professionals, collaborating with our • Drug formularies We work for manufacturers of medical translation experts on every project we do for the • Labeling, IFU, medical devices devices, instruments, in-vitro diagnostics and world’s medical leaders. • Health care plan benefits, coverage, exclusions software; pharmaceutical companies; medical Are you interested in Central and Eastern • Website content (for professionals and publishers; national and international medical European languages? Medical translation is not general public) organizations; and medical journals. for everyone. Consult exe before using any of the • Textbooks Call or e-mail Simon Andriesen or visit our remedies available on the market today. Our work is proofread by physicians, dentists website for more information. and veterinarians. MediLingua BV Ocean Translations S.R.L. Leiden, The Netherlands exe, spol. s r.o. Rosario, Argentina [email protected] Bratislava, Slovakia [email protected] www.medilingua.com [email protected] • www.exe.sk www.oceantranslations.com

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41 focus showcase121.indd 41 6/29/11 3:13 PM Culture and language issues in global clinical trials Inna Kassatkina, Stacy Liechti & Mark Opler Industry Focus Industry

The globalization of clinical trials no longer intercultural communication and language barriers as they is a matter of speculation; it is a fact. Each stage relate to the trial. Doctors, patients and vendors may respond differently to varying levels of formality and also have different of a drug’s life cycle is touched by language, priorities or concerns. Tculture and national infrastructure specifics. Culture and language have gained new promi- The role of language and culture nence in the context of multinational trials. Russia and Russian-speaking populations figure prominently in clinical and research studies. Over the past five years, Pro- As much as 40% of all drug trials in 2005 were conducted in Phase, a New York City-based training, research and develop- emerging markets, up from about 10% in 1999. Trials continue ment organization, has conducted a series of studies to evaluate to shift to emerging markets such as China, Russia and India in the comprehension and research performance of clinicians the search for more patients, lower costs and faster recruitment. in Russia following training exercises on psychiatric patient Moreover, many of these countries have centralized health sys- evaluation. The clinicians were asked to evaluate symptoms tems, meaning that hundreds of patients with similar symptoms of schizophrenia and their severity as presented in a series are found in the same place, with larger numbers of both study- of training videos featuring patient interviews. A selection of naïve and treatment-naïve subjects as compared to other regions. videos was produced in the United States in English with trans- In order for drug development companies to continue to lated transcripts provided to aid comprehension. The remaining research novel compounds, to reach new patient populations videos were produced in Russia, featuring Russian interviewers and to do so in a responsible and constructive manner, it is and patients. The clinicians-in-training were mixed in terms critical to understand the unique role that culture plays and of their English language fluency. While the clinicians who how to use this understanding to foster meaningful commu- were the most fluent in English outperformed their peers in nication with patients, physicians, project teams and other their evaluations of the videos in English, everyone performed stakeholders. better when watching and evaluating the fully Russian videos. The best way to appreciate the issues inherent to global The increase in accurate judgment was particularly notable for trials is to consider the different aspects of trial conduct and those symptoms that are more subjective and rely on observa- what these basic concepts mean in another context — another tion (“negative” symptoms). country, region or culture. For example, the physician/patient In subsequent analyses, clinicians-in-training across Europe relationship and the meaning of consent may vary, as well as and Asia universally have indicated a preference for training

Inna Kassatkina (left) is cofounder and president of Global Language Solutions. Stacy Liechti (center) is director of Research & Training Development at ProPhase, LLC. Mark Opler (right) is president of ProPhase, LLC, executive director of the PANSS Institute, assistant professor of psychiatry and environmental medicine at NYU, and adjunct assistant professor of psychiatry at Columbia University.

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materials in their native tongue, regardless of their knowledge of English. However, such programs become increasingly difficult to produce for countries such as Singapore and India, where multiple languages and dialects coexist within a single group of trainees or investiga- tors. Moreover, the disparities in per- formance may not be driven purely by language but may be intertwined with experience, culture or a difference in conceptual framework. One country of central importance to global trials is India. India is an immensely diverse and heavily populated country (Figure 1), a potential chal- lenge for recruitment. Many sponsors new to work in India bring with them the assumption that since English is the primary language of medical training and the education system in general, it should suffice as the official language for the trial. While consent forms and other materials at the screening level are translated into one of the many local Figure 1: Clinical trials in India often involve English only, but languages, once the patient has been many local languages in India enrolled and randomized, the availabil- have over a million speakers. ity of non-English materials in terms of case-report forms, clinician administered scales or even patient-reported outcomes (PROs) may dwindle. While clinician English fluency is exceptionally high in India, patients may be unable to participate fully in Information provided by the program without full linguistic sup- Common Sense Advisory© 2011 port and forward planning. However, language alone cannot resolve all of the

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issues encountered during clinical trials From a global trials perspective, Good informed consent form, should be as in India. As with many world popula- Clinical Practice (GCP) is an international nontechnical as is practical and should tions, certain topics may be socially and ethical and scientific quality standard for be understandable to the subject or the culturally inappropriate for direct ques- designing, recording and reporting trials subject’s legally acceptable representa- tioning techniques and investigation. that involve the participation of human tive and the impartial witness, where Investigators in a trial may be reluctant subjects. Compliance with this standard applicable. to broach particular topics with their provides public assurance that the rights, In order to help ensure a patient’s patients, and patients are unlikely to safety and well-being of trial subjects understanding of the trial and realize answer such questions if asked. It is are protected and that the clinical trial free and informed consent, the translated incumbent on those designing trials, data are credible. version of the informed consent docu- administering training, and providing Free and informed consent lies at ments should preserve the original con- linguistic and cultural support to con- the heart of ethical research involving tent and style. This includes everything sider potential problem areas prior to human subjects. It encompasses a process from font size and footer information to executing a trial and to plan for contin- that begins with the initial contact and descriptive nonmedical terms, if that’s gencies and modifications. Negligence carries through to the end of the involve- what was used in the source document. may lead to deficient and unreliable ment of research subjects in the project. Precise translation equivalents must be data as well as uncomfortable trials and Failure to properly obtain informed con- used for key terminology to avoid criti- patient participants. Conducting trials in sent is one of the most commonly cited cal mistakes. For example, replacement countries such as India raises additional violations at research sites. Seven of dose is not the same as additional dose, complications that trial designers must eight warning letters from the FDA sent and study or research does not equal consider in depth. For example, dif- to clinical investigators between May treatment. Specifically, as it relates to ferent relationships and rationales for and September 2009 specifically men- Indian languages, the terms symptoms taking medications and seeking medi- tion failure to properly obtain informed and signs are often translated using the cal services may create a perception of consent, most often as a result of having same word, while more accurate words noncompliance — a term that fails to participants sign an outdated version of are available. Inflammation and infec- capture or address the local reasons for consent forms. Some problems inadver- tion are also commonly mistranslated discontinuation. tently arise when translating consent words. documents into a new language. Content But sometimes the names of diseases Regulations and guidelines can either get omitted or be translated or other medical terms should remain in Regulations may prohibit or limit what incorrectly. During translation, many English despite their translations being one can say about a drug, its availability terms become difficult to understand, available in the local language. This or competing compounds. In the United even for health care professionals. would occur if the term is not readily States, the Food and Drug Administra- Among different documents given used or if more people are aware of the tion (FDA) has language requirements to a research subject, informed consent English term than the Indian language for documentation and filing. Also in documents may be some of the most term. The linguist must use judgment the United States, there are national important. Their wording is carefully to maintain a balance between the need standards on Culturally and Linguisti- monitored by institutional review boards, to explain and popularize new medical cally Appropriate Services, developed also called research ethics boards in some terms versus understandability of the by the Office of Minority Health, US countries, in accordance with GCP prin- translation. Health and Human Services, as well as ciples. According to GCP, the language Further, cultural values differ from mandated protection for patients with used in the oral and written information country to country, as well as from limited English proficiency. about the trial, including the written community to community. For example, in some cultures it is important that researchers talk about the trial with and pangea.com.MT possibly obtain permission from the The Statistical MT customization Company patient’s family and local community

ISO9001 - EN15038 before attempting to obtain consent for www.pangeanic.com participation in a clinical trial. Accord- ing to findings from a study published in the Journal for Medical Ethics on community-based trials and informed consent in rural north India, the major- ity of the community interviewed could decide about participation only after discussing it with other community members. Only a third of all respondents could take an exclusively independent, nonconsultative decision. In the case in association with Trade Center, Profesor Beltrán Báguena 4, 46009 Valencia - Spain of the few women interviewed, this Tel: +34 96 338 5771 - Fax: +34 96 338 5772 Valencia - Tokyo - Shanghai number was even lower. Most believed

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they would be unable to decide for via individual interviews. Benefits of less expensively. This will help organi- themselves. conducting focus groups and interviews zations to manage multiple languages PRO instruments are the only mea- include the ability to uncover areas and numerous translation vendors or surement tools that report what the of cognitive difficulties, grammatical vendor locations, thus resulting in faster patients experience as it relates to and translation mistakes, expressions turnaround times and fewer translation their treatment, symptoms or quality that may sound offensive, and cultural errors. of life without it being interpreted by irrelevancies. In today’s increasingly global clinical the physician. For an instrument to be trial environment, incorporating language used in multicountry studies, it must Effectively managing and culture into the drug development address the same concepts in all lan- pharmaceutical translation process plays an important role in meet- guages in order to make it possible to To reach non-English speakers, phar- ing product demands. Communication pool data and compare results. This is maceutical companies typically outsource problems, proper drug usage, and issues done through a series of steps involving to language specialists in the medical of true and informed consent can occur in multiple teams of translators, editors translation industry. Depending on the any and every setting and are potentially and in-country clinical researchers, volume of languages and documents to compounded in multi-national trials. as well as cognitive debriefing groups be translated, this can sometimes result in Planning should include expense to ensure accuracy across languages, working with multiple vendors. To ease and time estimates for translating docu- dialects and cultures. However, once and expedite these projects, it often mentation to and from local languages, the English version is translated into helps to centralize the translation pro- especially for clinical trial forms and another language, the possibility of cess and work with as few translation documents, and should factor in costs inconsistencies arises. This is and time for developing language particularly true when there are strategies. Develop a communica- a number of different languages Content can either get omitted or tion strategy that outlines what spoken throughout the trial sites methods will be used to address the and trial countries. be translated incorrectly. During language and cultural factors most Translation and linguistic translation, many terms become important to the project outcome, validation of PROs must follow as well as to anticipate how con- a rigorous multistep process that difficult to understand, even fidentiality, language proficiency typically includes dual forward and other legal regulations may translations of the instruments, for health care professionals. affect the trial. followed by their reconciliation It is also advisable to obtain into a single forward translation. guidance from local experts and The next step consists of a back trans- vendors as possible, managing content organizations with area-specific knowl- lation, which is then compared to the across multiple languages, locations edge regarding disease concepts and original source text. Based on the back and translation providers via content cultural and linguistic issues. Careful translation findings, mistakes and management systems and translation forward planning in global studies can ambiguities are corrected in the single memory tools. By centralizing transla- be essential to success and particularly forward translation. Then, for some tion management via one department, a in activities such as start-up training languages, the translation is adapted core contact team or even a designated and when dealing with certain special- into the local language dialects. project manager, organizations can ized areas of medicine such as psy- With so many linguistic differences streamline their translation procure- chiatry, neurology, oncology and pain and cultural nuances — even within the ment efforts more effectively and often management. M same country — it is crucial to validate trial documents for accuracy. A method used to confirm consistency is linguistic validation of the translated question- naires through pilot testing on real people, also called cognitive debriefing. For each target language (TL), typi- cally an in-country focus group is run by a professional bilingual moderator using a structured interview approach. Each focus group consists of native speakers of the TL across demograph- ics to make up a general population for the testing, the results of which are reviewed by in-country research teams and implemented into the final version of the translated PRO instruments. At times, cognitive debriefing takes place

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Industry Focus Industry Libor Safar

Over the past few years, the amount of trans- marketed by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis and the lations in the pharmaceutical industry has second best-selling drug globally with sales of US$9 billion grown considerably. This has been driven by annually, will see its patent expiring in 2012. Pharmaceutical companies are working hard to tackle this Oglobal regulatory requirements as well as new looming revenue drop and to fight off the biotechnology and opportunities that have opened up in new mar- generic industry by ever-increasing investment in research. kets, whether for marketing medicinal products However, the overall resource and development (R&D) produc- tivity of the industry has been in decline for some time, and or conducting clinical trials. This article reviews the new drugs being discovered don’t seem to be replacing the some of the current issues in pharmaceutical sales income of those medicines that are set to go off-patent translations related to marketing authorization soon. and finding the optimum translation process. As It is not surprising in light of this that the pharmaceutical industry is one of the most active in regards to mergers and always, it is useful to consider the big picture of acquisitions, as acquiring another company’s new drug pipeline the pharmaceutical industry and what is mov- can be more cost-effective and possibly less risky than invest- ing and shaking it, since it ultimately and nec- ing in its own R&D. The ways in which these trends manifest essarily trickles down to how translations are themselves include major efforts to speed up the process for new drugs to the marketplace, including the process of obtain- managed and affected. ing regulatory approval. A growing number of clinical trials are increasingly conducted in emerging markets such as Central An unprecedented number of branded medicines within the and Eastern Europe, Latin America, Russia, India or China. Cost industry are set to lose patent protection in the near future. This is one reason, but these regions can equally benefit from large so-called “patent cliff” means some $250 billion in sales may be treatment populations or trial-naïve populations, unexposed to at risk between 2011 and 2015. This includes such blockbusters medications that could interfere with the given trial drug. Over- as the world’s best-selling drug brand Lipitor, a cholesterol- all, there is a drive towards cost efficiency and cost management, lowering medicine from Pfizer, with sales of well over US$11 including increased outsourcing of research and clinical trials to billion a year and whose patent expired in June 2011. Plavix, contract research organizations (CROs), rather than managing these in-house. It is probably safe to say that when it comes to the maturity of managing its translations, the pharmaceutical industry would not traditionally score high and would lag behind what may be the average in high-tech or related industries. This is perhaps not surprising, as the industry’s main focus has traditionally been on Libor Safar is marketing manager ensuring the utmost quality and accuracy of translated materi- at Moravia Worldwide. als rather than overall efficiency and transparency of processes.

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Days Activity e-mails — though with a clear audit trail available. Zero Submit English source document to the EMA for review. But there is change afoot, and the 80-110 Pre-opinion phase. Detailed review of the English text by the EMA, comments previous factors are some of the main and questions, submission of revised English product information. EMA reviews driving forces. There is a recent but source English document. A review meeting with the agency may be organized accelerating trend toward centralizing around Day 165 to focus on linguistic, stylistic and template-related issues. The translations and their purchasing. Many meeting will verify if the proposed English text is suitable for translation. pharmaceutical companies have taken 210 The EMA provides an opinion on the English version as to whether the process steadfast efforts to better organize and should move forward. optimize their translation setup. 215 Post-opinion phase. By day 215, translations of the product information in all other EU languages (including Icelandic and Norwegian) need to be provided The life of PIM electronically to the EMA. With this five-day window after the opinion, the A major impetus to improving the translation process needs to start well before the opinion is rendered, typically overall efficiency of one particular area — after day 165. marketing authorization — was recently Day 215-229, a detailed linguistic review of the translations provided by member provided by the European Medicines states; comments together with an overall feedback on the quality of the Agency (EMA) and its Product Informa- translations sent directly to the applicant. tion Management (PIM) project — or so By day 235, the final translations with tracked changes in Microsoft Word format it seemed. Via its Centralised Procedure as well as a clean PDF format submitted to the EMA. A separate form (QRD (CP), the EMA administers the process of Form 2) should be provided for each language detailing if comments have been marketing authorization in Europe, and implemented or not. this procedure allows submitting one The EMA checks if all member states’ comments have been implemented and application that is valid in all EU and sends the final translations to the Commission. EEA-EFTA states (Iceland, Liechtenstein 239-261 Standing Committee consultation period to address legal and public health and Norway). matters — no more linguistic review in most cases. The medicinal product information 277 Final commission decision. needs to be submitted in all EU languages plus Icelandic and Norwegian, which A simplified overview of the major milestones in the EMA linguistic review process. includes materials such as the summary of product characteristics (SPC), labeling Where even a small translation error may tralized model, with several functional and package leaflets. SPCs are used by potentially have dire and literally fatal con- groups overseeing their specific transla- physicians and pharmacists to advise sequences, it is understandable that the cost tion efforts. The adoption of translation patients on drug side effects, how the would not come first and foremost. Instead, management systems or centralized drug should or should not be taken, dos- quality, accuracy and regulatory compli- translation memories is relatively low, age, storage and whether a prescription ance have been the rules of the day so far. as much of the work related to transla- is required or not. As a result, many pharmaceutical tions is manual and based on Microsoft Translation volumes related to sub- companies may work in a highly decen- Word documents, spreadsheets and missions are not huge, but there is a

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fair degree of complexity arising from agency will do so for all the required by adopting PIM. The use of structured the fact that the same information is languages except for Norwegian and formatting in XML and the electronic often duplicated in multiple documents Icelandic, according to the normal exchange of information throughout to account for various dosage forms, timelines, through the Centre for Trans- the authoring, review and submission product strengths and presentations. This lation (CdT) in Luxembourg. These processes would lend itself readily to the results in a large set of documents that free-of-charge translations provided by adoption of more advanced translation need to be managed, kept up to date and the EMA to SMEs in the pharmaceuti- management systems and TMs. Last but synchronized. cal industry are complemented by other not least, this would help companies Within the 24 languages that are cur- concessions offered, such as substantial reach the short window to provide trans- rently involved in the CP, there may be (90%) reduction on certain fees or pay- lations and their post-review finalization. as many as 1,000 documents for a single ment deferrals. PIM was introduced by the EMA in trade name, which need to exist on The idea behind PIM has been to sim- December 2005, and the project had paper or as Microsoft Word documents. plify the submission and review process been through a pilot phase that attracted This increases the likelihood of creating and to establish an XML-based electronic a few major pharmaceutical companies an error in the process and is a major exchange of information, designed to and led to positive results. The agency burden for the EMA, member states’ reuse common content globally and had been making all the right noises competent authorities and pharmaceuti- eliminate the need to use paper docu- about the standard’s upcoming adoption cal companies, as well as providers of ments and materials in Microsoft Word until the PIM project came to an abrupt market authorization translations. formats, as is the case now. Currently, a end in March 2011, when the EMA pulled Aware of the complexity and cost of large amount of effort needs to be dedi- the plug on the project. The agency cited ensuring product information transla- cated to ensure accurate formatting and a review of its business strategy in light tions for its marketing authorization, presentation in the required Word-based of the new legislation and a budgetary the EMA has a program in place for Quality Review of Documents templates, review as reasons for halting the project, providing such translations for free to as to the actual content. while saying it remains committed to the SMEs (micro, small and medium-sized As a by-product, the translation concept of the exchange of structured enterprises, as defined by the EU). The process could be made more efficient product information and suggesting it will return to this once the review pro- cess is completed. At this moment, the jury is still out on what this is going to mean. This decision has certainly removed one of the most immediate drivers for pharmaceutical companies to adopt systems and tech- nologies to better manage their transla- tion processes. A number of companies have put their initiatives in this area on hold. Submission to the EMA for market authorization in Europe will continue to be done electronically with Microsoft Word documents or in paper for the foreseeable future. But the underlying idea has been sound, and there are clear benefits in adopting a centralized translation sys- tem. While we may have to wait a bit longer for a standardized XML format to be prescribed for electronic submissions in Europe, the number of languages that will require translation as well as the number of sundry documents needed is not going down any time soon. Clearly, the current e-mail-centered model of communication and delivery is not sustainable indefinitely, considering the way other industries are rapidly developing. Inspiration and hope may be drawn from the structured product labeling (SPL) system that exists for the United States and has been mandatory there

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since November 2005. This XML-based standard was adopted by the US Food and Drug Administration, which requires electronic labeling submissions as well as annual report submissions to be done Europe’s No. 1 using the SPL format. Greek Localizer No silver bullet The quality of translations is clearly Since 1986, EuroGreek has been providing high- paramount in the pharmaceutical indus- quality, turnkey solutions, encompassing a whole try. What is not always so clear is how to range of client needs, for the following language achieve this required quality effectively. combinations: This does not concern only transla- How to Be • English into Greek tions for regulatory submission, but World Savvy • Greek into English applies equally to translations required • German into Greek during clinical trials, including pre- International Marketing Communications • French into Greek clinical studies and the individual phases All EuroGreek’s work is produced in our Athens of trials. The best practice in the industry Market Research production center and covers most subjects: has seen several types of the transla- Marketing tion process developed and adopted. • Technical Each has a different method or level • Medical/Pharmaceutical of quality assurance (QA). There seems • IT/Telecommunications to be no one-size-fits-all process. The • Economics/Legal use of a particular process may depend All EuroGreek’s work is fully guaranteed for on the type of the material in question quality and on-time delivery. and whether this is a patient-facing JFA Marketing document or not, as well as any specific Minneapolis, Minnesota USA EuroGreek Translations Limited company standard operating procedures [email protected] London, UK • Athens, Greece in place. www.jfamarkets.com [email protected] • www.eurogreek.com For nonpatient-facing materials as well as some patient-facing documents, the typical translation process is rather traditional — a qualified/certified clini- cal translator doing the initial forward translation into the target language (TL), followed by a complete review of the translated document for linguistic quality as well as for factual accuracy, Your Polish cultural and technical language suit- Medical Translations ability for the specific target country Competence Center market. These reviews are conducted by MediLingua is one of Europe’s few companies a combination of qualified linguists and Since 2000, Ryszard Jarza Translations has specializing in medical translation. We provide medical professionals and practitioners been providing specialized Polish translation, all European languages and the major languages who have the practical experience in the localization, marketing copy adaptation, of Asia and Africa as well as the usual translation- subject area in the given country. and DTP services. We focus primarily on life related services. Other types of patient-facing materials, sciences, IT, automotive, refrigeration and Our 450-plus translators have a combined such as informed consent forms, would other technology sectors. medical and language background. see a back translation of the previously We have built a brilliant in-house team made translated content into the original lan- We work for manufacturers of medical guage added, followed by a comparative up of experienced linguists and engineers who devices, instruments, in-vitro diagnostics and review of the source and back translation, guarantee a high standard of quality while software; pharmaceutical companies; medical and the usual QA reviews. maintaining flexibility, responsiveness and publishers; national and international medical In a related scenario, used typically for accountability. Our services are certified to EN organizations; and medical journals. materials such as patient reported out- 15038:2006. Call or e-mail Simon Andriesen or visit our comes (PROs) — for questionnaires col- website for more information. lecting responses directly from patients during trials, multiple (typically two) Ryszard Jarza Translations MediLingua BV forward translations are required. These Wrocław, Poland Leiden, The Netherlands are followed by reconciliation — merging [email protected] [email protected] more than one forward translation into a www.jarza.com.pl www.medilingua.com

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single forward translation, and then one, While for some companies back ing (pilot testing). The idea behind this or in some cases two, back translations, translation is an integral part of their step is to ensure that data collected from and subsequent harmonization. procedure or an institutional review PROs can be comparable across various In this case, the International Society board requirement, some are trying language groups used during trials, by for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes to find the right situational approach, verifying how the translated question- Research has taken great strides in aiming for an intelligent application of naire is comprehensible to patients from harmonizing the process, after it had back translations suiting their particu- the specific target population. This is identified a general lack of consistency lar purpose. If forward translation may achieved via structured linguistic valida- in current methods and published introduce errors, so can back translation. tion interviews, during which a group of guidelines. The ground rules have been Back translations should not be seen patients completes the translated ques- summarized in The Principles of Good as a replacement of the established QA tionnaires and then answers questions Practice for the Translation and Cultural process or a compensation for inferior related to how well they understood the Adaptation Process for Patient-Reported original forward translations. As always, questionnaire. Outcomes Measures, published by its it pays to put maximum effort into In a way, this step represents an ideal Task Force for Translation and Cultural ensuring quality upstream — with the combination of checking the quality of Adaptation. forward translation. translated text with the ultimate end When they are assigned to the work, users from the linguistic as well as fac- Backing off back translations translators should be made aware they tual perspective. But it is also an area The introduction of back translation is are conducting a back translation so that where a degree of latitude remains in a safety-check for companies to ensure they can adjust their approach accord- real life. Recruitment of patients is one nothing has been “lost in translation,” ingly and focus on an accurate, more aspect of this. There has been and con- but it is also a major cost driver, effec- literal reflection of the content in the tinues to be some healthy debate about tively doubling the cost of any particular SL and the general readability of the whether patients used for linguistic translation. text. They should also be able to provide validation need to be in a given disease Finding qualified back translators may commentary to the back translation, state or not. Will they understand the also be a challenge. The requirement for which will greatly facilitate subsequent questions and complete the question- a native speaker of the source language reconciliation. naire differently if they don’t have the (SL), most frequently English, with rel- “tactile” experience with the specific evant experience in the given therapeutic Cognitive dissonance disease the given trial addresses? area, and high proficiency in the TL, may about debriefing Like with back translations, experience not be a problem for a major language. Similar judgments may need to be shows that the key aspect of the process is But it will be for some of the emerging or made for PRO measures and the linguis- the review of cognitive debriefing results minority languages. tic validation step of cognitive debrief- and the finalization of translations. The objective is to remove any terms, phrases or wording that could possibly be mis- understood by the patient and would ultimately distort the collected outcomes. It is equally important at this stage to communicate with the developers of the original source questionnaire and ensure that the final translated measure contin- ues to be a true reflection of the original. The final report, an integral component of PRO translations, needs to include an explanation of all key translation deci- sions made during the process as well as the methodology used. The way translations are managed by pharmaceutical companies, large or small, is currently experiencing major development, and the industry as a whole is moving up the maturity ladder rapidly. At the same time, other indus- tries can certainly learn from the hard- won experience the life sciences sector has in ensuring quality translations. Prevention is always better than a cure, and the same applies to optimizing the overall translation and quality process, regardless of the industry in question. M

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Insights into the future of XLIFF

Christian Lieske

It has been two years since the Organization commercial tools available are costly, insufficiently tested and for the Advancement of Structured Informa- are only for experienced users. Contributions that analyzed the reasons for implementation issues referred to the broad cover- tion Standards (OASIS) — after several years of age and vagueness of XLIFF. Among the observations was that Idevelopment — has approved the XML Localiza- representations are non-orthogonal and that the same thing can tion Interchange File Format (XLIFF) as a stan- be represented in different ways. Also, processing requirements dard. The First International XLIFF Symposium are not clearly defined. Tools don’t always know how to modify XLIFF, and extensibility features have been abused since a pro- at the end of September 2010 provided insights prietary approach rather than a standard mechanism was used. into the standard’s present and possible future. Some members of the symposium’s audience surmised that the dominance of localization and internationalization stakeholders The XLIFF Technical Committee, the steward of the standard, contributed to the shortcomings. has realized that the symposium provided a unique opportunity Despite the rather gloomy picture painted by those who sur- to gain insights into the present and possible future of the stan- veyed or analyzed XLIFF implementations, most adoption and dard. Accordingly, the committee has gone through all of the usage stories were on the positive side of things. Niall Murphy contributions and distilled input for three different questions explained, for example, how mergers or acquisitions can be related to XLIFF: What is the status quo related to implementa- handled efficiently with the unification that can be built on tion and adopting? Which ideas or recommendations exist for top of XLIFF. In a similar vein, JoAnn Hackos, Bryan Schnabel enhancements or future versions? Which general observations and Rodolfo Raya showed how XLIFF can help to address cer- can be made? tain issues related to the translation of DITA files. Steve Dept, Andrea Ferrari, Britta Upsing and Heiko Rölke reported about Status quo the successful use of XLIFF in a large scale OECD content trans- A major finding of contribution implementations that sur- lation project. veyed the existing XLIFF was that major tool vendors work with proprietary formats and extensions. Ultimately, the tools Future versions consume and produce different flavors of XLIFF, sometimes not The XLIFF Technical Committee has been gathering require- even XLIFF version 1.2, which is the only version approved ments and ideas for XLIFF enhancements (under the umbrella as an OASIS standard. The negative impact of this on interop- of XLIFF 2.0) for some time now. The symposium provided sig- erability is aggravated by the fact that vendors are often not nificant additional input for this work. The suggestions fall into transparent with regard to supported features, limitations and three categories: simplification, clarification and extension. extensions. Several implementations cover only a subset of XLIFF, and some, believe it or not, do not even handle XLIFF correctly. A sad observation related to implementation was that the Christian Lieske works for SAP on number of XLIFF implementations is low. In particular, open- internationalization and translation. source tool support (Virtaal is one notable exception) is often He is actively involved in standardization poor or non-existing. This is notable since a number of the activities at OASIS , W3C and the EC.

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Explanations and examples are provided presenters mentioned that the provenance the list of suggested extensions was quite in the remainder of this article. of XLIFF’s data categories and values has long and comprised the following: For any of the three categories of sug- to be traceable: Where are the elements, ■■Create an object model — similar to, gestions (simplify, clarify, extend) a few attributes and values from and why have for example, the XML DOM — to allow general recommendations were made. First, they been included in XLIFF? If that’s programmatic access that is transparent do not reinvent the wheel. If, for example, a clear, implementation and use become to the underlying data format. In addition, suitable approach for general annotations easy since it’s easier to figure out what create a container-based representation already exists — for example, as a trade one’s own XLIFF profile really needs to format (perhaps similar to the ODF or industry standard — then strongly consider include. In case different representations OOXML zip formats). Possibly, even pro- using it. Second, acknowledge that new are possible, it should be clearly indicated vide an open-source library that allows for approaches are available for describ- what’s deprecated; ideally, the possibility the creation and modification of XLIFF. ing resources and providing metadata to use multiple mechanisms for the same ■■Include mechanisms to represent (for example, the Resource Description representation would be eliminated to or refer to original data (such as binary Format from the W3C). Also, try to stay arrive at so-called orthogonality and the data for accurate, secure representation backwards compatible, establish stricter corresponding canonical representations. of user interfaces). Furthermore, allow rules for the use of extensions and define One specific suggestion to assist for the representation of or reference to clear conformance rules. Take a look at all not just in clarification but also in the validation rules (such as in Schematron). of the extensions that the toolmakers have aforementioned simplification was to In addition, cover flexible annotations enacted and at the existing XLIFF files; use organize XLIFF in terms of processing for human consumption of any XLIFF this as a clue for what to put into the core phases and data categories. element or attribute, which might be for a future XLIFF version. Possible phases were extraction/ an enhanced “note” element. In a simi- filtering, constraint setting, internation- lar vein, allow for the annotations for Simplification alization, automated linguistic proces- machine processing of any XLIFF element Although the XLIFF specification is not sing, human translation, localization, or attribute. For any annotation, allow for a heavyweight, it is extensive and some- reviewing, inclusion of reviewing results, a version history. The annotations should times not easy reading. Accordingly, many workflow events, tool-specific events, not only be applicable to the core XLIFF contributors to the XLIFF Symposium technical quality assurance checks (such payload (unsegmented content, segments, recommended that future versions should as XML validation) and packaging. Pos- sub-segments, source and target) but also make it dead easy to understand how to sible data categories and data category to referenced resources such as linked create or manipulate a minimalistic XLIFF clusters included payload (unsegmented glossaries. Include a mechanism for meta- file. This would facilitate the creation or segmented content, translations), data after acceptance of “alt-trans.” of tools that annotate or process XLIFF string length constraints (minimum or ■■Make it easy to manage changes files. It would also assist in understand- maximum lengths), resource type (dif- in content in successive source versions, ing how XLIFF can be used to support a ferent user interface controls such as to track changes and to handle linguis- specific process, such as one that combines labels and buttons), inlines (such as ph tic variants due to plurals, gender and machine translation with human post- or x), identifiers (for processing), names the like. Enhance provisions for project editing. Specific ideas for approaching (the identifier used in the native for- information and quality management simplification included modularizing the mat — key in a Java property file), notes information (instructions and so on). XLIFF specification and schema in such a (explanations and other admonitions), Add a capability for declarations related way that implementers and users can pick internationalization, domain/subject area, to character encoding. and choose what they really need to imple- relationships (for instance, between ■■Mention best practices and conven- ment an XLIFF profile. As an example, strings belonging to the same user inter- tions for including or referencing termi- annotations for human consumption face menu) and creation (generator and nology data, which might be the W3C aren’t needed everywhere. Accordingly, creation date). Internationalization Tag Set mechanism some implementers may choose to exclude A side effect of looking at processing to tag terms or to link to. Allow for a the “human annotation” module from phases and data categories would be the “concept-based” approach to translation, the profile they implement. Other ideas simplicity of creating XLIFF modules, such as with concept-based terminol- included defining a schema that defines which could correspond to data category ogy allowing the source to contain a a minimalistic XLIFF and providing a clusters, and XLIFF profiles, which could concept identifier; related to the xml:tm modular specification, and customized, correspond to modules needed to support approach. Approach authoring from a role-specific user guides with explanations processing chains. semantic modeling point of view, rather on how to minimize markup and tags. than from a text writing point of view. Extension ■■Consider XLIFF as format for trans- Clarification The content processing world, XLIFF’s lation memory exchange or even general Quite a number of presenters at the domain, has changed since XLIFF’s birth. content exchange. symposium demanded clarifications. They Thus, no one was surprised to learn that The XLIFF Technical Committee intends explained that, for example, processing XLIFF should cover new requirements to use the insights as guidance for ongo- requirements, such as attribute values and to acknowledge, learn from or reuse ing work on XLIFF, possibly as soon as that tools have to change, currently are other standards. To the surprise, how- the Second XLIFF Symposium planned for not always obvious. In a similar vein, the ever, of the XLIFF Technical Committee, autumn 2011. M

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This section offers terminology, abbreviations, acronyms and other resources, especially as related to the content of this issue. For more definitions, see the Glossary section of MultiLingual’s annual Resource Directory and Index (www.multilingual.com/resourceDirectory).

back translation. The process of translating a document throughout a company after proper internationalization and that has already been translated into another language back product design. to the original language — preferably by an independent internationalization (i18n). Especially in a computing translator — without reference to the original document. context, the process of generalizing a product so that it can consecutive interpreting. The interpreter begins his or her handle multiple languages and cultural conventions (currency, interpretation of a complete message after the speaker has number separators, dates) without the need for redesign. stopped producing the source utterance. At the time that the limited English proficiency (LEP). Persons who are unable interpretation is rendered, the interpreter is the only person in to communicate effectively in English because their primary the communication environment who is producing the mes­ language is not English and they have not developed fluency in sage. Normally, in consecutive interpreting the interpreter the English language. is alongside the speaker, listening and taking notes as the localization (l10n). In this context, the process of adap­ speech progresses. When the speaker has finished or comes ting a product or software to a specific international lan­ to a pause, the interpreter produces the message in the target guage or culture so that it seems natural to that particular language, in its entirety and as though he or she were making region. True localization considers language, culture, customs the original speech. and the characteristics of the target locale. controlled authoring. Writing for reuse and translation. machine translation (MT). A technology that trans­ Controlled authoring is a process that integrates writing with lates text from one human language to another, using localization so that the text can be written for reuse and at terminology glossaries and advanced grammatical, syntactic the same time written for efficient translation. and semantic analysis techniques. crowdsourcing. The act of taking a task traditionally per­ pseudo-localization. Translates the code strings of a prod­ formed by an employee or contractor and outsourcing it to an uct into “pseudo­strings.” The resulting “pseudo­language” is undefined, generally large group of people, in the form of an designed to test the impact that different aspects of localiza­ open call. For example, the public may be invited to develop a tion have on the product’s functionality and appearance. new technology, carry out a design task, refine an algorithm, quality assurance (QA). The activity of providing evi­ or help capture, systematize or analyze large amounts of data. dence needed to establish confidence among all concerned escort interpreting. An interpreter accompanies a person that quality­related activities are being performed effectively. or delegation on a tour, on a visit or to a meeting or interview. All those planned or systematic actions necessary to provide These specialists interpret on a variety of subjects, both on an adequate confidence that a product or service will satisfy informal basis and on a professional level, and most of the given requirements for quality. QA covers all activities from interpretation is consecutive. design, development, production and installation to servicing Extensible Markup Language (XML). A programming lan­ and documentation. guage/specification pared down from SGML, an international return on investment (ROI). In finance, the ratio of money standard for the publication and delivery of electronic infor­ gained or lost on an investment relative to the amount of mation, designed especially for web documents. money invested. The amount of money gained or lost may be globalization (g11n). In this context, the term refers to referred to as interest, profit/loss, gain/loss or net income/loss. the process that addresses business issues associated with Romance languages. Sometimes referred to as Romanic launching a product globally, such as integrating localization languages, Latin languages or Neo­Latin languages, the

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Romance languages are a branch of the Indo­European lan­ translation memory (TM). A special database that stores guage family, more precisely of the Italic languages subfam­ previously translated sentences which can then be reused on ily, comprising all the languages that descend from Vulgar a sentence­by­sentence basis. The database matches source Latin, the language of ancient Rome. There are more than to target language pairs. 800 million native speakers worldwide, mainly in Europe Translation Memory eXchange (TMX). An open standard, and the Americas, as well as many smaller regions scattered based on XML, that has been designed to simplify and auto­ throughout the world. The six most widely spoken standard­ mate the process of converting translation memories from ized Romance languages are Spanish (about 500 million), one format to another. Portuguese (about 270 million), French (about 270 million), Italian (about 150 million), Romanian (about 25 million) and translation unit (TU). A segment of text that the translator Catalan (about 14 million). treats as a single cognitive unit for the purposes of establish­ ing an equivalence. The translation unit may be a single word, rule-based machine translation (RBMT). The application a phrase, one or more sentences, or even a larger unit. of sets of linguistic rules that are defined as correspondences between the structure of the source language and that of the Unicode. The Unicode Worldwide Character Standard target language. The first stage involves analyzing the input (Unicode) is a character encoding standard used to represent text for morphology and syntax — and sometimes semantics text for computer processing. Originally designed to support — to create an internal representation. The translation is then 65,000, it now has encoding forms to support more than one generated from this representation using extensive lexicons million characters. with morphological, syntactic and semantic information, and XLIFF (XML Localization Interchange File Format). An large sets of rules. XML­based format for exchanging localization data, specify­ Schematron. A rule­based validation language for making ing elements and attributes. XLIFF could be used to exchange assertions about patterns in XML trees. data between companies, such as a software publisher and a localization vendor, or between localization tools, such as search engine optimization (SEO). A set of methods translation memory systems and machine translation systems. aimed at improving the ranking of a website in search engine listings. SEO is primarily concerned with advancing the goals of a website by improving the number and position of its Resources organic search results for a wide variety of relevant keywords. simultaneous interpreting. Occurs while the source OrganizatiOns speaker is speaking, as quickly as the interpreter can refor­ American Translators Association (ATA): www.atanet.org; and mulate the message into the target language. Normally, in its Language Technology Division: www.ata­divisions.org/LTD simultaneous interpreting between spoken languages the Project Management Institute: www.pmi.org interpreter sits in a soundproof booth, usually with a clear Translation Automation User Society (TAUS): view of the speaker, at a microphone, listening through www.translationautomation.com headphones to the incoming message in the source lan­ Publications guage. The interpreter then relays the message in the tar­ Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th edition), Raymond G. get language into the microphone to whoever is listening. Gordon, Jr.: www.ethnologue.com/print.asp source language (SL). A language that is to be translated The Guide to Translation and Localization, into another language. published by Lingo Systems: www.lingosys.com statistical machine translation (SMT). A machine trans­ Index of Chinese Characters With Attributes, George E. Bell, lation paradigm where translations are generated on the 2006: www.multilingual.com/eBooks basis of statistical models whose parameters are derived Globalization Handbook for the Microsoft .NET Platform, Parts I - IV, from the analysis of bilingual text corpora. SMT is the trans­ Bill Hall, 2002­2006: www.multilingual.com/eBooks lation of text from one human language to another by a Translation: Getting It Right, published by the ATA: computer that learned how to translate from vast amounts www.atanet.org/docs/getting_it_right.pdf of translated text. Translation: Standards for Buying a Non-Commodity, published by target language (TL). The language that a source text is the ATA: www.atanet.org/docs/translation_buying_guide.pdf being translated into. references translation. The process of converting all of the text CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/ or words from a source language to a target language. An the­world­factbook understanding of the context or meaning of the source lan­ Omniglot — Writing Systems & Languages of the World: guage must be established in order to convey the same mes­ www.omniglot.com sage in the target language. Unicode, Inc.: http://unicode.org

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Authoring tools 55

are invited to attend. Meet and exchange ideas with leading conferences 55 AssociAtions experts, find out about the needs of potential clients, or get in- formation about new and existing Unicode-enabled products. enterprise solutions 55 The Unicode Consortium P.O. Box 391476, Mountain View, CA 94039-1476, 781-444-0404, Fax: 781-444-0320 E-mail: info@ locAlizAtion services 55 unicodeconference.org, Web: www.unicodeconference.org/ml See ad on page 64 nonprofit orgAnizAtions 58 Globalization and Localization Association trAnslAtion MgMt systeMs 58 Description The Globalization and Localization Association trAnslAtion services 59 is a fully representative, nonprofit, international industry association for the translation, internationalization, local- trAnslAtion tools 61 ization and globalization industry. The association gives Localization World members a common forum to discuss issues, create innova- cAreer opportunities 61 tive solutions, promote the industry and offer clients unique, Description Localization World conferences are dedicated collaborative value. to the language and localization industries. Our constitu- Globalization and Localization Association 23 Main Street, ents are the people responsible for communicating across Andover, MA 01810, 206-329-2596, Fax: 815-346-2361, E-mail: the boundaries of language and culture in the global mar- of Canada, UNESCO and many others rely on MultiTrans to [email protected], Web: www.gala-global.org ketplace. International product and marketing managers manage their mission-critical translation operations. participate in Localization World from all sectors and all MultiCorpora 102-490 St. Joseph Boulevard, Gatineau, Quebec, geographies to meet language service and technology provid- J8Y 3Y7 Canada, 819-778-7070, 877-725-7070, Fax: 819-778- ers and to network with their peers. Hands-on practitioners 0801, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.multicorpora.com come to share their knowledge and experience and to learn See ad on page 43 from others. See our website for details on upcoming and TAUS past conferences. Description TAUS is a think tank for the translation industry, Localization World Ltd. 319 North 1st Avenue, Sandpoint, ID 83864, undertaking research for buyers and providers of translation 208-263-8178, Fax: 208-263-6310, E-mail: info@localizationworld services and technologies. Our mission is to increase the size .com, Web: www.localizationworld.com See ad on page 63 and significance of the translation industry to help the world communicate better. To meet this ongoing goal, TAUS sup- enterprise solutions STAR Group ports entrepreneurs and principals in the translation industry Multiple Platforms to share and define new strategies through a comprehensive Languages All Description STAR Group was founded in program of events, publications and communications. Switzerland 27 years ago with the exclusive focus of facilitat- TAUS Oosteinde 9-11, 1483 AB De Rijp, The Netherlands, 31-299-672- ing cross-cultural technical communications in all languages. 028, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.translation The company has grown to be the largest privately held mul- automation.com tilingual information technology and services company in the world with 42 offices in 32 countries. Its advanced tech- Authoring tools Across Systems nology developments have propelled STAR to its current Multiple Platforms market position. Core services: information management, Languages All Description Across Language Server is the translation, localization, publishing, on-demand printing, world’s leading independent linguistic supply chain tech- consulting. Core technologies: Transit (translation memory), nology. It provides a central software platform for corporate TermStar/WebTerm (terminology management), GRIPS language resources and translation processes. The all-in-one (product information management), MindReader (context- enterprise solution includes a translation memory, a termi- sensitive authoring assistance), STAR CLM (corporate lan- nology system, and powerful PM and workflow control tools. guage management), STAR CPM (corporate process manage- Congree Language Technologies It allows end-to-end processing so that clients, LSPs and ment), i-KNOW (competence management), and SPIDER Languages English, German, French Description Congree translators collaborate seamlessly. Open interfaces enable the (Interactive Electronic Technical Manual). provides the leading technologies in the area of authoring direct integration of CMS or ERP solutions, among others. STAR Group Wiesholz 35, 8262 Ramsen, Switzerland, 41-52- assistance. It combines authoring memory, terminology, and Across clients access the Language Server via LAN, WAN 742-9200, 216-691-7827, E-mail: [email protected], Web: rule-based quality and style control into integrated prod- or web, or as a hosted service. Across customers include www.star-group.net See ad on page 12 ucts. These distinguish themselves through their outstand- Volkswagen, HypoVereinsbank, SMA Solar Technology and ing linguistic intelligence, support for all editors, and their hundreds of other leading companies. ocAlizAtion ervices availability optionally either in real time during text creation Across Systems GmbH Im Stoeckmaedle 13-15, D-76307 Karlsbad, l s or for after-the-fact checking routines. Congree’s products Germany, 49-7248-925-425, E-mail: [email protected] are available in various stages of expansion, and they can be Across Systems Inc. Glendale, CA 91203, 877-922-7677, E-mail: scaled at will, from the individual workstation license to the [email protected], Web: www.across.net See ad on page 4 company-wide client/server solution. Congree Language Technologies Im Stoeckmaedle 13-15, 76307 Karlsbad, Germany, 877-922-7677, 49-7248-92545-0, Fax: 49- 7248-925-444, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.congree.com ADAPT Localization Services Languages More than 50 Description ADAPT Localization onferences Services offers the full range of services that enables clients c to be successful in international markets, from documen- MultiCorpora tation design through translation, linguistic and technical Multiple Platforms localization services, pre-press and publication management. Languages All Unicode languages Description As language Serving both Fortune 500 and small companies, ADAPT technology experts since 1999, MultiCorpora is exclusively has gained a reputation for quality, reliability, technological dedicated to providing language technology software solu- competence and a commitment to customer service. Fields tions to enterprises, language service providers and govern- of specialization include diagnostic and medical devices, IT/ The 35th Internationalization & ments. Its flagship product, MultiTrans Prism, offers an telecom and web content. With offices in Bonn, Germany; Unicode Conference innovative and complete turn-key translation management Stockholm, Sweden; and Barcelona, Spain, and a number of Description The Internationalization & Unicode Conference system. MultiTrans Prism is an enterprise client-server appli- certified partner companies, ADAPT is well suited to help cli- (IUC) is the premier technical conference focusing on mul- cation that consists of four core components which together, ents achieve their goals in any market. tilingual global software and web internationalization. Each or individually, enable communications in more than one lan- ADAPT Localization Services Clemens-August-Strasse 16-18, 53115 IUC covers current topics related to web and software inter- guage; they are business management, project management Bonn, Germany, 49-228-98-22-60, Fax: 49-228-98-22-615, E-mail: nationalization, globalization and Unicode. Internationaliza- (workflow), advanced translation memory and terminology [email protected], Web: www.adapt-localization.com tion and Unicode experts, implementers, clients and vendors management. RR Donnelley, Nomura, the Translation Bureau See ad on page 48

Participate in discussions about the global language industry at www.multilingualblog.com

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and entertainment products. Specialized support available for any media localization activity, from effective audio localiza- tion to international content creation. Highly professionalized one-stop shop supporting today’s media localization projects. New markets for your Binari Sonori S.r.l. Viale Fulvio Testi, 11, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Milano, products and solutions Alliance Localization China (ALC) Italy, 39-02-61866-310, Fax: 39-02-61866-313, E-mail: translate@ Languages Russian, ex-USSR and Eastern European lan- Languages Major Asian and European languages Description binarisonori.com, Web: www.binarisonori.com See ad on page 50 guages Description Janus provides translation, localization, ALC offers document, website and software translation and DTP and linguistic consulting for Russian, Ukrainian and localization, desktop publishing and interpreter services. other European languages. Our deep expertise, flexibility, We focus on English, German and other European languages diversity and exceptional value of services are recognized by to and from Chinese, Japanese, Korean and other Asian many industry-leading customers and partners worldwide. languages. We use TRADOS, CATALYST, SDLX, Transit Our uniqueness is a solid team of the best professionals in all Wordfast and other CAT tools, as well as DTP tools including relevant areas — localization engineers, language specialists, CorelDRAW, FrameMaker, FreeHand, Illustrator, InDesign, EuroGreek Translations Limited QA officers, DTP and software engineers, and more. We do it PageMaker, Photoshop and QuarkXPress. Our customer- Language Greek Description Established in 1986, EuroGreek end-to-end — from servers to handhelds, from ERP to auto- oriented approach is supported by strong project man- Translations Limited is Europe’s number one Greek local- motive solutions and from interface specifications to legal agement, a team of specialists, a large knowledge base and izer, specializing in technical and medical translations from notices. Janus is ISO 9001:2000 certified. Company activities advanced methodologies. We always provide service beyond English into Greek and Greek into English. EuroGreek’s aim including translating, localizing, DTP and linguistic consult- our customers’ expectations at a low cost and with high qual- is to provide high-quality, turnkey solutions, encompassing a ing have been subjected to audit. ity, speed, dependability and flexibility. whole range of client needs, from plain translation to desk- Janus Worldwide Inc. Derbenevskaya nab., 11B, Office B208, Moscow 115114, Russia, 7-495-913-66-53, Fax: 7-495-913-66-53, E-mail: Alliance Localization China Suite 318, Building B, Number 10 Xing top/web publishing to localization development and testing. Huo Road, Fengtai Science Park, Beijing 100070, P.R. China, 86- [email protected], Web: www.janus.ru 10-8368-2169, Fax: 86-10-8368-2884, E-mail: customer_care@ Over the years, EuroGreek’s services have been extended allocalization.com, Web: www.allocalization.com to cover most subject areas, including German and French into Greek localization services. All of EuroGreek’s work is produced in-house by a team of 25 highly qualified special- ists and is fully guaranteed for quality and on-time delivery. EuroGreek Translations Limited London 27 Lascotts Road, London, N22 8JG UK Athens EuroGreek House, 93 Karagiorga Street, Athens 166 75, LinguaGraphics — Multilingual DTP; Web, Flash and Software Localization; Engineering Binari Sonori Greece, 30-210-9605-244, Fax: 30-210-9647-077, E-mail: production @eurogreek.gr, Web: www.eurogreek.com See ad on page 49 Languages All, including Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Farsi, Description Binari Sonori is a leading provider of interna- Greek, Hindi, Hebrew, Japanese, Khmer, Korean, Lao, tional media localization services since 1994, with a unique Punjabi, Russian, Thai, Turkish, Urdu and Vietnamese team of project managers, studios, engineers and selected Description LinguaGraphics is a leading provider in the linguists spread over 30 countries worldwide. Solid pro- area of multilingual desktop publishing and web/soft- cedures and transparent relationships with clients guar- ware/Flash localization engineering. Our seasoned DTP antee high quality of text, audio and video, timeliness and professionals and localization engineers are working with the flexibility. We are accustomed to working for global companies latest tools on top-of-the-line equipment to produce a wide that need to reach a broad range of markets with their media iDISC Information Technologies range of projects in InDesign, FrameMaker, QuarkXPress, Languages Spanish (all variants), Catalan, Basque, Galician Photoshop and Flash. We specialize in typesetting high-end Description iDISC, established in 1987, is a privately-held marketing and communications-type material in difficult translation company based in Barcelona that focuses on and rare languages at very competitive rates. For a quote on localization into all variants of Spanish (European, Latin your next project, please visit us at www.linguagraphics.com. American, US and Neutral) and the other languages spo- You have our word that we will never compromise on quality ken in Spain (Catalan, Basque and Galician). Services range and do the utmost to make your project a success. from translation and localization to engineering, testing, LinguaGraphics, Inc. 194 Park Place, Brooklyn, NY 11238, 718- DTP and consulting. Specialization fields are software 623-3066, 718-789-2782, E-mail: [email protected], Web: localization, technical and telecom documentation, ERP, www.linguagraphics.com automotive and related marketing material. We have all commercially available tools and experience using many different proprietary customer platforms and solutions; internal workflow portal-based tools to reduce manage- ment costs and increase quality, consistency and on-time deliveries; and continuous support to the client PMs and process optimization to achieve the best project results and Logrus International Corporation establish long-term honest partnerships. Languages EE, EA, ME, WE, rare languages Description iDISC Information Technologies Passeig del progrés 96, 08640 Logrus offers a full set of localization and translation services Olesa de Montserrat, Barcelona, Spain, 34-93-778-73-00, Fax: 34- for various industries, including top-notch software engi- 93-778-35-80, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.idisc.es neering and testing and DTP for all languages, including bidirectional and double-byte ones. The company is proud of its unique problem-solving skills and minimal support requirements. The company offers all European and Asian languages as well as many rare languages through its offices and established long-term partners. With its production site in Moscow, Russia, Logrus provides a winning combination The Greek Partner of quality, experience and affordability. With over 14 years Languages English, German, Greek Description Intertrans- in business, the company has received multiple awards for lations Ltd. is a leading Greek translation and localization excellence from its long-time customers, including IBM, service provider, established in 1995, with extensive experi- Microsoft, Novell, Oracle and others. ence in medical and pharmaceutical products and equip- Logrus International Corporation Suite 305, 2600 Philmont Ave- ment, legal, financial, mechanical, automotive, engineering, nue, Huntingdon Valley, PA 19006, 215-947-4773, Fax: 866-241- electrical, technical, software, media and marketing, tour- 3633, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.logrus.ru ism, health and nutrition, the food industry and so on. Among the tools used to ensure the quality of our pro- jects are TRADOS, Transit, SDLX and other CAT tools and for DTP, InDesign, PageMaker, Photoshop, QuarkXPress, Illustrator, CorelDRAW and FrameMaker. We have proudly acquired ISO 9001:2000 and DIN EN 15038:2006-08 certifi- cations and are members of ATC and GALA. We provide free Loquant Localization Services samples upon request. Languages English, Brazilian Portuguese Description Intertranslations Ltd. El. Venizelou 4, 176 76 Athens, Greece, 30-210- Loquant bases its operations on the experience of its found- 92-25-000, Fax: 30-210-92-25-500, E-mail: xynos@intertrans ers and collaborators, professionals who closely follow the lations.gr, Web: www.intertranslations.gr ongoing evolution of technology and the latest processes in

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internationalization and localization of information. Ad- marketing, financial). ORCO deals primarily with English- multilingual video and audio services; as well as onsite hering to rigorous processes that were developed by the into-Greek projects, although translation from several other managed services. software localization industry during the last few decades, European languages can be taken aboard. With its experi- PTIGlobal 4915 SW Griffith Drive, Suite 200, Beaverton, OR 97005, Loquant is able to prepare the most diverse products for the enced in-house personnel, ORCO offers all language services 503-297-2165, 888-357-3125, Fax: 503-352-0729, E-mail: info@ primary world markets. To do this, Loquant counts on the at the highest quality level, including localization, product ptiglobal.com, Web: www.ptiglobal.com best project managers, native translators, engineers and desk- testing, engineering, DTP and so on. Our client list includes top publishers to guarantee a quality control recognized inter- many IT companies such as Google, HP, IBM, Microsoft and nationally by the main international standards organizations. Oracle, as well as international corporations such as Abbott, Loquant Localization Services Rua Luís Carlos Prestes, 410/114, Ford, Nokia, Sony, Kaeser and Hitachi. 22775-055, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 55-21-2104-9597, Fax: 55-21- ORCO S.A. 6, Vas. Sofias Avenue, 106 74 Athens, Greece, 30-210-723- 2104-9597, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.loquant.com 6001, Fax: 30-210-7249124, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.orco.gr Localization and Globalization Partner Languages 50 languages including English, Chinese, Japa- nese, Korean Description Saltlux was founded in 1979 as the first localization and globalization service provider in South Korea. With over 30 years of accumulated experi- ence and know-how, Saltlux is an ideal and esteemed global Moravia Worldwide Pangeanic & PangeaMT technical communications partner. We specialize in multi- Languages All Description Moravia Worldwide is a leading Languages Spanish (all variants) and all Spanish state of- lingual translation and DTP, technical writing services, soft- globalization solution provider, enabling companies in the ficial languages, EN/FIG/other EU languages, all other ware localization, web globalization and so on. We provide information technology, e-learning, life sciences and finan- languages including Asian ones on demand Description our clients with a one-stop production line, starting with cial industries to enter global markets with high-quality Pangeanic is an independent Spanish LSP with sister offices the authoring of documents and going on to localizing, multilingual products. Moravia’s solutions include local- in Tokyo and Shanghai working for the global enterprise designing and editing, digital publishing, two-way elec- ization and product testing services, internationalization, market (major accounts in the electronics and computing tronic manual production and database establishment. multilingual publishing and technical translation. Hewlett- fields) as well as for smaller organizations, MLVs and cross- With this business direction, we are striving to grow into Packard, IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, Sun Microsystems and national institutions. We offer a wide range of GILT services and excel as a leader in global technical communications. Symantec are some of the companies that depend on Moravia always adhering to stringent quality standard procedures Worldwide for accurate, on-time localization. Moravia — EN 15038 and ISO 9001. Pangeanic has an experienced Saltlux, Inc. 5~7F, Deokil Building, 967 Daechi-dong, Gangnam-gu, Worldwide maintains global headquarters in the Czech Seoul 135-848, South Korea, 822-379-8444, Fax: 822-379-5996, team devoted to MTPE (post-editing of machine translation E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.saltlux.com Republic and North American headquarters in California, output). PangeaMT, our customized open-source SMT tech- with local offices and production centers in Ireland, China, nology, enables us to offer domain-specific MT engines that Japan and throughout Europe. To learn more, please visit are fully tailored to the clients’ needs, helping them become www.moraviaworldwide.com. more productive cost-effectively and rapidly. Moravia Worldwide Pangeanic Trade Center, Profesor Beltrán Báguena 4, Suite 106, USA 199 East Thousand Oaks Boulevard, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360, 46009 Valencia, Spain, 34-96-338-5771, Fax: 34-96-338-5772, 805-557-1700, 800-276-1664, Fax: 805-557-1702, E-mail: info@ E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], Web: moraviaworldwide.com, Web: www.moraviaworldwide.com www.pangeanic.com, www.pangea.com.mt See ad on page 44 Asia 86-25-8473-2772, E-mail: [email protected] TOIN Corporation Europe 420-545-552-222, E-mail: [email protected] Languages Japanese, Traditional and Simplified Chinese, Ireland 353-1-216-4102, E-mail: [email protected] Korean, Malay, Thai, Vietnamese and European languages Japan 81-3-3354-3320, E-mail: [email protected] Description TOIN is a solidly established Asian MLV with See ad on page 40 more than 45 years’ experience. Our services encompass translation, localization engineering, DTP, MT post-editing, workflow/process consulting and project management. TOIN Promova offers global reach and exceptional strength in Asia, with head- Your Vision. Worldwide. Languages Major European languages into Russian and quarters in Tokyo and additional operations in the United Ukrainian Description Promova is a translation and local- States, Europe, China and Korea. The company has been help- ization company based in Ukraine providing a full scope of ing Global 1000 companies in industries such as automotive, Worldwide Localization and Translation language-related services including translation, localization, IT, telecommunications, life sciences, e-learning, computer Languages 60+ Description Net-Translators specializes in QA check, DTP, linguistic testing, copywriting and consult- software/gaming, semiconductors and consumer products. software localization and translation into more than 60 lan- ing. We focus on large-scale, long-term projects for clients TOIN Corporation guages. Our localization, internationalization and multilin- with unique requirements. We offer professionalism and ISO Japan Shiba 1-chome Building, 1-12-7 Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo gual testing services instill the confidence that the product is 105-0014 Japan, 81-3-3455-8764, Fax: 81-3-3455-6514, E-mail: 9001-certified quality, integrate best-technology solutions on [email protected], Web: www.to-in.co.jp accurately and consistently localized, translated and tested. the market, and ensure effective management and best time Our translators are industry specific and have amassed a North America Minneapolis, MN, 612-926-0201, E-mail: aki-ito@ frames while adhering to even the tightest budgets. to-in.co.jp, Web: www.to-in.com wealth of experience in their particular areas of expertise. Promova Ul. Poltavskiy Shclyach 152, Kharkiv 61089, Ukraine, 38- Europe London, UK, 44-20-8644-8685, E-mail: michael-stephenson We have a proficient in-house multilingual staff of project 057-760-14-13, Fax: 38-057-372-89-27, E-mail: info@promova @to-in.co.jp, Web: www.to-in.com managers, QA professionals and DTP specialists who provide .com.ua, Web: www.promova.com.ua China Shanghai, 86-21-3222-0012, E-mail: [email protected] world-class service to our customers. Our staff remains on the Web: www.to-in.com cutting edge of CAT, QA and DTP technology. Net-Translators is ISO 9001:2008 and ISO 13485:2003 certified, and we main- tain branch offices in the United States, Argentina, the United Kingdom and Israel. Net-Translators Worldwide USA 1250 Oakmead Parkway, Suite 210, Sunnyvale, CA 94085- 4037, 408-501-8839, Fax: 408-212-8956, E-mail: salesusca@ transcript GmbH & Co. KG net-translators.com PTIGlobal Languages All Description transcript is a leading provider South America Calle 6 - Casa 16 (3300), Posadas - Misiones, Argen- Languages All commercial languages for Europe, Asia of translation services specializing in technical translations tina, 54-3752-487029, E-mail [email protected] and the Americas Description PTIGlobal is committed to and software localization. The company’s specific focus is Europe 44-20-3393-8385, E-mail: [email protected] developing ongoing, long-term partnerships with its clients. Israel 972-3-5338633, Fax: 972-3-5336956, E-mail: salesil@net- on business and ERP software, and it has a diversified cus- translators.com, Web: www.net-translators.com See ad on page 19 This means a dedication to personal service, responsiveness, tomer portfolio. Thanks to our global partner network, we high-quality output, and sensitivity to clients’ cost goals are equipped to handle both large-scale projects as well as and timelines. Backed by over 30 years of experience in smaller speciality items. With our permanent staff of ex- technical translation, PTIGlobal provides turnkey localiza- perienced in-house specialists plus a carefully-selected and tion services in 30 languages simultaneously for software, maintained pool of freelance translators, transcript has web applications, embedded devices, wireless applications earned itself the reputation of being a reliable and flexible and gaming technology. Projects employ our expertise in business partner. The deployment of state-of-the-art CAT Greek Localization Experts Since 1983 end-to-end project management; internationalization con- tools ensures efficient translation cycles with high through- Languages Greek Description Founded in 1983, ORCO S.A. sultation; glossary development; native language transla- put, and it also guarantees consistent terminology. is a leading translation and localization service provider, spe- tion; multilingual web content management; translation transcript GmbH & Co. KG Beethovenstrasse 8, 50674 Köln, Germany, cializing in software localization and technical translations memory maintenance; localization engineering; linguistic 49-221-272738-10, Fax: 49-221-272738-11 Web: www.transcript.de, (IT, telecommunication, medical, automotive, engineering, and functionality testing; desktop publishing; complete E-mail: [email protected] See ad on page 26

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multilingual services for small to large and complex soft- Used by 750 translation agencies in 59 countries worldwide. ware localization projects. Services include terminology Live Chat Support. Multiple testimonials and business cases. management, translation of GUI and user documentation, Special discount for MultiLingual readers. linguistic and functional quality assurance, engineering, Advanced International Translations Arhitektora Gorodetskogo 11b, multiplatform DTP and consulting. Kiev 01001, Ukraine, +380-44-221-24-01 Fax: +380-44-221-24-30, Ushuaia Solutions Xlated Ltd. Riverbank, Kells Business Park, Kells, Co. Meath, Ireland, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.projetex.com Languages Spanish (all varieties), Portuguese (Brazil) Des- +353-(0)46-9250005, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.xlated. cription Ushuaia Solutions is a fast-growing Latin American com See ad on page 39 company providing solutions for translation, localization and globalization needs. Ushuaia Solutions is focused on being creative and proactive to meet tight time frames with a nonprofit orgAnizAtions high level of quality and a cost-effective budget. Customizing its processes, Ushuaia assures project consistency and tech- nical and linguistic accuracy, thus reducing clients’ time- MultiCorpora Multiple Platforms to-market. Ushuaia combines state-of-the-art technology Languages All Unicode languages Description As language with top-notch experienced native translators, editors and technology experts since 1999, MultiCorpora is exclusively software engineers. Our mission is to work together with our dedicated to providing language technology software solu- clients, thereby creating a flexible, reliable and open relation- The Rosetta Foundation tions to enterprises, language service providers and govern- ship for success. Languages All Description Access to information is a fun- ments. Its flagship product, MultiTrans Prism, offers an Ushuaia Solutions Rioja 919, S2000AYK Rosario, Argentina, damental right. We want to relieve poverty, support health innovative and complete turn-key translation management 54-341-4493064, Fax: 54-341-4492542, E-mail: info@ushuaia care, develop education and promote justice through access system. MultiTrans Prism is an enterprise client-server appli- solutions.com, Web: www.ushuaiasolutions.com See ad on page 18 to information and knowledge across the languages of the cation that consists of four core components which, together world. The Rosetta Foundation supports the not-for-profit or individually, enable communications in more than one lan- activities of the localization and translation communities. It guage; they are business management, project management works internationally with those who want to provide equal (workflow), advanced translation memory and terminology access to information across languages, independent of eco- management. RR Donnelley, Nomura, the Translation Bureau nomic or market considerations, including localization and of Canada, UNESCO and many others rely on MultiTrans to VistaTEC translation companies, technology developers, not-for-profit manage their mission-critical translation operations. Languages All Description VistaTEC is a leading provider and non-governmental organizations. MultiCorpora 102-490 St. Joseph Boulevard, Gatineau, Quebec, of globalization services and specializes in the localization The Rosetta Foundation Unit 13 Classon House, Dundrum Business J8Y 3Y7 Canada, 819-778-7070, 877-725-7070, Fax: 819-778- and testing of enterprise, mobile and desktop applications. Park, Dublin 14, Ireland, +353-87-6736414, E-mail: info@therosetta 0801, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.multicorpora.com foundation.org, Web: www.therosettafoundation.org See ad on See ad on page 43 VistaTEC provides translation, technical consulting, engi- page 16 neering and testing, language review, transcreation and brand integrity services during the design, development and marketing cycles of client’s products. VistaTEC Europe VistaTEC House, 700 South Circular Road, Kilmainham, Dublin 8, Ireland, 353-1-416-8000, Fax: 353-1-416-8099 USA East 2706 Loma Street, Silver Spring, MD 20902, 301-649- Plunet BusinessManager 3012, Fax: 301-649-3032 Translators without Borders Multiple Platforms USA West 1800 West El Camino Real, Suite 108, Mountain View, Languages English, French, Spanish, German, Italian, Description Plunet develops and markets the business and CA 94040, 408-898-2357 Fax: 408-898-2362 Portuguese, Dutch, Russian, Arabic, Chinese, Swedish De- workflow management software Plunet BusinessManager E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.vistatec.com scription Translators without Borders is an independent — one of the world’s leading management solutions See ad on page 23 registered nonprofit association based in France that assists for the translation and localization industry. Plunet non-governmental organizations (NGOs) by providing free, BusinessManager provides a high degree of automation professional translations. Founded by Lexcelera in 1993, and flexibility for professional language service providers Translators without Borders has provided over two million and translation departments. Using a web-based platform, dollars worth of free translations. Thanks to the funds saved, Plunet integrates translation software, financial account- NGOs are able to extend their humanitarian work. ing and quality management systems. Various functions Translators without Borders Passage du Cheval Blanc, 2 rue de la and extensions of Plunet BusinessManager can be adapted WhP International Roquette, 75011 Paris, France, 33-1-55-28-88-09, Fax: 33-1-55- Languages All European and major Middle Eastern and Asian 28-88-09, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www to individual needs within a configurable system. Basic languages, including local variants Description Since 1994, .translatorswithoutborders.com functions include quote, order and invoice management, WhP International has offered a set of linguistic and techno- comprehensive financial reports, flexible job and workflow logic solutions, dedicated to each client’s needs. WhP has be- management as well as deadline, document and customer come for several years a renowned actor in the translation and trAnslAtion relationship management. localization world. By placing clients’ needs at the forefront Plunet GmbH Prenzlauer Allee 214, D-10405 Berlin, Germany, 49- and by carrying out huge efforts and best practices for each MAnAgeMent systeMs 30-322971340, Fax: 49-30-322971359, E-mail: [email protected], individual client, WhP has gained the loyalty of international Web: www.plunet.net accounts (such as Cegos, Demos, BMGI, Cross-knowledge, Samsonite, Amadeus and HP) in the fields of software, online applications, training and e-learning, video games, and so on. WhP maintains its headquarters in France with local offices and production centers in China and Slovakia. WhP Espace Beethoven BP102, F06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France, 33-493-00-40-30, Fax: 33-493-00-40-34, E-mail: enquiry Projetex: Translation Management System XTRF Translation Management Systems @whp.net, Web: www.whp.net Version 8.5, Windows Multiple Platforms Languages English, Arabic , Bulgarian, Simplified and Tradi- Description XTRF is a global management system for trans- tional Chinese, Croatian, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, lation agencies. With built-in cutting-edge Java technology, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Pol- XTRF is a flexible, customizable and web-based software, ish, Brazilian Portuguese, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, enabling web access for a company’s suppliers and custom- Serbian, Slovenian, Slovak, Spanish, Turkish, Ukrainian ers. It’s designed to help translation companies to stream- Description Twelve years ago Projetex was the first transla- line all of their daily activities, and it guarantees smooth Xlated Ltd. tion management system around. Now it is the most com- management of the company while reducing administra- Languages Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, German, prehensive translation management software for translation tive costs. Project management, invoicing, quotations, ISO Russian Description Xlated is a young and dynamic local- agencies, with over 250 distinct features developed from 9001 reports and CRM are the main fields covered by the ization service provider, founded and managed by transla- 1999 to 2011. By using this translation management system, system. Designed by translation and localization profes- tors with 15+ years of specialization in software localization. you can double the productivity of your project managers. sionals and created by the best IT team, this powerful tool Thanks to a proven knowledge of internationalization and Let them work regular office hours without the need for will reduce the time spent on repetitive tasks and increase a localization processes, a team of highly skilled and moti- overtime. Make them more happy and motivated by estab- company’s effectiveness. vated professionals, and an intelligent use of the most lishing a clear workflow and reliable collaboration platform. XTRF ul. Walerego Sławka 3, 30-653 Krak´ow, Poland, 48-12-2546- recent translation technologies, we offer a wide range of Built-in AnyCount word count software and CATCount. 126, Fax: 48-12-2546-122, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.xtrf.eu

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guides. As a member of the US delegation to ISO, CETRA is an official public sworn translator. Therefore, under her trAnslAtion services actively involved in developing an international translation supervision, we also have a legal translations department. quality standard. CETRA is involved in the language industry Follow-Up Rua Visconde de Pirajá, 351, Sala 815, Rio de Janeiro, at the highest level, with the company president serving in RJ 22410-003 Brazil, 55-21-3553-7223, Fax: 55-21-3553-7223, leadership positions at the American Translators Association, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.follow-up.com.br American Foundation for Translation and Interpretation, and Fédération Internationale des Traducteurs. CETRA, Inc. 7804 Montgomery Ave., Suites 7-10, Elkins Park, PA Arcadia Translations 19027, 215-635-7090, 888-281-9673, Fax: 215-635-6610, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.cetra.com Languages English, Spanish (all variants), Brazilian Portu- guese Description Arcadia Translations, a translation agency based in Argentina, provides translation and localization ForeignExchange Translations services from English into Spanish and Brazilian Portu- Languages 42 languages and growing Description Foreign- guese. We value quality, words and communication, and we Exchange is the global leader in providing translation ser- offer integral linguistic solutions that include a wide range vices to life sciences companies. We work with many of the of services such as translation, editing and proofreading of biggest pharmaceutical companies, medical device manu- documentation, software localization, web solutions, voice- ChinaLinguists facturers, biotech companies and CROs. Our proprietary over and DTP services. We have an experienced in-house Languages English, Chinese Description Look no further Multilingual Compliance Process combines expert linguists, staff who guarantees our high standard of quality. Our than ChinaLinguists when you have an English/Chinese best-of-breed technology and measurable translation qual- project. ChinaLinguists is the largest translation company ity in a process that is both robust and completely scalable, values as a company are cost-effectiveness, responsiveness, in China. ChinaLinguists handles only one language pair: ensuring your projects are finished on time and within bud- customer-oriented service, reliability and fast turnaround. English to Chinese (Simplified and Traditional). China- get. For more information on how we can help meet your Arcadia Translations Marcelo T. de Alvear 1671 piso 8 dpto 50, Buenos Aires 1060, Argentina, 5411-5353-3390, Fax: 5411-5353- Linguists serves only one type of client: language agencies translation requirements or for a quote on your next transla- 3395, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.arcadia-t.com from around the world. ChinaLinguists is real, not a virtual tion project, please contact us directly or visit our website at platform. ChinaLinguists owns three translation centers. www.fxtrans.com. ChinaLinguists only uses on-site, full-time translators to en- ForeignExchange Translations 1001 Watertown Street, 3rd Floor, sure consistency and quality. Working with ChinaLinguists Newton, MA 02465, 617-559-9760, Fax: 617-559-9764, E-mail: is easy: 24/7 central desk; turnkey deliverables; full compli- [email protected], Web: www.fxtrans.com ance with international standards. ChinaLinguists provides translation, editing, proofreading and third-party verifica- tion services. ChinaLinguists supports you as you support BENEXtra Korea your clients. Languages Chinese, Japanese, Korean Description BENEXtra ChinaLinguists 8E, Tower A, The Sky Castle, Jing Tian Road, Fu Tian Korea, one of the top quality localization/translation ven- District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518034, China, 86-755-8289-8115, dors in Asia, enjoys an excellent reputation and wide rec- Fax: 86-755-8305-4827, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.chinalinguists.com See ad on page 15 ognition among world-class players such as Dell, IBM, KERN Global Language Services Microsoft, CA, Google, Autodesk, Cisco and the California Your language partner state government. With our hands-on, practical experience Languages All Description KERN Global Language Services is a leading provider in the area of global communication in IT marketing collateral translation, software localization, with over 40 offices worldwide. With more than 40 years Asian language localization, and our accumulated expertise of experience, our services include translation and inter- in audio translation, we are ready to work together with preting in all languages; software, multimedia and website you, helping you sustain growth and create and capture localization; terminology management; multilingual desktop new value. Diskusija – Translation and Localization publishing; and individual and corporate language train- BENEXtra Korea Second Floor, Gukdong Building 1163-7, Gaepo- Languages Central and Eastern European languages ing in all major languages. KERN has established itself as a Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 135-960, Korea, 82-2-572-4987, Description Founded in 1993, Diskusija specializes in preferred insourcing and outsourcing solution provider for Fax: 82-2-3462-4987, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www technical translation and localization services from West- .benextra.com See ad on page 9 language services. We serve clients in all industry sectors, ern European languages into all Central and Eastern including the automotive, medical, pharmaceutical, chemi- European languages with a strong focus on Baltic languages cal, IT and financial services industries. To learn more about (Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian). Our experienced team is us, please visit www.e-kern.com. able to handle projects of any complexity. We guarantee a KERN Global Language Services professional and personal approach to our clients’ needs, USA The Helmsley Building, 230 Park Avenue, Suite 1517, New York, NY the use of state-of-the-art industrial technology, quality 10169, 212-953-2070, Fax: 212-953-2073, E-mail: [email protected] Europe Kurfuerstenstrasse 1, 60486 Frankfurt/Main, Germany, 49- Choose Us and Speak With the World management at all stages of a project, on-time delivery, competitive rates and flexibility. We have extensive expertise 69-7560730, Fax: 49-69-751353, E-mail: [email protected] Languages 37 languages Description Biro 2000 is located in the following industries: IT, software, hardware, telecom- China Gold & Silver Commercial Building, Unit 904, 12-18 Mercer in the heart of Europe (Slovenia). We’ve been in business Street, Sheung Wan, Hong Kong, 852-2850-4455, Fax: 852-2850- munications, medical equipment, medicine, pharmacology, since 1992. Our clients come from all areas of industry, but 4466, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.e-kern.com accounting, finance, automotive industry, electronics, legis- for the past few years our work priorities have concentrated lation and EU documents. on the following areas of expertise: life sciences, legal, IT, Diskusija Seimyniskiu g. 1A, LT-09312 Vilnius, Lithuania, 370-5- cell phone, automotive and technical industries. Our work 2790574, Fax: 370-5-2790576, E-mail: [email protected], Web: has focused on Eastern European languages. We’re ISO www.diskusija.lt 9001:2008 and EN15038:2007 certified. We utilize the fol- lowing programs in our work: memoQ server, Trados SDL Synergy, Across Language Server and Transit XV. LIDO-LANG Technical Translations BiroTranslations (Biro 2000 d.o.o.) Stegne 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Languages All Description LIDO-LANG Technical Trans- Slovenia, +386-1-513-18-20, Fax: +386-1513-18-21, E-mail: lations, based in Poland, is one of the leading translation [email protected], Web: www.birotranslations.com See ad on page 31 companies in Central Europe. Having the capacity to offer services in virtually all world languages, we specialize in Follow-Up Translation Services Central and Eastern European languages. LIDO-LANG spe- Languages English, Brazilian Portuguese Description cializes, above all, in technical translation, but thanks to our For 22 years, Follow-Up has been one of the best single- network of over 2,000 translators specializing in different language translation companies in Brazil. We’re equipped branches, we also work in IT and telecommunication; adver- with a large network of professional translators, effectively tising and marketing; economics and finance; law; technol- trained project managers and state-of-the-art technology ogy and industry; medicine and science. The quality of our CETRA Language Solutions resources. We’re capable of working locally and on the services is enhanced by over 50 years’ experience in the trans- Languages All Description CETRA gives you peace of cloud. Our areas of expertise include IT, finance, medicine lation sector and by the quality certificates of ISO 9001 and mind because it delivers high-quality, on-time, cross- and marketing, among others. Follow-Up’s main partner EN 15038 standards. cultural communications and professional, friendly, respon- and founder, Luciana Lavôr, is now a certified localization LIDO-LANG Technical Translations ul. Walerego Sławka 3, 30-653 sive service. CETRA follows the ASTM Quality Assurance in professional by California State University. Another partner Kraków, Poland, 48-12-2546-123, Fax: 48-12-2546-122, E-mail: Translation and Language Interpretation Services standard at the company, Ana Beatriz Fernandes, has recently become offi[email protected], Web: www.lidolang.com

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Skrivanek s.r.o. LinguaLinx Language Solutions, Inc. PTSGI Languages All Description LinguaLinx is a full-service trans- Languages All, with a focus on Central and Eastern Europe Languages English, Traditional and Simplified Chinese, Description Skrivanek is a world leader in providing a wide lation and localization agency specializing in the adaptation Japanese, Korean, Thai, Malay, Indonesian, Tagalog, Viet- of marketing and communications materials into most of the range of language services, specifically translations span- namese, Arabic, Farsi, Russian, German, French, Italian, ning a multitude of languages and the effective localization world’s languages. Our enterprise language solutions range Spanish, Dutch, Czech, Polish, Hungarian, Turkish, Greek, from glossary development and maintenance to translation of products on international markets. Established in 1994, Norwegian, Danish, Hebrew, Irish, Finnish, Swedish, Luxem- Skrivanek has managed to dominate the European transla- memory deployment and global content management. In bourgish, Romanian, Urdu, Ukrainian, Nepali, Latin, Latvian, today’s highly competitive global environment, it is becom- tion market, creating a network of 53 branches covering Slovak, Slovenian, Bengali, Hindi, Pashto, Tamil, Punjabi, 14 countries. Its well-stocked staff of professional transla- ing increasingly difficult to differentiate one translation Singhalese, Marathi, Hmong, Khmer, Lao, Burmese, Mon- agency from another. We stand apart by taking the most pro- tors, experienced project managers and dedicated software golian, Somali Afrikaans, Armenian Description For over engineers and DTP specialists has enabled Skrivanek to pro- active approach to quality in the industry, utilizing stringent 45 years, PTSGI remains the largest language service pro- vide outstanding quality translation and localization services project management procedures, offering one of the most vider in Taiwan providing multilingual translation, website in any conceivable language and volume, creating an enviable aggressive rate structures available and applying a sincere and software localization, interpretation, desktop publish- clientele representing major leading corporations in various dedication to providing the best possible service. ing, technical writing, game software and online translation industries. Skrivanek’s quality of service is backed by EN ISO LinguaLinx Language Solutions, Inc. The LinguaLinx Building, 122 into more than 100 languages. Our expert teams are skilled 9001:2001 certification. Remsen Street, Cohoes, NY 12047, 518-388-9000, Fax: 518-388- in a wide range of software that includes Trados, SDLX, Skrivanek s.r.o. International Project Management Centre, Na 0066, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.lingualinx.com Transit, CATALYST, RC-WinTrans, Idiom, Across, Multilizer, Dolinách 22,147 00 Prague, Czech Republic, 420-233-320-560, Passolo, RoboHelp, FrameMaker, QuarkXPress, PageMaker, Fax: 420-241-090-946, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www. InDesign, Photoshop, Adobe Acrobat, CorelDraw, Illustrator, skrivanek.com See ad on page 11 Freehand and Dreamweaver. We view our projects from the customers’ perspective and in turn gain the trust of our cli- ents, steering our commitment to provide not just transla- tion services but complete solutions. Medical Translations Only PTSGI 6F, #23 Section 6, Min-Chuan East Road, Taipei City 11494, Languages 45, including all EU languages Description Taiwan, 886-2-8791-6688, Fax: 886-2-8791-7884, E-mail: market MediLingua is one of the few medical translation specialists @ptsgi.com, Web: www.ptsgi.com SpanSource in Europe. We only do medical. We provide all European lan- Languages Focus on Spanish and Portuguese, other langu- guages and the major languages of Asia and Africa, as well age combinations through partners Description SpanSource as translation-related services to manufacturers of devices, provides translation, localization and related services from instruments, in vitro diagnostics and software; pharma- Western European languages into all regional varieties of ceutical and biotechnology companies; medical publishers; Spanish as well as other language combinations through our national and international medical organizations; and other network of select SLV partners. Our domain focus is on health customers in the medical sector. Projects include the transla- Rheinschrift Übersetzungen, Ursula Steigerwald care and life sciences, software and IT, heavy machinery and tion of documentation for medical devices, surgical instru- Language German to/from major European languages automotive, legal and financial, oil and gas, corporate train- ments, hospital equipment and medical software; medical Description Professional globalization requires experi- ing and educational materials. Our comprehensive service information for patients, medical students and physicians; ence. Over the past two decades, we have developed into a portfolio also includes unparalleled desktop publishing and scientific articles; press releases; product launches; clinical top international company specializing in the precise tun- multimedia localization engineering support for e-learning trial documentation; medical news; and articles from medi- ing of your documentation and texts to the standards and materials. Our in-house staff of 25 includes project manag- cal journals. mentalities of the German-speaking world. Our strength lies ers, senior linguists, desktop publishers, software engineers MediLingua Medical Translations BV Poortgebouw, Rijnsburgerweg in our work for well-known software and hardware manu- and graphic designers, which prove to be fundamental in 10, 2333 AA Leiden, The Netherlands, +31-71-5680862, Fax: +31- facturers. Furthermore, we also offer traditional translation SpanSource’s centralized, customer-centric approach. 71-5234660, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www º services for the business, technology, legal and medical sec- SpanSource SRL Santa Fe 1264, 1 B, Rosario, S2000ATR Argentina, .medilingua.com See ad on page 41, 49 54-341-527-5233, Fax: 54-341-527-0035, E-mail: info@span tors. Our team of competent employees provides the very source.com, Web: www.spansource.com best quality within the respectively agreed time frame, even if matters are a little more urgent. Rheinschrift Übersetzungen, Ursula Steigerwald Rolshover Strasse 99, D-51105 Cologne, Germany, +49-(0)221-80-19-28-0, Fax: +49-(0)221-80-19-28-50, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.rheinschrift.de See ad on page 38 Neotech TripleInk Multilingual Communications Languages From major European languages into Russian, Languages All major commercial languages Description As Ukrainian, Kazakh and Azeri Description Neotech is the a multilingual communications agency, TripleInk has pro- largest translation company in Russia and CIS countries, vided industrial and consumer products companies with offering a full range of linguistic services to global corpora- precise translation and multilingual production services for tions. Neotech is the first translation company on the Russian audio-visual, online and print media since 1991. Our expe- market that has certified its quality management system to Translation and localization into Polish rience in adapting technical documentation and marketing international ISO 9001:2000 standards. Neotech’s key areas of Language Polish Description Ryszard Jarza Translations is communication materials covers a wide range of industries, expertise are in the oil and gas industries, auto manufacturing, an established provider of Polish translation, localization, including biomedical and health care; building and con- medical, information technologies and telecommunications. marketing copy adaptation, and DTP services. We focus struction; financial services; food and agriculture; high- The business techniques introduced and applied by the com- primarily on life sciences, IT, automotive, refrigeration and tech and manufacturing; and hospitality and leisure, as well pany currently serve as the best practice within the transla- other technology sectors. Our in-house team is comprised as government and nonprofit organizations. Using a total tion industry. Neotech is leading the drive to continuously of experienced linguists with medical, engineering and quality management process and state-of-the-art software develop translation market standards and to implement new IT backgrounds. We guarantee a high standard of quality and equipment, our team of foreign language professionals levels of business and interpersonal communications into the while maintaining flexibility, unparalleled responsiveness delivers the highest quality translations in a cost-effective translation industry within Russia and abroad. and reliability. Our services are certified to EN 15038:2006. and time-efficient manner. Neotech 23/1 Matrosskaya Tishina, 107076 Moscow, Russia, 7-495- Ryszard Jarza Translations ul. Barlickiego 23/22, 50-324 Wrocław, TripleInk 60 South 6th Street, Suite 2800, Minneapolis, MN 55402, 787-3331, Fax: 7-495-787-1189, E-mail: [email protected], Web: Poland, 48-601-228332, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www 612-342-9800, 800-632-1388, Fax: 612-342-9745, E-mail: info@ www.neotech.ru .jarza.com.pl See ad on page 49 tripleink.com, Web: www.tripleink.com

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60 | MultiLingual July/August 2011 [email protected]

55-61 Buyer's Guide 121.indd 60 6/29/11 3:25 PM Buyer’s Guide trAnslAtion tools

MadCap Lingo SYSTRAN Windows Multiple Platforms Languages Unicode support for all left-to-right languages Languages 52 language combinations Description SYSTRAN Kilgray Translation Technologies is the market leading provider of machine translation solu- Windows Description The leaders in technical communication bring tions for the desktop, enterprise and internet. Our solutions Languages All Description Kilgray Translation Technolo- you MadCap Lingo, an XML-based translation memory facilitate multilingual communications in 52+ language pairs gies is the world’s fastest growing provider of computer- (TM) tool designed to improve translation efficiency, elimi- and in 20 domains. SYSTRAN Enterprise Server 7, our latest assisted translation tools. In 2005 the company launched nate redundancies and reduce project costs. MadCap Lingo achievement, is powered by our new hybrid MT engine which the first version of memoQ, an integrated client-server offers an easy-to-use interface, Unicode support for all left- combines the predictability and consistency of rule-based MT translation environment designed to facilitate interoper- to-right languages, and a rich list of features for assisting with the fluency of the statistical approach. The self-learning ability and teamwork. All of Kilgray’s products — memoQ, translators throughout the localization process, including techniques allow users to train the software to any specific the memoQ server, qTerm, and the TM Repository — op- support for the major industry TM systems. MadCap Lingo domain to achieve cost-effective, publishable quality transla- timize productivity and control of the entire translation also includes tracking and organization capabilities to sup- tions. SYSTRAN solutions are used by Symantec, Cisco, Ford process and environment. Rated #1 by Common Sense Ad- port large, single-source, multichannel publishing proj- and other enterprises to support international business oper- visory among translation-centric TMS systems, and used ects. Through its strategic partner Microsoft Corporation, ations. For more information, visit www.systransoft.com. by thousands of translators, language service providers, MadCap delivers solutions optimized for Microsoft Win- SYSTRAN Software, Inc. and enterprises throughout the world, memoQ and other dows, Visual Studio, and the .NET environment. Free trial North America 4445 Eastgate Mall, Suite 310, San Diego, CA 92121, Kilgray tools are accepted and appreciated as premiere downloads are available at www.madcapsoftware.com. 858-457-1900, Fax: 858-457-0648 translation technologies. MadCap Software, Inc. 7777 Fay Avenue, La Jolla, CA 92037, Europe Paroi Nord - La Grande Arche, 1, Parvis la Défense, 92044 Kilgray Translation Technologies H-1255 Budapest, P.O.B. 7, Hunga- 858-320-0387, 888-623-2271, Fax: 858-320-0338, E-mail: sales Paris La Défense Cedex, France, 33-825-80-10-80, Fax: 33-1-46-98- ry +36-30-383-9435, Fax: +36-1-312-6019, E-mail: sales@kilgray @madcapsoftware.com, Web: www.madcapsoftware.com See ad on 00-59, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.systransoft.com .com, Web: www.kilgray.com See ad on page 6 page 2 See ad on page 25

cAreer opportunities

Globalizaton Architect Internatonalizaton firm seeks a Globalizaton Architect to assist in leading i18n implementatons while contributng to the enhancements of our Globalyzer sofware. Requirements: • Strong Java and .NET implementaton experience across varied architectures • Strong i18n knowledge • Lots of client and engineering team interacton • Strong work ethic and ability to perform well under a deadline • Five or more years’ experience as a senior engineer or engineering leader • Master’s degree in computer science (or related field) required • Report to VP of Engineering • Full tme salary + benefits positon located in Boulder, Colorado Since 2001, Lingoport has been providing globally-focused clients with expert engineering and tools to support internatonalized sofware development. Please submit your qualificatons to [email protected].

Advertiser index

AccentPharm Medical Translations 45 HighTech Passport 41 Rheinschrift Translation Services 38 Across Systems 4 Internationalization & Unicode Conf. 64 The Rosetta Foundation 16 ADAPT Localization Services 48 JFA, Inc. 49 Ryszard Jarza Translations 49 ATRIL 32 Kilgray Translation Technologies 6 Skrivanek s.r.o. 11 BENEXtra Korea 9 Lingoport 61 STAR Group 12 Binari Sonori S.r.l. 50 Localization World 63 SYSTRAN Software, Inc. 25 BiroTranslations 31 MadCap Software, Inc. 2 transcript GmbH & Co. KG 26 ChinaLinguists 15 MediLingua Medical Translations 41, 49 Ushuaia Solutions 18 Dussault Translation Ltd. 41 Moravia Worldwide 40 Verbatim Solutions 41 E4NET 56 MultiCorpora 43 VistaTEC 23 EuroGreek Translations Limited 49 Net-Translators 19 Xlated Ltd. 39 exe, spol. s r.o. 41 Ocean Translations 41 FIT XIX World Congress 33 Pangeanic 44

www.multilingual.com July/August 2011 MultiLingual | 61

55-61 Buyer's Guide 121.indd 61 6/29/11 3:25 PM 62 BoulandTakeAwaypg62#121 .indd 62 .indd 62 BoulandTakeAwaypg62#121 62 M | have inlaunchingMT. for youngeroperations —testamentstothedifficultyclients management are engagedinMT. Thenumbers are muchsmaller 40% oflocalizationdepartments withmore thantenyears of sued. CommonSenseAdvisory’s maturitymodeltellsusthatonly costly mistakes.Often,itissimplytoodauntingandnotpur- conclusion. It’s aniterative process potentiallylittered with dark alleys,andintheend,hopetheyhavearrivedatright this meansclientshavetodoalotofresearch, traverse alotof return oninvestment.SinceLSPsare notthere withtheanswer, pre- andpost-processing; what languages;whatcontent; source; statistical,rules-basedorhybrid;post-edited ornot; ferent pricingdiscussion. into thecurrent word model;itshouldnotbeacompletelydif- those servicesforyou.”AgoodMTofferingwillbuildpricing manage thetraining andimplementation,wewillbundle technology partners andtherightstrategy foreachlanguage, do MTin12languages;wecanthat.We willaligntheright LSPs shouldbeabletosayacustomer, “Right,youwantto tions teamwhoknowshowtointegrate itintotheworkflow. a strategy thateverysalesperson canarticulateandanopera- to theclient.LSPsshouldhaveanopinion,aviewpointonMT, have afewtrustedMTpartners whoseservicestheycanresell has tohaveanMTofferingofitsown,buteveryLSPshould small numberdeliveronboth.ThatisnottosaythateveryLSP ber ofgoodlanguageserviceprovider (LSPs),analarmingly

Takeaway MultiLingual There isamyriadofconsiderations —proprietary oropen Clients donotknowhowtobuyMT While there are anumberofgoodMTproviders andanum- Vendors donotknowhowtosellMT stand out. number ofreasons forthis,butfourdrivers really there are peopleactuallydoingit.There are a A lotmore peopleare talkingaboutdoingitthan a mainstream topic,itisnotamainstream reality. tion practitioners gettogether. Oddly, whileitis online forumsandanytimetwoormore localiza- cussed ateveryindustryconference, inprint, Machine translation (MT)isa hot topic,dis- Wayne Bourland more talkthanaction Why MTgets July/August 2011 2011 July/August contribution [email protected]. To offeryour own efficiencies acrossglobalorganizations. industries asanagentforchange, drivinginnovation andprocess is recognizedinboththecontentmanagementandlocalization Wayne Bourland,seniormanageratDellGlobalLocalization Team, will needtochoosebetweentwopaths:high-endtranscreation drives aninflectionpointfortranslators. Ultimately, translators the artfrom thecraft. Thatsentimentisnotwithoutmeritand out ofthem.Beyondthat,there isthesensethatMTremoves on productivity, theyviewMTasonewaytotrysqueezemore or evolveintosomethingtheydonotenjoy. Continuallypushed Translators are afraid thattheirlivelihoodwilleitherevaporate offering is,itwillneverascendoutofnichedom. If youcannotmakeitsimpletoprocure, nomatterhowgoodyour clients canbereengaged withastrategy thatissimpletoprocure. LSPs andprofessional industryorganizations suchasTAUS/TDA, With thatdoneandwiththegoodworkalready beingdonebysome needs andconcernssetanMTstrategy that benefits themboth. core oftheirsupplychain—thetranslator —tounderstand their about howtheymarketMT. They are goingtohaveengagethe the wrong end.It’s goingtorequire LSPsgettingalotmore savvy ideas andproducts thathaveovercome enteringthemarketingat knows youdonotsellagoodproduct cheap. solidify thatperception becauseanyonewithalittlebusinesssavvy comes theingrained negativeperception. Thepricingonlyhelpsto of dataindicatingthatMTqualityhasvastlyimproved hardly over- cost, movingupthevaluechainisincredibly difficult.Anavalanche The conundrumisthatwithareputation oflowqualityand tier supportcontent.Thelowqualitymeantsellingitatacost. just afewyears ago,wasonlygoodenoughforgistingandsecond- a middleground inthefuture. translation memory, MTorahybridofthetwo.There will notbe work orcontinuous,highvolumepost-editing,beitfrom a The samescenariohasplayedoutinanumberofindustries. Translators donotwantMT It’s notalldoomandgloom.There are examplesofbusinesses, What isnextforMT? Interwoven withthefirst three drivers isthefactthatMTquality, The industryhasundersoldMT Takeaway on a language-industry issue, send a onalanguage-industryissue,send a [email protected] M 6/29/11 3:25 PM 3:25 6/29/11 Upcoming EvEnt n October 10-12, 2011 n Santa Clara Convention Center n Santa Clara, California

Sponsored by:

Sponsorship and exhibit information available on request: [email protected] • [email protected]

www.localizationworld.com n [email protected]

63 LocWorld #121.indd 63 6/29/11 3:26 PM REGISTER EARLY October 17-19, 2011 TO SAVE! Hyatt Regency Hotel, Santa Clara, CA USA

The Internationalization and Unicode Conference (IUC) is the premier event covering the latest in industry standards and best practices for bringing software and Web applica- tions to worldwide markets. This annual event focuses on software and Web globalization, bringing together internationalization experts, tools vendors, software implementers, and business and program managers from around the world. Expert practitioners and indus- try leaders present detailed recommendations for businesses looking to expand to new international markets and those seeking to improve time to market and cost-efficiency of supporting existing markets. Recent conferences have provided specific advice on design- ing software for European countries, Latin America, China, India, Japan, Korea, the Middle East, and emerging markets.

This highly rated conference features excellent technical content, industry-tested recom- mendations and updates on the latest standards and technology. Subjects include cloud, upgrading to HTML5, integrating with social networking software, and implementing mo- bile apps. This year’s conference will also highlight new features in Unicode Version 6 and other relevant standards published this year.

Reasons to Attend Include:

tutorials and sessions for beginners, designed to train you and your staff on practices and implementation techniques for creating international software industry leaders and experts in attendance recommending solutions to difficult problems or sophisticated requirements tool and product vendors providing solutions to help you get to market quickly and cost-effectively

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For up-to-date information or to register: VISIT: www.unicodeconference.org/ml E-MAIL: [email protected] Unicode and the Unicode Logo are trademarks of Unicode, Inc. All other marks are the property of their respective owners.

64 IUC #120.indd 64 6/29/11 3:27 PM