March 2006 [email protected] U Ti in Ua M L L G March 2006L Language | Technology | Business #78 Volume 17 Issue 2

March 2006 Editor@Multilingual.Com U Ti in Ua M L L G March 2006L Language | Technology | Business #78 Volume 17 Issue 2

Language | Technology | Business

Current topics in medical localization Understanding the new language tags Papiamento: a uniquely Caribbean language What’s new in the .NET Globalization namespace

01 Cover Gatefold.inddd 1 Announcing Alchemy CATALYST 6.0 Total Visual Localization

Visual HTML Localize almost any HTML document using a visual translation, testing and engineering environment.

Total TRADOS Integration Work seamlessly with TRADOS Desktop Total Microsoft .NET Solution and Enterprise technologies and share Localize, engineer and test all your Microsoft .NET your translations effortlessly. (1.x/2.0) applications, including ASP pages in a true WYSIWYG environment.

With over 120 new features inside Alchemy CATALYST 6.0, it’s With over 12,000 licenses shipped and chosen by industry-leading impossible to list all the finer points of our total visual localization technology partners such as Siemens and Business Objects for its solution. high-productivity and visual localization solutions, Alchemy Software Development is a trusted software vendor. More Features. More Productivity. More Flexibility. Find out more. Visit our web site for free online demonstrations, Providing complete control of your localization process, Alchemy tutorials and evaluation software at www.AlchemySoftware.ie. CATALYST 6.0 is an ideal solution for developers seeking efficient integration of their localization process with their product development To buy now, call +1-503-362-9372 (Europe:+353-1-708 2808), visit our life cycle. online store at http://www.alchemysoftware.ie/products, or contact your local reseller. Alchemy CATALYST 6.0 is a reliable, scalable and secure technology (C) 2005 Alchemy Software Development Ltd. All rights reserved. Alchemy Software Development that is an excellent starting point for developers who need a total visual and Alchemy CATALYST are trademarks or registered trademarks of Alchemy Software Development Ltd. All other trademarks or registered trademarks referenced are the property of localization platform that can grow with the demands of their business. their respective owners.

ALCHEMY CATALYST 6.0 Visit us at www.alchemysoftware.ie Total Visual LocalizationTM

Alchemy Software Development has its headquarters at Block 2, Harcourt Business Center, Harcourt Street, Dublin 2, Ireland LocalizationLocalization WorldWorld CONFERENCECONFERENCE May 30 – June 1, 2006 BARCELONA,BARCELONA, SPAINSPAIN WWORKINGORKING —— TTOGETHEROGETHER

Next Localization World: October 16-18, 2006 Montréal, Québec, Canada

* Agenda subject to change without notice Are you tired of paying the TM Toll?

Nearly 20 years ago, the translation industry was accelerated by a revolutionary tool: translation memory. Performance came with a price, but it was worth it.

Today, however, the rationale for paying the “TM toll” is unclear. Each year, translators, clients and LSPs alike are charged maintenance and upgrade fees without the resulting increase in performance. In today’s market this model must change.

In April, Lionbridge will eliminate the “TM toll” and revitalize translation performance. Get ready for Freeway...

www.getonthefreeway.com Post Editing Laurel Wagers

Starting seeds

Since the fi rst of the year, we’ve seen another wave of articles about the need for linguists, for translation, for language learning in the United States. Not that Sthis is new, but some people are actually reaching the point of thinking that serious language learning might be useful for businesspeople whose companies have international connections. The idea that we can jump into languages is tempting — we want results, we want timelines and we want hope, if nothing else. Even if all the research says that starting language learning in college is 15 years too late, that it takes 10 to 20 years (preferably immersion) to become a reasonably profi cient speaker of a second language. If it takes one person 20 years, it’ll take 20 people one year, right? Of course, John Freivalds has talked about a language strategy that he calls guerrilla linguistics for a long time. His column in this issue will give you a glimpse. Learn a little, fake a little — it’s a start. In addition, columnists Tom Edwards and Kit Brown offer good advice on geographic names and writing requests for proposals, respectively; and in the “Perspectives” column, Gary Muddyman describes the attractions of doing business in Brazil. Think of breezes, palm trees and a pastel waterfront that looks like Amsterdam — that’s where Papiamentu thrives, and Larry D. Salas shares the history of this Caribbean creole. Medical localization, translation and interpreting are the heart of this issue, with Richard Sikes outlining the topics currently under discussion; Göran Nord- lund explaining why instructions for use must be translated; Dana Barras showing how localization and CE Mark consulting fi t together; Marc H. Miller pointing out risk-management concerns; Shelly Orr Priebe describing quality processes, including back translation, in medical-industry work; and Natasha Bonilla and Alexandra Farkas discussing ways of providing training for medical interpreters. On the technical side, Addison P. Phillips explains new language tags (part 1 of 2), and Bill Hall begins a series that describes what’s new in the .NET platform’s globalization space. Kit Brown offers a technical communicator’s view of the book Technical Com- munication — international, and Donald A. DePalma’s “Takeaway” addresses the ambiguous terminology that the language industry uses to describe itself. Here in Idaho, some optimistic gardeners plant seeds indoors in February for fl ow- ers and vegetables that they’ll set out in May, pamper all summer and harvest in September. On a cold day, those tiny green shoots allow us to believe in spring. Just so, small movements toward geographic literacy and language learning keep hope alive that as we learn to speak with other people better, we also learn to listen. Meanwhile, in other signs of spring, the localization industry will gather at the Internationalization & Unicode Conference (IUC 29, March 6-8) and The Localiza- tion Institute’s conference on global websites and e-commerce (March 28-30), both in San Francisco; and Localization World Barcelona (May 30-June 1). Con- tinuing to plant seeds, encouraging the growth of healthy language techno logy for people and their work worldwide. We hope to see you at one or more of these gatherings. Cheers!

4 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] u ti in ua M l L g March 2006l Language | Technology | Business #78 Volume 17 Issue 2

QUp Front QFeature Articles Q 4 Post Editing QLanguages Q 7 www.multilingual.com 29 Papiamentu: a uniquely QNews Caribbean language — Larry D. Salas Q 8 News Industry Focus Q 9 Letters Q 35 Current topics in Q 18 Calendar medical localization — Richard Sikes QReviews 37 Translation of IFUs — 20 Technical Communication- is it really necessary? — Göran Nordlund international: Today and

39 Localization and CE Mark Up Front in the Future — Kit Brown consulting are complementary — Dana Barras Q Columns and Commentary 41 GHTF guidance addresses 22 Off the Map — Tom Edwards risk-management topics — Marc H. Miller 24 World Savvy — John Freivalds 43 Ensuring quality through 26 Step by Step — Kit Brown reviews, back translation — Shelly Orr Priebe 28 Perspectives — Gary Muddyman 47 Mid-career training for medical interpreters — 74 Takeaway — Donald A. DePalma Natasha Bonilla & Alexandra Farkas QTech 52 Understanding the new language tags, Part I — Addison P. Phillips 57 What’s new in the .NET Globalization namespace — Bill Hall Q63 Basics Q65 Buyer’s Guide 73 Advertiser Index About the Cover This antique hand-carved and hand-painted wooden Norwegian drinking bowl is dated 1772 and decorated with a regional design from “the old country.” The bowl is on display at the Sons of Norway Lodge in Poulsbo, Washington. The inscription urges the user of the bowl to drink up, for the bowl has a sister, thus meaning “there is plenty more where this came from.” www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual 5 MultiLingual #78 Volume 17 Issue 2 March 2006

Editor-in-Chief, Publisher: Donna Parrish Managing Editor: Laurel Wagers Translation Dept. Editor: Jim Healey IN THE GLOBAL MARKETPLACE, Copy Editor: Cecilia Spence News: Kendra Gray, Becky Bennett Illustrator: Doug Jones Production: Sandy Compton Cover Photograph: Doug Jones Webmaster: Aric Spence Assistant: Shannon Abromeit Advertising Director: Jennifer Del Carlo Advertising: Kevin Watson, Bonnie Merrell Editorial Board Jeff Allen, Henri Broekmate, Bill Hall, Andres Heuberger, Chris Langewis, Ken Lunde, John O’Conner, Mandy Pet, Reinhard Schäler Advertising [email protected] www.multilingual.com/advertising 208-263-8178 Subscriptions, back issues, customer service [email protected] www.multilingual.com/subscribe Submissions, letters Less than 5% of companies in the translation [email protected] industry have achieved ISO certification. We’re proud Editorial guidelines are available at to say that all Merrill Brink locations have been ISO www.multilingual.com/editorialWriter certified since 1999. In fact, our quest for continuous Reprints: [email protected] improvement has driven us to obtain certification MultiLingual Computing, Inc. under the new ISO 9001:2000 service standard. Which 319 North First Avenue, Suite 2 means we’re committed to the highest level of quality Sandpoint, Idaho 83864-1495 USA in our services and client relationships. Put us to the [email protected] test and experience quality beyond the expected. www.multilingual.com

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Translation | Localization | Internationalization | Globalization e-Learning | Custom Solutions 6 Up Front on the web at www.multilingual.com

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www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 7 Announcements SDL was also recognized with an array of expand its distribution network and launch awards in 2005 for its business performance, its products in foreign markets. Beetext SpeechMagic receives award technologies, CNH’s ASIST system and Click- hopes to form partnerships with American Royal Philips Electronics has re- 2Translate.com, its translation portal. Mark distributors capable of handling all or some ceived the “European Technology Lancaster, chairman and CEO of SDL Inter- of the entire sales and aftersales service Leadership Award” from Frost & national, was recognized as the TechMark process for Beetext software, particularly its Sullivan for its voice recognition Personality of the Year. search engine for organizational intranets. technology SpeechMagic following SDL InternationalInternational, Beetext Productivity SolutionsSolutions, an in-depth analysis of the Euro- [email protected], [email protected], pean Healthcare Speech Recogni- www.sdl.com www.beetext.com tion market. SpeechMagic supports News 23 recognition languages and has a Beetext expands SpanSource now online portfolio of more than 150 special- distribution efforts SpanSource S.R.L, a localized recognition languages. Beetext, a provider of web- ization services provider that Philips Speech Processing GmbHGmbH, based project management, focuses on Spanish translation www.speechrecognition.philips.com has unveiled its export mar- and electronic publishing, has ket development plan in the created a website to introduce ChinaHR lists Symbio among wake of its success in Canada. the company to the world. most popular employers Beetext is now actively look- SpanSource also provides The Symbio Group, a provider of engineering for business partners to customized turnkey solutions ing-focused software development, globalization and testing services, has announced that ChinaHR, a recruiting website in China, has named Symbio one of the top 10 companies CSU Chico offers training in localization and e-business to work for in China. The list, which included IBM, Microsoft and Huawei, is based on the The localization program at California State University (CSU) at Chico will offer compre- number of resumes ChinaHR receives for job hensive training in localization and international e-business for professionals and students openings at each company. Symbio is one of during spring-summer 2006. Online course work can be self paced and will be available to only two nonpublic companies included on all registrants on April 5, 2006, followed by a summer workshop (June 20-22, 2006). the list. Triple certifi cation will be available since the summer training will be certifi ed by CSU The Symbio GroupGroup, [email protected], Chico Center for Distance Education; the Globalization and Localization Association (GALA); www.symbio-group.com and The Localization Institute. The Austin (Texas) Community College localization program will provide an additional special topics certifi cate to the participants. Participants will also 2006 Best Global Website Award have an opportunity to earn three credit units from CSU Chico. The Localisation Research Centre and The 70 hours (46 hours online and 24 hours workshop) of intensive training in localiza- Euro RSCG 4D have announced the call for tion will provide participants with skills to manage localization processes and projects; entries for the 2006 Best Global Website learn localization and translation technologies; manage international e-business; manage Award (www.bestglobalwebsiteaward.com) multilingual websites and content; and more. The program and the skills gained from it which seeks to reward the web’s most will benefi t localization professionals; business, language, computer and communication innovative website in relation to multilin- students; translators; project managers/executives; business development executives; web gual and multicultural issues. A company development professionals; international marketers/marketing executives; and entrepre- website must cater to a minimum of three neurs and small businesses looking to tap global online markets. languages, be regularly updated and show The online modules will be a combination of video lectures, online notes, interactive quiz- quality at all levels of design to be eligible zes and PowerPoint presentations. The content of the online course is being put together by for this award. Deadline for entries is August the CSU Chico localization program in partnership with MultiLingual Computing, Inc., and 1, 2006. with the help of industry experts. The summer workshop will provide lectures and hands- Localisation Research CentreCentre, on laboratory training in localization and translation technologies. During the workshop, [email protected], www.localisation.ie participants will hear and learn from top industry professionals. The workshop schedule is Euro RSCG InteractionInteraction, available on the program’s website. [email protected], The localization program in conjunction with GALA will also host a placement service for www.eurorscginteraction.co.uk participants looking for careers in the localization fi eld. The localization program at CSU Chico is not only planning to provide participants with SDL promoted to Index, wins awards the most comprehensive training yet available in this fi eld, but also provide a “total back- SDL plc, a provider of global information to-school experience,” according to Nitish Singh, who heads the CSU Chico localization management solutions, has been promoted program. to the FTSE All-Share Index. The increasingly The summer workshop will be hosted at the Chico campus, and participants may stay in widespread adoption of GIM solutions has student housing. contributed to SDL’s over 500% revenue Detailed information is available at www.csuchico.edu/localize/certifi cate.html regarding growth since its fi rst stock exchange listing the modules, registration, campus recruitment and travel to Chico. Singh can be reached at six years ago. [email protected] or 530-898-6090.

8 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] News to multilingual translation companies for automated quality controls of translations More labor-intensive and extensive activi- outsourcing their Spanish translation or and translation memories. ties are centralized in regions with lower localization requirements. Yamagata EuropeEurope, production costs, such as the company’s SpanSource S.R.LS.R.L, [email protected], [email protected], global headquarters in Brno, Czech Repub- www.spansource.com www.yamagata-europe.com lic, and production facilities in Nanjing, China. Closely integrated are translation Lionbridge honors technology leaders NovaWord Technologies moves activities conducted by in-country offi ces Lionbridge Technologies, Inc., has estab- NovaWord Technologies S.L. has moved or preferred partners in individual target- lished its “Lionbridge Fellows Program” and its offi ces to a larger location in the center language locales. has this year recognized two leading lan- of Granada, Spain. The new offi ce is conve- Moravia WorldwideWorldwide, guage technologists, Joachim Schurig and niently located and will give NovaWord the www.moraviaworldwide.com Eric Blassin, for their research, design and chance to duplicate its internal production development of Lionbridge’s Logoport trans- team based on clients’ needs, create new Schaudin.com opens new US offi ce lation memory technology. departments for the local market and new Schaudin.com, a software localization Lionbridge Technologies, Inc.Inc., languages, and include new services such developer, has opened a new branch offi ce [email protected], www.lionbridge.com as DTP and engineering. in Seattle, Washington, to make RC- NovaWord Technologies S.L.S.L., WinTrans more accessible to localization Changes [email protected], www.novaword.com professionals in North America and South America, Asia, Australia and New Zealand Ycomm Europe now Yamagata Europe Moravia covers US coasts and to provide them with the added con- Ycomm Europe, a daughter company of Moravia Worldwide, a globalization solu- venience of US dollar prices and reduced Japanese printing group Yamagata Cor- tion provider, has announced the opening shipping rates. poration, has announced its new name, of two new offi ces in the United States — Schaudin.comSchaudin.com, [email protected], Yamagata Europe. The company offers its one located on the West Coast in Kirkland, www.schaudin.com clients integrated solutions to their printing Washington, and another on the East Coast and translation needs. in Princeton, New Jersey. This expansion is PAEN Communications now in Berlin Yamagata Europe also recently released part of Moravia’s production model which Multilingual communications agency PAEN version 5.0 of QA Distiller, a software appli- runs 24 hours a day across different time Communications Ltd. has opened its new cation that makes it possible to carry out zones to support its worldwide client base. branch offi ce in central Berlin, Germany. The Letters Errors and omissions The author responds: Hello at MultiLingual! I purposely chose not to speak about European Free Trade Association Here are several important errors (EFTA) countries and the “micro states” to avoid going into too much I spotted in your report (Getting detail. As regards to Norway, the reader’s feedback is absolutely correct. Started Guide: Europe, “Defi ning This is a typo. Norway is not an EU member. Europe” — pages 4 and 5): Same thing for “ongoing negotiations” status on the table. This status Page 4: Bulgaria is going to join the should have been deleted from the table, but it was left for Romania. Of EU by 2007 — not likely, negotiations course, Romania is not the only country where negotiations are ongoing, are closed; Croatia: ongoing negotia- as per the text. tions; Macedonia: same status as Croa- Bulgaria negotiations are closed in the sense that they are now monitoring tia; Romania: going to join by 2007, not Bulgaria’s performance. A fi nal report is due in May 2006. Like Romania, likely as mentioned in the text; Serbia, Bulgaria is hoping to become a member in January 2007. Reports from the Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Turkey have applied, press and EU offi cials do not make me think that they are not likely to join, but, negotiations started for Turkey only; Norway is not a of course, one can speculate that the fi nal report will not favor their accession. member of the European Union! Macedonia was granted candidate country status in December 2005, and Missing from your report are the EFTA countries my article was written in November. Negotiations have thus just started. and/or status for them: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway Swedish is a second offi cial language in Finland, and, of course, Luxembour- and Switzerland. gish should also have been added to the list. Luxembourgish is a Germanic Also missing are the micro states and their alliances language spoken in Luxembourg. It was adopted as an offi cial language in with one or the other EU/EFTA: San Marino, Monaco/ 1984. It is also spoken in small parts of Belgium, France and Germany as well Monte Carlo, Andorra, Vatican City and Channel Islands. as by a few of the descendants of Luxembourg immigrants. It is estimated Page 5: Finland has two offi cial languages, Finnish that no more than 300,000 people in the world speak Luxembourgish. and Swedish; Luxembourg: add Luxembourgish (as de Janaina Wittner jure language). Regional Manager Central & Eastern Europe, WHP Best regards, Correction: The screenshot on page 59 of the January/February issue was Eric C. Nicod printed incorrectly. The article “From real world to localization classroom — and Software Localization Team Services Global Man- back again” with the corrected graphic is available at www.multilingual.com/ ager, Logitech Europe SA featuredArticles Comments or questions? Please send them to [email protected] www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 9 News

offi ce, led by bureau chief Sven Jungjohann, company. thebigword developed Tranz- where speech technologies are emerging, will help to service the company’s growing list Manager Content to streamline the process such as China, Japan and Australia. of German clients in the manufacturing, retail of translating content used with Interwoven Wizzard Software Corp.Corp., and communications industries, including products. It is an open, standards-based [email protected], PUMA, Siemens, INA/FAG and Faber-Castell. interface. www.wizzardsoftware.com PAEN Communications Ltd.Ltd., thebigwordthebigword, [email protected], [email protected], www.paen.net www.thebigword.com 3di gains Alchemy Authorized Interwoven, Inc.Inc., [email protected], Consultancy status Bridge360 plans expansion for China www.interwoven.com 3di Information Solutions has formalized Bridge360, Inc., a technical quality pro- a long-standing relationship with Alchemy vider of software internationalization and Language Weaver and Carahsoft Software Development Ltd., a provider of localization, has announced plans to launch enter strategic agreement visual localization tools based in Ireland, the an Asian expansion into China. Bridge360 Language Weaver, a developer of enter- United States and Germany. 3di has been will support US infrastructure companies prise software for the automated transla- providing technical authoring and transla- with manufacturing facilities in China and tion of human languages, has formed a tion services such as project management, South Korea. Growth plans will include strategic reseller agreement with Carahsoft consultancy and recruitment services for providing internationalization and localiza- Technology Corp., a government-focused over eight years. tion certifi cations for the Chinese markets information technology provider. The alli- 3di Information Solutions Ltd.Ltd., as well as assisting Chinese companies with ance expands Language Weaver’s presence [email protected], www.3di-info.com expansion into multinational marketplaces. in the government market and provides Alchemy Software Development Ltd.Ltd., Bridge360, Inc.Inc., www.bridge360.com government organizations an easier pro- [email protected], cess to purchase the company’s automated www.alchemysoftware.ie Skrivanek adds Colorado center translation products. Under the terms of Skrivanek, a provider of localization solu- this agreement, Carahsoft will provide sales GPI and ON24 translate webcast tions, continues its growth and its 24/7 global and marketing expertise as well as sales of Globalization Partners International (GPI), turnaround strategy with the addition of a products for a period of fi ve years through a provider of website, software and docu- Sales and Service Center in Denver, Colorado, January 2011. mentation translation services, and ON24 to complement its New York Project Manage- Language WeaverWeaver, Inc., a webcast and multimedia communica- ment presence established in 2005. Skrivanek [email protected], tion solutions provider, have announced the now offers 24/7 turnaround solutions with www.languageweaver.com launch of their Webcast Translation Services. the operational day beginning in China, run- Carahsoft Technology Corp., Inc.Inc., GPI-On24’s packaged offering includes trans- ning through its Central European heartland [email protected], www.carahsoft.com lation of registration pages, lobby pages, slide and ending in Colorado. consoles, audio scripts with dubbing, caption- Skrivanek Translation Services, Ltd.Ltd., Wizzard Software expands ing and hosting, as well as target audience [email protected], www.skrivanek.com distribution agreement with IBM user testing conducted in over 20 countries. Wizzard Software, a speech technology Globalization Partners InternationalInternational, Collaboration application development company, has [email protected], announced that its IBM ViaVoice OEM dis- www.globalizationpartners.com thebigword partners with Interwoven tribution agreement has been expanded to thebigword, a translation services pro- offer ViaVoice speech recognition, Text-To- PASS Engineering appoints Net- vider, has partnered with Interwoven, an Speech Software Developer Kits and asso- Translators as Middle East reseller enterprise content management solutions ciated runtimes to Asia Pacifi c countries Net-Translators, a provider of translation and localization services, and PASS Engi- neering, a localization software developer, have joined forces to deliver integrated localization solutions to the Middle East. The PASSOLO/Net-Translators alliance addresses a number of issues and challenges in the Middle Eastern marketplace, such as the convergence of development and translation departments and the resulting demand for more integrated solutions. PASS Engineering GmbHGmbH, [email protected], www.passolo.com Net-Translators Ltd.Ltd., [email protected], www.net-translators.com

Dolphin chooses Acapela TTS Dolphin Computer Access Limited, a computer software developer, has chosen the

10 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] News

Acapela Group Text-To-Speech (TTS) engine NetworkOmni partners with teaches best practices for working with a to be supplied with its latest assistive soft- Public Safety Training Consultants third-party interpreter over the phone. ware packages. Dolphin produces a range of NetworkOmni Multilingual Communica- NetworkOmniNetworkOmni, www.networkomni.com software solutions for blind and low vision tions, a provider of oral interpretation, Public Safety Training ConsultantsConsultants, computer users, ranging from text reading written translation and language communi- www.pstc911.com software to full screen readers and combined cation solutions, has announced a partner- screen readers and magniﬁ ers. Acapela TTS ship with Public Safety Training Consultants nCore integrates technology to offers intelligible tones in up to 23 languages (PSTC), a provider of instruction and training provide multilingual platform and more than 50 voices. for the emergency communications ﬁ eld. nCore Ltd., a developer of embedded Acapela GroupGroup, www.acapela-group.com NetworkOmni and PSTC will develop train- localization and user interface software, has Dolphin Computer Access Ltd.Ltd., ing materials and programs that will enable integrated its internationalization technol- www.dolphinuk.co.uk emergency call-takers to handle calls from ogy, nScript, with the Accelerated Technology members of the public who speak languages Nucleus GRAFIX user interface library. nScript Wéb-Tränslatiôns looks east other than English or with limited English in is based on the Unicode standard and is opti- Wéb-Tränslatiôns, a localization agency, a more effective manner. The program also mized to be integrated with devices having has entered a strategic partnership with ConnectChina Ltd. The partnership with ConnectChina offers new opportunities to develop the number of services both companies offer together such as the combination of a localized website to stimulate interest, brand awareness and generate contacts, and ConnectChina’s knowledge of China business etiquette. Wéb-TränslatiônsWéb-Tränslatiôns, [email protected], www.web-translations.co.uk

AVEVA selects Lionbridge AVEVA, a provider of engineering IT solutions, has selected Lionbridge for an offshore development program. With the agreement, Lionbridge will manage a dedicated team of developers, located in the Lionbridge Chen- nai solution center, that will provide application support and development services for AVEVA’s Vantage Plant Design, Vantage Plant Engineering, Vantage Enterprise Net and Vantage Project Resource Management product groups. Lionbridge Technologies, Inc.Inc., [email protected], www.lionbridge.com

Welocalize/Connect merger complete Two providers of localization, translation and software testing services, Welocalize, Inc., and Connect Global Solutions, have announced the completion of their merger. The combined companies will operate under the Welocalize name and brand with corporate headquarters located in Frederick, Maryland. Operations will continue in Connect’s facilities in Dublin, Ireland. Smith Yewell will continue to serve as president and CEO. Eugene McGinty, Connect CEO, will continue to lead the ofﬁ ce in Ireland as its managing director. WelocalizeWelocalize, [email protected], www.welocalize.com Connect Global Solutions Ltd., [email protected], www.connectcgs.com www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 11 News

limited memory space and processor speed. translation of its mobile phone messaging nScript provides text rendering and input services for the European market. e-San’s solutions for various scripts such as Arabic, pioneering systems deliver personalized Armenian, Malayalam, Farsi, Bengali, Chinese, health-care information direct to patients 2006 Seminars Georgian, Hebrew, Malay, Pashto, Devanagari suffering from chronic conditions, such (Hindi), Russian, Tagalog, Greek, Thai and as diabetes and asthma, via their mobile Vietnamese. phones. Conversis met with e-San develop- nCore Ltd.Ltd., ncore@ncore.fi , www.ncore.fi ers to develop a method where the external phone strings and web text could be trans- GSK gives contract to SDL lated into an XML format suitable for an Going Global in Microsoft .NET GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) has awarded SDL existing mobile phone infrastructure. May 24 a contract for technology and consult- Conversis, Ltd.Ltd., [email protected], San Jose, California ing services to implement simultaneous www.conversisglobal.com October 11 multilingual product submissions to the Denver, Colorado European Medicines Agency (EMEA). A Financial key decision factor was SDL’s ability to support the process of creating content Idiom posts 45% growth in sales compliant with EMEA’s XML-based product Idiom Technologies, Inc., a provider of information standard and adapting the scalable software solutions for accelerating XML content to the European Union’s 20 and optimizing globalization initiatives, has languages. achieved several important milestones in 2005, Localization Project SDL InternationalInternational, [email protected], including the launch of a language service Management (North America) www.sdl.com provider (LSP) partnership program — World- April 27 Server LSP Advantage Program. This business San Jose, California Lingo24 and XML-INTL integrate momentum was underscored with more than November 6 Lingo24, a translation service provider, has 45% growth in sales year-over-year. Toronto, Ontario, Canada announced a technology partnership with Idiom is also launching several fi xed-price, XML-INTL, a pioneering Anglo-Polish soft- prepackaged QuickStart professional service ware company. The partnership will allow for offerings that help customers deploy Idiom the full integration of the two companies’ WorldServer. With these service offerings, systems for managing translation. Inte- Idiom is addressing the translation and local- grating XTM, XML-INTL’s next generation ization needs of smaller global enterprises translation memory software, with a content and departments within large international Localization Project management system, allows companies to organizations. Management (Europe) make translation just one more step in the Idiom Technologies, Inc.Inc., [email protected], June 7 - 8 workfl ow of producing content. www.idiominc.com Dublin, Ireland Lingo24 Ltd.Ltd., [email protected], October 3 - 4 Bonn, Germany www.lingo24.com People New Casio handheld dictionaries Palex announces new position feature fi ve Fonix TTS languages Palex Languages & Software, a provider Fonix Speech, Inc., a wholly-owned sub- of localization and globalization solutions, sidiary of Fonix Corporation, an integrated has announced that Julia Otmakhova has communications carrier, has provided Fonix been promoted to linguistic expert status. DECtalk text-to-speech (TTS) to Casio Com- In her new role, Otmakhova will be setting XML and Localization puter Co., Ltd., a device manufacturer head- corporate translation standards and styles, May 17 Dublin, Ireland quartered in Tokyo, Japan, for its newest XD working on project and client-specifi c glos- October 10 series of electronic dictionaries. saries, and training the in-house translation Denver, Colorado Fonix DECtalk TTS, embedded in all 15 team to bring more value to Palex clients. models of Casio’s new electronic diction- Palex Languages & SoftwareSoftware, [email protected], aries, speaks in fi ve different languages: www.palex.ru English, Castilian Spanish, German, Italian The and French. milengo appoints new CEO Fonix CorporationCorporation, [email protected], milengo, Inc., owned by sixteen techni- Localization www.fonix.com cal translation and localization companies Institute located in IT markets that span Western, Conversis selected by e-San Central and Eastern Europe, Latin America 4513 Vernon Boulevard, Suite 11 Madison,WI 53705 USA Conversis, a translation and localization and Asia, has appointed Roman Kotzsch Phone 608.233.1790 company, has won a contract from e-San, to the position of CEO after a unanimous Fax 608.441.6124 based in the United Kingdom, to support the decision by the board of directors. Kotzsch, www.localizationinstitute.com 12 [email protected] | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] News the founder of the milengo alliance, also Boussingault, with whom he previously the past six years, Pajatsch has managed the serves as managing director of the German developed T-Remote Memory, an inter- sales, distribution and support of Alchemy member company located in Berlin, Ger- net-based translation memory system. CATALYST in the Germanic regions as an many. Kotzsch established one of Europe’s Locordia (MyTM) SASA, [email protected], integral part of SAM Engineering, GmbH. fi rst localization companies in Germany. www.mytranslationmanager.com Alchemy Software Development Ltd.Ltd., milengo, Inc.Inc., [email protected], [email protected], www.milengo.com MultiCorpora adds board member www.alchemysoftware.ie MultiCorpora, a software-based enter- Language Weaver hires EMEA sales prise language management solutions pro- Spratt-Manning joins director for new offi ce in Brussels vider, has announced that Kara Warburton NCS Enterprises Language Weaver, a developer of software has joined its board of directors. Warburton Lyra Spratt-Manning has joined NCS for automated translation, has appointed is responsible for defi ning IBM’s terminol- Enterprises, L.L.C., a multilingual commu- Patrick Vanderper as EMEA sales director ogy strategy, including tools, processes and nications fi rm, as a business development of its new Brussels, Belgium, offi ce (its data management. Her primary goal is to consultant based out of Boise, Idaho. fi rst outside the United States). Vanderper extend the focus of terminology manage- Spratt-Manning is the former CEO of two comes to Language Weaver with in-depth ment from a translation-oriented activity US-based localization fi rms. She is presi- knowledge of automated translation solu- to one of content management. dent of LS Manning & Associates, a local- tions and multilingual content markets. MultiCorpora R&D Inc.Inc., ization processes advisory group specifi c to He has headed up various multinational [email protected], the medical industry. companies’ sales organizations in Europe, www.multicorpora.com NCS Enterprises, L.L.C.L.L.C., [email protected], most recently as sales director for Cross www.ncs-pubs.com Language. Alchemy adds location, management Language WeaverWeaver, [email protected], Alchemy Software Development Ltd., a Geo Group announces new staff www.languageweaver.com provider of visual localization solutions, The Geo Group Corporation, a multifac- has opened a German regional sales offi ce eted translation and localization agency, Idiom adds to senior management in Aidlingen. Headed up by Eric Anderson, recently added Elizabeth Ganshert and Cory Idiom Technologies, Inc., a provider of the new offi ce, will focus on the expansion G. Gessler to the Madison, Wisconsin, offi ce software solutions, has announced that it of Alchemy’s reseller and consultancy net- staff. Ganshert joins the translation project has appointed Mike Iacobucci president work, and the management and provision management department as a translation and CEO. Previously, Iacobucci was an of services for key corporate clients. service coordinator. Gessler joins the desk- executive in residence at Sigma Partners In addition, Hajo Pajatsch has been top publishing group. and a founder of Books24x7. appointed to the board of directors of The Geo GroupGroup, [email protected], Idiom also added Tony Dolph, vice presi- Alchemy Software Development Ltd. Over www.thegeogroup.com dent of marketing and corporate development, and Ed Spies, vice president and corporate controller. Previously, Dolph was vice president of marketing and business development at Artel Video Systems. Idiom Technologies, Inc.Inc., [email protected], www.idiominc.com

LTES hires new localization manager LTES Ltd., a language and training solutions company, has hired Petros Dudis as its new localization manager. In the past, Dudis has held several positions, from localization engineer to project manager. Prior to join- ing LTES he was a localization manager at Archetypon SA. LTES Ltd.Ltd., [email protected], www.ltes-global.com

Locordia SA appoints new VP Philippe Mercier has recently joined Locor- dia SA — previously My Translation Manager — as vice president of business development. Locordia SA, a language services and consultancy company, delivers customized translation and localization services. Mercier will collaborate with Georges www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 13 News

that enables the user to count words, char- several languages. Phrases are categorized Products acters and lines in clipboard, in real-time, based on situational needs such as mili- from any program; and ExactSpent 2006, a tary-related and are compiled into phrase New AIT counting tools available time-tracking software developed to allow modules. VoxTec is currently involved in Advanced International Translations (AIT), translators to track time spent on per-hour research for a limited two-way transla- a translation agency and localization and tasks on multiple jobs for multiple clients tion device under the Defense Advanced software development company, has released in a single place. Research Project Agency’s Translation for Version 5 of AnyCount: Word Count, Line Advanced International TranslationsTranslations, Tactical Operations project. Count and Character Count Software. The [email protected], VoxTec International, Inc.Inc., [email protected], new version provides native support for www.translation3000.com www.phraselator.com word counts in Chinese, Japanese and Korean documents. VoxTec Phraselator version P2 Alchemy launches v3 of AIT has also released two new software VoxTec International, Inc., a specialty visual localization solution products for the automation of text count engineering consulting ﬁ rm, has released Alchemy Software Development Ltd., a tasks: ClipCount: Clipboard Word Count Phraselator P2, a handheld translation sys- provider of visual localization solutions, has and Character Count Software, a utility tem which speaks predetermined phrases in launched its Alchemy .NET Visual Localization Component (v3). Alchemy is also making the new version available on the Microsoft Visual Studio Partner DVD. By tightly integrating with Microsoft .NET Framework 1.x and 2.0, the Alchemy Visual .NET component helps companies launch new products simultaneously to global markets. Alchemy Software Development Ltd.Ltd., [email protected], www.alchemysoftware.ie

Sajan creates authoring tool Sajan, provider of a single platform technology solution, has released its second- generation authoring memory technology product. Authoring Coach-TMX is an authoring tool that provides live, interactive access to existing source content in any Windows application. It is designed to complement the translation capabilities of the Global Com- You just want a quality translation, quick turn time, munication Management System, Sajan’s competitive price and very responsive customer service... enterprise technology platform. Authoring Coach-TMX features integrated terminology management and a rules engine. Sajan, Inc.Inc., [email protected], We don’t think that’s www.sajan.com too much to ask. Zi adds six new language databases Zi Corporation, a provider of intelligent interface solutions, has launched six new language databases for its predictive text products. Zi’s eZiText for one-touch entry prediction and eZiTap for intelligent mul- titap entry are now available in four new languages for the Indian wireless market and two new languages for the African wireless market. Zi CorporationCorporation, [email protected], www.zicorp.com

NepaLinux eases language barriers MMcceelroylroy ttranslationranslation With the number of computer users increas- +1 512-472-6753 www.mcelroytranslation.com +1 800-531-9977 ing in Nepal, Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya has launched free, open-source NepaLinux to ease

14 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] News the problems faced by the Nepali people lack- version 3.0.1 of phpWordPress Article ing a good command of the English language. Manager which offers six different lan- The main features of the NepaLinux are Nepa- guage packs to help with the localization Linux dictionary, lexicon and spell checker and of content. Currently, the software pow- grammar checker. ers websites in Chinese, Spanish, Arabic, Madan Puraskar PustakalayaPustakalaya, French, Italian and Portuguese. Version [email protected], www.nepalinux.org 3.0.1 includes a new template management for full integration in a website, full Language Weaver offers language website statistics in administration panel, translation module for Farsi enhanced category and article control and Language Weaver, a developer of enterprise full multilanguage support. software for the automation of language SpoonlabsSpoonlabs, www.spoonlabs.com translation, has announced the commercial availability of a bidirectional Farsi (Persian)/ Exstream Software announces English language pair module for its auto- Japanese version of Dialogue mated translation product. The module is a Exstream Software, Inc., has announced general-purpose translation system that can the general availability of Dialogue in Jap- be customized to translate industry-specifi c anese, an enterprise software that allows documents with additional customer-sup- companies to support personalized docu- plied training data. ment creation, management and delivery Language WeaverWeaver, [email protected], of documents in Japanese, Chinese and www.languageweaver.com Korean languages. US legislation is pend- ing that requires organizations to generate SDL announces SDL Trados 2006 documents in the native language of an SDL International, a global informa- individual if it serves a large enough per- tion management solutions provider, has centage of that population. announced the early-bird release of SDL Exstream SoftwareSoftware, [email protected], Trados 2006, a new unifi ed desktop prod- www.exstream.com uct that offers the choice of Translator’s Workbench, TagEditor and SDLX editing Resources environments. SDL Trados 2006 includes new support ELRA adds GlobalPhone database for QuarkXPress, InDesign CS2 and Java fi les The European Language Resource Associa- to supplement its fi le handling capabilities. tion (ELRA) has added new speech language Integration with SDL MultiTerm provides terminology lookup and search functions to ensure adherence to corporate terminology. New built-in translation and terminology checks have been added. SDL InternationalInternational, [email protected], www.sdl.com

VerbumSoft releases QuickCount VerbumSoft, a provider of freelance translator software tools, has announced Quick- Count, a word counting and invoicing tool available at no charge to Translatorsbase .com and Directfreelance.com members. The tool is directed to professionals who base their quotations and invoices on the number of words, characters, lines or pages. QuickCount works with a variety of ﬁ le types, and the counting statistics can be easily exported to various ﬁ le formats. VerbumSoftVerbumSoft, [email protected], www.verbumsoft.com phpWordPress 3.0.1 released Spoonlabs, a software development and communications company, has released www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 15 News

resources to its Language Resources Cata- attended the Language Standards for Global logue. The GlobalPhone database is a multi- Business conference held on December lingual speech and text database collected at 12-13, 2005, in Berlin, Germany. The next Karlsruhe University, Germany, and covers 15 Language Standards Summit is scheduled languages: Arabic (Modern Standard Arabic), for May 29-30, 2006, in Barcelona, Spain Chinese (Mandarin), Chinese (Shanghai), Croa- (www.internationalization-conference.org/ tian, Czech, French, German, Japanese, Korean, languagestandards). Portuguese (Brazilian), Russian, Spanish (Latin Global Meeting Services, Inc.Inc., info@global- American), Swedish, Tamil and Turkish. conference.com, www.global-conference.com ELRA/ELDAELRA/ELDA, [email protected], www.elda.org ACT publishes translation survey Part III of Bill Hall handbook, The Agrupación de Centros Especializados free directory online en Traducción (ACT — Spanish Association Part III of internationalization expert of Translation Companies) has published Bill Hall’s Globalization Handbook for the the fi rst market survey of the professional Microsoft .NET Platform is now available translation industry in Spain. The survey, online. The book, in PDF format, is pub- currently only in Spanish, draws up an lished by MultiLingual Press, an imprint of inventory of the situation of the supply MultiLingual Computing, Inc. sector and studies the needs and behavior In Part III of the handbook, Hall contin- of the customers who use translation. ues to explain and demonstrate the process Agrupación de Centros Especializados en of making an application ready for the TraducciónTraducción, [email protected], www.act.es world using the Microsoft .NET platform. Knowledge of the contents of Parts I and II are helpful for a full understanding of the topics of Part III. Each section is available separately for download. MultiLingual Computing, Inc., has also posted the 2006 Resource Directory & Index 2005, a reference guide for language products and services. The directory contains listings of nearly 600 companies around the world and is a tool for companies that market internationally as well as agencies and organizations that serve a multilingual audience. The directory may be down- Report analyzes industry loaded at no cost at www.multilingual. Common Sense Advisory, Inc., a research com/resourceDirectory and consulting fi rm, has released its latest MultiLingual Computing, Inc.Inc., report, “Language Services 2006: Supply-Side [email protected], Outlook.” The 56-page report, which is avail- www.multilingual.com able as part of a subscription, considers the supply side of the language industry, review- Transco launches OSTTI ing 2005 and looking ahead to 2006 from the Transco, a localization service provider in perspective of language service providers and Asia, has launched Open Source Translation independent software vendors selling prod- Technology Initiative (OSTTI) and has released ucts that facilitate global information man- the website www.ostti.net as a platform agement. The report also updates the fi rm’s hosting the open-source translation tools 2005 rankings of the top 20 language services development projects and community. OSTTI companies based on merger and acquisition .net is an open-source development platform activity in the industry. dedicated to translation- and localization- Common Sense AdvisoryAdvisory, related projects. [email protected], Transco Ltd.Ltd., [email protected], www.commonsenseadvisory.com www.transco.cn GALA ends 2005 with 180 members First standards conference a success GALA, the Globalization and Localization A focused team of more than 60 cross- Association, had ended 2005 with a bang. industry experts formulating the guiding The organization, which was formed in 2002, principles that constitute the architecture has grown to 180 member companies from of a future, intelligent globalization system around the globe. GALA currently boasts a

16 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] News membership from 35 countries — including Keylingo creates new web portal 44% from Europe, 28% from North America Keylingo Translations, a translation agency, and 13% from Asia. has created a new website to provide cus- Globalization and Localization AssociationAssociation, tomers and prospects a way to check the [email protected], www.gala-global.org translation cost of a project instantly using Keylingo’s Translation Services Quote calcula- Services tor. The portal also provides access to its staff — a global network of linguists and subject Hot Banana now multilingual area experts — and access to tools for global Hot Banana Software, a provider of business. web content management (WCM) and ac- Keylingo TranslationsTranslations, [email protected], tive marketing solutions, is experiencing www.keylingo.com momentum for the search engine-friendly, multilingual functionality of its Hot Banana Trusted Translations launches Active Marketing WCM Suite. Hot Banana Translation for Miles program is fully Unicode compliant, which enables Trusted Translations, Inc., a Spanish trans- its WCM Suite to store, retrieve and deliver lation agency for Latin American markets, multiple languages through a single web- has launched its Translation for Miles re- site. To date, Hot Banana-powered web- wards program (www.trustedtranslations sites have been translated into English, .com/translation_for_miles.asp). This pro- Arabic, Chinese, French, Spanish, Dutch, gram, unique in the translation industry, Italian, German, Italian, Estonian, Polish, awards its clients with American Airlines Portuguese, Vietnamese and Farsi. AAdvantage miles, providing a benefi t be- Hot Banana Software, Inc.Inc., yond its Spanish translation services. www.hotbanana.com Trusted Translations, Inc.Inc., [email protected], Basis Technology introduces www.trustedtranslations.com digital forensics initiative Basis Technology, a provider of software RightNow adds language modules solutions for multilingual text mining and RightNow Technologies, a provider of information retrieval applications, has intro- customer relationship management solu- duced an initiative to create the next generations, has announced that it has added sup- tion of digital forensics products. port for Norwegian and Danish languages. Basis has appointed two experts to lead The addition of these two modules brings its effort. Brian Carrier, author of one of the standard reference books on forensics — File System Forensic Analysis — will join Basis Technology as director of the recently created Digital Forensics Group. Simson Garfi nkel, an author and journal- ist, has accepted the position of consulting scientist and forensics software architect. Garfi nkel is the author of the open-source Advanced Forensics Format software library. Basis Technology Corp.Corp., [email protected], www.basistech.com

SDL releases new GIM applications SDL International, a provider of global information management (GIM) solutions, has announced the latest releases of its enterprise GIM applications — SDL Transla- tion Management System 2006 and SDL TeamWorks 2006. SDL GIM solutions manage content throughout the entire global information life cycle — from authoring through content management to online and ofﬂ ine publishing across world markets. SDL InternationalInternational, [email protected], www.sdl.com www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 17 News

the total number of languages supported as an introductory summary of ALC’s bene- Kwintessential helps localize SMEs to nineteen. fi ts, mission and goals. Future podcasts will Kwintessential Ltd., a communication con- RightNow Technologies, Inc.Inc., focus on pertinent business issues within sultancy providing intercultural awareness www.rightnow.com the globalization and language fi elds. training, translation, interpreting and other M2 EnterprisesEnterprises, [email protected], cross-cultural solutions, has created a web- M2 Enterprises donates services www.m2-e.com site translation package to help small and for language industry podcast medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) capitalize M2 Enterprises, a global solutions provider The Kitchen increases in-house upon the potential of localized websites. The with over 26 years of experience, has con- dubbing production hours package was designed to address the general tributed its services to produce the fi rst lan- The Kitchen, the language services divi- reluctance within SMEs to localize. guage industry podcast, “Word of Mouth,” sion of TM SYSTEMS, has increased its daily Kwintessential Ltd.Ltd., [email protected], for the Association of Language Companies in-house production hours, offering around- www.kwintessential.co.uk (ALC). M2 Enterprises, a charter member the-clock scheduling to meet the growing of the ALC, uses its in-house studio and demand of dubbing projects such as the 60 Commit expands language portfolio production capabilities; and Andre Pellet, telenovela episodes that are currently being Commit, a localization services provider, president of M2 Enterprises and chair of the dubbed into English, Spanish and French. has added fi ve more Balkan languages to ALC Technology Committee, serves as the The Kitchen offers language transcription, the company’s language services — Alba- host and facilitator. The program is avail- translation, dubbing, subtitling and closed nian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Romanian and able on the ALC website and on iTunes. captioning for television, motion pictures, Serbian. This development falls under the “Word of Mouth” delivers timely news corporate, government, education, com- company’s fi ve-year business plan drafted and insights from industry experts and pro- mercial and video games. in 2005, which aims at establishing the viders. The fi rst episode features Suzanne TM SYSTEMSSYSTEMS, [email protected], company as a regional language vendor. Robinson, president of the ALC, and serves www.tm-systems.com CommitCommit, [email protected], www.commit.gr

March SLAM 2006 TAUS Executive Forum April 11-12, 2006, in Chicago, Illinois USA. March 23-24, 2006, in Washington, D.C. USA. Webcom Communications Corp., [email protected], TAUS, Translation Automation User Society, jvdm@trans www.softwarebusinessonline.com/slam_conf2006_index.htm lationautomation.com, www.translationautomation.com/ tausMeetings.php LISA Forum Asia 2006 — China Focus April 18-21, 2006, in Shanghai, China. Third ATISA Conference LISA, [email protected], www.lisa.org/events/2006shanghai March 23-25, 2006, in San Diego, California USA. American Translation and Interpreting Studies Association ATA-TCD 7th Annual Conference (ATISA), [email protected], http://appling.kent.edu/ April 20-23, 2006, in Jersey City, New Jersey USA. atisa/atisahome.html American Translators Association, [email protected],

Calendar www.ata-divisions.org/TCD Managing Global Websites & eCommerce March 28-30, 2006, in San Francisco, California USA. Localization Management Roundtable The Localization Institute, [email protected], April 23-26, 2006, in Santa Cruz, California USA. www.localizationinstitute.com The Localization Institute, [email protected], www.localizationinstitute.com Translating and Interpreting March 30-31, 2006, in Vic, Spain. Localization & Globalization Expo 2006 X Jornades de Traducció i Interpretació a Vic, [email protected], April 26-28, 2006, in Miami, Florida USA. www.uvic.es/fchtd/especial/jornades_2006/en/inici.html ClientSide News LLC, [email protected], www.csnevents.com TC-STAR OpenLab on Speech Translation May March 30-April 1, 2006, in Trento, Italy. OpenLab, [email protected], http://tc-star.itc.it/openlab2006 15th World Congress on Information Technology May 1-5, 2006, in Austin, Texas USA. April WCIT 2006, Inc., [email protected], www.wcit2006.org Content Management Strategies 2006 Audiovisual Translation Scenarios April 3-5, 2006, in San Francisco, California USA. May 1-5, 2006, in Copenhagen, Denmark. The Center for Information-Development Management, info@ Universität des Saarlandes, [email protected], infomanagementcenter.com, www.cm-strategies.com www.euroconferences.info

18 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] Calendar tekom spring Conference LREC 2006 May 4-5, 2006, in Freiburg, Germany. May 22-28, 2006, in Genoa, Italy. tekom, [email protected], www.tekom.de ELRA/ELDA, [email protected], www.lrec-conf.org/lrec2006

STC 53rd Annual Conference & Exposition WWW2006 May 7-10, 2006, in Las Vegas, Nevada USA. May 23-26, 2006, in Edinburgh, Scotland. Society for Technical Communication (STC), [email protected], WWW, [email protected], http://www2006.org www.stc.org/53rdconf/exhibitors/index.asp GALA Member Meeting Translation and Cultural Exchange May 30, 2006, in Barcelona, Spain. in the Age of Globalization Globalization and Localization Association (GALA), May 16-19, 2006, in Barcelona, Spain. [email protected], www.gala-global.org Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Filologia, Dpt. de Filologia Romànica, [email protected], www.ub.edu/lettere/congres_2006 Localization World Barcelona May 30-June 1, 2006, in Barcelona, Spain. Online Educa Madrid 2006 Localization World, [email protected], May 17-19, 2006, in Madrid, Spain. www.localizationworld.com ICWE GmbH, [email protected], www.online-educa-madrid.com/english/index.php June First World Congress on the Power of Language EAMT 11th Annual Conference May 22-26, 2006, in Bangkok, Thailand. June 19-20, 2006, in Oslo, Norway. Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburee, European Association for Machine Translation, [email protected], info@poweroﬂ anguage.org, www.poweroﬂ anguage.org http://eamt.emmtee.net

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Reviewed by [M. Katherine] Kit Brown

A snapshot of the profession from 17 countries Reviews

The editors of this book requested that colleagues QThe maturity and status of the around the world respond to a questionnaire about profession vary signifi cantly by country and appear to be signifi cantly cor- the status of technical communication in each country. related to the availability and maturity They received information from seventeen countries. The of academic and professional training effortT was supported by tekom, the German professional courses. association for technical communicators. Unfortunately, QThe role of technical communi- as the editors mention in the introduction, they were un- cators tends to be defi ned more nar- able to obtain responses from South America, Africa and rowly in Europe and China than it is in North America or Israel. Japan. However, the information provided does give one QNot surprisingly, the translation a clear picture of the status of technical communication and localization profession is signifi - in much of the world. cantly more mature in Europe and Technical Communication- Asia than it is in the United States, While the organization of each chapter was the same, the informa- international: Today and the technical communication tion available and the level of detail provided for each country varied and in the Future. jobs are often commingled with local- widely, making it a bit diffi cult to discern trends and similarities. It Jörg Hennig and Marita ization/translation positions. would have been helpful if the editors had created a matrix that Tjarks-Sobhani, editors. QThe concern about legal require- listed each country and the data provided, such as level of education, 2005. Schmidt-Römhild ments and the dearth of consistent, for tekom: Germany. salary, availability of professional organizations and so on, to make formal standards is ubiquitous. comparisons a bit easier for the reader. In addition, some context QProfessional certifi cation ap pears would have been helpful for the statistics. For example, if €2,200 to be more important and signifi cant in other parts of the world is an average salary in some places, is that high or low for a profes- than it is in North America. sional salary in that country? How does it compare to an engineer or teacher with similar levels of training? Defi nition of technical communication Nonetheless, this compilation is extremely valuable to anyone Some authors resorted to listing examples as a way of defi ning who wants to understand the professional milieu in a particular technical communication: country or region. It would be useful to academic researchers, “. . . This has traditionally been made by owner’s manuals, businesses looking for opportunities to expand, as well as profes- service instructions, and other types of technical documentation sionals interested in living and working in another country. printed on paper. In addition to that, the technical communicator often participates in the production of educational material, sales Key points information folders, and advertising.” (Sweden) Several interesting themes arose as I perused each chapter: Others limited the defi nition to instructions or user documenta- QThe defi nition of technical communication varies by coun- tion, for example, “any instructions for use of a product or ser- try and region, but the struggle to defi ne the profession and to vice.” (United Kingdom) cogently explain what we do is ubiquitous. My personal defi nition of technical communication is this: “Technical communicators take complex data and information, then distill it down to its essential elements and Kit Brown is the principal for Comgenesis LLC, a technical com- present it in such a way that people can make use of it.” munication services and consulting company. She has 16 years of But, when trying to explain the profession to outsiders, a experience writing and consulting for the medical, biotechnology, glazed look often appears in their eyes when I give them environmental and computer industries, as well as several years of the defi nition. So, I then end up saying, “I’m a writer,” experience working as a consultant in the localization industry. even though that is only a small part of what I do.

20 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] Reviews

Authors expressed similar frustrations, saying, for example, “In always been treated with respect and have generally been com- general, people tend to confuse the profession of technical editor pensated fairly. with that of a translator, a documentalist, or even an archivist. This confusion is also apparent in the defi nition of the profession Role of technical communicators given in the APEC.” (France) In many countries, the role of technical communicator appears This lack of a cohesive, comprehensive (yet concise) defi nition to be limited to writing, editing and sometimes desktop publish- of the profession may be at the root of some of the diffi culties ing. However, in North America and much of Scandinavia, techni- expressed regarding status and governmental recognition. After cal communicators also participate in product design, usability, all, if we can’t explain what we do among ourselves, how can we information architecture, customer service and so on. expect others to understand it? Translation and localization Maturity of the profession Not surprisingly, the translation and localization profession is In the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, France, better defi ned and more mature in most countries, except the Germany, United Kingdom, Israel and the Scandinavian coun- United States. The reasons for this are several-fold: tries, technical communicators are recognized as professionals, QTranslation and localization tasks are more easily defi ned and have access to university-level programs that teach technical typically narrower in scope than technical communication tasks. communication as a specialty, have at least one professional QEurope, in particular, contains a plethora of cultures and association available, and seem to earn salaries on par with languages in a small geographic area. This situation has necessi- other professionals who have similar educational backgrounds tated a multilingual approach to product design and information and work experience. However, the lack of standards and uni- dissemination. form certifi cation requirements causes issues in some industries. QMost international offi ces for US-based companies use the These indicators show that the profession is moderately mature English source documentation provided by the parent company in these regions. and localize it for their market. While Russia doesn’t have a specifi c category of employment QIn the United States, most companies outsource the localiza- for technical communication, it has a long history of develop- tion effort to various vendors, and a surprisingly high number of ing and regulating scientifi c and technical information under the companies are relatively new to localizing their products. auspices of the State System of Scientifi c-Technical Information. University programs primarily emphasize journalism. Legal requirements and standards India is emerging rapidly as a mature market for technical com- Increasing legal requirements, particularly in the European munication, with highly educated professionals entering the mar- Union, are driving the need and demand for cohesive and com- ket, particularly around the industrial centers, such as Bangalore prehensive standards. In addition, highly regulated industries, such and Hyderabad. Several universities have begun offering technical as the medical and fi nancial industries, require a standardized and communication programs, and the Society for Technical Com- consistent approach to documentation. While ISO standards do munication (STC) chapter there is active and strong. currently exist, they are all over the place, outdated and often For other countries, the profession appears less mature. Spain, in confl ict. Phil Cohen is currently heading an effort, known as for example, has no university-level program specifi cally for tech- Project 11, to update and consolidate these standards (www.hci nical communication, and technical communication is typically .com.au/iso/project_11/structure.htm). done by people without formal training and then only when it’s Professional certifi cation seems more important and conveys absolutely necessary. In addition, the Spanish author seemed more prestige in Europe and Asia than in North America. ISTC, unaware that most standard software applications and associated the UK’s primary professional association, and tekom have such documentation are available in Spanish versions. programs for their members. The STC has attempted several times China is just starting to develop technical communication as a during its history to implement certifi cation, but has met signifi - profession. While the Chinese chapter’s author did not mention it, cant resistance to the effort. there are several universities that now offer at least one course in technical communication — in English. Conclusion Technical Communication-international provides a snapshot of Status of the profession the technical communication profession in seventeen countries. Maturity of profession, recognition by the government as an This information has the following uses: employment category, availability of training programs and pro- QAssisting academic researchers to identify areas needing fur- fessional associations seem to directly correlate with the status of ther study the profession in a particular country. The exception seems to be QInforming INTECOM (the umbrella organization for profes- Denmark, which despite having the above characteristics, consid- sional associations in the profession) and its member organiza- ers technical communication to be a low status profession. tions which areas need attention (for example, a clear defi nition The only way to raise the status of the profession is to increase of our profession and recognition by governmental bodies) awareness of the value we bring to the business; to maintain QProviding technical communicators with a greater under- a positive, even enthusiastic, attitude about our work; and to standing of the professional milieu in which their colleagues work ensure that we ourselves behave like professionals. and live It’s interesting that a signifi cant percentage of technical com- QImproving cross-cultural understanding munication professionals feel undervalued. I guess I’ve been lucky QAssisting individuals who want to live and work in another because I have not personally experienced this phenomenon, have country to understand what they are getting into. M www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 21 22 | thus, ageographic namecanmore succinctlybecalleda name canoftenbeadiffi localization, thecultural andhistoricalconnectionofaplacetoits history andcurrent eventsofaspecifi discovery, aswellapotentialkeytounlocking thecultural ies, thenamesusedbygeographers are ofteninthemselves the labels givenbyzoologistsorastronomers totheirfresh discover- to theircelestialdiscoverieswithauniquename.Butunlikethe the speciesitself,orlikewisehowastronomers quicklylayclaim this practice, asanewspecies’nameoftenseemsimportant ucts ofsuchagenciesformany decadeswere massivehardcopy now mostlyallmanagedindigital form,oneoftheprimaryprod- Kingdom’s Permanent CommitteeonGeographic Names.Although such astheUSBoard onGeographic Names(BGN) ortheUnited government agencieswere establishedforthatverypurpose, well ifdon’tevenknowwhatlieswithinyourownborders —that important tonationalinterests —becauseyoucan’treally govern now considered avitalaspectofcartographic science. structured originsintheeighteenthand nineteenthcenturies,itis toponymy isamore recently evolveddiscipline.Havingfoundits While toponymshaveexistedsincetheearliestformsofmaps, Greek roots — equallyknownas“placenames”iscalled F MultiLingual Those whoworkinthezoologicalsciencesare veryfamiliarwith attributes, themostcommonbeinganame. distinct ingeographic spaceandyouprovide itwith information —thatis,youdiscoversomething the mostfundamentalcharacteristics ofgeographic the activityoflabelinggeographic thingsisoneof are not.Stretching backdeepintohumanhistory, everything that’s visibleandformanythingsthat covered inagreat varietyoflabelsforvirtually In fact,thecataloguingoftoponymswasconsidered so The studyoftheoriginandmeaninggeographic names Column From AntananarivotoZanzibar, theearthis Off theMap topos (geographic) name? What’s ina ac 06 [email protected] March2006 meaning cult issuetohandleappropriately. place and c locale.Inthecontextof ounouma toponymy meaning (from the toponym name ); . the stateofOregon thatcontainedthename January 2006,theBGNapproved changestoseveral toponymsin while alsoservingasahistoricalpointofreference. Asrecently as status bycodifyingthephysicalorcultural nature ofalocality signifi special namesastheyrelate tolocalization:theirsocio-political toponymy, butI’dprefer to highlighttwoprimaryfacetsofthese (if thefeature isatown,riverandsoforth). of names,latitudeandlongitudecoordinates andattributedata improper nationalfl and nationalisticlevels(similartohowlocalpeoplemayreact toan culture andpolitics,onalevelthatisoften raised tobroad cultural reinforce thattoponyms embodyacentral signifi space). Manyotherexamplescouldbecited,butit’s importantto for thecityofBangkok,whichIwon’trepeat here forthesakeof the longesttoponyminworldis157-character Thainame the rapid whirlpoolbySt.Tysilio’s ofthered cave”(incidentally, into “Thechurch ofSt.Maryinthehollow ofwhitehazeltrees near yngyllgogerychwyrndrobwyll-llantysiliogogogoch, whichtranslates longest geographic namesfrom northernWales: Llanfairpwllgw- can beadistinctgeographic marker, suchasoneoftheworld’s as KievtoKyivorOdessaOdesa.Inothercases,thenameitself minor butwere veryimportanttothelocalcultural identity, such way withsweepingchanges—someofwhichmayhaveseemed original, non-RussiantoponymswithperhapsUkraine leadingthe many oftheconstituentcountrieswere veryquicktorevert totheir Native Americanterm).WhentheSovietUnionfragmented in1989, name SquawRidgeisnowHoonaRidge,leveraging anacceptable is considered derogatory toNativeAmericans(forexample,the remove ahistoricallegacyofwesternexpansionbecausetheterm texts oftoponymrecords, called pher andasitsseniorgeopolitical strategist. ment. Previously, Tom spent13 yearsatMicrosoftasageogra- consultancy forgeostrategiccontentmanage- Seattle-based Tom Edwardsisowner andprincipalconsultantofEnglobe,a I couldgofurtherwiththemore mundaneaspectsof On thesubjectofsignifi cance andtheirpotentialsensitivityasatypeofcontent. ag orincorrect nationalmap). cance, a toponym often obtains a special cance, atoponymoftenobtainsspecial gazetteers Tom Edwards , thatcomprisedlists squaw cance to local cance tolocal inorder to Column

On the point of potential toponym sensitivity, I’d offer that Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names Online: www.getty.edu/ there are three primary aspects that you should address to research/conducting_research/vocabularies/tgn/about.html decrease the potential for this special type of content to run Because toponyms encapsulate such a high value on cultural, afoul of local governments and customers, whether translated or geopolitical and historical levels, this special class of content should not. Some of these aspects may require access to more targeted be managed with more care than perhaps other text content. Their subject-matter expertise to help guide the process: level of sensitivity is, of course, also tied to their discoverability, QName currency. Do you know the date of your cartographic which often makes them more sensitive in conjunction with the use sources? Are the names current within the past year or so? While of maps (a topic we will cover in the near future). If you approach many who leverage geographic names may haphazardly pull them toponyms as a type of text content that has the strong potential of off any old map, currency is very important as it sends a message being a “gateway” to opening deeper issues (nationalism, cultural to your customers that you are both aware of and concerned history, colonialism, ethnicity and so on), then you are on the about their local geography. right path to avoiding potential rifts with your local partners and QName sensitivity. Obviously, there are some names (refer to customers, including the local government who may passionately the accompanying examples) which are considered problematic in enforce the proper use of local toponyms. M certain locales, either for local or global use. You must ensure that a particular name may not yield serious backlash for your target locale and thus cause problems for you and/or your client. Leading examples of sensitive geographic names QCurrent transliteration/romanization methods. Perhaps Taiwan/Republic of China: This is considered perhaps the foremost one of the more frequent changes that occurs with toponyms toponym controversy. The name you employ for this political feature is when local authorities alter their preferred transliteration will either align or polarize you with the People’s Republic of China or romanization schemes. This, of course, yields signifi cantly (PRC) as well as the government of Taiwan. While the local name different results. For example, in 2000 the government of preference is clearly Republic of China (ROC), the name on mainland Korea (South) changed its Hangul Romanization scheme, which China is Taiwan, Province of China, which is the name refl ected resulted in many geographic name changes — such as changing in the widely used ISO 3166-1 geographic names standard, for the administrative areas of Cheju-do to Jeju-do and Kangw˘on- political reasons. In recent years, more creative alternatives have do to Gangwon-do. appeared to help minimize the sensitivity, such as Chinese Taipei, The mention of these aspects typically leads to an inevitable but these are not a long-term remedy. The name Taiwan is often a question: How does one go about verifying all this information best choice, but you must be mindful of the target audience as well and how much cost might be involved? Well, I’m glad you asked! as the potential for your product to enter the PRC. On the issue of cost, it depends on many factors but chiefl y upon Sea of Japan/East Sea: This hydrographic feature between the how early this work is done in your development cycle as well as Korean peninsula and Japan has long been disputed in name. The how closely integrated the accountability for such a name review standard label of Sea of Japan will be acceptable in every country might be with your existing processes. On the issue of how to beyond Korea, but within the latter the name East Sea is required. verify, here are some suggestions. Many cartographers have opted for a compromise solution such as QVerify with the local government agency. As you may Sea of Japan (East Sea) which is bittersweet to both sides. There is conclude from the previous discussion, the most important step to a long history behind this disputed name, and both Korea and Japan take is to verify toponym usage with the local market’s authority have gone to great lengths to convince other countries and map on such issues. The governments in most major markets have a geo- publishers that their particular viewpoint is historically accurate. graphic names authority of some type, and it is prudent to check The issue is still under consideration by the United Nations and the with them on the aforementioned aspects. Note: Keep in mind International Hydrographic Offi ce based in Monaco. that sometimes the local government name could be problematic (The Former Yugoslav) Republic of Macedonia: When Macedonia outside its local context, and your use of the name could cause attained independence from former Yugoslavia in 1991, its admis- problems in other locales (see the Macedonia example). sion to the United Nations was contingent upon its acceptance of QVerify usage against local maps and atlases. Examine your the name, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). toponym usage against the most prevalent local sources (such as While the local preference is simply Republic of Macedonia, Greece maps produced by the national survey agency) to get a sense of chiefl y led the pressure for the new country to adopt an alternate proper colloquial usage. name (as well as alternate fl ag design, but that’s another issue) due QVerify usage against international maps and atlases. As to the ancient connection of Greece with the Macedonian region. per cartographic practice, leverage existing, popular cartographic While FYROM is the UN-offi cial name, some countries opt to use sources as a means to confi rm your decisions and/or help raise only Republic of Macedonia, including the US government, which questions about potential usage. The goal is obviously not to copy changed its policy in 2005. Be careful: not using the FYROM name a single source’s solution but to use many sources as a guideline could be a problem if your product enters Greece. for your own policy. Kurdistan: While it has been heard much more in the past few years Here are a few toponym-related websites that I would highly in conjunction with the Iraq confl ict, the name Kurdistan remains recommend if you’re interested in pursuing this topic further: a fl ash point issue for Turkey. In many western countries the name The United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN): http:// is used typically to convey the cultural region where the Kurdish earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/bgn.html people are the majority, but in Turkey the name has a very clear United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names political connotation. If you intend to do business in Turkey and/or (UNGEGN): http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/about_us.htm. This have content that could be exposed to Turkish markets, be careful site also contains links to several national names authorities. of how this name is used. www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 23 World Savvy John Freivalds

Guerrilla linguistics

Column for business survival

In his new and fascinating book One Billion months. We mostly buy the tapes and CDs because they give us a Customers: Lessons From the Front Lines of sense of security, but not much gets learned. Doing Business in China, James McGregor tells us I have long encouraged clients to use guerrilla linguistics to accomplish their business goals in another country. You can’t that it is good to know and use Chinese proverbs study this skill in a traditional way. Take, for example, the business Iin getting things done. Forget about feeling visitor to Mexico City. In Mexican Spanish there is no better term proud that you learned to order food or ask for describing the way local business practices relate to government rules than la grilla. Yet no travel guide or dictionary I have where the bathroom is in Chinese. Whip out ever seen contains the phrase except for meaning a cookout. phrases such as these: Geneva Morrell, who handles international communication issues at UPS in Atlanta and is a fl uent speaker of French, told me Zhi lu wei ma. This means pointing at a deer and calling it a that Parisians are not usually impressed with a foreigner’s use horse, or, in the American English vernacular, saying one thing of the French language. But one group did pay attention when and doing another, something that often happens with deals an American representative uttered “C’est pas evident” upon you have with the government. hearing a proposal. The phrase, which is acceptable only when Tong chuang yi meng. This means two people sleeping in the spoken in France, casts doubt on the effectiveness of a strategy same bed but having different dreams. In other words, joint or the feasibility of a project. And it cast this businessperson in a venture partners often have different goals. favorable light among skeptical French associates. At present perhaps 500,000 foreigners are living and working The technique has also been demonstrated in English. Dave in China (110,000 Americans alone), and all need to remember Thomasson, who ran the US marketing operations for Seiko, Chairman Mao’s not-so-ancient proverb Gu wei jin yong, yang the Japanese language technology fi rm (handheld language wei zhing yong — Make the past serve the present, make for- calculators) in Los Angeles, told me this story. An informal group eign things serve China. Self explanatory! Watch out! of Japanese-American language coaches advised the chief of Understanding and using these proverbs at the right time in a Japanese-speaking business delegation to say “That’s in the order to improve your negotiation position are the essence of ballpark” at a key part of a price negotiation. He surprised the what I call guerrilla linguistics. The logic is simple. You have to Americans present, who then assumed that their Japanese coun- travel to a new country in a couple of days, so how do you make terparts knew more English than they actually did. From that a favorable impression or improve your negotiation position? point on, the Americans wondered what had been overheard in The language establishment at major universities, sellers of unguarded corridor conversations. language learning tapes and CDs or language schools would say “no can do.” As you may know, I publish a line of posters Good marketing not just common sense based on this concept, and one professional language journal As a businessperson, I know Russia pretty well. I fi rst used turned down my advertisement because it wasn’t “professional” guerrilla linguistics in Russia when our fi rm did a marketing enough. The accepted professional wisdom is that you have to survey of the consumer retail market in Russia. The project take immersion classes taught by Ph.D.s, work in the language was done for Jacobs Trading, which was owned by a no- lab, listen to CDs and do the homework. nonsense billionaire, Irvin Jacobs. It is the largest factory You go to work in a new country on short notice and are closeout fi rm in the United States. If you ever wonder where exhausted at the end of a cross-cultural day. Dollar General, the Dollar Store and other If you are valuable to a company, you sim- John Freivalds is managing director of discounters gets their goods, think no ply can’t go off to a language camp for two the marketing communications fi rm JFA. further than Jacobs Trading.

24 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] Column

Money / Деньги (Den’gi *) explains the niceties of positioning, segmentation and branding? Impress people at the bank or in the boardroom with these famous sayings about money. I got together with the guy who ran our offi ce — a slightly nervous Pronunciation Literal English type, you might conclude. He wore a Russian Usage or Examples of the Saying Translation Equivalent bulletproof vest; always carried a gun, a thousand dollars in cash and his pass- Деньги Q: Why are your accounting счет Den’gi schyot Money loves to None. procedures so involved? port; and was ready to leave Moscow at любят lyubyat be counted. A: Den’gi schyot lyubyat a moment’s notice. We were able to get a list of foreign Время Vremya ------Time is money. Time is money. Same as in English business representatives of companies деньги den’gi from the International Press Club and the various chambers of commerce Деньги Den’gi к k Money sticks The rich are Same as in English (US-Russian, Italian-Russian and so on), деньгам den’gahm to money. getting richer. which included all of their fax numbers. We fi gured that all these representatives Деньги Den’gi had arrived in Moscow not knowing не ne Money doesn’t Money doesn’t stink. Same as in English пахнут pakhnoot smell. Money tells no tales. very much Russian and that all would need some sort of translation help. So we put our two armed bodyguards Копейка Kahpeyka Kopeks save Save pennies, and рубль roubl’ rubles. dollars will take Same as in English to work faxing (by name) the 297 West- бережёт berezhyot care of themselves. ern managers we had identifi ed. It took (*Bold syllables are stressed) Source: NCS Enterprises, LLC two weeks because lines were busy or dead sometimes. Jacobs wanted to see what could be done in exporting US We made this offer: “In order for you to know us better, we factory closeouts to Russia. So, I went off to Moscow and St. would like to put you on our monthly delivery list for a free Guer- Petersburg with two of his top guys, neither of whom had ever rilla Linguistics newsletter. We think of it as a convenient way been to Russia before. to broaden your contemporary business vocabulary and even Jacobs prides himself on the fact that he attended the Uni- strengthen your negotiating skills. The attached fl ier provides the versity of Minnesota for just one day before he decided it was details. Please return the enclosed fax form and we will do the rest.” irrelevant for running a business. He liked the concept of guer- The fi rst month’s offering on money looked like the accompa- rilla linguistics, which would help explain his business and any nying table, “Money.” negotiation. It is in keeping with the statement on the company’s The result? We sent out 297 faxes with the offer and got 47 current website that “Jacobs Trading has extensive experience in responses — and 14 of these, including IBM, became our clients. export and has generated exciting opportunities for many over- In direct marketing metrics, the campaign was a smashing success. seas customers who are looking for deep discounted inventories.” We had scores of meetings set up, and I prepared a little guer- How to learn and practice guerrilla linguistics rilla linguistics guide pertaining to the retail business. I instructed I have shown how we have effectively used guerrilla linguis- the Jacobs’ guys in uttering the Russian slang for cash, how tics and got maximum effect from the technique. Here are a few much, when, credit, profi t, discount and many others. useful rules that a global savvy traveler can use. Guerrilla linguistics is not just common sense for a global- 1. Have a native person in the target country provide you with savvy businessperson. It makes for a marvelous marketing a list of key business slang and jargon and have a second native tool for the language business we are familiar with. I once source corroborate them. ran the marketing efforts of a translation and interpretation 2. Pick the terms that fi t the agenda of the business meetings fi rm in Moscow. We were fi guring out how to make ourselves you will attend. So if you are going to hear a proposal that you better known to our target audience without attracting expect to be unappealing, learn how to put it in that context in too much attention. Figure out that conundrum. Our fi rm native business terminology. wasn’t large and was purposely run out of an apartment in 3. Practice the pronunciation and intonation of the phrases a nondescript building. Why? If you put an ad in the Eng- you want to use. Eliminate stiffness and as much of your accent lish-language Moscow Times advertising what you do, even as possible. today, you are as likely to get a call from someone offering 4. Learn the facial and hand gestures that might go along — or should I say demanding? — to be your “roof” (Pyccko, with delivering the selected phrase. Don’t be caught delivering a pronounced krysha), that is, your protection. skeptical phrase with positive hand gestures and body language. E-mail was not yet fully developed in Moscow, and the 5. Have someone provide a simultaneous interpretation at postal service was nonexistent. It was hard to send couriers the meeting so you will know where to interject the phrase with packages — they would be refused for fear of bombs. You you’ve learned and so you can be coached on the spot. Timing is couldn’t call the foreigner you wanted — the stentorian Rus- everything. sian secretary would not let you get through. Some companies 6. Answer the surprised facial expression you will get in utter- even published an incorrect address so that gangsters couldn’t ing the well-rehearsed phrases you’ve learned with a small one fi nd them. What to do? Consult a marketing book which that courteously says, “Touché.” M www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 25 26 | the project oftheproject competitive bid: components thatshouldappearineveryRFPgoesoutfor the vendortodevelopaproposal. Thisoutline describesthe (plus source fi manage thelocalizationproject. Benefi multiple vendors localization fi for localizationthroughout theproject orattheend? Where does ization fi an overviewofyourcompany’s development cycleandhowlocal- including contactinformationandroles. important —quality, costorschedule?).Identifythekeyplayers, business andtheproject. Describeyourexpectations (what’s most need tobein?Howmanywords, graphics anddocuments are Which languagesdoyouneed? Whatformatsdothedeliverables potential issues R MultiLingual develop anadequateproposal orquotation. lack theinformationnecessaryforvendorto requesting theproposal. However, manyRFPs about theproject andaboutthecompany localization vendorwithcriticalinformation Q Q Q RFPs donothavetobelongdocuments.Two tofi Components ofanRFP Q Q Q Q An effectiveRFPenablesyoutomore effectivelyevaluateand Column Scope. Developmentprocess graphic. Introduction. Requests forproposals (RFPs) provide the Ensuring that you are comparing like-to-like when evaluating Ensuring thatyouare comparinglike-to-likewhenevaluating Enabling youtoclearlydefi Requiring youtoclearlydefi Providing aconsistentdescriptionoftheproject, including ts intothecycle.Are youexpectingtoprovide content Step by Identify howbigandcomplex theproject is. t into therelease schedule? les) generally provide enoughinformationfor request forproposal Developing aneffective ac 06 [email protected] March2006 Provide aparagraph ortwosummarizingyour ne expectationsatthebeginning n h cp n ceuefr ne thescopeandschedulefor This graphic shouldprovide ts include: KitBrown ve pages work wellinalllanguages.Acompetentlocalizationvendorwill others. Thehigh-endfeatures availableinsomeapplicationsdon’t workaround. Someapplicationsare lesslocalizationfriendlythan are notsupportedbysomeapplications, andtheywillrequire a more accurately estimate theeffort.Forexample,somelanguages the content.Thisinformationwillhelplocalizationvendor tion industry. as wellseveralyearsworking asaconsultantinthelocaliza- medical, biotech nology, environmentalandcomputerindustries, She has16yearsofexperience writingandconsultingforthe a technicalcommunicationservices andconsultingcompany. [M. Katherine] KitBrown istheprincipalof ComgenesisLLC, content hasbeentranslated? memory (TM)existforthiscontent,orisitthefi user interfaceissuesinthelocalizedversions? Doesatranslation the localizationincludesoftware strings?Firmware? Testing for management system,ordotheyneedtobeformatted?Does being translated? Willthelocalizedversions befedintoacontent release inalllanguages? do youexpecttheproduct release? Are youdoingsimultaneous see in-countryreviews? Whenisthesource contentfi the fi the localizationareas highlighted.Whendoyouanticipategetting information thatyoucanapplyimmediatelytoyourbusiness. vendor. Ihopethatthesearticlesprovide youwithpractical relationship betweentheclientcompanyandlocalization Q Q Tools required. Schedule. rst round ofcontenttolocalization?Whendoyouwant This column is the second in a series that explores the This columnisthesecondinaseriesthatexplores Provide anoverviewoftheproject schedule,with Identify whattoolsare beingusedtocreate rst timethe nal? When Column be able to identify these issues for you Evaluation Checklist in the proposal and will recommend workarounds. R Did the vendor follow the directions? Q Sample files. Provide a list of the R Is the proposal complete and comprehensive? source fi les that you are including with R Does the proposed solution meet your needs? the RFP and identify the tool used to Does the solution fi t your budget? create them. For graphics, provide the R Does the proposal consider any special issues that you listed in the RFP? original fi le (such as CorelDraw, Adobe R Does the proposal clearly identify how the vendor’s process meshes with yours? Illustrator or Adobe Photoshop format). R Are the cost estimates in line with the other vendors? For software products, consider providing If not, is there a special service that the vendor recommends, a working copy of the software, as well which may account for the difference? as the resource or string fi les, so that R How does the vendor handle translation memory? Content management? the vendor can quickly identify interface QA? Changes? issues. R Is the vendor responsive to providing additional information or clarifi cation? If you provide a PDF of the content, R Does the vendor include a list of assumptions and risk assessment for the project? also provide the original source fi le (such R Does the vendor provide innovative solutions to issues they fi nd with your fi les as Adobe FrameMaker, Adobe InDesign, or processes? QuarkXPress, Microsoft Word and so on) so that the localization vendor can identify any problems related to formatting. Conclusion to your localization needs. By clearly If you have screenshots of a software Creating an effective RFP can save identifying expectations, scope and product, include the specifi cations used to you time and money on your localization schedule, you can help ensure that the develop the screenshots. projects by ensuring that you receive an relationship with the localization vendor Q Templates, style guides, glossary. accurate quote and an effective solution gets off to a good start. M Provide the localization vendor with the templates, style guides and glossary. This information enables the vendor to ensure consistency in developing the localized versions. Has the glossary been translated previously? If so, provide the translated versions. Q Preferred format and due date. Tell the vendor how you want the proposal structured and when it is due. By requiring a particular order of information, you can more easily compare proposals from multiple vendors. Identify the level of detail you want on the cost breakdown. Identify how you want to receive the proposal (e-mail, regular mail, in person, presentation). Tell the vendor when the proposal is due and provide at least a week so that the vendor has time to contact you with questions. For complex projects, you may want to arrange a meeting with each vendor to ensure understanding of the project. For directed bids where the vendor has an established relationship with you, you can leave out the preferred format and extra details about the company. Evaluation checklist Once the vendor has provided you with a proposal, you can use the “Evaluation Checklist” that accompanies this column to evaluate how well the proposal meets your needs. www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 27 Gary Muddyman

Opportunities in Latin America — Brazil Perspectives Riding a wave of nearly a 10% increase in attracts strong performers in the automotive, telecommunica- economic growth in 2005, global trade has fl ourished tions, aerospace and defense, chemical and oil sectors, as well as import and export activity has seen an all-time as in their production chain. And its geographic location and high. But with this growth has also come heavier com- maritime access make it an ideal trading hub for North America petition.R As a result, most business owners are looking and Europe. for new ways to deliver products not only on time but Brazil’s education standards for its population of over 186 million are improving as well, thereby enabling recruitment also ahead of their competitors, as well as maintaining opportunities for the future. The country’s positive attitude a desirable price point for those products. With Eastern toward education is articulated through increased investment, powerhouses such as China and India importing and particularly at the university level. This, combined with the exporting goods at rock-bottom prices, the need to fi nd relatively high linguistic skills that its workforce displays, makes alternative and cost-effective locations that provide some Brazil a fast growing global expansion leader. competitive advantages has become increasingly critical. In fact, Brazil is home to several renowned universities and research institutions that educate and train highly special- For those of us in the translation and localization industry, ized tradespeople in science, technology, mathematics and there has never been a better time to revisit global expansion manufacturing. This makes Brazil one of the largest scientifi c goals. Where the trend for many companies is to go East, many and technologic reference centers in Latin America, attracting European and North American enterprises are looking to our Latin sophisticated companies in the aeronautic, automobile and American neighbors to provide a very economic alternative. telecommunication sectors. Among the local companies, Brazilian Brazil, with the ninth largest economy in the world, is growing Aeronautical Enterprise (EMBRAER) is one of the biggest exporters in popularity as an expansion destination due in part to its growth in Brazil. EMBRAER is the fourth-largest worldwide manufacturer in gross domestic product of nearly 5% per year. Its stable eco- of commercial aircraft and a leader in the segment of regional nomic position hosts nearly 400 of the world’s top 500 companies. aviation. Other large companies such as General Motors, LG The state of São Paulo is the country’s driving economic force, Philips, Ericsson, Johnson & Johnson, Panasonic, Hitachi and one of the major business centers in Latin America and home to Honeywell also have headquarters in Brazil. hundreds of distinguished global corporations in the industrial, Another factor that increases Brazil’s appeal is the relatively low fi nancial, trade and service sectors. São Paulo’s economy has been cost of living, compared to other leading commerce centers such expanding in recent years, and the city has implemented tax incen- as the United States, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and tives to help drive business development. This same economic and countries in the European Union. The average Brazilian worker is business investment can be seen throughout the country. paid around US$650 a month. For a worker in São Paulo, the cost For instance, São Paulo’s fi nancial daily, Gazeta Mercantil, of living equates to roughly 55% of that in New York, according reported on October 5, 2005, that venture capital funds are invest- to a September 2004 survey by the Economist Intelligence Unit. ing once again in Brazilian information technology (IT) companies, What it adds up to is the evolution of Brazil as a unique, growing though in a more selective pattern than during the internet and cost-effective hub for international business. “boom.” According to research done by KPMG, 258 mergers and As the localization and translation industry continues to grow, acquisitions have taken place in the IT sector in Brazil since 1994, industry standards will evolve and become increasingly more helping lead to a nearly 5% increase in the IT sector over the past global. As a result, countries such as Brazil will become prime three years. For companies such as mine, which are currently trying candidates for expansion, opening up a new world of possibilities to target the IT sector, this is an opportunity to tap into a growing for companies with global expansion goals. M market segment without the infrastructure costs involved in already established markets such as the United States and Europe. Brazil as a whole has excellent conditions for attracting major Gary Muddyman is managing director of Conversis, an Oxford, trading partners which already include the United States, Argen- England-based provider of globalization, internationalization, tina, China, Japan, Germany and The Netherlands. In addition, it localization and translation services.

28 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] 29 LanguagesTools | lingua franca MultiLingual is English, although lingua franca Although these islands have been in Dutch hands for almost four centuries, the of the ABC islands is Papiamentu. On the Wind- of the ABC islands is Papiamentu. ward Islands the a small number of the inhabitants also speak because of family ties and business Papiamentu relations within the Netherlands Antilles. Extrap- olating from these total population numbers and The Netherlands Antilles. (82° F), and an average of 550 mm (21 inches) of rain falls every (82° F), and an average of 550 mm (21 year (distributed between “rainy” and “dry” seasons). The heat is tempered by the steady northeast trade winds, so all in all, the weather is quite pleasant. and specializes in any translator who lives in combination of Dutch, Salem, Massachusetts, Papiamentu and English. Papiamentu Larry D. Salas is a freelance Caribbean language Caribbean Larry D. Salas Papiamentu: a uniquely a uniquely Papiamentu:

In the southern part of the Caribbean

With a total population of approximately 275,000 275,000 With a total population of approximately The ABC islands, the focus Basin, approximately 30 miles off the north- Basin, approximately a mere 12°ern coast of South America and lies a triplet of islands north of the equator, ofthat improbably form part of the Kingdom (500 miles)The Netherlands. Roughly 800 km belongingto the northeast lies another trio setto the same kingdom. The southernmost (alsoconsists of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao or Leeward Islands). known as the “ABC” Islands,The northernmost, the Windward are St. Maarten/St. Martin, St. Eustatius (Statia) and Saba. These six islands together are known as the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba, two autonomous entities within the commonwealth. ve square miles). www.multilingual.com March 2006

persons and a total surface area of some 993 square persons and a total surface area of some 993 square km (382 square miles), it is comparatively tiny as nations go. Curaçao is the largest island of the six, with approximately square miles), 136,000 inhabitants and 444 square km (171 1,500 inhabit- while Saba is the smallest with approximately ants and less than 13 square km (ﬁ of this article, enjoy an almost ideal climate. They are located just outside of the feared hur- ricane belt, the average annual temperature hovers around 28° C I Languages

adding the approximately 115,000 Papiamentu-speaking An tilleans were sold into slavery on the nearby island of La Española (the and Arubans living in the “diaspora” (mainly The Netherlands), we present Haiti/Dominican Republic). Most of the remaining Indi- arrive at a total of close to 350,000 speakers of Papiamentu world- ans went to the mainland a century later when the Dutch took wide. This is more than there are speakers of Maltese (estimated at control of the island. After 1650, with the arrival of Portuguese 330,000 by www.ethnologue.com), yet fewer than the number Jews and West African slaves, the population started to grow of Cape Verdean speakers and become more and (listed as 393,943 by www more diverse. These .ethnologue.com), to put islands, with their con- things in perspective. But siderably arid climate, the story of its lilting and were used more as a melodious creole language, slave-depot than any- Papiamentu, is rich and thing else. fascinating in inverse pro- Along with that di- portion to the size of the versity came a neces- country and the number of sity for the different its native speakers. population groups to The harbor of Curaçao in 1830. communicate with one Historical background another. Papiamentu started to evolve. Some Spain “discovered” and promptly con- believe that Papiamentu began to develop quered the islands of Curaçao and Bonaire Papiamentu is almost one hundred years before the African in the early years of the sixteenth century. slaves started coming to the ABC islands. By the seventeenth century, the Caribbean the most universally That theory states that around the ports on Sea (named after the Caribs, an indigenous spoken language on the west coast of Africa there already existed tribe) was a turbulent area populated by several Portuguese-African pidgins and cre- the explorers and pirates of their day under the ABC islands, oles (the so-called proto-Afro-Portuguese a myriad of fl ags. After having been in the infl uence) that were brought to the islands hands of the Spanish for about a century, the although it is spoken by slaves and traders and passed on to the island of Curaçao was conquered in 1634 by a little differently local population who continued using them the Dutchman, Johannes van Walbeeck, on as a means of communication. The guene behalf of the Dutch West-Indian Company on each one. language, which the fi rst slaves to arrive on whose fl eet he commanded. The West-Indian Curaçao brought with them, provides evi- Company, driven by a need for salt for its herring trade as well dence for this theory. As stated earlier, Papiamentu is the most as the necessity of a military base from which to launch its pri- universally spoken language on the ABC islands, although it is vateering sorties, was always looking for valuable beachheads spoken a little differently on each one. We could even speak of in the New World. In addition, the Dutch needed a way-station three different dialects of Papiamentu (a dialect being defi ned between their territories in Brazil and The Netherlands. Cura- as a variety of a language used by people from a particular çao’s location was perfectly suited for that purpose, and thus geographic area). began the Dutch infl uence in the territories presently known as Although Dutch is the offi cial language on the ABC islands, the Netherlands Antilles. we cannot speak of a superstrate-substrate relationship between Except for a few brief periods at the end of the eighteenth Dutch and Papiamentu. This is because none of Papiamentu’s century and the beginning of the nineteenth, during which they component languages are native to the islands. were in the hands of the British, the island group has remained Like other creoles, Papiamentu is a language that originated Dutch ever since. In 1954, when the concept of the right of from a nontrivial combination of two or more languages. Cre- self-determination was in its heyday, the Netherlands Antil- oles typically contain many distinctive features that are not les succeeded in acquiring the status of autonomous territory inherited from either — or, in this case, any — parent language within the Dutch Kingdom, meaning that they would have and contain radical morphological changes along with a syn- proportional representation with their own parliament elected tax which is not obviously borrowed from any of the parent by the people. Each individual island within the union also had tongues. Papiamentu is a mixture of dialects of several lan- a status of an “island territory” within the federation model, guages — Portuguese and Spanish, English, Dutch, Caribbean with a local island council elected by the people. This is still the Indian languages (Aruac, Carib and so on) and Portuguese- case, except for Aruba which, after years of struggle, split off African pidgins and creoles. The word Papiamentu itself means from the other fi ve islands of the Netherlands Antilles in 1986 talk (noun), speaking or speech in Papiamentu and presumably to become an autonomous territory alongside the Netherlands comes from the Portuguese verb papear meaning to chatter Antilles. To this day, both the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba modifi ed by the ending –mentu which is used to form a noun. are parliamentary democracies, with each territory having a English and French elements entered Papiamentu along with fi gurehead governor appointed by the Dutch crown. Dutch. Later, the infl uence of the Spanish-speaking inhabitants and the proximity to Spanish-speaking South America, as well The emergence of Papiamentu as sailors and traders from port cities in northern Spain (Cata- After the Spanish arrived in Curaçao, a majority of the origi- luña, Galicia), brought about a hispanization of Papiamentu. Yet nal inhabitants, the Caiquetíos (a coastal tribe of the Aruacs), another theory posits that Papiamentu is a direct descendant of

30 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] Languages the Spanish that was used in that era (“Old Span- Cardinal numbers Q generally the morpheme that denotes plural- ish”) and/or Judeo-Spanish, and that later the other Un(u) = one ity is the same as the third personal pronoun: nan languages entered gradually. Dos = two = they; muchanan = children Tres = three In the end, we are still not completely sure if Q there is a presence of serial verb construc- Kuat(e)r = four Spanish or Portuguese was the basis of Papiamentu, tions — for example, Sinta pensa (un ratu) = Sit Sinku = fi ve although we are fairly sure it was some version Seis = six and think (for a while); Lanta para wak = Stand of one or the other. Because of the similarities Shete = seven up and look between the two languages, it is often diffi cult to Ocho = eight Q reduplication (double-words) is used with dif- tell whether a particular word came from one or the Nuebe = nine ferent functions: pega-pega (“stick-stick” as in glue) other. Research continues on the topic. Dies = ten — a lizard that supposedly sticks to objects but pegá- pegá (“stuck-stuck”) = very stuck/jammed; poko-poko Characteristics of Days of the week (“slow-slow”) = careful, very slow, annoyingly slow; Papiamentu’s grammar Djaluna = Monday pushi-pushi (“cat-cat”) = quietly, as when someone is Standardization of Papiamentu is a work in prog- Djamars = Tuesday sneaking around quietly Djarason = Wednesday ress, made more complicated by the fact that there Djaweps = Thursday Q there is a preference for the active voice rather are different schools of thought on each island as to Djabièrne = Friday than the passive voice what words to include in the vocabulary and how Djasabra = Saturday they should be spelled. For this discussion, I will Djadumingu = Sunday The long road toward standardization use the phonetic spelling school in the examples. Although much has been accomplished in First, a few observations. Months of the year the effort to standardize Papiamentu, only about In Papiamentu: Yanüari = January 10,000 words have been standardized so far. There Febrüari = February Q the defi nite article is always e is no offi cial master corpus or source to use as a Mart = March nouns have no special form to indicate gender. reference to fi nd the equivalent of a Papiamentu Q Aprel = April Gender is created by adding words such as homber Mèi = May word or expression in another language. Curaçao (man)/machu (male) or muhe (woman) behind the Yüni = June and Aruba have come a long way, to be sure, but noun: pushi machu = cat male; mucha homber = Yüli = July it remains a hard struggle. In 1984, the Standard- child male Ougùstùs = August ization Committee for the Papiamentu Language Q nouns do not denote plurality when preceded Sèptèmber = September (Komishon di Standarisashon di Papiamentu or by numerical modifi ers — for example, un homber Oktober = October KSP) was created. This body actually standardized = one man; dos homber = two men; un hende = one Novèmber = November approximately 10,000 Papiamentu words and has person; hopi hende = many people; un strea = one Desèmber = December since gone out of existence. star; tres strea = three stars The Antillean Language Institute (Instituto Qverbs use independent particles to indicate time and aspect, Lingwistiko Antiano or ILA), founded in 1975, doesn’t exist as in Mi ta bai = I am going; Mi tabata bai = I was going; Mi lo anymore either. The ILA had created the KSP together with the bai = I will go Aruban Language Institute (Instituto di Idioma I Literatura Aru- biano or IDILA) when Aruba still was part of the Netherlands English Papiamentu Spanish Portuguese Dutch Antilles. house kas casa casa huis There are, as mentioned earlier, two major movements on table mesa mesa mesa tafel chair stul silla/asiento cadeira stoel the subject of spelling of Papiamentu, which makes standardization such an awesome undertaking. These are the Curaçaoan/ tire tayer caucho/ pneumático band pneumático Bonairean spelling (Römer-Maduro-Jonis), which is based on sky shelu cielo céu hemel phonetics, and the Aruban spelling (Mansur), which is largely tree mata/palu arbol árvore boom shoe sapatu zapato sapato schoen based on etymology. A quick look at the four or fi ve newspapers dog kachó perro cachorro hond in Papiamentu available in Curaçao is enough to see that there cat pushi gato gato poes/kat still is a long way to go before there is consensus. apple apel manzana maçã appel book buki libro livro boek Papiamentu in education bicycle baiskel bicicleta bicicleta fi ets outside afó (a)fuera (a)fora buiten Throughout the process of standardization and running then anto entonces Então dan parallel to it, there has always been a discussion — sometimes vehement — on the subject of introducing Papiamentu as the thank you danki gracias obrigado dank je/ dank u language of instruction in the schools or to keep it simply as to read lesa leer ler lezen a compulsory subject. Papiamentu is the mother tongue of the to walk ka(m)na caminar andar lopen to eat kome comer comer eten vast majority of inhabitants of the ABC islands, and having to speak papia hablar falar/papear spreken Dutch as the language of instruction in the school system has go bai va vai ga always been a signifi cant problem for the pupils who come pretty bunita bonito bonito mooi from households where Dutch is not spoken. This has caused a still/yet ainda todavía aínda nog high incidence of dropouts throughout the past few decades. A but ma/pero pero mas maar middle ground has been sought for a long time. Simple vocabulary comparing differences Questions that continually come up involve when to and similarities (probable origin in bold). introduce the world languages such as English and Spanish; www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 31 Languages

whether the language of instruc- of push and pull before a modus tion should be English, Spanish operandi is found that will sat- or Dutch — or Papiamentu. The isfy all parties concerned. ideal solution lies somewhere along the spectrum. Computing Some headway in solving this in Papiamentu problem has been made in the last Because the language is spo- decade, however. Papiamentu was ken by so few people worldwide introduced as a compulsory sub- and does not have a standardized ject in all grades of the elementary vocabulary and grammar, the com- school system in 1986. As of early puting resources available in and 2000, all elementary schools use The Penha Building for Papiamentu are relatively few. Papiamentu as the language of (above), built in 1708, and Most of the work towards creat- instruction, while Dutch, English the Civil Registry Offi ce ing computer-based resources has and Spanish are introduced in the in Curaçao display Dutch been done by Sidney Joubert in later grades (fi fth and/or sixth). In architecture in a tropical Curaçao. He was the fi rst one to setting of the ABC islands. Curaçao, Papiamentu became a publish a well-researched Papia- compulsory subject in the fi rst The verb Ta (to be) The verb Papia (to speak) mentu-Dutch dictionary in 1991 year of middle school in the (A)mi ta I am (A)mi ta papia I speak (24,500 entries) and put it on the 1998-1999 academic year, and in (A)bo ta You are (A)bo ta papia You speak market in CD-ROM format as well. the 1999-2000 academic year it E ta He/she/it is E ta papia He/she/it speaks There is also a Dutch-Papiamentu also became compulsory in the Nos ta We are Nos ta papia We speak dictionary available in hardcover second year of middle school. Boso ta You are Boso ta papia You speak and CD-ROM (22,400 entries). Both Nan ta They are Nan ta papia They speak Currently (2005-2006), it is a run on Windows 95 or higher as compulsory subject in middle school and was laid by the Curaçao Language Insti- well as the Mac system 8.1 or higher or OS almost all grades of high school. tute (Sede di Papiamentu), which was X 10.0.4 or higher. After years of deliberation and founded in 1983 and which morphed Another database is the Banko di pal- discussion, the speed with which the into the National Language Institute abra electróniko Hulandes-Papiamentu by decision to introduce Papiamentu in the (Instituto Nashonal di Idioma or INDI) Thelma Anthonia. A spelling checker called school system was made seven years in 1993. The FPI is working hard to Spèlchek, Kontrografi a di Papiamentu runs ago has left the creators of curricula and meet the demand and has a chronic lack on Microsoft Offi ce 97 and 2000 v. 1.0 for teaching materials at a loss. In an effort of money and staff, which makes its Windows 95, 98, Me, NT4, SP3 and higher to catch up quickly, the Language Plan- job more diffi cult. Suffi ce it to say that as well as WordPerfect and CorelDRAW ning Foundation (Fundashon pa Plani- Curaçao is not out of the woods yet as 8 and 9. It is now also available with an fi kashon di Idioma or FPI) was created far as the issue of Papiamentu in educa- Aruban version (3.0). For learning Papia- in 1998. The basis for this foundation tion is concerned, and there will be a lot mentu, there is Siña papiamentu, Learn

32 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] Languages

history and perseverance — and with Bon biní = welcome Pakiko/di kon? = why? Kon ta bai/kumbai = hello/how are you? Unda? = where? good reason. Besides being an emotional Bon = good/well Kon? = how? topic, the decision of whether and when Malu = bad/ill Ki ora? = when? to introduce Papiamentu in the school Hopi = very Kiko? = what? system has also become a politically Por fabor = please Ku = with loaded one. The jury is still out on the Danki = thank you Pasobra = because best method to implement bilingual or Di nada = you’re welcome I = and multilingual education. Aki = here Awe = today There is no question that being multi- Aya = there Mañan/Mayan = tomorrow lingual is a goal that all of us must strive (A)mi tin = I have Ayera = yesterday to attain in this new global economy. Dushi = sweet/sweetheart/delicious Antayera = the day before yesterday Whether Papiamentu can be a practical Bon dia = good morning Si = yes language in that global economy remains Bon tardi = good afternoon No = no a question. The hope and expectation are Bon nochi = good evening/night Ayo = goodbye that the powers that be will realize that the Common words and phrases in Papiamentu. only way present and future generations of Antilleans and Arubans will be able to Papiamento for Windows & Macintosh, multilingual speaking four languages compete in the world is if they are fl uent 2000. No machine translation of Papia- fl uently. I fi nd that one language feeds in one of the world’s major languages. mentu is available yet. on the other. Indeed, often natives throw Learning Papiamentu formally early on in words from all four languages when can help or hinder this learning. The future of Papiamentu speaking, which makes for very interest- Whatever is ultimately decided, I was born and raised and lived until ing and fast talking from the point of Papiamentu should have its honorable my late thirties on the island of Curaçao. view of outsiders and gives one a glimpse and dignifi ed place as a living and I spoke Papiamentu at home from a very into how it is that Papiamentu developed evolving language in the Netherlands early age, learned English and Spanish the way it did. Antilles, Aruba and other places where at home and was educated in the school Native speakers of Papiamentu love it is spoken because, as the saying goes, system, which was entirely in Dutch. I feel their language and are proud of how far “You have to know where you come from very fortunate to have been raised as a it has come and what it says about their to know where you are going.” M

References

Goslinga, Cornelis ch. A Short History of the Netherlands Antilles and Surinam. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1979. Maduro, Antoine J. Papiamentu: Di un Palu pa Otro. Curaçao: O.K.S.N.A., 1992. Lauffer, Pierre. Di Nos: Antología di Nos Literatura. Curaçao: Salas Bookstore, 1971. Munteanu, Dan. El Papiamento, Lengua Criolla Hispánica. Madrid, 1996. Maps produced by the CIA and downloaded from University of Texas Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection at www.lib.utexas.edu/maps. Websites

The CIA World Fact Book on the Netherlands Antilles: www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/nt.html The CIA World Fact Book on Aruba: www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/aa.html Woordenboek Nederlands - Papiaments (Papiamentu dictionaries): www.papiamentu.nl Wordgumbo Papiamento: www.wordgumbo.com/pc/pap/index.htm Curaçao Tourist Board website: www.curacao.com Aruba Tourism Authority website: www.aruba.com The Government of the Netherlands Antilles: www.gov.an www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 33

35 |

IndustryTools Focus - uence cult to cient. Approval cient. MultiLingual ow takes on a whole new dimen- ow takes certain locales, it is extremely diffi anticipate delays that may come from regulatory authorities. For example, such an authority may decide that results from clinical trials are inconclusive or otherwise insuffi can essentially never be circumvented just to schedule, so process schedules a marketing keep ow. Localization workfl Localization ow. Furthermore, tracking and documentation of the sign-off Furthermore, tracking and documentation Some target jurisdictions add headaches of their own. For how to use life supporting equipment such as a ventilator, defi as a ventilator, how to use life supporting equipment such brillator or heart-lung machine. Localization takes place within takes brillator or heart-lung machine. Localization These rules not the context of a strict regulatory environment. said, but also infl only govern what can or cannot be workfl sign-off is added. One sion when the component of approval proof everything to “We medical localization professional says, mechanisms must death!” Timeframes lengthen, and feedback be implemented. to a degree that is trail must support squeaky-clean auditing software world. Gören unthinkable in the fast-paced consumer information and educa- Nordlund, a project manager for user Critical Care AB, states, “It is not tion at Sweden’s MAQUET only the sign-off trail that has to be auditable. As soon as a document has been released, any change has to be approved and documented. In medical-device localization the worst thing you can do is to do anything without having supporting docu- it ments showing who did it, why was it done, who checked and, maybe even more important, who said that it should be done. Imagine the number of documents and sign-offs required for a change in a user manual!” Multiply this by the differing regulatory requirements of different target jurisdictions, and consumer software you have a logistical headache that makes localization look positively simplistic. Richard Sikes has been trainer and consultant. immersed in localization localization management since 1989. He is a freelance

medical localization medical Richard Sikes Current topics in topics in Current

ve or six on the phone in a conference ve or six on the phone in a conference

If two localization professionals begin to If two localization professionals Professionals responsible for localization work in the phar- Professionals responsible for localization Medical localization shares many attributes with other realms For this reason, there is a great chat about the special problems that their work chat about the special problems is developed. entails, a fair amount of energy Get ﬁ Multiply that by call, and the energy abounds. and a syn- six or seven in a round table setting, in. ergistic “wow factor” really sets I www.multilingual.com March 2006 maceutical and medical-device industries deal with a special set maceutical and medical-device industries localization industry do of problems that those in the “classical” to meet under the not. When they have an occasional chance conference in a round table auspices of the Localization World that forum that setting just for them, they discover through they and their peers share many top-of-mind concerns. Such sharing is unique and contrasts starkly with other industries. for is the only forum The Medical Localization Round Table pharmaceutical and device companies to discuss translation and localization issues. of the industry such as software localization, and there are many areas of overlap, such as medical imaging software, for example. But there are also profound differences. A poor or inaccurate translation may generate a smirk factor when it occurs in the context of a consumer software program. It may be annoying if it is in a business application. But when the subject matter has are much higher. to do with human life, the stakes deal of regulation that pertains to the translation of medical source material, whether that material is instructions for patients regarding consumption of medication or for medical professionals — for example, Industry Focus

must change accordingly. Making up for lost time can put a lot The agendas of past medical round tables show an eclectic of squeeze on localization tasks and can put inordinate pressure mix of classical localization industry topics and specialized on the individuals carrying out those tasks. variants. In 2004, the agenda was dominated by topics such as Another type of regulatory headache can be caused by ambi- vendor management, vendor training, value-added services and guity within a target jurisdiction. Inna Geller from Medtronic review cycles, plus human resource issues such as localization says, “In certain parts of Asia that are expanding markets for personnel hiring criteria and organizational structures. But there us, regulatory requirements are subject to frequent change, and was also a spattering of specialized topics with a niche slant, practical interpretations are also infl uenced by individual pref- such as auditing of work and compliance, comparison of medical erences of individual partners and counsel. This puts us in the translation pricing as opposed to information technology pricing, position of trying to hit a moving target. This can cause delay and quality thresholds in the medical context. and additional work on components that we had sometimes Half a year later at Localization World San Francisco in 2004, assumed to be fi nished. This kind of iterative spin obviously there was discussion of strategies for working with multilan- impacts our scheduling and productivity.” guage, single-language and regional-language vendors. This, Because human health and safety are involved, medical prod- plus the pervasive quality issue dominated the morning. In the uct companies tend to move slowly and cautiously. This causes afternoon, however, the focus turned closer to the cutting edge medical localization as a branch of the greater localization of the overall industry with a session on the impact of content industry to lag behind technologically by a factor of a number management systems on medical localization processes. of years. Medical companies are slow to adopt new processing In the 2005 Localization World Bonn Medical Round Table, technologies such as state-of-the-art content management tools the group spent a morning session examining the importance or emerging standards such as XML-based authoring. of defi ned localization procedures in the context of regulatory Competitive pressure on several levels will drive medical environments and brainstorming about which processes are the companies to greater localization technology adoption in the most relevant to codify. Later, discussion turned to vendor selec- future. There is a fi nite supply of translators who combine mas- tion and retention. This would be “classical” subject matter, were tery of translation tools such as TRADOS with specialized sub- it not for the subtopic addressing what characteristics defi ne an ject matter expertise prerequisite for medical translation. This ideal medical translation vendor. This topic was discussed both dearth of human capital is proportionately greater with regard in the clients-only morning session and in the afternoon ses- to smaller language groups such as the Baltic languages. None- sion, which was open to client and vendor representatives alike. theless, European Union regulations now stipulate that certain In the afternoon session, vendors also described how they go document types must be translated into these languages. about qualifying translators for medical work. Lack of supply relative to demand generally pushes prices The 2006 Medical Round Table will enhance the overall upward; however, localization professionals in the medi- Localization World Barcelona conference theme of “Working cal industry experience the same pressure as those in other – Together” by focusing on bridging of functional differences industries to keep costs down. In other industries, quality can and corporate silos through greater collaboration. sometimes become a variable in the delivery equation; however, Beginning with brief statements from participants about how variability in quality cannot be tolerated due to the aforemen- things currently work — or don’t work — in their companies, tioned regulatory and ethical constraints. The only place that participants will drill down on some of the positive and nega- there is potential give is in process effi ciency through techno- tive attributes of different corporate organizational forms as logical advance. they apply to localization. After lunch, there will be a presenta- A key component of technological progress is benchmark- tion from a major manufacturer about how the company has ing. One cannot measure progress without knowing where one achieved a unique degree of collaboration. Then participants was and is. To be of optimal value, though, benchmarking must will brainstorm about observations made and lessons learned be industry specifi c. The round table forum allows participants during the day, with the goal of creating a set of best practices to get a sense of what measures other medical industry players that they can take away to their own corporate environments. have adopted and what kind of numbers they have managed to Some of the subtopics that will come up include: achieve through process improvement. Q How acquisition/merging of companies affects localiza- There are a few classical, nontechnological opportunities tion management for effi ciency improvement. One of the most effective areas Q The effects of centralized management on regional of improvement potential lies in the realm of reusable source sensitivity language. But optimization of reusability implies, among other Q Does standardization slow things down or speed them up? things, communication across departmental borders, and this is Q Where does it make sense to collaborate and when should sometimes uniquely diffi cult in the medical environment. regional and departmental entities be left alone? Many medical companies, especially pharmaceutical manu- Q Can joint terminology management and increased purchas- facturers, are very large and geographically distributed. There are ing power through amalgamation really produce effi ciencies? not only corporate silos, but also regional silos to be connected. All in all, medical localization is a complex potpourri of Companies such as these have often grown through acquisition, classical and niche industry requirements, strongly seasoned and processes can be very different from one branch to another. with a variety of regulatory concerns. Opportunity to achieve Localization professionals in large companies repeatedly note and maintain human health must not be impacted by language that they experience great diffi culty in fi nding out who their and culture. Thus, localization practitioners in the medical peers in other corporate groups are, not to mention what kinds industry bear enormous responsibility as our world copes with of processes and best practices prevail. the despair of disease and the hope of medical discovery. M

36 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] 37 IndustryTools Focus | MultiLingual Obviously, we need to translate the Obviously, nal user, regardless of whether it is for nal user, My personal view of this is that to a cer- The generally accepted interpretation ofThe generally accepted interpretation IFU even if the end user is a highly educated university professor. university professor. tain extent it has to do with national identity, that is, “Why should I have to read English instructions when my mother tongue is what I use all the time?” Some countries have very this is that all safety instructions must always be in the national language of the user. So, who is the user? For medical devices it could be argued that the users are professionals, indicating that there is less need for instructions. The question then becomes “Is there a difference between professional and other users?” Looking at legal texts in different countries a statement equivalent with or similar to the following is found: “. . . describing for the user the safe use of “. Then it can be asked, “What is ‘safe use’?” How much “What is Then it can be asked, (a) Each device must be accompanied by the information (a) Each device must be accompanied (d) Instructions for use must be included in the packaging (d) Instructions for use must be included (i) any special storage and/or handling conditions (i) any special storage and/or handling (j) any special operating instructions take (k) any warnings and/or precautions to Some guidance can be achieved by looking more closely at Some guidance can be achieved by looking Q Q Q Q Q for each device. . . . “. . . language for information for user and the patient in accor- . . language “. dance with Annex I of Directive 93/42/EEC, point 13, when the device reaches the ﬁ professional or other use.” translate? The MDD, Annex 1, section 13 states that IFU should translate? The MDD, Annex 1, section 13 be a document by the manufac- a medical device for the purposes designated turer.” in a safe way? information is necessary to use the equipment the text in the MDD: needed to use it safely. . . . needed to use it safely. nitely Gören Nordlund is project User Information manager, & Education, at MAQUET Critical Care AB in Solna, Sweden. All safety instructions must always be in the national language of the user. So, who is the user? “In cial EU languages. The rea- Legis- nition the IFU is a part of the product. If you nition the IFU is a part of the product. Translation of IFUs — of IFUs Translation necessary? is it really Göran Nordlund and imprisonment of maxne

Many companies tend to see translation of Many companies tend to see

If you have a medical device and want to put your product If you have a medical device and want the translation issue, Looking at the strictly legal aspects of A global task force is presently working on harmonizing Once we have accepted the fact that instructions for use (IFU) as an unnecessary instructions for use (IFU) as importance. In cost as well as something of less is necessary and this article I will show why it some advice on important, and I will also give cost savings. www.multilingual.com March 2006

on the market within the European Union (EU), you defi within the European on the market have to translate into all of the offi son is that by defi then your product is try to deliver without a translated manual, not complete and may not be accepted. a the question is “What can happen if without product is placed on the market IFU in the national language?” Here is just one example from Sweden. This is similar in many other countries: accordance with the Medical Devices Act (1993:584) fi 1 year can be imposed for contravention of the requirements and conditions for placing products on the market.” lation in many other countries such as to is the same — that is, the IFU has Russia, China and Taiwan be translated to the national language. applying the different rules to simplify the process. Today, the rules stated in the Medical Device Directive (MDD) in Europe does not necessarily mean that this is accepted in countries outside the EU. we need to translate, then comes the next question: What do we have to MM Industry Focus

strong feelings about this, and they want to state that their languages are as good and valid as English. From a commercial standpoint, it could be a strong competitive argument that you can provide an IFU in the mother tongue of the user. Doing this may very well improve the image of your company and make the potential buyer more positive toward your product. So what can we do to meet the requirements and at the same time make the translation as smooth and cost effi cient as possible? First of all, we need to have well-defi ned processes for the translations as well as the quality assurance of the translations. A legal text states, “As a part of the quality system . . . the manufacturer should have procedures for ensuring accurate translation of e.g., labelling, instructions for use and product claims in marketing material.” “These are especially important for user instructions where the safety and claimed performance of the device may be compromised through inadequate translation” (Ref:NB-MED/2.5.2 /Rev 3). For cost-effi cient production the key is to invest in an XML-based content management system (CMS). In our company we have recently implemented a CMS, and we can already see savings in time and money. Some companies have shown savings of up to 80% when they have gone from traditional publishing to XML. With a good CMS you can export an XML fi le to your translation vendor and get the corresponding translation back as a new XML. With a click of the mouse you import the translation, and, if you have done your homework properly, that is, created correct stylesheets, the layout of a few hundred pages is done in a few minutes. Make sure your CMS has a good system for version handling and change records. This is extremely important if you have products with frequent releases. In a CMS you will reuse big chunks of already approved texts, thereby mini- mizing the review time as well as the number of words you send for translation for each new release. To cut costs you should also look into the quality of the source text, try to make the source as short and consistent as possible and make sure your tech writers understand the importance of writing translatable texts. I will come back to this in another article where I will look into tools and methods for authoring. M

38 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] 39 IndustryRealWorld Focus | MultiLingual ed translators and ed translators and les and error messages, test- c target European markets dictated by c target European markets that the translation is the highest quality that the translation is the highest quality possible and to validate the accurate trans- Their mission of the medical terminology. primary risk is that something gets lost in translation, not that the product isn’t in compliance with CE Mark regulations. Trans- lation companies use certifi subject matter experts (SMEs) to guarantee subject matter experts (SMEs) to guarantee Traverse the Atlantic or the Pacific? Mark for medical Thirty countries now require the CE Nothing gets lost in translation company Generally speaking, the traditional localization this end, sometimes translation companies will employ To devices; they are the 25 member states of the European Union devices; they are the 25 member states belonging to the European and those countries (EU), Turkey The select 30 for whom the CE Free Trade Association (EFTA). of 455 mil- market Mark system applies represent a collective Localization and lion people with a GNP over USD $9 trillion. to provide parallel CE Mark consultancies appear on the surface seeking entry and matching services for life sciences companies aren’t these services named in But why to European markets. thing? What tangibly the same way — or called the exact same the other? differentiates one set of competencies from life sciences product performs the linguistic portion of the launch. This usually entails multilingual versions purposed to accommodate the specifi At Welocal- the business needs of the life sciences customer. ize, typical services include localization of embedded medical device software, online help fi ing of multilingual applications, translation of user manuals, instructions for use, product warnings, labels and packaging, brochures, training materials and websites. Localiza- marketing tion companies assume the risks for quality translation. Their focus is on how content gets translated and on the quality of the results. Dana Barras is business development manager at Welocalize. ltering rms offer services spe- cally to life sciences products. rms unknowingly giving

rst-time product launches in foreign Numerous segments within the life sciencesNumerous segments within the

Regulatory affairs and product development departments are Once the mandate has been given to launch a product into sector — such as pharmaceutical, medical-devicesector — such as pharmaceutical, — operatemanufacturing and biotechnology arenas. Bothin stringently regulated business bodiesdomestic and international governmental on theimpose various restrictions and regulations activi- export, sales and distribution marketing, ties related specifi compliantly andCompanies must follow steps to to interna- successfully launch their products those responsible Consequently, tional markets. are of these business activities for the execution but have trouble fi eager to do a good job, the quantities of information at hand. cally for life sciences customers to assist consulting are complementary consulting Dana Barras Localization and CE Mark and CE Localization www.multilingual.com March 2006 the life sciences sector the impression that their services are not highly corresponding, but rather directly competing? no less than bombarded with information on how to achieve this from every source under the sun — from directives, regulations and standards to websites, niche consultants and specialized service providers. typically begins with a various countries, the race to market phone inquiry and an internet search to gather knowledge. A quick Google search will reveal that both localization service providers and CE Mark consulting fi cifi with fi languages, testing and auditable quality procedures. Are localization companies and CE Mark consulting fi N Industry Focus

ISO-compliant quality assurance protocols preparation, product testing, laboratory, faster, it is tempting for decision makers to guarantee the quality of the translated and notifi ed body selection.” at these biotech and medical device com- content, not to ensure that the medical CE Mark consulting providers edu- panies to retain one service provider to device itself is CE Mark compliant. cate, review and suggest mitigations for accomplish both charters — for half the the risks that fall on the manufacturer effort. However, this apparent immedi- Signed, ‘sealed’ and and give careful advice in line with a ate savings in cost and time spent comes delivered — internationally client’s industry and the relevant direc- with increased risk factors and can ulti- Generally speaking, the CE Mark con- tives. They largely maintain the goal mately generate unbudgeted fi scal costs sulting provider traditionally performs of end user awareness and documented far superior to the time savings obtained. the regulatory compliance portion of the product safety. The focus is clearly on The combined use of localization and life sciences product launch. Depend- compliance with technical legislation CE Mark consulting should be viewed ing upon the client, this entails readi- and standards. The translation and adap- as a necessary risk management step. By ness assessments, consulting, training tation step is only one of many steps to using the proper professional authorities, seminars and audits of documentation, successful certifi cation from a CE per- the chances for failure are lessened. As as well as providing referrals to notifi ed spective. And CE compliance is only part informed product managers and regula- bodies, external testing labs and transla- of the motivation for a good translation. tory affairs professionals, you must resist tion companies. For-profi t and nonprofi t the temptation to allow one single factor service providers offering CE Mark assis- Half the effort, double the risk — such as cost or time — to infl uence and tance such as the Center for International Despite knowing the delicate differ- endanger the foundation for successful Regulatory Assistance (CITRA) located ence between the two distinct company product release abroad. Indeed, it’s a deli- in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (www.citra profi les, time-to-market and cost play an cate balance. .duq.edu), advertise “solutions for Euro- omnipresent role in decisions for prod- “It is important to understand the risk pean ‘New Approach’ directives, European uct launch partnerships. With shrinking an inaccurate translation — or none at all product standards, conformity assessment departmental budgets and increasing pres- — of manuals and other documentation options, documentation readiness and sures to deliver locale-specifi c products poses to the user of a given product,” observes Daniel Assmus from CITRA. “In regards to translations, one way for a company to demonstrate due diligence in its CE technical fi le is to select a localization company that offers good translation services and provides proof of quality standards.” You can’t have one without the other The natures of these services are quite complementary and correspond to related elements in the preparation of a life sciences international product launch. They are not, however, interchangeable. Lead- ing life sciences product managers must not engage with one partner in lieu of the other. After a bit of research, you’ll fi nd many CE Mark consulting fi rms that can refer you to a list of translation companies — and also many localization companies that mention channels to select CE Mark consulting fi rms. Neither of these types of companies or service providers offers the complementary service in the top-fi ve list of the services they provide themselves. There- fore, your need for a European product launch should motivate you to make at least two phone calls or two Google searches because you can’t have one without the other. Ying and yang. Love and marriage. Peanut butter and jelly. Localization and CE Mark consulting. M

40 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] 41 IndustryTools Focus | approved resource risk MultiLingual ed-Body ning appropriate criteria for translation . Resource risk is mitigated through screening, mined criteria such as an advanced degree in the subject area or minimum years of professional experience in the subject area. Testing and audit are best carried out using controlled materials and with the help of an objective standard. Crimson employs a Notifi testing and audit. Screening involves predeter- function as the origi- lls the same risk-management rst step in defi process risk Labeling translation risk defined The fi Labeling translation and responsibility their own English- Most medical technology companies produce companies face aWhen producing translated documentation, guidance, “processes required by the to the GHTF According So, labeling is a risk-management tool, and the manufac- the im- With responsibility assigned to the manufacturer, Labeling translation involves two basic risks: and language labeling and documentation. Here, risk management islanguage labeling and documentation. Here, the product is the clearimplicit since the company that develops labeling receives closechoice to author the labeling. Still, product after a thorough vettingscrutiny from regulators and auditors even within the company. labeling is accu- new risk — how to ensure that their translated rate and fulfi 2004 Regulatory Affairs Professionals at the nal. Panelists translation might jeop- Society conference noted that inaccurate in overseas markets. ardize conformance to ISO 14971:2000 by suppliers to the quality management system and performed Risk- the manufacturer. manufacturer are the responsibility of process within the qual- management activities relating to any the responsibility of the ity management system are ultimately manufacturer.” turer is responsible for ensuring that it is accurate. portance of due diligence in the vendor selection process is and evaluation criteria are clearly required for translation clear, vendors. vendors is to understand the risks associated with the activity. vendors is to understand the risks associated with the activity. pany’s rst intro- of quality systems for TransPerfect Translations. Translations. TransPerfect Marc H. Miller is president division and vice president of the Crimson Life Sciences nition of compliance. Kim- clud- rms a growing awareness within c quality standard, ISO 13485:2003. c quality standard, ISO 13485:2003. diagnostic (IVD) industry that risk man- GHTF guidance addresses GHTF topics risk-management Marc H. Miller in-vitro

On May 20, 2005, the Global HarmonizationOn May 20, 2005, the Global

Ed Kimmelman, a principal author of ISO 13485, says that product labeling — in Similarly, The role of the GHTF group representing medical-device a voluntary The GHTF, The GHTF guidance confi Task Force (GHTF) issued guidance SG3/N15R8, Task ISO 14971:2000, based on ISO 13485:2003 and issues (availablewhich addresses risk-management at www.ghtf.org/sg3/inventorysg3/sg3n15r82005 translation ven- .pdf). What are its implications for dors serving the medical-device industry? ing instructions for use — manuals and other instructional material, is directly affected by risk management. The accuracy of labeling information — in both its source and translated versions — is essential. www.multilingual.com March 2006 regulatory authorities and trade associations, develops and publishes harmonized guidance documents on basic regulatory The documents practices to educate the medical-device sector. provide non-binding guidance to regulatory authorities. many device companies are struggling with effective implementation of risk management within their quality systems, largely because of an expanded defi melman notes that areas such as competence of personnel, nature and depth of acceptance activities, handling of noncon- formances, and complaints and corrective action/preventive — the tradi- are all outside of product realization action (CAPA) tional boundary of risk-management activities. the device and was fi quality management system. This requirement duced in the device-specifi risk-management stan- In it, risk management and the current are directly referenced. dard (ISO 14971:2000) agement is a requirement for all areas that affect a com agement is a requirement for all areas O Industry Focus

version of the SAE J2450 translation quality metric modifi ed (when appropriate) dismissal? Does the vendor use an objective for use in a medical context. standard such as SAE J2450? Process risk is managed using classic techniques such as Control of process risk. Does the vendor employ process redundancy and diversity. For instance, traditional translation redundancy and diversity? How does the vendor address the risk management relies on a single redundant review — transla- “native speaker dilemma” — that is, verify semantic accuracy? tion and edit. This basic process is, however, inadequate for the Process documentation. Can the vendor provide in-process requirements of medical translation. A provisional patent fi led documentation as evidence that all specifi ed steps were carried by Crimson specifi es three separate, redundant reviews in addi- out as required? tion to translation/edit to ensure effective risk management. Client feedback, references and/or endorsements. Can the Along with redundant review, risk management can be vendor provide references from medical clients, Notifi ed Bodies improved through process diversity — for instance, through a or other regulators to demonstrate the effectiveness of its pro- linguistic optimization step and a quality control step. This process? What is its process for gathering client feedback? Results? cess has received Notifi ed-Body approval as a safe and effective substitute for in-country review (also called distributor or sub- sidiary review). Conclusion GHTF guidance directs companies to exercise risk manage- Criteria for choosing a vendor ment in their important outsourced processes. One of the most Established vendor selection criteria (based on resource and commonly outsourced activities — translation — may have criti- process risks) are essential. These criteria should include: cal implications for risk-management strategy (through label- Registered quality system. Third-party certifi cation helps to ing) in overseas markets. Based on this, notifi ed-body guidance ensure compliance with generic (ISO 9001:2000) or medical- specifi es appropriate risk management when selecting a trans- specifi c (ISO 13485:2003) quality system requirements. lation vendor. Resource screening, testing, audit. What is the vendor’s pro- Criteria for selection, evaluation and re-evaluation of label- cess for ensuring that resources are qualifi ed? Can the vendor ing translation suppliers should take into account the known provide evidence of testing and qualifi cation? Monitoring and risks associated with the translation activity. M

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42 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] 43 | IndustryTools Focus - ged in MultiLingual creased, IRBs emer the 1980s and 1990s as indepen- search in dent entities working outside the institutions where research is performed. Both the public and private IRB models play a vital role in protecting human research subjects. curs. As commercially sponsored re rst, most were in large academic centers where most For medical companies, translation to support non-Eng- Companies must localize consumer education, marketing Companies must localize consumer education, marketing The informed consent communicates study risk to partici- The informed consent communicates study Q Q Q The role of institutional review boards: put your best horses in the race Over the past 25 years, thousands of institutional review pants and is scrutinized with heightened vigilance. This impacts pants and is scrutinized with heightened many trials conducted not only global clinical trials, but also solely within the United States. materials, an additional layer of QA is required by medical industry materials, an additional layer of QA clients. For example: and promotional materials to effectively promote their products in the United States and internationally. boards (IRBs) have formed to help ensure human subject protec- tions. At ﬁ federally funded research oc lish speaking populations in clinical trials abroad and in the choice — it is a requirement. United States is not a marketing ed eld. We eld. We medical industry clients. in Austin, Texas, where she in Austin, Texas, has worked extensively with Shelly Orr Priebe is the general manager of McElroy Translation manager of McElroy Translation rm that editorial comments cations steps post translation. Each project reviews, back translation reviews, Priebe Shelly Orr Ensuring quality through quality through Ensuring

Serving the medical industry intro- Serving the medical industry

In each case a staff proofreader conducts another project There is a wide range of documents for which medical clients The basics of quality translation: getting into the starting gate always entailed aOur company’s basic quality standard has duces unique considerations to the transla- duces unique considerations could say We tion and localization process. One notable it’s a horse of a different color. assurance difference is the way that the quality process is designed for medical indus- (QA) some quality try clients. This article discusses translation mar- considerations of the medical process information tailored and offers QA ket and to the specialized needs of pharmaceutical in relation to medical-device clients, especially back translation and clinical trials. www.multilingual.com March 2006

minimum of two verifi is reviewed by a target-language native in that technical fi maintain an editing department of subject matter specialists for translations to English and assign technical editing to a qualifi second translator for translations from English. review post formatting to confi were implemented, that formatting did not introduce irregu- larities, and that “numbers and paragraphs” match the source is a baseline industry standard this level of QA document. Today, expected by clients who require custom technical translation and localization. may require translation, including research protocols, informed consent documents to be signed by patient subjects, advertisements to be used in recruiting subjects, patient questionnaires, reports of adverse events, regulatory submissions, instructions for use or package inserts, and labeling. For many S Industry Focus

IRBs carry out initial and continuing The Oregon Health & Science Univer- review functions in accordance with sity Research Integrity Offi ce does not Federal regulations fi rst established in require two-way translation but suggests the 1970s that applied to all research an authorized translation vendor. If the funded by the US Department of Health suggested vendor is not used, a memo and Human Services or carried out on detailing the qualifi cations of the trans- products regulated by the Food and Drug lator must accompany the informed con- Administration. All subjects must under- sent document for review. The Stanford stand enough about the study to make University Research Compliance Offi ce an informed decision about being a recommends the use of back translation, research participant. This is mandated by and the Institutional Review Board at the Offi ce for Human Research Protec- Duke University Medical Center not only tions in the Code of Federal Regulations requires it, but expands in detail on the 45CFR46.116. An IRB’s initial review of a process. research plan encompasses the research protocol, the informed consent document to be signed by subjects, and any adver- subjects read, speak and understand. tisements used to recruit subjects. Translations can be provided by the site The IRB must approve that any risks or the IRB can provide this service. This subjects incur are warranted in relation requirement enhances the role of the IRB to the anticipated benefi ts and that the in protecting the rights and welfare of informed consent documents clearly study subjects.” convey the risks and true nature of the The mandate for clear communica- research. tion to all study participants has led Lynn Meyer, president of Commer- some IRBs to outline very specifi c cial IRB IntegReview in Austin, Texas, procedures for translation QA. Wayne elaborates, “IRBs are expected to pro- State University’s policy states that the Back translations: vide documents to study subjects in a translation process can be accomplished use great trainers and jockeys form that is easily read and understood. using a “one-way” translation into the What does this mean to the translation Given this responsibility, IntegReview non-English version if it is certifi ed by and localization community? Whether or Inc. Ethical Review Board requires sites the translator or company doing the not your company agrees that back trans- intending to enroll non-English speak- translation with a guarantee of accuracy. lation is the best vehicle for QA, the real- ing subjects to provide study documents A “two-way translation” (back transla- ity is that some clients are required to in a language that the potential study tion) is also an accepted quality process. provide both forward and backward certifi ed translations. Our job is to comply. Our responsibility is also to understand clients’ exact needs and to help them determine if and when a back translation is appropriate. Some clients who are not required to provide back translations have heard enough about the process to inquire about the service. Others assume that bidirectional translation is standard protocol. At McElroy, we believe that our role is to inform clients of the advantages and disadvantages of bidirectional translation as a form of quality control. Providing information about the process of bidirectional translation helps clinical trial project managers charged with document compliance make informed decisions. One advantage is that back translations can satisfy the QA mandates of many IRBs. A disadvantage is the higher cost of this method of assuring quality. A basic explanation that instead of one translator and one editor they must pay for a translator and an editor in each direction will often produce what I call an “aha moment” of revelation.

44 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] Medical Showcase

More Than Medical Seamless Spanish Life Sciences Translation Localization Experts Project Management Developing a product compliant with each country’s Since 1994, HighTech Passport has partnered with spanishbackoffice is the solution that over 45 regulatory bodies and standards can be a lengthy process leading translation agencies around the world turn for medical-device and pharmaceutical companies. medical and life sciences clients to offer creative solutions to their language needs, such as user interface, to for Spanish project management outsourcing on a Moravia Worldwide can help you manage these help and documentation localization. day-to-day basis. complexities, by providing language services to support What you can count on: Our team of 14 experienced in-house staff and your efforts from clinical trial stages to product launch. • Project teams with subject-matter expertise 35 freelance translators and editors will ensure your We can help with: • Consistent linguistic accuracy projects are delivered with superior quality and ahead • Labeling • Software user interface • Technical excellence of schedule. • Packaging • Training materials • Processes customized to your unique product • Quality assurance • Clinical research trials • Web localization • Dedicated, personable project management • Customer service • Long-term partnership • CE marking • Post-market surveillance • Latin American and neutral Spanish • Technical documentation • Stringent quality control • All major CAT tools To learn more about our life sciences solutions, visit Our localized products are delivered with certificates us at www.moraviaworldwide.com/lifesciences of accuracy . . . and a personal touch. • PC and Mac DTP For details, free estimates and references, contact Moravia Worldwide [email protected] spanishbackoffi ce 199 East Thousand Oaks Boulevard Rivadavia 85, Ofi c. 204-205/510-511 Thousand Oaks, CA 91360 HighTech Passport, Ltd. Córdoba X5000IPA, Argentina 805-557-1700 • Fax: 805-557-1702 1590 Oakland Road, Suite B202, San Jose, CA 95131 54-351-4280762 [email protected] 408-453-6303 • Fax: 408-453-9434 contact@spanishbackoffi ce.com www.moraviaworldwide.com/lifesciences [email protected] • www.htpassport.com www.spanishbackoffi ce.com

CSOFT redefines localization for IT, life sciences, manufacturing, automotive and financial services industries by combining highly accurate translation Medical Round Table at with measurable quality and best-of-breed technology ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 Localization World and processes. We offer very affordable localization • Translation of documents and videos solutions with superior quality, fast turnaround and exceptional customer care. • DTP Localization World Barcelona Preconference (May 30, 2006) will include the Medical Round Table. • Voice-overs CSOFT distinguishes itself in the field by consistently The round table will echo the conference theme of delivering: • Dubbing “Working – Together” by focusing on the bridging • Professional quality service • Subtitling of functional differences and corporate silos through • Web pages localization greater collaboration. • Competitive pricing • Software localization • Strong technical know-how This client-only event will examine corporate • Very fast response to all customer requests • Multimedia content localization organizational forms as they apply to medical Having a large technical infrastructure with profes- • Content management systems localization. The day-long round table is conceived sional in-country translators, highly skilled engineers, • Website and multimedia design specifically for localization professionals responsible for product packaging, documentation and/or DTP specialists and project managers in China, CSOFT • Multilingual e-learning platforms provides quality and competitive localization solutions • In-house recording studio software used in the pharmaceutical and medical- device technology industries. into 50+ languages. Prem Dan, s.l.u. Localization World CSOFT SOLUTIONS LTD. Plaza del Callao 5, P8 319 North First Avenue, Sandpoint ID 83864 Ofﬁ ce Tower A, 5th Floor, East Gate Plaza 28013 Madrid, Spain 208-263-8178 • 208-263-6310 9 Dongzhong Street, Beijing, China 100029 34-91-547-43-18 • Fax: 34-91-547-43-50 [email protected] 86-10-6418-5353 [email protected] • www.premdan.com www.localizationworld.com/medRT www.l10nworks.com • www.csoftsolution.com www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 45 Industry Focus

It is also essential to explain that readily distinguish between naturally oc- while back translation adds another layer curring differences that are to be expected of QA, there is one critical caveat. A back as a result of process and deviations that translation will not be the mirror image merit attention. In the event that a ques- of the original. Some words or concepts tion does arise, our language team can simply do not exist in other languages, then determine in which direction the dis- or a translator may have rephrased an crepancy occurred and make appropriate idea to address a cultural sensibility. The document revisions before delivery of both review of a back translation should show translations to the client. that the message is conveyed, if not in Some clients request one additional the exact same words originally used. step beyond the process already described. Translation manager Ellen Boyar at Client focus groups of international study Thomson Scientifi c emphasizes, “If you populations evaluate the fi ne nuance of are receiving a back translation that is about the differences in the source and cultural sensitivity of patient question- word for word like the original, you are not back translation. Not only did we decide naires that have been localized. In addition getting back a valid back translation.” to focus more on client education pre- project, but in 2005 we introduced a new to forward and backward translation and Improved back level of service for bidirectional requests. reconciliation of source to back transla- translation: a zebra is not Instead of simply delivering both the tion, a fi nal patient review of the instru- a thoroughbred with stripes target and the back translation, our stan- ment in focus-group format is arranged Boyar is a particularly savvy transla- dard protocol for these projects now also and facilitated by an in-house interpreter tion client. As we started providing more includes an expert comparison of the and project manager. and more back translations, we soon real- original source English and the reverse ized that our customer service department translation, with research of any relevant Your translation under was besieged with post-delivery questions diferences. Seasoned professionals can the microscope: deliver a Triple Crown level of quality As stated earlier, excellent quality with documented procedures is no longer a selling point for a company; it is an expectation. Whether for legal, medical, software or marketing communications, the translation/localization industry must meet the highest quality demands. Dollars and sometimes lives are at stake. In my experience, QA using back translations as a validation vehicle is currently used predominantly by those segments of the medical industry with distinct responsibilities linked to fair and compliant communication with clinical trial participants. This may require advanced processes and related services. In medical translation, a single word or term may have critical signifi cance. Industry-specifi c quality procedures and keen responsiveness are paramount when providing medical translations. The emergence of “back to English” translations is a prime example of the medical industry’s efforts to ensure safety for clinical trial participants and future patients. M Editor’s notes for non-racing fans: horse of a different color can mean a surprise or simply “that’s another matter”; a winner of the grueling Triple Crown (Kentucky Derby, Preakness and Belmont Stakes) series of races is a rare and outstanding horse; and despite the movie Racing Stripes, zebras really are not thoroughbred horses with stripes.

46 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] 47 IndustryTools Focus | MultiLingual it falls cation for medical interpreters, rst have to invest in quality. Even the most Even rst have to invest in quality. cation Committee and president of Chicago’s Interna- ces is consistently high. Language services providers (LSPs) deal with these mas- Language services providers (LSPs) well versed in the While we expect that our interpreters are “Things were acceptable before, not now. There are liabil- “Things were acceptable before, not now. a company can screen and In an effort to control quality, the need for those patients who have been underserved in the the need for those patients who have been is always a concern. quality past. However, Clients turn to us for high-quality sive questions every day. solutions without interpreters, and we want to offer affordable important to invest in tech- It is compromising excellence. interpretation, over-the- nologies such as remote simultaneous knows, Every LSP phone interpretation and video conferencing. that we fi however, the words being spoken high-tech gadget can’t guarantee that And in the correctly. by a doctor or a nurse are being conveyed absence of national certifi of quality. to assure the standards on LSPs up and that they keep code of ethics and standards of practice we are also accountable for the with the latest terminology, grapples quality of the interpreting that is provided. Every LSP with how to ensure that the level of interpreting that comes out of its offi ity issues and so much more awareness. I will not lower the cochair of the National Council standards,” says Karin Ruschke, on Interpretation in Health Care’s (NCIHC) Standards, Training and Certifi tional Language Services. monitor its interpreters, and it can encourage them to pursue continuing education. As a company that has primarily made its name in translation and is now enhancing the scope of its aware of interpreting services, Eriksen Translations is keenly that is A system is in place the need for quality assurance (QA). highly personalized and offers guidance to interpreters, but the company recognizes the need to formalize its methods. Particu- larly given the fresh observance of language access laws, more clients will require documentation that proves an interpreter’s level of competence. ll Professional Studies. ciency (LEP) patients and the wave of Natasha Bonilla is vendor and teaches interpreting at NYU’s School of Continuing and NYU’s manager at Eriksen Translations manager at Eriksen Translations Alexandra Farkas is communications manager at Eriksen Translations. for medical interpreters for medical Farkas & Alexandra Natasha Bonilla Mid-career training training Mid-career roles.

“She tells me where it hurts, and then we go “She tells me where it hurts, and

These are interesting times for the profession of medical to the doctor together. But I don’t really know to the doctor together. a twelve-year- what a uterus is.” This is what Press when old Laotian boy told the Associated in Califor- he and his mother made headlines He misinterpreted the dosage of nia recently. doctor recom- medication her emergency-room hospital within mended, and she was back in the and unable days, suffering from acute dizziness the boy for to get out of bed. No one faulted vocabulary, doing his best with a sixth-grade sure want to make but California lawmakers forced into such relatives and loved ones aren’t ad hoc www.multilingual.com March 2006 interpreting. Scrutiny from media and government is rising, and the medical community has a renewed interest in providing consistent, high-quality language services. The California example does not involve professional interpreters, but it demonstrates clearly the current state of language services for limited-English-proﬁ inquiry that is already happening and is sure to swell. With the spotlight so focused, health-care providers are eager to fulﬁ S Industry Focus

Several types of training are available ing education, there is a distinct lack of medical settings. There has been long- for beginning interpreters. Interpreters opportunities. If continuing education is standing federal legislation affecting who are already established would benefi t considered costly and is often diffi cult to the conduct of medical interpreters, most from refresher courses that review access, how can LSPs expect new recruits but constant review of laws such as standards and inform them about the lat- or even the most experienced linguists to the Health Insurance Portability and est trends in medical interpreting, such as remain on the cutting edge? Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) legal policy, cultural awareness issues and This is why this type of mid-career is important. HIPAA was enacted in any client-specifi c concerns. Other than training would be desirable for freelanc- 2003 and as a safeguard for patient conference workshops and a small selec- ers. As Holly Mikkelson, author of The privacy should be regularly discussed. tion of companies that provide continu- Interpreter’s Rx and an associate professor The overriding policy that is receiving at the Monterey Institute of International renewed attention is Title VI of the US Studies, confi rms, “By providing continu- Civil Rights Act of 1964: “No person in ing education for interpreter and transla- the United States shall, on the ground tor contractors, companies can control the of race, color, or national origin, be content of the training that is presented excluded from participation in, or be and make sure it meets their needs. It is denied the benefi ts of, or be subjected a win-win situation for companies and to discrimination under any program contractors alike.” or activity receiving Federal fi nancial In developing a training program, assistance.” This is a basic policy in the four main components are considered: world of interpreting as it drives any terminology, standards and ethics, sto- federally-funded program to seek out ries from the trenches and role play. language services, whether on a volun- teer basis or through professionals. Terminology Additionally, there are industry-spe- For interpreters, keeping up with cifi c organizations that are just as impor- doctors and studying the latest news in tant to interpreters. Recently, the Joint the medical arena are essential. While Commission on Accreditation of Health- it is vital to convey subtleties of daily care Organizations (JCAHO), which plays language, medical terminology is also a signifi cant role in the implementation a must. At the Cochlear Implant Center of Title VI, has established a new standard at New York University’s (NYU) Medical effective January 2006 requiring “patient/ Center’s Department of Otolaryngology, client/resident’s language and communi- interpreters can be required to explain cation needs” be noted in records. highly technical concepts to parents of “Joint Commission standards have long pediatric implant patients. The knowledge required hospitals to respect patients’ lan- of terminology related to the subject mat- guage and cultural differences,” explains ter should be a given; qualifi ed interpreters Paul Schyve, M.D., senior vice president of should easily be able to tackle statements JCAHO. “Providing culturally and linguis- such as “In a normal hearing ear, the hair tically appropriate services goes beyond cells within the cochlea act as transducers patients’ rights. In fact, these issues are of mechanical and hydraulic vibration of critical in the delivery of safe, quality the tympanic membrane, ossicles of the patient care.” middle ear and perilymph and endolymph Other associations are also establish- of the inner ear to chemo-electric energy ing guidelines to help standardize prac- capable of stimulating the eighth nerve.” tices from within the fi eld. In late 2005, In addition, for an interpreter to success- the NCIHC released a new set of stan- fully interpret in this setting and be help- dards that will have major repercussions ful in the process of mapping a patient’s for interpreters and health-care provid- hearing, he or she should be aware of what ers alike. As Shiva Bidar-Sielaff, cochair the procedure entails. While that level of the NCIHC Standards, Training and of study is part of an interpreter’s own Certifi cation Committee and manager of development, offering updated research Interpreter Services at the University of resources and techniques will be part of Wisconsin Hospital & Clinics, says, “On the curriculum. a daily basis, health-care interpreters seek guidance on what constitutes Standards and ethics good practice. The National Standards More signifi cant will be the direction of Practice for Interpreters in Health offered regarding ethical and practical Care defi ne the acceptable ways by guidelines, both those of the industry which health care interpreters can and those of individual hospital or ensure a successful interaction between

48 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] Industry Focus providers and LEP patients. These stan- physical therapy session as to the impor- such tasks are, however, essential to the dards are a major step forward towards tance of guidance and communication is mapping process for implant recipients. consistency in interpreter practice, lay- the possibility of an interpreter removing a Restricting one’s behavior is a compo- ing the groundwork for meaningful chair from the patient’s path, not knowing nent of interpreting that is also important training programs and the possibility that the physical therapist has accounted to consider. It is challenging for an inter- of medical interpreter certifi cation on a for that obstacle when deciding how to test preter to tell a patient that they — international level.” the patient’s progress. Interpreters know preter and patient — can’t sit together in These recently released 32 standards of how to be unobtrusive and not let their a waiting room, even though they are practice defi ne acceptable ways by which good intentions interfere, but reinforce- waiting to go into the same appointment. interpreters can abide by the code of ethics, ment is always useful. This kind gesture could lead to diffi cult which lays out the principles of behavior Just as important as knowing what not situations later on, as most patients open in medical settings. They offer guidance to do, a qualifi ed interpreter must know up to interpreters and disclose information to interpreters to make sound decisions when a provider’s request does not imply they should be offering to their health- when confronted with challenging situ- care professionals. Often a patient will ations. An interpreter may, for example, forget details that he or she has told the witness a health-care provider who is rude Standards of practice offer interpreter once the patient is in with the to a patient. The code of ethics states that doctor, and interpreters should not put “the interpreter strives to render the mes- guidance to interpreters to themselves in the position of having infor- sage accurately, conveying the content make sound decisions when mation that the patient is not offering the and spirit of the original message, taking doctor. However, trained interpreters know into consideration the cultural context.” confronted with challeng- there are instances when they can step out The fi rst standard of practice then indi- of their role and clarify cultural situations, cates that “the interpreter renders all mes- ing situations. for example. An interpreter might clarify sages accurately and completely, without that the patient is fasting due to a religious adding, omitting, or substituting.” With violating the code of ethics. There are holiday and alert the health-care profes- these guidelines in hand, a professional many gray areas, and navigating them sional that he or she is not able to take interpreter would not doubt that he or she can be easier when interpreters learn from oral medication. Interpreters must remain is required to say everything the provider one another’s experiences and from the professional at all times; the act of balanc- says, even if it seems rude. guidance of a good trainer. For instance, ing compassion and professionalism takes The thorough review of all ethical prin- standing in a sound booth behind a special training and practice. ciples and the corresponding standards of screen that covers the interpreter’s mouth Similarly a health-care professional practice also includes the profi les of spe- and reading a list of terms out loud may may ask an interpreter to sight translate cifi c clients. What are the policies and pro- not be considered interpretation and so a consent form for a patient while the cedures at a given hospital? Guidelines on in the strictest sense would be unethical; professional leaves the room. Again, an a per-client basis will be useful to interpreters when faced with procedural questions. This is where our vast store of experience and the unique relationships we have with our clients will be useful. Having worked in a variety of medical settings, we know what they need and tell our interpreters exactly what is expected of them. Situations can range from mundane to complex, but at every turn there is a code of conduct that an interpreter must follow in order to provide the best service. Sharing experiences and the guiding principles that prevailed in a given scenario is invaluable to an interpreter who is being introduced to a new setting. For example, an interpreter’s compassion might get in the way if he or she is asked by a patient to get a sip of water. Through training, an interpreter will learn, fi rst, that he or she should not be alone with a patient and, second, in the event that this happens, to relay the question to a health- care provider because the patient might be due for a procedure and not allowed to have any water. Another example from a www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 49 Industry Focus

interpreter should make every effort not a more involved role. Medical interpreters an observership that will benefi t both to be left alone with the patient. Consent are expected to be ready for anything that interpreters and the hospital itself. Less forms are of a legal nature, and a health- might come their way. The same person experienced interpreters will trail behind care professional must be present while a could interpret at a surgery follow-up more seasoned ones as they work, in patient reads the form so that he or she appointment, then go to the burn unit and order to become familiar with real-life can answer questions the patient may interpret for a recently admitted patient, go scenarios and how to best handle them. In have. In an ideal world, a consent form to an MRI and fi nally have to run to the exchange for providing this opportunity, should be translated into the patient’s audiology department. This dynamic calls NYU will be assured that the interpreters language so that the patient reads it and for a trained professional who will be able the company sends are trained to address then asks questions through an inter- to cope with a wide array of settings and the specifi c needs of its hospitals. preter. There are some health-care facili- excel in each. It is not only the interpreters who ties that offer translated documents, but make the client relationships success- this is not the case for many. Developing the program ful, however. This training program will Experienced interpreters know how to be A long-standing cooperative arrange- be a vital component of an intricate fl exible and switch from a traditional inter- ment with NYU hospitals has made it structure that includes project manage- preting setting to a setting where they have possible to approach them to devise ment staff who are highly attuned to the needs of clients. The NYU observership is only possible because of the relationship already established. Caro- lina Vallecillo, coordinator of the LEP Department at NYU, says, “If I subcon- tract freelancers on my own, I don’t have a guarantee that they are qualifi ed, and I don’t have the time to screen the interpreters and verify their knowledge. The account manager does it for me.” While there are several parts of an LSP’s QA process that clients do not see fi rst hand, such as the project management software that has been developed over several years, the training is something that clients can concretely understand. It also assures them that should they have unique needs, training can easily be tailored so that they receive the best interpreters at no additional we do cost to them. > translations in all languages Many LSPs are committed to keeping and language combinations abreast of technological, legal and > localizations > cross-cultural consulting medical developments that may impact > linguistic and professional the quality of their services. The medi- proofreading by native speakers cal interpreting profession is evolving. > DTP processing and graphic design The need is more visible, there are more > software solutions recognized solutions, and momentum is growing to move towards more solid our advantages steps such as a national certifi cation for > single contact point for medical interpreters. We must all strive all languages > a registered supplier for the EU to continue creating awareness about > ISO 9001:2001 certified what we do. > 12 years in the market Interpreters, health-care providers and

International Management LSPs all face similar challenges on a day- Centre Prague to-day basis. Tapping the resources that [email protected] are available and developing meaningful +420 233 320 560 initiatives to enhance our services will strengthen our profession. For our company, it is clear that pursuing continuing education opportunities and working actively to train interpreters is the best way to Belgium Bulgaria China Czech Republic Estonia Germany provide quality services, to increase our Hungary Latvia Lithuania Poland Slovakia Slovenia USA clientele and to aid our cause.

50 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] Translation Showcase

LSPs cannot sit on the sidelines, stati- cally acting as the middleman. By actively addressing these questions together, perhaps we can raise the bar in our profession. We’re eager to begin this training, Europe’s No. 1 but it’s important to get it right. M Precise, Competitive and Greek Localizer Training for medical interpretation — Since 1986, EuroGreek has been providing high-quality, what direction should it take? Effective Translation turnkey solutions, encompassing a whole range of client As Eriksen Translations developed and needs, for the following language combinations: prepared to implement its training program What makes One Planet different? A deep understand- in spring 2006, several additional questions ing of corporate culture. Our clients require accuracy, • English into Greek arose — questions worth considering on measurable productivity and excellence in communication. • Greek into English an industry-wide level. The benefi t of this • German into Greek training to both clients and interpreters is How can one firm specialize in areas such as high • French into Greek technology, medical products and technical manufacturing? apparent, but benefi ts must be solidifi ed while All EuroGreek’s work is produced in our Athens By blazing the path in translation since 1979, we utilize also ensuring that the company’s investment production center and covers most subjects: is not debilitating to the business. knowledgeable translators in the United States, Europe • Technical QShould training be mandatory, even for and Asia in every field and every specialty. • Medical/Pharmaceutical the most educated interpreters? • Technical translation • IT/Telecommunications Q Are highly skilled in-house experts the • Software localization • Economics/Legal appropriate people to lead training sessions • Multilingual website development All EuroGreek’s work is fully guaranteed for quality for interpreters whom they will later manage? Our customers from Ametek to Unisys like the fact and on-time delivery. QHow will the results of the training be that we function as an extension of their teams. quantifi ed? EuroGreek Translations Limited QFundamentally, the training will act as a QA measure for clients. Should the company also One Planet EuroGreek House, 93 Karagiorga Street attempt to make it a recognized certifi cation? 820 Evergreen Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15209 Athens 16675, Greece 888-677-1010 • Fax: 412-632-1071 30-210-9605-244 • Fax: 30-210-9647-077 Comments are welcome. Please send to [email protected] [email protected] • www.one-planet.net [email protected] • www.eurogreek.com

Standard interpreting procedures In late 2005, the National Council on Interpreting in Health Care (NCIHC) released The Tool its National Standards of Practice — 32 guidelines for interpreters on best practices. The You Reach For standards address the vital issues of accuracy, confi dentiality, impartiality, respect, cultural More Often awareness, role boundaries, professionalism, professional development and advocacy that all interpreters confront regularly. Some key Medical Translations • LogiTerm is offered in various versions at very examples include: affordable prices. Powerful search functions, a MediLingua is one of Europe’s few companies QThe interpreter advises parties that every- very robust alignment tool and very handy data thing said will be interpreted. For example, specializing in medical translation. We provide all an interpreter may explain the interpreting European languages (31 today and counting) and conversion and deformatting tools. process to a provider by saying “everything Japanese as well as the usual translation-related • LogiTrans has been designed to answer the you say will be repeated to the patient.” services. Our 100-plus translators have a combined question you may often ask yourself: “Haven’t I Q The interpreter maintains transparency. medical and language background. seen this already somewhere?” It allows you to For example, when asking for clarifi cation, an interpreter says to all parties, “I, the interpreter, We work for manufacturers of medical devices, obtain even more added value from your bitext did not understand, so I am going to ask for an instruments, in-vitro diagnostics and software; and full-text documents. explanation.” pharmaceutical companies; medical publishers; • LogiTermWeb — A fast and easy way to ensure Q The interpreter promotes direct commun- national and international medical organizations; ication among all parties in the encounter. For and medical journals. consistent terminology and phraseology example, an interpreter may tell the patient throughout your organization. Call or e-mail Simon Andriesen or visit our website and provider to address each other, rather • TransSearch — A web-based bilingual concordancer. than the interpreter. for more information. Q The interpreter continues to develop language and cultural knowledge and inter- MediLingua BV preting skills. For example, an interpreter stays Poortgebouw, Rijnsburgerweg 10 Terminotix Inc. up to date on changes in medical terminology 2333 AA Leiden, The Netherlands 240 Bank Street, Suite 600 or regional slang. 31-71-5680862 • Fax: 31-71-5234660 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2P 1X4 For the complete standards of practice, see [email protected] 613-233-8465 • Fax: 613-233-3995 www.ncihc.org www.medilingua.com [email protected] • www.terminotix.com www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 5151 52 | ISO 639and3166 codestoform the documentsthatdefi 47 untilthispastNovember. Thesewere successor, RFC3066,whichwasBCP which wastheoriginalBCP 47, orits You mighthaveheardofRFC1766, and theiruse.NeverheardofBCP47? 47, therebymakingchangesinthestructureoflanguage tags approved asetofdocumentstodoexactlythat—update BCP Task Force (IETF),thestandardsbodythatdefi sometimes bitterlycontestedwork,theInternetEngineering invite controversy. provoke intensescrutiny, andanymajorchangesareboundto BCP 47forimportance.Arevisiontothisstandardisbound to dards ofinteresttotheglobalizationcommunitythat rival nyms, issomethingcalled“BCP47.” XML, IMAP, LDAP, RDF, RSSandapotpourriofotheracro- includes webtechnologies,e-mail,protocolheaders,HTML, — affectingnumberordateformatsinawebsite,forexample. often uselanguagetagstoinfertheuser’slocalepreference which contentshouldbedisplayed.Web-based applications a documentorinlanguagenegotiationmechanismtoselect L MultiLingual

Yet, inNovemberof2005,afterseveralyearsintenseand Language tagsarenearlyubiquitous,sotherefewstan- The standardforlanguagetagsontheinternet,which Language tagscanalsobeusedtoidentifytheaudiencefor which dictionarytouseinthespell-checker. used toassistindefaultfontselectionorselect manner. Forexample,alanguagetagmightbe formatting tothetextinalanguage-sensitive computer systemtoapplyspecifi of languages.Languagetagscanbeusedbya user’s preferenceforaspecifi ural languageofthecontentortoexpressa cols ordocumentformatstoindicatethenat- Tech Language tagsareidentifi Addison P. Phillips language tags,PartI Understanding thenew ac 06 [email protected] March2006 ned theuseof ers usedinproto- c languageor set c processing or nes these tags, Quest Software. architect with is globalization Addison P. Phillips or bebigenoughtosaythattheseareseparate“languages,” but cois. Thesedifferencesmaynotimpedemutualunderstanding between USandBritishEnglishorFrenchQuébé- historical “accidents” thatdividepeople—thus,thedifferences Some variationshavetheirrootsincultural,nationalorother enous, butmostlanguagesexhibitsomeformofvariation. Japanese andsoforth. big, homogenous,atomicentities:Swedish,Korean,Icelandic, single identifi what alanguageis. structed are,inpart,wrappedupwiththeproblemofdefi tively. Whatthelanguagetagsmeanand howtheyarecon- systems toprocessorselectcontentbasedonlanguageeffec- is adialectwithanarmyandnavy.”] reich (JoshuaFishman),1945[usuallytranslatedas“A language language tagssuchas changes weremade. the past,hownewstandardchangesthem,andwhy tant toreviewwhatlanguagetagsare,howtheyworked in software basedonRFC3066bisbegintoappear, it’s impor- IETF, tocreatethisrevision.Asthenewlanguage tagsand Language Tag RegistryUpdate(LTRU) workinggroupofthe worked fornearlythreeyears,individuallyandaspartofthe 3066bis” —thateventuallybecamethenewBCP47.We tor ofthedocuments—collectivelyreferredtohereas“RFC registry forother, morespecialized,tags. This doesseemtoworkwhenlanguagesarefairlyhomog- “A shprakhiz adiyalektmitanarmeyunfl What isalanguage? Sometimes itseemslike itshouldbeenoughtoprovidea Language tagsareimportantbecausetheyenablecomputer WithMarkDavisofIBM,Iwasanoriginatorandedi- and the southernUnitedStates(phrases suchas the useofdoublemodal in somecommunities merely anaccentoracharming idiosyncracy, suchas their ownright.Sometimesthey areconsideredtobe become largeenoughtobeconsideredlanguagesin it doesmake adifference.Sometimes the differences er toeachspecifi might should fr , ). en-US c language.Languages seemlike , de-CH or ja ot.” , aswella MaxWein- may can ning Tech

The more critically one looks, the more one fi nds these The fi rst form these tags could take was as generative tags. variations — between countries or within a country. The dividing These tags begin with a two- or three-letter language code line between dialects at any particular level of distinction and which could then be followed, optionally, by a two-letter outright languages can be diffi cult, if not impossible, to clearly region code. defi ne — not to mention the effect of slang, argot, patois, creoles, RFC 1766 specifi ed the two-letter codes for languages. vernaculars, jargon and so forth on the speech and writings of These are assigned according to the ISO 639-1 standard. individuals. These enrich language and culture, but make identi- Not all languages have or ever could be assigned a two-let- fi cation of the language more diffi cult. ter code, so the main change introduced in RFC 3066 was Ultimately, if they are to be useful, language tags must balance allowing three-letter codes assigned according to the ISO the problem of identifying the smaller distinctions when these are 639-2 standard as well. Languages that have a two-letter code important to individuals or groups while still must use the two-letter code and never identifying a broad range of content. BCP the three-letter code. Languages that have 47 has been a success in part because its no two-letter code use their three-letter language tags can be made granular enough Not all languages have code. The different parts of ISO 639 are to identify even subtle distinctions yet repre- or ever could be assigned carefully maintained so that a language sent a reasonable, broad generalization that that already has a three-letter code never satisfi es most users and common uses. a two-letter code. receives a new two-letter code, preventing future confl icts. Note that a new language Some history can still receive a two-letter code and a BCP 47’s fi rst incarnation came in 1995. This was RFC 1766, three-letter code at the same time. The offi cial ISO 639 code written by Harald Alvestrand. Before RFC 1766, language lists are available online (www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2). tags in computer systems were mostly proprietary. A variety Here is an excerpt from one of these tables: of different formats existed that tried to deal with the widely recognized problems of identifying languages, their regional Language Name Language Name variations and the formats associated with them. Some of these (English) (French) 639-2 639-1 older identifi ers are shown in “Examples of computer system- based identifi ers.” Abkhazian abkhaze abk ab In 2001, Alvestrand and the internet community created RFC Achinese aceh ace 3066 to replace RFC 1766 as BCP 47. This work addressed some Acoli acoli ach specifi c shortcomings in the original document. Adangme adangme ada Adygei; Adyghe adyghé ady Language or Source Locale Identifi er Comment Adyghe; Adygei adygh ady Some older Unix japanese, english, English-centric and Afar afar aar aa systems french not granular Afrihili afrihili afh Microsoft ENU, ENG, FRA, FRC, somewhat Afrikaans afrikaans afr af Windows 3.1 JPN, CHT, CHS mnemonic Afro-Asiatic (Other) afro-asiatiques, afa POSIX locales ja_JP, en_US, very similar to autres langues de.iso8859_1, RFC 1766 zh_TW@traditional Ainu aïnou ain Microsoft LCIDs 1033, 1036, 1041, not at all mnemonic; Akan akan aka ak 2070 sometimes adopted Akkadian akkadien akk by vendors using Microsoft technology Albanian albanais sqi sq Examples of computer system-based identifi ers. The two-letter region codes are assigned according to the Back in 1995 there was little difference between locale and ISO 3166-1 standard. There are no rules regarding which region language identifi ers. The two were frequently used interchangeably, codes may be used with which language codes. Users are free to and indeed language tags usually form the basis for locale identifi ers assign whatever combinations strike their fancy, although many even today in many types of systems or programming languages. potential combinations are of, shall we say, limited usefulness. The similarity between what evolved into the POSIX locale model, Using this mechanism, it is easy for users to choose language the Java locale model, or, more recently, the C# Culture identifi er tags that identify a language in general or to identify a specifi c and the identifi ers used by BCP 47 is striking — and not accidental. regional variation of interest. For example, BCP 47 language tags of this era could take two forms: ja (Japanese) generative tags and registered tags. These tags are somewhat ja-JP (Japanese as used in Japan; probably redundant) mnemonic, making them easier for people to work with, and zh-CN (Chinese as used in the PRC) somewhat hierarchical, allowing for different levels of distinc- en (English) tion between language variations while still showing the rela- en-US (English as used in the USA) tionships between the languages. fr (French) www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 53 Tech

fr-FR (French as used in France) language tags, like all language tags, consist of subtags of no fr-CA (French as used in Canada) more than eight ASCII letters and/or digits in length separated de (German) by hyphens. Here are some examples of registered tags that de-CH (German as used in Switzerland) appeared prior to 2005: ale-CA (Aleut as used in Canada) cel-gaulish (Gaulish) ale-VN (Aleut as used in Vietnam; probably not a useful sl-nedis (Nadiza dialect of Slovenian) combination) zh-Hant (Chinese written in the Traditional script) tlh-AQ (Klingon as used in the Antarctic) de-AT-1901 (German as used in Austria, orthography of 1901) A common misperception is that BCP 47 defi ned this xx- i-enochian (Enochian) YY syntax explicitly. In fact, it only says that certain subtags sgn-US (American Sign Language) in certain positions should be interpreted in certain ways. For Many of the registered tags were similar in format to the example, it says that if the fi rst subtags happen to be two or generative tags, using ISO 639 and ISO 3166 values to indicate three letters, then that code is an ISO 639 code; and if the second language or region. Between 1995 and 2003, when the RFC subtag happens to be two letters long, it’s an ISO 3166 code. It 3066bis effort was started, less than fi fty tags were registered. doesn’t say that the region code must appear in the second posi- Some registered tags were later deprecated and some were tion — it might appear third, for example — nor does it forbid added to cover generative requirements. Once the direction for other subtag types from appearing in any position. Note that an RFC 3066bis became clear, a large number of tags were regis- ISO 3166 region code could never appear in the fi rst position tered that followed the format laid out for the new standard, to since any two-letter codes that appear fi rst must be ISO 639 address pent-up demand. codes, but it could appear in any position in a tag, not just the second position. Essentially, what BCP 47 said historically is Problems with RFC 3066 that tags that use the xx-YY format didn’t need to be specially BCP 47’s generative tags were successful in creating a registered, without going so far as to say “Here is the syntax for simple, well-understood mechanism for identifying languages a generative language tag.” in content. They are widely used and continue to be adopted As long as the language variations in question generally by new technologies, especially since they are built into basic follow national boundaries, this system works well to identify technologies such as XML, MIME, HTTP and so on. Despite their different dialects. Sometimes broad generalizations could be success, there were a few problems for implementations and associated with specifi c language-region combinations to fi t the content authors using them. generative model to actual language usage. But sometimes this One problem was the need to register many different is inadequate. BCP 47 also provides a mechanism for identify- tags for a given dialect or other important variation. While ing languages that don’t fi t this neat model. some languages, such as Enochian or Klingon, do not have Registered tags are this other mechanism. A registered tag is regional variations to worry about, others do exhibit regional one listed specifi cally in a special registry maintained by the Inter- variation. German spelling reforms provide an example. A net Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). Interested users who variety of tags was registered to distinguish text preceding need a new tag would petition a mailing list (ietf-languages@ and following the changes in 1996 to the Rechtschreibung ietf.org), and, after a few weeks of review, if all went well, the (German spelling rules). See the list “Tags designating Ger- language tag would be made available in the registry. Registered man spelling versions.”

54 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] Tech

Users outside the three listed coun- de-1901 has also reassigned withdrawn values to other regions or countries have to choose one of the registered de-1996 tries. A reassigned code may convey a very different meaning in regional variations or register additional de-CH-1901 a generative tag than was originally intended. tags if their regional variation isn’t rep- de-CH-1996 Since ISO 3166 is using a two-letter code space with a max- resented. Software developers would then de-AT-1901 imum of 676 different codes (634, actually, since forty-two need to add features to support changes de-AT-1996 codes are reserved for private use) and since there is a desire to this separate list of tags, a list that can de-DE-1901 for the codes assigned to be at least somewhat mnemonic, change without warning, consisting of tags de-DE-1996 reassignment can happen fairly quickly. For example, the code that can take any form at all. In practice Tags designating CS, which was used by Czechoslovakia into the 1980s, was and as a direct result, most users and most German spelling assigned to the country of Serbia and Montenegro (the former software have ignored the registered tags versions. Yugoslavia) in 2001. because of limited support. Content can have a remarkably long shelf life. And chang- In addition to the need to register many tags to fully cover ing the practices of many people or the lists of codes in many widespread variations, another issue that surfaced was the abil- pieces of software can take a very long time as well. Ideally, ity to register items quickly with IANA, only to have ISO 639 once a language tag is valid, it shouldn’t change its meaning or act later. Since a language tag might take only a few weeks to cease to be valid. It might be replaced as the best potential tag register with IANA but months or sometimes years to register to use for a specifi c language or dialect, but it shouldn’t become with ISO 639, a number of registrations were created that were inherently obsolete, nor should it suddenly get assigned an unre- later deprecated in favor of a code assigned by ISO 639. These lated semantic meaning (the ‘CS’ concern), which is worse than registrations could not be used generatively, thus limiting their obsolescence. appeal, but implementers of language tags have to support them, There were also some concerns about whether the ISO stan- essentially forever, even though they are superseded. Some of dards would be freely available. Many out-of-date copies of these these registrations include: evolving and changing ISO standards are available on the web, making it diffi cult to discern if a particular language tag is valid Registered Tag ISO 639 Code Meaning or what its meaning is. Having multiple standards form the basis no-nyn nn Nynorsk Norwegian for language tags made this problem more diffi cult. The last problem I’ll mention here with language tags, and no-bok nb Bokmål Norwegian the one that sparked my own involvement with their revision, i-klingon tlh Klingon was the existence of well-known “corner cases” that could not art-lojban jbo Lojban be adequately addressed using the existing generative language tags and which would have placed a tremendous burden on the i-lux lb Luxembourgish registry and its administration. i-navajo nv Navajo Script fun With only a few registrations and a number of these taken up The most well-known case involves the Chinese language with codes that were later deprecated, software explicitly sup- set. Chinese has several important spoken and separately writ- porting the registered values was rare. Most software allowed ten variations. For computer systems, the written variations are users to type in anything that used the right format. obviously important and the spoken variations increasingly so. Another problem was instability in the underlying ISO stan- Chinese is written in two forms: a Traditional and a Simplifi ed dards. ISO 639 is relatively stable, since languages are fairly script. Roughly speaking, Traditional Chinese uses classical Han long-lived, but opinions about languages are many and codes character forms and is broadly used today on the island of Taiwan have both been assigned and withdrawn from time to time. To and in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. date, none of the withdrawn codes have been reassigned. The Simplifi ed Chinese uses, as the name implies, simplifi ed character withdrawal of codes can make support for existing data sets forms and is widely used in Singapore and in mainland China. more cumbersome (fi nding out what the code There is crossover use of both, and both scripts used to mean requires access to historical lists of Code Script are used to write a variety of spoken dialects. the codes), but reassignment is a source of much It has long been traditional to use zh-TW greater potential pain. Arab Arabic to represent Traditional Chinese and zh-CN to For example, ISO 3166 codes change with Brai Braille represent the Simplifi ed variety. There are obvi- relative frequency, since countries and other ous political, social, and linguistic ramifi cations Cans Canadian Syllabics regional subdivisions change their borders and to using a region code as a proxy for the writ- so forth with some regularity. A look at any part Cyrl Cyrillic ing system. Chief among these is the fact that of the world with a pair of maps that span any Grek Greek texts vary in other ways besides script among fi fty-year period of history will tend to show the four regions where Chinese is prevalent. In Hans Simplifi ed Chinese why this might be the case. Furthermore, ISO addition, when selecting content, a system may 3166 encodes the name of the country or region, Hant Traditional Chinese have the problem of having to decide which not its borders, so changes in form of govern- Latn Latin writing system content tagged with a mere zh ment or administration can affect the assigned represents — Simplifi ed or Traditional? code as well. While both ISO 639 and ISO 3166 Mong Mongolian Languages besides Chinese exhibit script have occasionally withdrawn codes, ISO 3166 Examples of ISO 15924 codes. variations. Although the list of these languages www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 55 Tech

isn’t perhaps as commercially interesting themselves — ISO 15924. Like the other ISO Registered Tags Language as Chinese, it nevertheless represents a standards mentioned previously, ISO 15924 number of signifi cant languages. Such assigns alphabetic codes, in this case four- az-Arab, az-Cyrl, Azerbaijani a list includes tags for these languages letter codes to identify scripts. “Language az-Latn already registered in the IANA registry code and script examples” shows some be-Latn Belarusian under RFC 3066. examples of ISO 15924 codes. bs-Latn, bs-Cyrl Bosnian Originally, the goal was to revise RFC Various standards and vendors have 3066 to include these script codes into adopted ISO 15924 to identify scripts. zh-Hant, zh-Hans Chinese the generative syntax of BCP 47. An ISO For example, both Microsoft .NET Culture (plus 13 other variations) standard already existed for the codes identifi ers and CLDR locale identifi ers iu-Cans, iu-Latn Inuktitut mn-Mong, mn-Cyrl Mongolian sr-Latn, sr-Cyrl Serbian tg-Arab, tg-Cyrl Tajik uz-Latn, uz-Cyrl Uzbek yi-Latn Yiddish Tags for languages that have script variations.

used these codes internally to indicate script differences. Take a look at the list of languages in a copy of Internet Explorer, and you’ll see this exposed slightly: there are separate listings in the “languages” menu for “Serbian (Latin)” and “Serbian (Cyrillic),” for example. Even though both emit the same language tag “sr” over HTTP, internally .NET systems use tags such as sr-Latn and sr-Cyrl. Together with the other issues language tags were experiencing, the LTRU working group produced “RFC 3066bis” as an update to RFC 3066. The name RFC 3066bis is temporary until the RFC Editor can assign the actual number. One crucial consideration in the new design was compatibility with existing language tags in documents and other content and with existing implementations in the fi eld. User expectations should not require a radical alteration. Proposals to radically change the design or structure of language tags (using URIs, for example, or allowing a different range of characters) were rejected in favor of making the new design as compatible as possible. With the structure of existing language tags fi rmly in mind and the issues at hand under consideration, in our next installment we’ll examine how language tags were modifi ed to meet these challenges. In Part II, next issue, we’ll look at subtags, the Great Script Debate, prefi x matching, the IANA Language Subtag Registry and work remaining on matching of language tags as well as ISO 639-3 and macro languages. M

56 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] Tech What’s new in the .NET Globalization namespace Bill Hall

Late in 2005, Microsoft released .NET Version 2.0 objects. Important ones are the structures derived from the .NET ValueType class that play the roles of base types such as Byte, Int16, in conjunction with Visual Studio 2005. Along with Int32, UInt64, Char, Decimal and so on as well as DateTime, a con- many changes and improvements, this version in- tainer of an instant of time, and TimeSpan, a duration of time. The cludes enhancements to the .NET internationaliza- String class has also been enhanced. I discovered, for example, that L both String and Char have better support for surrogate pair mation model, whose members belong to the System nipulation and that DateTime has some new and interesting proper- .Globalization namespace. Besides additions to ties. Unfortunately, time and space limitations prevent covering the existing classes and enumerations, several new supporting classes extensively. features are most welcome. Especially interesting As a side note, when this article was begun, Visual Studio 2005 was still in Beta 2, and I had some trepidation about in- is the ability to create custom CultureInfo and Re- stalling it on a production machine. Instead, I installed a copy gionInfo objects. Several new calendars also have of Windows 2003 Standard Edition under Virtual PC followed been introduced, including four lunisolar calen- by Visual Studio 2005 Beta 2. Then I ported to version 2.0 many dars (a lunisolar calendar follows a solar year and of the internationalization demonstration programs that I wrote for my monographs on .NET internationalization (see www lunar months and days) for the Far East; the Ja- .multilingual.com/monographs for the three-part e-book Glo- laali solar calendar used in Iran; and the Umm-Al balization Handbook for the Microsoft .NET Platform). This Qurah calendar for Arabic-speaking cultures. approach proved to be a productive way to learn about the new features while keeping any beta software problems at bay. In a series of articles, I will review the new classes as well as Virtual PC is a valuable tool that can be very helpful in many the current ones that have new properties, methods and construc- ways, including internationalization and localization. tors. Discovering the new features can require a tedious search and comparison of old and new documentation while being alert for System.Globalization members additions and enhancements. Fortunately, .NET has a really pow- Classes, structures and enumerations are organized in .NET erful and useful feature — refl ection. Refl ection provides a means into namespaces. The internationalization support is found in for discovering public features of a class, structure or enumeration System.Globalization. There you fi nd two types: a set of classes with little more than type information. By creating programs using and a collection of enumerations. In this part, I will briefl y de- refl ection in the older environment and running them in the new, scribe the nineteen classes and seven enumerations of System you can easily discover what has been added to existing classes .Globalization in .NET 1.1 and indicate if new features have as well as the details of the new ones. been added in .NET 2.0 (see “The System Most of what was needed for this re- .Globalization classes of .NET 1.1”). After- port was divined in this way. Bill Hall is a writer, teacher, ward, I will provide a short summary of the Of course, limiting the coverage speaker and consultant on in- new classes and enumerations introduced to the internationalization classes ternationalization. He is author in 2.0. This information should prepare you and enumerations is not quite enough of Globalization Handbook for for the next article where we begin to cover since they frequently interact with other the Microsoft .NET Platform. the new and added features in depth. www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 57 Tech

New 2.0 Existing Classes Short Description Features Abstract representation of time in divisions such as days, weeks, months, years and so on. The Calendar Yes numerical values, length and starting points vary with each implemented calendar. Provides culturally sensitive string comparison. The class has no constructor. An instance is CompareInfo Yes referenced by a CultureInfo object. Provides properties and methods for creating and manipulating locale-sensitive objects. Many CultureInfo Yes properties are instances of other globalization objects. Controls culturally correct formatting of dates and times for a given culture. A suitable DateTimeFormatInfo Yes instance is referenced by CultureInfo. Defi nes the start, stop and offset of daylight time in the system’s current time zone. DaylightTime No Referenced by the TimeZone class, itself not a member of System.Globalization. Provides methods, properties and fi elds for the Gregorian calendar. One or more of the six GregorianCalendar types of GregorianCalendar objects, localized for the culture, is referenced by every instance of Yes CultureInfo. Provides methods, properties and fi elds for the Hebrew calendar. Referenced by CultureInfo if HebrewCalendar Yes the regional component is Israel. Provides methods, properties and fi elds for the Hijri calendar. Referenced in CultureInfo when HijriCalendar Yes the language is Arabic, Farsi, Urdu or Divehi. Provides methods, properties and fi elds for the Japanese Era (Emperor) calendar. Referenced by JapaneseCalendar Yes CultureInfo if the region is Japan. Provides methods, properties and fi elds for the Julian calendar — not a part of any culture but JulianCalendar Yes is used for performing computations requiring this calendar. Provides methods, properties and fi elds for the Korean Era calendar. Referenced by CultureInfo KoreanCalendar Yes if the region is Korea. Controls culturally correct formatting of number, currency and percentage. Referenced by NumberFormatInfo Yes CultureInfo and initialized for the particular culture. RegionInfo Provides language-independent methods and properties for world regions. Yes Maps a Unicode string to a sort key structure (byte array) to normalize culturally correct string SortKey No comparison. Works in tandem with CompareInfo. Splits strings into text elements and provides means to iterate through them. Works with StringInfo Yes TextElementEnumerator. Provides methods, properties and fi elds for the Taiwan Era Calendar. Referenced by CultureInfo TaiwanCalendar Yes if the region is Taiwan. TextElementEnumerator Provides methods for enumerating through a Unicode string in terms of text elements. No Provides basic information about a particular language as well as case mapping methods for TextInfo strings and characters. Referenced by CultureInfo. No constructor but TextInfo is initialized for Yes the relevant culture. Provides methods, properties and fi elds for the Thai Buddhist Era calendar. Referenced by ThaiBuddhistCalendar Yes CultureInfo if the region is Thailand. The System.Globalization classes of .NET 1.1.

System.Globalization classes of .NET 1.1 Q A NumberFormatInfo object to handle the formatting and Let’s start with .NET 1.1 (.NET 1.1 replaced 1.0 fairly quickly parsing of the structure representations of numeric quantities when .NET was fi rst released). A look at “The System.Globaliza- (int, short, long, fl oat, decimal, double and so on). tion classes of .NET 1.1” and the summary that follows should Q A reference to an instance of TextInfo, which provides provide you an overview of System.Globalization in its present much improved information about a culture’s language and form. If there are new features in .NET 2.0 for a particular object, text direction. it is indicated in the third column. Q Links to the executing thread’s CurrentCulture and Cur- The dominant object is CultureInfo, which acts as a locale rentUICulture. CurrentCulture provides the default locale for identifi er and contains references to several other instantiated formatting, comparison and so on. CurrentUICulture supplies the objects including: default behavior for retrieving resources. The latter two objects Q A default Calendar object and an array of optional Calendar can be changed dynamically and independently in the appli- objects (via DateTimeFormatInfo) relevant to the culture. cation, thus altering the default locale and resource retrieval Q A CompareInfo object for comparing Unicode strings, which behaviors of the thread. in turn has access to a SortKey object to reduce the original strings So, when you have an instantiated CultureInfo object, you to byte arrays for making the actual comparison. have access to practically everything else appropriate for the Q A DateTimeFormatInfo object that provides formatting in- culture at hand. CultureInfo is essentially the 800-pound gorilla formation and methods for the DateTime structure. in System.Globalization.

58 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] Tech

Regarding other objects listed in the New table of .NET 1.1 System.Globalization Enumeration Description Members classes: Determines the fi rst week of a new year for a given CalendarWeekRule No A Calendar class provides a division culture. into measures such as years, months, CompareOptions Provides options for culture-sensitive string comparisons. Yes weeks and days. The number, length and start of the divisions vary in each Defi nes the types of culture lists that can be retrieved CultureTypes Yes calendar. A Calendar object is capable using CultureInfo.GetCultures. of mapping the contents of a DateTime Defi nes the formatting options that customize how object — representing an instant of Gre- DateTimeStyles the DateTime.Parse and DateTime.ParseExact methods Yes gorian time — to a similar set of numeric convert a date string to a DateTime object. Defi nes the various language versions of the Gregorian values peculiar to the calendar. In turn, GregorianCalendarTypes No DateTime, in conjunction with Date- calendar. TimeFormatInfo and a Calendar object, Determines the styles permitted in numeric string can map the calendar’s numeric values NumberStyles arguments that are passed to the Parse methods of the No to a textual representation of date and/ numeric base type structures. or time appropriate to the calendar’s era UnicodeCategory Provides basic type information for Unicode characters. No and time divisions. One or more instantiated Calendar objects are closely associ- The System.Globalization enumerations of .NET 1.1. ated with each culture. Not all Calendar classes in .NET are linked to particular is in use, international identifi ers and so is System.DirectoryServices.Protocols.Sort- cultures, however. Some — such as the on. RegionInfo has changed in interesting Key. The latter is new in .NET 2.0 and stores JulianCalendar and many of the calen- ways in .NET 2.0. sort criteria for use by sort controls. Be dars that are new to .NET 2.0 such as The smallest class is DaylightTime, careful when searching the new docu- those derived from the EastAsianLuniso- which has a single constructor and three mentation. larCalendar class — are provided only for properties and works with the System computational purposes. .TimeZone to provide information about Enumerations in .NET 1.1 TextElementEnumerator and String- the start and end times of daylight Seven enumerations (see “The System Info make up another coupled pair of savings time as well as the offset from .Globalization enumerations of .NET 1.1”) classes. Together they act as a break it- standard time for the currently selected support the classes in .NET 1.1. Enumera- erator that can be used to examine Uni- time zone. DaylightTime along with tions provide ways to change the behav- code strings for grapheme clusters and SortKey and TextElementEnumerator are ior of an object. Some enumerations also character boundaries. the only classes in System.Globalization have the FlagAttributes feature that allows Standing more or less by itself is Region- that have no new methods or properties a bitwise combination of its member val- Info, which provides language-independent in .NET 2.0. ues. A comparison to the manifests used information about a country or region such There are two SortKey classes now. One by old-style API functions and methods as its currency, whether the metric system is System.Globalization.SortKey. The other is useful.

www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 59 Tech

Some enumerations have addi- French and English versions for Ara- tional members in .NET 2.0. For ex- bic cultures. ample, the number of ways you can Finally, the UnicodeCategory enu- construct a list of CultureInfo objects meration provides the abbreviations has grown from four to eight to in- in the third fi eld of the well-known clude user-defi ned custom cultures, UnicodeData.txt fi le. “A small por- to further differentiate those cultures tion of Unicode.txt” shows a small that are installed in Windows and part of this fi le. There are currently those in .NET (or both), and whether a about 14,000 entries. CJK and han- particular culture is user-defi ned. Also gul characters are covered in other supplied are new parse options for fi les. For example, the dollar sign at DateTime and the numeric structures. U+0024 has the Unicode category The enumerations are frequent com- Sc (CurrencySymbol). panions when working with .NET. The illustration “Char demo show- When computing the offi cial fi rst ing contents of the UnicodeCategory week of the year for a given world enumeration” shows an extended ex- region, you apply one of the three ample written to illustrate the Char rules provided by the CalendarWeek- class of .NET. For each selected charac- Rule to the appropriate Calendar ob- ter, the appropriate Unicode category ject; the relevant one is an assigned is indicated in the left panel. Along property of the DateTimeFormatInfo the bottom of the form you can fi nd object referenced by the containing Char demo showing contents of the the offi cial name, also taken from Uni- CultureInfo. Even though a week con- UnicodeCategory enumeration. code.txt. Unfortunately, .NET does not tains the fi rst day of the year, the week itself may not be the provide this information. We extracted the data from Unicode fi rst week of the year. .txt and made it part of a DLL that can be referenced by other CompareOptions offers several ways to compare strings in programs. The application is capable of mono and title casing culturally correct ways. It also has an optional ordinal sort and also supplies some type information about each UTF-16 ele- when comparisons must be made independently of local cul- ment. This example is featured in Part III of the author’s Global- tural conventions. ization Handbook for the Microsoft .NET Platform. CultureTypes provides options for building a list of Culture- Info objects. CultureTypes has also become a property of Culture- New System.Globalization classes in .NET 2.0 Info in .NET 2.0. Ten classes, one of which is abstract, are new in .NET 2.0 and DateTimeStyles is necessary when trying to parse a date/time are listed in “New System.Globalization classes for .NET 2.0.” As string to its internal DateTime representation. in .NET 1.1, many are Calendar classes, but at the moment none NumberStyles plays a similar role as DateTimeStyles except are integral to particular cultures except the Umm-Al Qurah that the affected objects are the numeric structures such as calendar, provided in .NET 2.0 for all Arabic cultures. UInt16 (ushort), Int32 (int), Single (fl oat), Double (double), Deci- QThe EastAsianLunisolarCalendar is an abstract class de- mal (decimal) and so on. rived from Calendar and having Chinese, Japanese, Korean The GregorianCalendarTypes provides a way to categorize and Taiwan lunisolar implementations. It has a few new meth- the various Gregorian calendars supported in .NET, including ods related to making calculations where both lunar and solar localized and US English versions, Arabic, and transliterated cycles are required.

New Classes Brief Description Provides information about Unicode characters that represent numeric values as well as access to the CharUnicodeInfo UnicodeCategory enumeration. ChineseLunisolarCalendar A Calendar that uses Chinese years and lunisolar days and months. Makes it possible to create a new custom culture derived from an existing culture and region. The result can be CultureAndRegionInfoBuilder installed and used by any application. EastAsianLunisolarCalendar Abstract Calendar class from which the Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Taiwan lunisolar calendars are derived. IdnMapping Supports non-ASCII characters for internet domain names. A solar calendar whose era begins with the Hegira and is in use in regions where Farsi is spoken such as Iran and PersianCalendar Afghanistan. JapaneseLunisolarCalendar A calendar that uses years based on the Japanese calendar and days and months on the lunisolar calendar. KoreanLunisolarCalendar A calendar where years are calculated on the Korean calendar and days and months on the lunisolar calendar. TaiwanLunisolarCalendar A calendar with years based on the Taiwan calendar and days and months on the lunisolar calendar. Represents the Saudi (Umm-Al Qurah) calendar. Similar to the Hijri calendar. The algorithm is licensed by the UmAlQuraCalendar Saudi government. New System.Globalization classes for .NET 2.0.

60 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] Tech

Q CharUnicodeInfo provides a 0020;SPACE;Zs;0;WS;;;;;N;;;;; such as Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. method for obtaining members of 0021;EXCLAMATION MARK;Po;0;ON;;;;;N;;;;; The calendar starts from the year the UnicodeCategory enumeration of the Hegira, 622 CE. The calen- 0022;QUOTATION MARK;Po;0;ON;;;;;N;;;;; of .NET 1.1 and also supplies means dar is based on a solar year and for obtaining values of the Unicode 0023;NUMBER SIGN;Po;0;ET;;;;;N;;;;; is approximately 365 days long. characters representing numbers of 0024;DOLLAR SIGN;Sc;0;ET;;;;;N;;;;; A year cycles through four sea- various kinds. For example, U+2164, 0025;PERCENT SIGN;Po;0;ET;;;;;N;;;;; sons; a new year begins when the Roman numeral V, returns 5, as you . . . sun crosses the equator from the would expect. A small portion of Unicode.txt. . southern hemisphere. The measure Q CultureAndRegionInfoBuilder is made by observation rather than allows a user to create a custom CultureInfo and companion Re- calculation. The fi rst six months in the calendar have 31 days, the gionInfo that is new or overrides a predefi ned culture. The class next fi ve months have 30 days, and the last month has 29 days also provides a registration mechanism to install the newly de- in a common year and 30 days in a leap year. A leap year is a fi ned class so it can be used in programs. This is a substantial year such that when divided by 33, it has a remainder of 1, 5, 9, addition to .NET, although there are some limitations, which will 13, 17, 22, 26 or 30. There are approximately eight leap years in be discussed in a later article. every 33-year cycle. It is interesting to note that the Hijri lunar QAn instance of the IdnMapping class maps noninternation- calendar also comes back into rough synchronization with solar alized domain names that contain Unicode characters outside calendars about every 33 years. the Basic Latin range (U+0000 to U+007F) to internationalized QThe UmAlQuraCalendar class is similar to the .NET imple- domain names (IDN) using Unicode characters from Basic Latin mented HijriCalendar class except that it uses a table-based al- (U+0000 to U+007F). As you will see, what is called “interna- gorithm licensed from the Saudi government to calculate dates. tionalized” is opposite to “common” use. The calendar can express dates to the year 1450 AH and does QThe PersianCalendar class represents the Jalaali calendar, not support the HijriAdjustment property. This kind of adjust- also known as the Persian or solar Hijri calendar. It is in use in ment is needed to handle resolution of two-digit years. All the countries where Farsi is spoken. It is the offi cial calendar of Iran .NET calendars — except the UmAlQuraCalendar — have such a and Afghanistan and is an alternate calendar in other regions provision. Also, the user can actually change the default from

www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 61 Tech

Enumeration Description Enumeration Description Comparison performs an ordinal OrdinalIgnoreCase FrameworkCultures Cultures that exist in the .NET framework. comparison ignoring case. Custom cultures created by the user that New member in the CompareOptions enumeration. ReplacementCultures replace cultures shipped with the .NET Framework. Enumeration Description UserCustomCultures Custom cultures created by the user. Calendar is solar, lunar, lunisolar or CalendarAlgorithmType Cultures installed in the Windows system but unknown. WindowsOnlyCultures Specifi es if a culture is a neutral or not the .NET Framework. CultureAndRegionModifi ers custom replacement or neither. New members in the CultureTypes enumeration. DigitShapes Culture-specifi c display of digits. New enumerations in .NET 2.0. Enumeration Description Neutral A neutral culture. Enumeration Description None A specifi c supplemental custom culture. Parse assumes time is local (depends on system A user-created custom culture that replaces a AssumeLocal Replacement current time zone setting). culture shipped with the .NET Framework. AssumeUniversal Parse assumes time is UTC. CultureAndRegionModifi ers enumeration. Preserves the DateTimeKind fi eld of a date when RoundTripKind a DateTime object is converted to a string and Additional DateTimeStyles for .NET 2.0. Three more enu- the string is converted back. merations have been provided for parsing date and time strings New DateTimeStyles in .NET 2.0. (“New DateTimeStyles in .NET 2.0”). They make specifi c as to whether the time is UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) or local. Enumeration Description The DateTimeKind itself is an enu- LunarCalendar A lunar-based calendar. meration used in the DateTime.Kind property and indicates whether a LunisolarCalendar A lunisolar-based calendar. DateTime object represents a local, SolarCalendar A solar-based calendar. UTC or unspecifi ed time. Unknown An unknown calendar basis. New enumerations in .NET 2.0. Following are System.Globalization CalendarAlgorithmType enumeration. enumerations (“New enumerations Enumeration Description in .NET 2.0”) added for .NET 2.0. The CalendarAlgorithmType (“Cal- The digit shape depends on the Context endarAlgorithmType enumeration”) previous text in the same output. has members to distinguish the types The digit shape is the native of calculations required. For example, NativeNational equivalent of the digits from 0 the Hebrew calendar is a lunisolar through 9. type, although in .NET 1.1 it was de- None The digit shape is not changed. scribed in documentation as a lunar calendar. DigitShapes enumeration. CultureAndRegionModifi ers has the Regional and Language settings of Win- three members distinguishing the dows. This is the only new Calendar object that types of custom cultures you can is referenced by a CultureInfo object. All the rest create (“CultureAndRegionModifi ers are for computational purposes only, at least for Digit substitution options in Windows. enumeration”). now. At last, you can calculate the date of Chi- DigitShapes (“DigitShapes enu- nese New Year. This is important if you live in California. meration”) has long been a part of Win32. You can fi nd the cor- Additional CompareOptions in .NET 2.0. OrdinalIgnoreCase responding selection in the Windows Regional and Language has been added to provide an ordinal (code point order) sort that Options Applet (“Digit substitution options in Windows”). is not case sensitive. The result is equivalent to mapping the string content to uppercase (without regard to culture) and then Summary comparing the resulting Unicode ordinal values. Such a sort is At this point, you have an idea about the members of the useful when the result must be independent of culture and has its .NET 1.1 System.Globalization namespace as well as the new place in system programming where repeatable results are re- classes and enumerations of .NET 2.0. In the next installments, quired. The result is not, however, likely to be culturally useful. I will explain and demonstrate the new methods, properties, Additional CultureTypes in .NET 2.0. From the four original constructors and the relevant enumerations for the existing values, we now have four more (shown in the table “New members classes of .NET 1.1. Subsequent articles will provide a similar in the CultureTypes enumeration”). The descriptions are more or treatment using the new classes of .NET 2.0. I recommend less self-explanatory. Note that it is now possible to create your that you use this document as a reference source during the own cultures. We’ll see how this works in a later article. exploration. M

62 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] 63

Basics | A system that MultiLingual Especially in a computing In this context, the term refers to Rules for assigning numeric value A well-defined and stable language that A variety of a language used by people from a par- A variety of a language used by people The shape representation or pictograph of a The shape representation or pictograph of a annual Resource Creole language. Dialect. Encoding scheme. Globalization (g11n). Globalization management system (GMS). Internationalization (i18n). Glyph. parse tree for each sentence. Also, a large body of source- parse tree for each sentence. Also, a language text used for a translation. originated from a non-trivial combination of two or moreoriginated from a non-trivial combination features that arelanguages, typically with many distinctive not inherited from either parent. ticular geographic area. The number of speakers and the areaticular geographic area. The number of is a complete systemitself can be of arbitrary size. A dialect but not necessarilyof verbal communication — oral or signed grammar. written — with its own vocabulary and/or (code points) to characters. Encoding is a method by which a(code points) to characters. Encoding form for transmis- character set is turned into computerized sion and preservation. the process that addresses business issues associated with such as integrating localization launching a product globally, throughout a company after proper internationalization and product design. character. focuses on managing the translation and localization cycles and synchronizing those with source content management. Provides the capability of centralizing linguistic assets in the form of translation databases, leveraging glossaries and branding standards across global content. context, the process of generalizing a product so that it can handle multiple languages and cultural conventions , MultiLingual’s A system used Computer techno- that literally means are the abbreviation of the 24 hours a day, 7 days a week 7 24 hours a day, CE A large body of natural language ). The process of translating a document . CE marking on a product is a manufac- corpora This section offers terminology, abbreviations, acronyms and other abbreviations, terminology, This section offers conformité Européene The letters resources, especially as related to the content of this issue. For more related to the content of this issue. especially as resources, see the Glossary section of definitions, Basic terminology Directory and Index (www.multilingual.com/resourceDirectory). A symbol standing for the smallest abstract An abbreviation for 24/7. Back translation. CE marking. Character. Computer-aided translation (CAT). Computer-aided translation (CAT). Content management system (CMS). Corpus (plural www.multilingual.com March 2006 2006 March www.multilingual.com text used for accumulating statistics on natural language text. Corpora often include extra information such as a tag for each word indicating its part-of-speech and perhaps the including holidays and days otherwise that may alter limita- including holidays and days otherwise 24/7 identifies a tions of work. In commerce and industry, of the current time orservice that will be present regardless by a restaurant, gas station, manned as might be offered day, or help information line. supermarket datacenter, that has already been translated into another language backthat has already been translated into by an independentto the original language — preferably translator. French phrase turer’s declaration that the product complies with the essen- declaration that the product complies turer’s health, safety andtial requirements of the relevant European environmental protection legislations. European conformity component of a writing system or script, including sounds, syllables, notions or elements, as opposed to glyphs. logy applications that assist in the act of translating text from one language to another. to store and subsequently find and retrieve large amounts of data. CMSs were not originally designed to synchronize translation and localization of content, so most of them have been partnered with globalization management systems (GMS). Basics

(currency, number separators, dates) without the need for Outsource. To hire a third-party provider to perform tasks redesign. or services often performed in-house. The third-party provider is then referred to as the outsourcer. Lingua franca. A language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are Translation. The process of converting all of the text different. or words from a source language to a target language. An understanding of the context or meaning of the source lan- Localization (l10n). In this context, the process of adap- guage must be established in order to convey the same mes- ting a product or software to a specific international lan- sage in the target language. guage or culture so that it seems natural to that particular region. True localization considers language, culture, cus- Translation memory (TM). A special database that stores toms and the characteristics of the target locale. It fre- previously translated sentences which can then be reused on quently involves changes to the software’s writing system a sentence-by-sentence basis. The database matches source and may change keyboard use and fonts as well as date, time to target language pairs. and monetary formats. Translation Memory eXchange (TMX). An open stan- Machine translation (MT). A technology that translates dard, based on XML, which has been designed to simplify text from one human language to another, using terminol- and automate the process of converting translation memo- ogy glossaries and advanced grammatical, syntactic and ries (TMs) from one format to another. semantic analysis techniques. Unicode. The Unicode Worldwide Character Standard Namespaces. Namespaces provide a simple method for (Unicode) is a character encoding standard used to represent qualifying element and attribute names used in eXten- text for computer processing. Originally designed to support sible Markup Language (XML) documents by associating 65,000 characters, it now has encoding forms to support them with namespaces identified by URI references. XML more than one million characters. Namespaces are the solution to the problem of ambiguity XML. eXtensible Markup Language, a programming lan- and name collisions. guage/specification, is a pared-down version of SGML, an .NET. Microsoft platform for applications that work over international standard for the publication and delivery of elec- the internet. tronic information, designed especially for web documents. Notified bodies. Organizations designated by the XML Localization Interchange File Format (XLIFF). Spe- national governments of the member states of the Euro- cifically designed to support the localization of data, XLIFF has pean Union as being competent to make independent features for updating strings, revision control, marking differ- judgments about whether or not a product complies with ent phases of the localization process, word count calculations the protection — essential safety — requirements laid and the provision of alternative or suggested language trans- down by each CE marking directive. lations, among others. XLIFF is an open standard. Resources CONFERENCES PUBLICATIONS Internationalization & Unicode Conference, MultiLingual (formerly MultiLingual Computing & Technology). www.unicode.org/conference Selected articles available at www.multilingual.com including Localization World, www.localizationworld.com “Computing in Creole Languages” by Marilyn Mason and Jeff Allen, #53 Volume 14 Issue 1, January/February 2003. ORGANIZATIONS The Guide to Translation and Localization, published American Translators Association (ATA), www.atanet.org by Lingo Systems, www.lingosys.com Fédération Internationale des Traducteurs / International Globalization Handbook for the Microsoft .NET Platform Federation of Translators, www.fit-ift.org by Bill Hall, published by MultiLingual Computing, Globalization and Localization Association (GALA), www.multilingual.com/monographs www.gala-global.org WEBSITES Localisation Industry Standards Association (LISA), www.lisa.org Caribbean creoles: All Info About Barbados language page, The Localization Institute, www.localizationinstitute.com http://barbados.allinfoabout.com/languages.html The Unicode Consortium, www.unicode.org Creole Clearinghouse, World Wide Web Consortium, w3c.org http://hometown.aol.com/creolech/index6.html

64 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] Buyer’s Guide information about new and existing Unicode-enabled ASSOCIATIONS 65 A SSOCIATIONS products. The conference will take place on March 6-8, CONFERENCES 65 AILIA Association de l’industrie de la 2006, in San Francisco, California. Object Management Group, Inc. 140 Kendrick Street, Building A, DICTIONARIES 65 langue/Language Industry Association Suite 300, Needham, MA 02494, 781-444-0404, Fax: 781-444-0320, Description AILIA is the voice of the Canadian language E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.unicodeconference ENTERPRISE SOLUTIONS 65 industry, bringing together organizations and professionals .org/ml See ad on page 56 from three sectors: translation, language technologies and INTERNATIONALIZATION TOOLS 65 language training. Through a single point of contact, AILIA ICTIONARIES LOCALIZATION SERVICES 65 members can access key resources to stimulate their growth D around the world. The CJK Dictionary Institute LOCALIZATION TOOLS 68 AILIA 65 Sherbrooke Street East, Suite 110, Montréal, Québec, Multiple Platforms RECRUITMENT/STAFFING 69 Canada H2X 1C4, 514-285-6596, E-mail: [email protected], Languages Chinese, Japanese, Korean, English, Arabic, Web: www.ailia.ca Portuguese, Spanish, Hebrew Description World’s leading RESEARCH 69 provider of comprehensive CJK lexical resources of over TM BROKERS 69 six million entries, including one million Japanese technical terms. Fine-tuned to entity recognition, our name databases TRAINING & SEMINARS 69 include three million high-quality Japanese/Chinese entries RANSLATION ERVICES widely used in NLP/IR applications (Google, Verity), mor- T S 70 Translation Automation User Society phological analyzers, MT systems (Fujitsu), IMEs (Sony) TRANSLATION TOOLS 72 Description Translation automation is not a straightforward and large-scale Arabic name databases. Extremely useful process with a guaranteed recipe for return on investment. for localization/MT are Simplified to/from Traditional Chi- CAREER OPPORTUNITIES 73 The difference between profit and loss depends on solid, de- nese mapping tables covering 2.8 million entries, includ- tailed and objective information. The best way of obtaining ing IT terms, for orthographic-conversion (such as English that information is by networking with other users and by color>colour) and the far more difficult word-translation INTERNATIONALIZATION sharing experiences. TAUS is a member organization for the (such as truck>lorry) between SC/TC. exchange of insights and experiences in automating trans- The CJK Dictionary Institute Inc. 34-14, 2-chome, Tohoku, Niiza- OOLS lation processes. Founding members are Autodesk, Cisco, shi, Saitama 352-0001 Japan, 81-48-473-3508, Fax: 81-48-486- T Computer Associates, EMC Software Group, European Patent 5032, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.cjk.org Office, FileNET, GambroBCT, Hewlett-Packard ACG, Intel, McDonald’s Corporation, McAfee, Novell, Océ Technologies, NTERPRISE OLUTIONS Oracle, Sun Microsystems, Symantec and WatchGuard. E S Translation Automation User Society (TAUS) Oosteinde 9-11, 1483 AB De Rijp, The Netherlands, 31-299-672028, E-mail: info@ translationautomation.com, Web: www.translationautomation.com Basis Technology Multiple Platforms Languages Asian, European and Middle Eastern Descrip- CONFERENCES Idiom tion Basis Technology provides products and services for Windows, UNIX, LINUX technology globalization and multilingual information Languages More than 120 Description Idiom Technologies, Inc., processing. Some of the largest multinational corporations is the only enterprise software company to deliver advanced have depended on Basis to help them go global. The com- XML-based publishing and content globalization solutions to pany’s Rosette Linguistics Platform is a suite of software de- accelerate authoring, managing and distributing high-quality signed for integration into highly scalable applications that content across multiple formats and languages. Based on its require analysis and processing of the world’s languages. proven WorldServer™ technology platform, customers can take Products include core library for Unicode; a language and Localization World advantage of a range of electronic publishing, website deploy- Description Localization World conferences are dedicated encoding identifier; entity extraction; language analyzers ment and software engineering applications to streamline for segmenting and normalizing Asian languages; and a to the language and localization industries. Our constitu- costs and speed time-to-market. Idiom WorldServer solu- ents are the people responsible for communicating across Chinese script converter for automatic translation between tions are currently deployed at large global organizations, Simplified and Traditional. Globalization services include the boundaries of language and culture in the global mar- including Adobe, Caterpillar, eBay, Medtronic, Motorola and readiness audits; project management and engineering ser- ketplace. International product and marketing managers Oracle. Idiom is headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts, vices; and quality assurance. participate in Localization World from all sectors and all with offices throughout North America and in Europe. Basis Technology Corp. 150 CambridgePark Drive, Cambridge, geographies to meet language service and technology pro- Idiom Technologies, Inc. 200 Fifth Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, MA 02140, 617-386-2000, 800-697-2062, Fax: 617-386-2020, viders and network with their peers. Hands-on practitio- 781-464-6000, Fax: 781-464-6100, E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.basistech.com ners come to share their knowledge and experience and Web: www.idiominc.com to learn from others. Conferences are held twice a year at different locations. See our website for details on upcoming OCALIZATION ERVICES and past conferences. L S Localization World 319 North 1st Avenue, Sandpoint, ID 83864, 208- 263-8178, Fax: 208-263-6310, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.localizationworld.com See ads on cover, page 45 STAR Group Multiple Platforms Languages All Description STAR is a leader in localization, internationalization and globalization solutions as well as a Adams Globalization premier developer of language technology tools such as Tran- Languages All major European and Asian languages Description For over 22 years, Adams Globalization has TM sit/TermStar, WebTerm and GRIPS. For more than twenty years, STAR has specialized in multilingual processing and provided comprehensive turnkey solutions for globaliza- 29th Internationalization and development, including translation services, terminology tion. We deliver software localization and testing, techni- Unicode Conference management, software localization/internationalization, soft- cal translation, web globalization and desktop publishing Description The 29th Internationalization and Unicode ware development, multimedia systems engineering, and in- with superior quality, and we do it on time. Our team of Conference will feature a wide variety of tutorials and formation management and publishing. With 37 offices in 26 experienced and efficient project managers, technically conference sessions covering up-to-the-minute topics countries and our global network of pre-qualified freelance proficient native-speaking linguists, technical experts related to Unicode, the web, software and internation- translators, STAR is uniquely qualified to provide competi- and desktop publishers using the latest software tools and alization. The conference attracts industry leaders from tive and domain specific translation services and language technology will work to expand your boundaries and of- across the globe, including Unicode experts, implement- technology tools. fer you a world of possibilities. Please contact us today for ers, clients and vendors. The unique interactive format STAR Group America, LLC 5001 Mayﬁ eld Road, Suite 220, Lynd- a free estimate. makes the Internationalization and Unicode Conference hurst, OH 44124, 216-691-7827, 877-877-0093, Fax: 216-691- Adams Globalization 10435 Burnet Road, Suite 125, Austin, TX the best place to meet and exchange ideas with the ex- 8910, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.us.star-group.net 78758, 800-880-0667, 512-821-1818, Fax: 512-821-1888, E-mail: perts, discover the needs of potential clients and gather See ad on page 75 [email protected], Web: www.adamsglobalization.com www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 65 Buyer’s Guide

in the Italian localization industry. Our goal is to guarantee years, EuroGreek’s services have been extended to cover most high quality, timeliness and flexibility. We are accustomed to subject areas, including German and French into Greek lo- working for clients throughout the world who need to reach calization services. All of EuroGreek’s work is produced in- the Italian market with their products. Our project managers, house by a team of 25 highly qualified specialists and is fully ADAPT Localization Services translators and revisers are trained to solve today’s challenges guaranteed for quality and on-time delivery. Languages More than 50 Description ADAPT Localization of translation/localization projects, regardless of text length EuroGreek Translations Limited or the software tools to be used. Fields of expertise are soft- Services (founded in 1999 as transline Localization) offers the London 27 Lascotts Road, London N22 8JG UK ware, hardware, telecommunications, finance, training, web full range of services that enables clients to be successful in Athens EuroGreek House, 93 Karagiorga Street, Athens 16675, and marketing. international markets, from documentation design through Greece, 30-210-9605-244, Fax: 30-210-9647-077, E-mail: production@ Binari Sonori srl Viale Fulvio Testi, 11, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, eurogreek.gr, Web: www.eurogreek.com See ad on page 51 translation, linguistic and technical localization services, pre- Milano, Italy, 39-02-61866-310, Fax: 39-02-61866-313, E-mail: press and publication management. Serving both Fortune [email protected], Web: www.binarisonori.it See ad on page 17 500 and small companies, ADAPT has gained a reputation for quality, reliability, technological competence and a commitment to customer service. Fields of specialization include diagnostic and medical devices, IT/telecom and web content. With offices in Bonn, Germany, and Stockholm, Sweden, and a number of certified partner companies, ADAPT is well iDisc Information Technologies suited to help clients achieve their goals in any market. CPSL Multilingual Project Management Language Spanish Description iDisc, established in 1987, ADAPT Localization Services Clemens-August-Strasse 16-18, 53115 Languages All, including “source” to English/English to “tar- is a leading independent localization company based in Bonn, Germany, 49-228-98-22-60, Fax: 49-228-98-22-615, E-mail: get” Description CPSL is one of Europe’s leading language- Barcelona, Spain. Services range from localization to DTP, [email protected], Web: www.adapt-localization.com See ads on pages 27, 38 industry companies with over 40 years of experience in from compiling to product testing. We are backed by a team managing complex, multilingual projects. Our services cover of in-house, full-time professionals and a carefully selected localization, translation, consultancy and web content man- and assessed freelance database which allows us to tackle any agement. Our customer base includes many of the world’s size of project in our areas of expertise, mainly software lo- leading IT, pharmaceutical, medical instrumentation and calization, technical and telecom documentation, ERP and automotive companies. CPSL employs state-of-the-art tech- marketing. As a single-language localization company, we nology, including LUCAS, our proprietary workflow man- leverage from long-time experience using TRADOS, IBM agement system, to streamline complex projects. CPSL is one Translation Manager and other translation tools. Highly Alliance Localization China, Inc. (ALC) of the most competitive companies in terms of pricing and technical capabilities, in-house know-how and professional Languages Major Asian and European languages Description quality of service. Our quality processes are underpinned by support are guaranteed by iDisc’s Support and Development ALC offers document, website and software translation and lo- a strict adherence to DIN2345 and ISO 9001 standards. All of Department. Contact us for a quote or other details. calization, desktop publishing, and interpreter services. We fo- our project managers are multilingual and fluent in English. iDisc Information Technologies Passeig del progrés 96, 08640 cus on English, German and other European languages to and CPSL Olesa de Montserrat, Barcelona, Spain, 34-93-778-73-00, Fax: 34- from Chinese, Japanese, Korean and other Asian languages. USA E-mail: [email protected] 93-778-35-80, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.idisc.es We use TRADOS, CATALYST, SDLX, Transit and other CAT Barcelona Torre Llacuna, Llacuna 166, 9a planta, 08018 Barcelona, tools, as well as DTP tools including CorelDraw, FrameMaker, Spain, 34-93-486-42-82, Fax: 34-93-300-00-40, E-mail: ljimenez@ FreeHand, Illustrator, InDesign, PageMaker, Photoshop and celerpawlowsky.com QuarkXPress. Our customer-oriented approach is supported Galway Apt. 7, Cimin Mor, Cappagh Road, Galway, Ireland, 353-91- by strong project management, a team of specialists, a large 591-015, Fax: 353-91-591-050, E-mail: [email protected] knowledgebase and advanced methodologies. We always pro- Madrid Ediﬁ cio Prisma, Colquide 6, Portal II, Planta 2oA, 28230 Las vide service beyond our customers’ expectations at a low cost Rozas, Spain, 34-91-636-36-11, Fax: 34-91-636-04-87, E-mail: and with high quality, speed, dependability and flexibility. [email protected], Web: www.celerpawlowsky.com See iSP — The Localization Experts ad on page 17 Alliance Localization China, Inc. (ALC) Suite 609, Building B, Languages From English into all major languages Description Number 10 Xing Huo Road, Fengtai Science Park, Beijing 100070, iSP (international Software Products) is a distinct provider of P. R. China, 86-10-8368-2169, Fax: 86-10-8368-2884, E-mail: localization services. For twenty years iSP has served its clients [email protected], Web: www.allocalization.com with the principles of honesty and customer-centric services. Not surprisingly, first-time customers and new customers have always stayed with iSP. We are dedicated to delivering the highest quality localized products. Our flat, in-house organizational structure means decision-making and action-taking are quick EuroGreek Translations Limited and simple. We are located near Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Language Greek Description Established in 1986, EuroGreek where we surround ourselves with languages. Our services Translations Limited is Europe’s number one Greek localizer, cover all aspects of localization. We are in the heart of Europe. Binari Sonori specializing in technical and medical translations from Eng- We are iSP. We are the localization experts. Languages From all European languages into Italian Descrip- lish into Greek and Greek into English. EuroGreek’s aim is to iSP — international Software Products B.V. Dorpsstraat 35-37, tion Binari Sonori has served the localization and translation provide high-quality, turnkey solutions, encompassing a whole 1191 BH Ouderkerk aan de Amstel, The Netherlands, 31-20-496- market since 1994. Binari Sonori has been awarded a number range of client needs, from plain translation to desktop/web 5271, US: 650-966-8468, Fax: 31-20-496-4553, E-mail: localization of crucial projects and has become one of the major players publishing to localization development and testing. Over the @isp.nl, Web: www.isp.nl WHY ? TOTAL SOLUTIONS FOR YOUR BUSINESS IN THE KOREAN MARKET Globalization staffing services Software localization • Internationalization • Software testing helps you successfully do business in Korea by providing high-quality localization services. We also provide the full scope of Localization training software testing services in Windows, Macintosh, Linux and Unix.

Visit us: http://www.comsysglobalization.com ACCUMULATED LOCALIZATION EXPERIENCE has successfully accomplished many major projects for For jobs, go to: http://www.comsys.com customers such as Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard, InternetSecurity or contact: Michael Klinger Systems, Sun Microsystems, BMC Software, Sony, BEA Systems and 781-907-6277 PeopleSoft based on accumulated experience and know-how. [email protected] • www.e4net.net [email protected] 822-3465-8500 • fax: 822-3465-8501

66 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] Buyer’s Guide

New markets for your products and solutions Lionbridge Software and Content Localization Janus Worldwide Inc. Languages All Description Lionbridge provides globaliza- Moravia Worldwide Languages Russian, Ukrainian, CIS and Baltic languages tion and offshoring services that enable clients to develop, Languages All Description Moravia Worldwide is a leading Description Janus provides localization, translation and DTP localize, test and maintain their enterprise content and tech- globalization solution provider, enabling companies in the in- services for Russian, Ukrainian, CIS and Baltic languages. nology applications globally. Through its globalization ser- formation technology, e-learning, life sciences and financial industries to enter global markets with high-quality multilingual Our deep expertise, flexibility, diversity and exceptional value vice offerings, Lionbridge adapts client products and content products. Moravia’s solutions include localization and product of services are recognized by many industry-leading cus- to meet the linguistic, technical and cultural requirements of testing services, internationalization, multilingual publishing tomers and partners worldwide. Our business services have customers, partners and employees worldwide. Lionbridge and technical translation. Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Microsoft, ISO 9001:2000 quality certification. Our uniqueness is a offshoring services include the development and maintenance of content and applications as well as testing to ensure Oracle, Sun Microsystems and Symantec are among some of solid team of the best professionals in all relevant areas — the companies that depend on Moravia Worldwide for ac- the quality, interoperability, usability and performance of localization engineers, language specialists, QA officers, curate, on-time localization. Moravia Worldwide maintains clients’ software, hardware, consumer technology products, DTP and software engineers and more. We do it end-to- global headquarters in the Czech Republic and North Ameri- websites and content. Lionbridge offers its testing services end — from servers to handhelds, from ERP to automotive can headquarters in California, with local offices and produc- under the VeriTest brand. Lionbridge has more than 4,000 solutions and from interface specifications to legal notices. tion centers in Ireland, China, Japan and throughout Europe. Our clients sound truly Russian. employees based in 25 countries worldwide. To learn more, please visit www.moraviaworldwide.com Lionbridge 1050 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451, 781-434- Janus Worldwide Inc. Streletskaya ul. 6, off. 26, Moscow Moravia Worldwide 127018, Russia, 7-495-689-5446, Fax: 7-495-689-3437, E-mail: 6111, Fax: 781-434-6034, E-mail: [email protected], Web: [email protected], Web: www.janus.ru www.lionbridge.com See ad on page 3 USA 199 East Thousand Oaks Boulevard, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360, 805-557-1700, 800-276-1664, Fax: 805-557-1702, E-mail: info@ moraviaworldwide.com, Web: www.moraviaworldwide.com Asia 86-25-8473-2772, E-mail: [email protected] Europe 420-545-552-222, E-mail: [email protected] Ireland 353-1-216-4102, E-mail: [email protected] Japan 81-3-3354-3320, E-mail: [email protected] See ads on pages 45, 49 Jonckers Translation & Engineering s.a. Logrus International Corporation Languages All Description Formed in 1994, Jonckers Language Russian, formerly USSR Description Logrus Inter- Translation & Engineering is headquartered in Brussels and national Corporation is focused on software localization and maintains offices and strategic partnerships in all key mar- translation for the IT industry, as well as on multilingual engi- kets. With customers such as HP, IBM, Adobe, Canon, Mor- neering and testing. With offices in Philadelphia and Moscow, gan Stanley, EADS and Philips, we address the GILT needs Logrus provides a winning combination of transparent and of global industry leaders and provide end-to-end solutions convenient front-end for clients all over the world and top- PTIGlobal in areas such as software, multimedia and courseware local- notch, affordable services rendered by an experienced team in Languages All commercial languages for Europe, Asia and ization, as well as technical documentation and fast turn- Moscow. Logrus is famous for the amazing engineering skills the Americas Description PTIGlobal is committed to de- around time translations. With its strong company culture of the team that can solve even the most sophisticated prob- veloping ongoing, long-term partnerships with its clients. based on values which foster consistent performance and lems with minimal external support and thorough experience This means a dedication to personal service, responsiveness, customer-oriented attitude, Jonckers is positioned as a with large projects (operating systems, office suites, ERP sys- high-quality output, and sensitivity to clients’ cost goals and unique player in the market. Jonckers is a founding member tems and so on). Most major software publishers are our cli- timelines. Backed by over 25 years of experience in technical of LCJ EEIG, a European Economic Interest Group, and a ents. For more information, visit our website or call/e-mail us, translation, PTIGlobal provides turnkey localization services Microsoft Premier Vendor. and you’ll be pleasantly surprised by our unique quality/price in 27 languages simultaneously for software, web applica- Jonckers Translation & Engineering Avenue Herrmann-Debroux ratio for engineering and testing services. tions, embedded devices, wireless applications and gaming 15a, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium, 32-2-672-80-30, Fax: 32-2-672-80- Logrus International Corporation Suite 305, 2600 Philmont Ave- technology. Projects are customized to fit client needs and 19, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.jonckers.com nue, Huntingdon Valley, PA 19006, 215-947-4773, Fax: 215-947-4773, feature our expertise in end-to-end project management; E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.logrus.ru See ad on page 59 internationalization consultation; glossary development; native-language translation; multilingual web content management; translation memory maintenance; localization engineering; linguistic and functionality QA; high-end desktop publishing, including graphics localization; and complete multilingual video and audio services. PTIGlobal 9900 SW Wilshire, Suite 280, Portland, OR 97225, 888- Lingo Systems, Translation & Localization Loquant Localization Services 357-3125, Fax: 503-297-0655, E-mail: [email protected], Web: Languages 72 Description Lingo Systems provides cus- Languages English, Brazilian Portuguese Description Lo- www.ptiglobal.com tomer-focused translation and localization services for global quant bases its operations on the experience of its found- companies. We specialize in software, online applications, ers and collaborators, professionals who closely follow the technical documentation, training materials, e-learning solu- ongoing evolution of technology and the latest processes tions and business systems (including ERP, CRM and data- in internationalization and localization of information. base tools). Our ability to complete complex, multilanguage Adhering to rigorous processes that were developed by the projects on time with superior quality sets us apart. Our cli- software localization industry during the last few decades, ents consistently rate us a 6 out of 6, and we have never caused Loquant is able to prepare the most diverse products for SDL International — a late release. Providing exceptional project management, ex- the primary world markets. To do this, Loquant counts on E-nabling Global Business ceeding client expectations and delivering measurable value the best project managers, native translators, engineers Languages All Description SDL International is a leader in are our raisons d’être. For a free copy of our award-winning and desktop publishers to guarantee a quality control the emerging market for global information management Guide to Translation & Localization: Preparing for the Global recognized internationally by the main international stan- (GIM) solutions that empower organizations to accelerate Marketplace, visit www.lingosys.com dards organizations. delivery of high-quality multilingual content to global mar- Lingo Systems 15115 SW Sequoia Parkway, Suite 200, Portland, OR Loquant Localization Services Rua Luís Carlos Prestes, 410/114, kets. Our enterprise software and services integrate with ex- 97224, 503-419-4856, 800-878-8523, Fax: 503-419-4873, E-mail: 22775-055, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 55-21-2104-9597, Fax: 55-21- isting systems to manage global information from authoring [email protected], Web: www.lingosys.com See ad on page 16 2104-9597, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.loquant.com to publication and throughout the distributed localization supply chain. Global industry leaders rely on SDL to provide enterprise software or full outsourcing for their GIM processes. SDL has implemented more than 100 enterprise GIM Stay Current — Stay Informed solutions and has over 100,000 software licenses deployed across the GIM ecosystem. Our global services infrastructure spans 50 offices in 30 countries. www.multilingual.com/multilingualNews SDL International 5700 Granite Parkway, Suite 410, Plano, TX 75024, 214-387-8500, Fax: 214-387-9120, Web: www.sdl.com See ad on page 76 www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 67 Buyer’s Guide

to work together with our clients, thereby creating a flexible, reliable and open relationship for success. Ushuaia Solutions Rioja 919, S2000AYK Rosario, Argentina, 54-341- 4493064, Fax: 54-341-4492542, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.ushuaiasolutions.com Symbio TOIN Corporation Languages 46, with emphasis on Japanese, Simplified/Tra- Multiple Platforms ditional Chinese, Korean, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Languages Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Thai, Viet- Brazilian Portuguese and Latin American Spanish Description namese Description For most Western companies, Asia is Symbio is an IT services and outsourcing company that pro- their most difficult market. This is due not only to technical vides end-to-end globalization solutions for technology com- complexities, but also to differences in culture between East panies. From internationalization and localization through and West. Founded in 1964, TOIN has been helping bridge VistaTEC in-country services such as customer product implementations this culture gap for over four decades. 100% focused on Languages All Description VistaTEC is a leading provider and technical support services, Symbio acts as an extension of Asian localization, TOIN’s staff is well versed in the technical, of globalization services, and specializes in localization our clients’ organizations to roll out products and content linguistic and cultural issues in each Asian market. TOIN is and testing of enterprise, mobile and desktop applica- globally. Symbio has unmatched expertise and scale in the based in Tokyo with regional offices in China, Europe and the tions. VistaTEC provides translation, technical consulting, engineering and testing during the design, development technology industry, including the largest in-house group of United States. Global 1000 clients, including IBM, Microsoft, and marketing cycles of software products. VistaTEC has internationalization engineers and globalization testers in the Oracle, PeopleSoft, SAP, Sun and Sybase, rely on TOIN for headquarters in Dublin, Ireland, and satellite offices in the industry. With 12 development centers and offices around the their Asian localization needs. United States. Additional information on VistaTEC is avail- world, Symbio works with most of the world’s leading technol- TOIN Corporation ogy companies, including AOL, BMC, CA, EMC, FileNet, IBM, able at www.vistatec.ie China Room 411, No. 223 Xikang Road, Shanghai, 200040, China, 86- VistaTEC Microsoft, Nokia, Sony and over 300 others. 21-6279-2235, Fax: 86-21-6279-3962, E-mail: [email protected] SymbioSys, Inc. 1803 Research Boulevard, Suite 508, Rockville, MD Europe VistaTEC House, 700 South Circular Road, Kilmainham, Europe Dodaarslaan 55, 3645 JB Vinkeveen, The Netherlands, 31- 20850, 301-340-3988, 866-469-4116, Fax: 301-340-3989, E-mail: Dublin 8, Ireland, 353-1-416-8000, Fax: 353-1-416-8099, E-mail: 297-212-091, Fax: 31-297-212-086, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], Web: www.symbio-group.com [email protected], Web: www.vistatec.ie Web: www.to-in.com USA 4966 El Camino Real, Suite 101, Los Altos, CA 94022, 650- USA East 2706 Loma Street, Silver Spring, MD 20902, 301-649- 966-8468, Fax: 650-949-5678, E-mail: [email protected], Web: 3012, Fax: 301-649-3032, E-mail: [email protected] www.to-in.com USA West 131 Shady Lane, Monterey, CA 93940, 831-655-1717, Fax: 831-372-5838, E-mail: [email protected] See ad on page 11 Welocalize Languages More than 40 European, Middle Eastern and Tek Translation International Asian languages Description Our services fulfill the trans- Languages European, Scandinavian, Latin American, Middle lation, engineering, testing and cultural needs inherent in Eastern, Asian Description Tek Translation has over 40 years releasing products globally. We enable our clients to meet of experience in working worldwide for the leading technology Ushuaia Solutions these challenges and achieve fluid international product companies. Now, thanks to the web, we operate globally from Languages Spanish (all varieties), Portuguese (Brazil) development and faster global release cycles without in- one production center offering a complete translation, web Description Ushuaia Solutions is a fast-growing Latin creasing international development costs. Welocalize and software localization service into more than 50 languages American company providing solutions for translation, at lower prices than our major competitors. Our English-speak- provides localization, testing and translation services to localization and globalization needs. Ushuaia Solutions ing project managers, specialist translators, linguistic control- leading companies, including AOL, Apple, Cisco Systems, is focused on being creative and proactive to meet tight lers and engineers are all connected via Tek’s exclusive Project Computer Associates, IBM, Sun, Symantec and Xerox. Web, which provides clients with their latest information online, time frames with a high-quality level and a cost-effective The company maintains offices in Frederick, Maryland; schedules and query logs and allows them to keep track of their budget. Customizing its processes, Ushuaia assures proj- Portland, Oregon; Dublin, Ireland; Wakayama, Japan; and projects at all times. To learn more about Tek, contact: ect consistency and technical and linguistic accuracy, thus Saarbrücken, Germany. Tek Translation International C/ Ochandiano 18, 28023 Madrid, reducing clients’ time-to-market. Ushuaia combines state- Welocalize 241 East 4th Street, Suite 207, Frederick, MD 21701, Spain, 34-91-414-1111, Fax: 34-91-414-4444, E-mail: sales@tektrans of-the-art technology with top-notch experienced native 301-668-0330, Fax: 301-668-0335, E-mail: [email protected], .com, Web: www.tektrans.com See ad on page 15 translators, editors and software engineers. Our mission is Web: www.welocalize.com See ad on page 54

LOCALIZATION TOOLS

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project management, documentation writing for localization, and web content localization and management. COMSYS Services LLC 400-1 Totten Pond Road, Waltham, MA 02451, 800-890-7002x6277, 781-907-6277, Fax: 781-907-6214, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.comsysglobalization.com See ad on page 66 WHP Visual Localize Languages All European and major Middle Eastern and Asian Windows 98, NT, 2000, XP languages, including local variants Description WHP, a ma- Languages All, including Eastern European, Asian and bi- RESEARCH jor supplier for the industry-leading corporations, localizes directional languages using Unicode support Description software, documentation and web content. WHP has been Visual Localize is a leading application that fully supports benchmarked “Best Localization Vendor” by Compaq. Clients the software localization process of Microsoft Windows specifically appreciate WHP’s dedication to high quality and applications (including .NET applications), databases and strict respect of deadlines and, consequently, entrust WHP with XML files. It dramatically reduces cost, effort and complex- their most sensitive projects. WHP also helps many fast-grow- ity of software localization. With its MS Explorer “look and ing companies to get their first localization projects smoothly feel,” it is user friendly and intuitive to use. After a very short off the ground. WHP’s flexible and open workflow technology Make Our Knowledge Your Power introduction time, you will be able to handle all kinds of lo- Description Common Sense Advisory is a research and con- adapts to any production process. WHP’s high standards sat- calization projects. Visual Localize remembers all previous isfy the most demanding globalization requirements. sulting firm committed to improving the quality of interna- translati ons and thus maximizes reuse. With Visual Local- tional business and the efficiency of the online and offline WHP Espace Beethoven BP102, F06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, ize no programming skills are required for localization. This operations that support it. We provide independent research, France, 33-493-00-40-30, Fax: 33-493-00-40-34, E-mail: gunther makes it applicable for everyone. A free evaluation copy is [email protected], Web: www.whp.net, www.whp.fr See ad on page 61 executive sales and management workshops, and business available at www.visloc.com consulting to help companies make informed decisions AIT — Applied Information Technologies AG Auberlenstrasse about the technology, business services and organizational 21, D-70736 Fellbach, Germany, 49-711-520473-10, Fax: 49-711- structures on which a global enterprise depends. Of course, 520473-30, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.visloc.com keeping abreast of the fast pace of a global economy, whether you are a vendor or a buyer, is difficult, at best. Get accurate information. Profit in a global market. Contact Common Sense Advisory today. Common Sense Advisory, Inc. 100 Merrimack Street, Suite 301, Lowell, MA 01852, 866-510-6101, E-mail: [email protected], WORDSTATION GmbH Web: www.commonsenseadvisory.com See ad on page 11 Languages British and US English, German, French (other PASSOLO European languages are available upon request) Description Version 5.0 for Windows 98, Me, NT and Windows 2000 ROKERS Since its founding in 1991, WORDSTATION has become a Languages All, including Eastern European, Asian and TM B superior quality provider of localization services, including bidirectional languages using Unicode support Descrip- terminology work, software and documentation translation, tion PASSOLO offers cutting-edge localization technology electronic publishing and film production — starting from for all major Windows development platforms to process the bytes of the software down to the final details of the docu- Windows software, Microsoft .NET, Borland Delphi/ mentation. We also conduct prototype translations to ensure C++Builder, Java, XML, XLIFF, text files and databases. translatability of software and documentation. WORDSTA- Complex localization projects based on different file for- The Translation Memory Brokers TION is large enough to ensure security and continuity, yet mats can all be handled with a single localization tool. The small enough to provide numerous advantages: no admin- Languages All Description Central to most translation pro- integration of translation memory systems (for example, cesses today is the database that contains previously translated istrative overhead, short communication channels, fast and TRADOS), terminology databases, spell-checkers and efficient feedback, short production cycles, high motivation data: the translation memory (TM). The consistently growing WYSIWYG editors guarantees high-quality and short turn- size of the TM represents an ever-increasing value to you as its and excellent team spirit. Updates and follow-up versions are around cycles. PASSOLO offers fuzzy-matching, pseudo- done by the same specialists. owner. By the same token, it becomes increasingly attractive to translation, numerous check functions, statistical reports TM buyers from the same industry to either jump-start a TM WORDSTATION GmbH Max-Planck-Strasse 6, D-63128 Dietzen- and experts for project setup, alignment and update pro- bach, Germany, 49-6074-91442-0, Fax: 49-6074-91442-29, E-mail: or complement it with proven, industry-specific translations. [email protected], Web: www.wordstation.com cesses. Automation and integration technologies provide Through TM Marketplace, this asset can now provide an users the means to adapt quickly to special requirements immediate return on investment through licensing to other and nonstandard file formats. parties. As TM brokers, TM Marketplace connects corporate LOCALIZATION TOOLS PASS Engineering Remigiusstrasse 1, D-53111 Bonn, Germany, 49- owners of translation assets with parties who want to license 228-697242, Fax: 49-228-697104, E-mail: [email protected], Web: and benefit from those linguistic resources. www.passolo.com See ad on page 4 TM Marketplace LLC 319 North 1st Avenue, Sandpoint, ID 83864, 208-265-9465, 888-533-7886, Fax: 208-263-6310, E-mail: info@tm RECRUITMENT/STAFFING marketplace.com, Web: www.tmmarketplace.com See ad on page 42 TRAINING & SEMINARS Alchemy Software Development Ltd. Multiple Platforms The Localization Institute Languages All Description Alchemy Software Development Languages All Description The Localization Institute pro- is the market leader in localization technology. With over vides training, seminars and conferences for the global 8,000 licenses worldwide, Alchemy CATALYST is the domi- localization community. Best known for its four annual localization roundtables, the Institute’s events train localiza- nant choice among professional development companies, COMSYS Services LLC localization service providers and global technology leaders tion professionals and promote the sharing of experience Languages All Description COMSYS Services LLC’s that need to accelerate entry into international markets. Al- and information. Seminars include “Multilingual Websites,” Globalization Practice has a ten-year track record of chemy CATALYST 5.0 boosts localization velocity, improves “Writing and Designing for an International Audience,” providing prequalified just-in-time globalization proj- quality and reduces localization cost. Supporting all Micro- “Localization Project Management,” “Advanced Localiza- ect resources (onsite, offsite and offshore) to support soft platforms and development languages (VB, .NET, C++, tion Project Management,” “Designing International Web our Fortune 500 customers with their internationaliza- C#), Borland C++Builder and Delphi, XML/XLIFF and and User Interfaces,” “Writing International Software for tion and localization staffing requirements. We provide databases (Oracle, MS-SQL), it is an indispensable solu- Win32API,” “Introduction to Localization,” “Tools and experienced professionals for both contract and perma- tion for software localization, helping clients achieve near- Technologies for Localization/Internationalization,” “QA nent positions: program managers, localization project simultaneous release of their translated applications. Corel of Global Products,” “Implementing a Translation Memory managers, internationalization engineers, localization Corporation holds a 20% equity stake in Alchemy Software Process” and “Introduction to Unicode.” See our website for engineers, localization desktop publishing specialists, Development. details. Most seminars are available in-house. localization QA engineers, bilingual testers and trans- Alchemy Software Development Ltd. Block 2, Harcourt Business The Localization Institute 4513 Vernon Boulevard, Suite 11, Centre, Harcourt Street, Dublin 2, Ireland, 353-1-708-2800, Fax: lation/localization specialists. Our experienced consul- Madison, WI 53705, 608-233-1790, Fax: 608-441-6124, E-mail: 353-1-708-2801, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www tants can also provide on-site training and consulting on [email protected], Web: www.localizationinstitute.com .alchemysoftware.ie See ad on cover a range of topics, including Unicode enabling, Java, C++, See ads on pages 2, 12 www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 69 Buyer’s Guide

SDLX, CATALYST, TTT/PC, STAR Transit, Robohelp, TRANSLATION SERVICES FrameMaker, PageMaker, InDesign, QuarkXPress, MS Of- fice and other graphic and DTP tools. Having more than 130 full-time translators and reviewers throughout Asia, we can handle English/German into and from Simplified Chinese/ Traditional Chinese/Japanese/Korean/Thai. We guarantee that Follow-Up Translation Services clients’ projects will be handled not only by native speakers, Language English, Brazilian Portuguese, Latin American Span- but also by topic specialists. Clients can expect and will re- ish Description With more than 15 years of experience, we ceive high-quality services, on-time delivery and low cost. know exactly how to help your products and documents pene- 2tr Soluções Globais Beijing E-C Translation Ltd. 2nd Floor, Hua Teng Development trate South American markets faster and more efficiently. Trust Languages Brazilian Portuguese Description Firmly com- Building, No. 23, Xi Huan Bei Road, Beijing Economic-Techno- our expertise and leave your software/website localization with mitted to providing top-quality services, 2tr is backed by logical Development Zone, Beijing 100176, P.R. China, 86-10- us. Follow-Up gathers a select group of translation, localization, the proven track record of its founders, Adriana Ferreira 67868761, Fax: 86-10-67868765, E-mail: [email protected], DTP, engineering and project management specialists to always Web: www.e-cchina.com and Jorge Marinho, with over ten years’ experience in the exceed your company’s requirements of high quality and time- localization industry. We specialize in technical translations, to-market. Our areas of expertise include IT, telecom, finance, from a few words on a label to complex million-word proj- Celer Soluciones, S.L. ERP, marketing, medicine and pharmaceuticals. ects involving TEP, DTP, QA and testing of web, mobile and Translation — Technology — Quality Follow-Up Av. Presidente Wilson 165, Sala 1308, Rio de Janeiro, desktop applications and documentation in fields ranging Languages All major European languages Description Celer RJ 20030-020 Brazil, 55-21-2524-2994, Fax: 55-21-2210-5472, from IT, telecom, energy and pharmaceuticals to business, Soluciones provides suitable solutions to ensure we meet E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.follow-up.com.br See finance and legal affairs. We are fully qualified in related lo- our clients’ objectives. We study their documentation read on page 32 calization services, such as DTP, engineering and testing in quirements; produce translations that are adapted to spe- Western European languages. For additional information, cific markets and cultures; and prepare an end product in please contact us. DTP or printed format in accordance with the demands 2tr Soluções Globais Ltda. Rua Voluntários da Pátria, 45 Sala 401, of each project. Specialized fields include software local- Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22270-000, Brazil, 55-21-2266-6449, Fax: 55-21- ization; engineering and technology; life sciences; and 2286-1694, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.2tr.com.br institutional-corporate sector. Three elements of funda- mental importance are developed and combined at Celer Accurate Russian Translations Soluciones: translation — good translation practice; tech- ForeignExchange Translations Language 42 languages and growing Description ForeignEx- Languages English, Russian Description Accurate Russian nology — use of suitable computer-assisted translation, file- change is the global leader in providing translation services Translations (Moscow, Russia), headed by Andrei Gerasimov, handling and management tools; quality — quality in our client relations, quality of project management and quality to life sciences companies. We work with many of the biggest Ph.D., has provided English-Russian translation and local- pharmaceutical companies, medical-device manufacturers, ization services since 1980. Our services are notable for the of the documentation produced. Celer Soluciones, S.L. Plaza de España, 12, 28008 Madrid, Spain, 34- biotech companies and CROs. Our proprietary Multilingual dedication to project-specific QA procedures and a deep un- Compliance Process combines expert linguists, best-of-breed derstanding of the client’s target audience. An active member 91-540-0540, Fax: 34-91-541-9259, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.celersol.com See ad on page 50 technology and measurable translation quality in a process of ATA (USA), ITI (UK) and UTR (Russia), Dr. Gerasimov that is both robust and completely scalable, ensuring your has nine years of experience in engineering (Ph.D. in data projects are finished on time and within budget. For more in- processing), 25 years of experience in translation, and 56 formation on how we can help meet your translation require- books translated to his credit. Recent clients include Volvo ments or for a quote on your next translation project, please Cars Russia, Philips, Ericsson, Babylon Ltd. and more. Refer- contact us directly or visit our website at www.fxtrans.com ences are available at www.erussiantranslations.com ForeignExchange Translations 124 Watertown Street, Suite 2B, Accurate Russian Translations Russia, 119571, Moscow, Lenin- Watertown, MA 02472-2576, 866-398-7267, 617-926-2791, Fax: ski Prospect, 156-348, 7-095-434-1086, Cellular: 7-916-692-2809, 617-926-2792, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.fxtrans.com E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.erussiantranslations.com Eriksen Translations Inc. See ad on page 38 Languages All Description Eriksen Translations Inc. is a leading provider of multilingual services, including translation, interpreting, typesetting, project management, web localization and cultural consulting. For 20 years, Eriksen has helped a broad range of organizations in both the public and private ACP Traductera sectors excel across print, desktop and web environments Languages Bulgarian, Czech, Estonian, Hungarian, Latvian, in the domestic and global marketplace. With a worldwide Lithuanian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Slovenian network of over 5,000 linguists, a commitment to leading Hermes Traducciones y and Ukrainian Description ACP Traductera is a localization technologies, and an in-house staff dedicated to tailoring our Servicios Lingüísticos, S.L. proven project management process to the individual needs service provider specializing in Central and Eastern Euro- Languages Spanish, Portuguese (Continental and Brazilian), of each client, Eriksen is your globalization partner. pean languages. Our mission is to support the entry of your English, French, Italian, German and other languages on de- Eriksen Translations Inc. 32 Court Street, 20th Floor, Brooklyn, products into the Central and Eastern European market by NY 11201, 718-802-9010, Fax: 718-802-0041, E-mail: info@eriksen mand Description Established in 1991, Hermes Traducciones offering high-quality services. From marketing communi- inc.com, Web: www.erikseninc.com is a leading Spanish translation company, specializing in soft- cations to technical documentation and user interface, we ware and hardware localization and also undertaking a broad always make your texts available to a Central and Eastern range of other translation projects. Comprehensive in-house European audience accurately and appropriately. Our trans- translation teams including translators, reviewers and lin- lation team consists of translators — native speakers living guists with an expertise in Spanish and Portuguese, a knowl- and working in the target-language country. Our project edge of CAT tools, and a commitment to deliver cost-efficient, managers and software engineers are fluent in English and reliable and high-quality services to customers. Hermes experienced in using a wide range of translation and localiza- Traducciones is a member of the International Committee tion software tools. EuroGreek Translations Limited for the creation of the European Quality Standard for Trans- ACP Traductera, s. r. o. nam. Miru 169/I, 377 01 Jindrichuv Hradec, Languages Greek Description EuroGreek Translations lation Services. Hermes Traducciones also organizes univer- Czech Republic, 420-384-361-300, Fax: 420-384-361-303, E-mail: Limited is Europe’s number one Greek production house, sity courses on localization and translation. [email protected], Web: www.traductera.com See ad on page 14 specializing in technical and medical translations from Hermes Traducciones y Servicios Lingüísticos, S.L. C/ Cólquide, 6 - planta 2 - 3.oI, Ediﬁ cio “Prisma”, 28230 Las Rozas, Madrid, English into Greek and Greek into English. EuroGreek’s aim Spain, 34-916-407640, Fax: 34-916-378023, E-mail: hermestr@ is to provide high-quality, turnkey solutions, encompassing a hermestrans.com, Web: www.hermestrans.com See ad on page 10 whole range of client needs, from plain translation to desktop/web publishing to localization development and testing. Over the years, EuroGreek’s services have been extended to cover most subject areas, including German and French into Beijing E-C Translation Ltd. Greek translation services. All of EuroGreek’s work is proof- read by a second in-house specialist and is fully guaranteed Languages Asian Description Beijing E-C Translation Ltd., for quality and on-time delivery. one of the largest localization and translation companies in EuroGreek Translations Limited EuroGreek House, 93 Karagiorga International Communication by Design, Inc. China, focuses mainly on software and website localization; Street, Athens 16675, Greece, 30-210-9605-244, Fax: 30-210-9647- Languages All major languages, including double-byte technical, financial, medical, patent and marketing transla- 077, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.eurogreek.com Description Since 1991, International Communication by tions; and desktop publishing services. We use TRADOS, See ad on page 51 Design, Inc. (ICD), has provided integrated translation

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and technical communication services and solutions. Our pairs. Clients have dedicated technical support, account and specialties include help system and web localization, tech- project management throughout every project. Technology: nical manuals, multiplatform desktop publishing, techni- Selecting and building technology is based on its value to our cal writing and simultaneous interpretation. ICD’s project clients’ projects. Will it improve turn time, cost savings, com- managers utilize a variety of translation memory tools that munication, product quality or workflow processes? shorten project cycles and improve product consistency. McElroy Translation Co. 910 West Avenue, Austin, TX 78701, 800- One Planet ICD — Translating your company into a global success. 531-9977, 512-472-6753, Fax: 512-472-4591, E-mail: sales@mcelroy Languages All Description What makes One Planet differ- International Communication by Design, Inc. 1726 North 1st translation.com, Web: www.mcelroytranslation.com See ad on page 14 ent? A deep understanding of corporate culture. Our clients Street, Milwaukee, WI 53212, 414-265-2171, Fax: 414-265-2101, require accuracy, measurable productivity and excellence in E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.icdtranslation.com communication. How can one firm specialize in areas such as high technology, medical products and technical manufacturing? By blazing the path in translation since 1979, we utilize knowledgeable translators in the United States, Europe and Asia in every field and every specialty. Services include technical translation, software localization and multilingual Medical Translations Only website development. Our customers from Ametek to Unisys KERN Global Language Services Languages All European languages and Japanese Descrip- like the fact that we function as an extension of their teams. Your language partner tion MediLingua is one of the few medical translation One Planet 820 Evergreen Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15209, 888- specialists in Europe. We only do medical. We provide all 677-1010, Fax: 412-632-1071, E-mail: [email protected], Web: Languages All Description KERN Global Language Services www.one-planet.net See ads on pages 44, 51 is a leading provider in the area of global communication European languages (31 today and counting) and Japanese with over 35 offices worldwide. With more than 30 years of as well as translation-related services to manufacturers experience, our services include translation and interpreting of medical devices, instruments, in vitro diagnostics and in all languages; software, multimedia and website localiza- software; pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies; tion; terminology management; multilingual desktop pub- medical publishers; national and international medical lishing; and individual and corporate language training in all organizations; and other customers in the medical sec- major languages. KERN has established itself as a preferred tor. Projects include the translation of documentation for insourcing and outsourcing solution provider for language medical devices, surgical instruments, hospital equipment Skrivanek Translation Services services. We serve clients in all industry sectors, including and medical software; medical information for patients, Languages All, with a focus on Central and Eastern Europe the automotive, medical, pharmaceutical, chemical, IT and medical students and physicians; scientific articles; press Description Skrivanek is a leading language-service provider financial services industries. To learn more about us, please releases; product launches; clinical trial documentation; focusing on translation, localization and language teaching. visit www.e-kern.com medical news; and articles from medical journals. Established in the Czech Republic in 1994, it has quickly managed to achieve a dominant position on the Central Eu- KERN Global Language Services MediLingua Medical Translations BV Poortgebouw, Rijns- burgerweg 10, 2333 AA Leiden, The Netherlands, 31-71-5680862, ropean translation market, creating a network of outlets in 230 Park Avenue, Suite 1517, New York, NY 10169, 212-953- USA Fax: 31-71-5234660, E-mail: [email protected], 51 European cities, and is continuing to expand. With a staff 2070, Fax: 212-953-2073, E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.medilingua.com See ads on pages 48, 51 of professional translators and experienced project manag- Europe Kurfuerstenstrasse 1, 60486 Frankfurt/M., Germany, 49-69- ers, software engineers and programmers, Skrivanek is able 7560730, Fax: 49-69-751353, E-mail: [email protected] to provide translation and localization services in any lan- China Right Emperor Commercial Building, Unit B, 11/F, 122-126 guage and has built up a diverse clientele, including Hewlett- Wellington Street, Central, Hong Kong, SAR China, 852-2850-4455, Packard, Nikon, Kraft Foods and L’Oreal. Its quality strategy Fax: 852-2850-4466, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.e-kern.com is backed up by EN ISO 9001:2001 certification. Merrill Brink International Skrivanek Translation Services, Ltd. Nad Zaloznou 499/6, 180 00 Languages All Description With one of the largest full-time, Prague 8, Czech Republic, 420-233-3-20-560, Fax: 420-224-321- in-house staffs of professional translators and 60 locations 556, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.skrivanek.com See ad worldwide, we’re ready to handle the largest multilingual on page 50 projects accurately and efficiently. We have 25 years of experience working with a broad range of leading global companies and are able to provide clients with turnkey, integrated LinguaLinx, Inc. language solutions. Working with the latest tools for enhanc- Languages All Description LinguaLinx is a full-service trans- ing the quality and efficiency of their work, our teams deliver lation and localization agency specializing in the adaptation some of the fastest turnaround times in the industry. Talk to of marketing and communications material into most of the Syntes Language Group, Inc. us about service beyond the expected for translation, local- world’s languages. Our enterprise language solutions range Languages All Description Syntes Language Group is a lead- ization, technical writing, design and formatting, electronic from glossary development and maintenance to translation ing quality provider of customized language solutions to busi- delivery, printing and distribution. Internet job initiation. memory deployment and global content management. In to- ness, government and professional clients. We deliver a full Merrill Brink International 6100 Golden Valley Road, Minneapo- day’s highly competitive, global environment, it is becoming line of service in translation, interpreting and conference co- lis, MN 55422, 763-591-1977, Fax: 763-542-9138, E-mail: info@ ordination; product, software and website localization; desk- increasingly difficult to differentiate one translation agency merrillbrink.com, Web: www.merrillbrink.com See ad on page 6 top publishing; multimedia production and voiceovers; and from another. We stand apart by taking the most proactive consultation in both project-specific and long-term planning approach to quality in the industry, utilizing stringent project for the incorporation of foreign language elements into your management procedures, offering one of the most aggressive business. For fifteen years, we’ve offered proven expertise in rate structures available and applying a sincere dedication to all major fields of industry, delivered by accomplished, expe- providing the best possible service. rienced professionals. All of this means you get the ultimate in LinguaLinx Language Solutions, Inc. 650 Franklin Street, Suite 502, mt-g medical translation customer care and the best value for your project dollars. Schenectady, NY 12305, 518-388-9000, Fax: 518-388-0066, E-mail: Syntes Language Group, Inc. 7465 E. Peakview Avenue, Centen- [email protected], Web: www.lingualinx.com Quality and Reliability for Our Clients nial, CO 80111, 888-779-1288, 303-779-1288, Fax: 303-779-1232, Languages All Description mt-g provides medical and E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.syntes.com pharmaceutical translations of the highest quality. Specialist translations, localization, DTP/layouting, technical docu- Translations.com Languages All Description Translations.com provides soft- mentation, project management, process optimization and ware and website localization, as well as enterprise language consulting plus the innovative software products mt-24 and solutions, to clients in virtually every major industry. Trans- global-term form the main areas of our expertise. mt-g has lations.com’s business services are focused on the strategic become one of the most successful companies for specialist needs of organizations seeking to communicate and conduct McElroy Translation Co. medical and pharmaceutical translations. Leading manufac- Languages All Description Experience: 35 years of indus- business in international markets. Translations.com has an turers all over the world put their trust in mt-g. Top-quality established global presence on three continents and continues try success providing legal, technical, medical and business services coupled with the latest communication media set the to pioneer new techniques and technologies for the rapid de- translation and website localization. Client Commitment: benchmark. This expertise defines mt-g’s service know-how: velopment of multilingual business solutions. For more infor- Close communication with clients to establish schedules quality and reliability for our clients. Translations are a mat- mation, visit the Translations.com website, www.translations and project benchmarks. Quality, price and service are the ter of trust. Challenge us. We look forward to it. .com, or e-mail the company at [email protected] cornerstones of our client relationships. Human Expertise: mt-g medical translation GmbH & Co. KG Schützenstrasse 19, D- Translations.com Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, 212- Translators and editors are selected based on experience and 89231 Neu-Ulm, Germany, 49-731-17-63-97-42, Fax: 49-731-17-63-97- 689-1616, Fax: 212-685-9797, E-mail: [email protected], Web: professional skills testing in subject matter and language 50, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.mt-g.com See ad on page 34 www.translations.com See ad on page 19 www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 71 Buyer’s Guide

users and innovate to meet their wishes in double quick time; and adopt a no-frill minimalist approach towards product embodiment design and packaging. Release 6 of Heart- some XLIFF Translation Editor, Heartsome TMX Editor and Heartsome Dictionary Editor pushes the deployment of TripleInk Multilingual Communications open standards in CAT tools to a world first level far beyond SYSTRAN Languages All major commercial languages Description As a those of similar products in the marketplace. The Heartsome Multiple Platforms multilingual communications agency, TripleInk has provided Translation Suite is specially bundled to provide users with Languages 40 language combinations Description SYSTRAN industrial and consumer products companies with precise the option of purchasing a complete set comprising three is the market leading provider of language translation soft- translation and multilingual production services for audio- professional editions of all three Heartsome CAT tools. ware products and solutions for the desktop, enterprise and visual, online and print media since 1991. Our experience in Heartsome Holdings Pte. Ltd. 190 Middle Road, #19-05 Fortune internet that facilitate communication in 40 language com- adapting technical documentation and marketing communi- Centre, Singapore 188979, 65-68261179, Fax: 65-67883785, E-mail: binations and in 20 domains. With over three decades of cation materials covers a wide range of industries, including [email protected], Web: www.heartsome.net See ad on page 15 expertise, research and development, SYSTRAN’s software is biomedical and health care; building and construction; finan- the choice of leading global corporations, portals and public cial services; food and agriculture; high-tech and manufactur- agencies. Use of SYSTRAN products and solutions enhances ing; and hospitality and leisure, as well as government and multilingual communication and increases user productiv- nonprofit organizations. Using a total quality management ity and time-savings for B2E, B2B and B2C markets as they process and state-of-the-art software and equipment, our team deliver real-time language solutions for search, content man- of foreign language professionals delivers the highest quality agement, online customer support, intra-company commu- translations in a cost-effective and time-efficient manner. nications, and e-commerce. TripleInk 60 South 6th Street, Suite 2600, Minneapolis, MN 55402, Recycling past translations SYSTRAN 612-342-9800, 800-632-1388, Fax: 612-342-9745, E-mail: info@ reaches new heights North America 9333 Genesee Avenue, Plaza Level, Suite PL1, San tripleink.com, Web: www.tripleink.com Windows Diego, CA 92121, 858-457-1900, Fax: 858-457-0648 Languages All Unicode languages Description MultiCor- Europe Paroi Nord - La Grande Arche, 1, Parvis de la Défense, 92044 pora is the provider of MultiTrans 4, the latest of the next- Paris La Défense Cedex, France, 33-825-80-10-80, Fax: 33-1-46-98- TRANSLATION TOOLS generation computer-aided translation systems. Using the 00-59, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.systransoft.com best of MultiTrans 3, MultiTrans 4 was designed to extend See ad on page 13 the benefits of the TextBase approach using comprehensive terminology management capabilities and revolutionary text alignment technology. MultiTrans 4 recycles 100% of past translations of any segment length and presents them in context for translators working with the most popular editors. Applications Technology, Inc. More flexible than ever, MultiTrans 4 addresses the needs of all the people involved in the language industry. Multiple Platforms Solutions for Terminology, Languages All Description Machine Translation systems MultiCorpora 102-490 St. Joseph Boulevard, Gatineau, QC, J8Y 3Y7 Canada, 819-778-7070, 877-725-7070, Fax: 819-778-0801, Full-text and Bitext Management (TranSphere): Fully automated (parsing + statistics), spe- E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.multicorpora.com See ad Windows and Web cial-domain dictionary stacking/update. Language pairs: on page 46 Languages Windows: All Roman alphabet; LogiTermWebPlus: English/Arabic/Turkish/Persian/Dari/Pashto/Korean/Chi- Unicode Description A single software package to manage nese/Japanese/Hebrew/German/French/Italian/Spanish/ your terminology and databanks. Efficient and effective Portuguese/Russian/Polish/Ukrainian/Dutch. Cross language consultation of terms and texts. The most robust alignment pairs new releases: Arabic-French/Arabic-German/Turkish- tool on the market. More consistent use of terminology German. Translation Memory: Statistical parallel corpora- and phraseology in-house and by freelancers. Internal and based system decoupled/integrated with MT. Webtrans: Web external repetition detection and pretranslation. The web page translation — target language page reconstructed with version allows access to your terminology, bitexts and docu- hyperlinks/images/applets/objects/embedded scripts. MT SDL Desktop Products ments by translators, writers and subcontractors from any- API: For MT system integration (all languages with various Multiple Platforms where in the world. Languages All Description SDL Desktop Technology, a di- solutions). NameFinder: Proper noun detection (languages Terminotix Inc. 240 Bank Street, Suite 600, Ottawa, ON, K2P 1X4 with no capitalization). MLIR (Multilingual Information vision of SDL International, is the world’s largest provider Canada, 613-233-8465, Fax: 613-233-3995, E-mail: termino@ Retrieval): retrieval of multilingual content, including query of technology solutions for global information manage- terminotix.com, Web: www.terminotix.com See ad on page 51 translation, morphological and thematic searches (geograph- ment (GIM), which benefit corporations and institutions, ic/personal/corporate) name/event combinations. language service providers and freelance translators world- Applications Technology, Inc. 6867 Elm Street, Suite 300, McLean, wide. With the acquisition of TRADOS, SDL now has over VA 22101, 703-821-5000, Fax: 703-821-5001, E-mail: info@apptek 100,000 software licenses deployed across the localization .com, Web: www.apptek.com supply chain and has demonstrated proven ROI in over 100 Localization World enterprise solution installations. SDL continues to deliver Heartsome CAT Tools and CMS innovative software products that automate GIM processes Barcelona Multiple Platforms and maximize language translation productivity. The si- Languages All language pairs without limitation on transla- multaneous service release of both SDL TRADOS 7.1 and May 30 — June 1, 2006 tion direction Description Heartsome is a new generation SDLX 2005 SP1 represents the first interoperability versions language technology and service company with a product of SDL’s leading translation memory products. strategy that is founded on our four cornerstones of efficacy: SDL International 5700 Granite Parkway, Suite 410, Plano, TX www.localizationworld.com genuine and total compliance with the latest versions of set 75024, 904-683-9259, Fax: 904-683-9259, E-mail: naproductsales standards; fully and completely cross platform; listen to the @sdl.com, Web: www.sdl.com See ad on page 76

BACK ISSUES The most recent issues of MultiLingual are listed below. See www.multilingual.com/backissues.htm for a complete list. Back issues are $10 each, including postage.

#77 Volume 17 Issue 1 #76 Volume 16 Issue 8 #75 Volume 16 Issue 7 Translation tools come full circle Japanese and English Sentence Structures Finding Names in Unstructured Text The evolution of character encoding Localizing InDesign Documents MIIS GLOBE Assists Companies Going Global Cross-cultural customer service and translation Options for Editing an XLIFF File Language Technology for a Mid-sized Language Getting Started Guide: Europe Managing Japanese Localization Projects Getting Started Guide: Localization

72 | MultiLingual March 2006 [email protected] Buyer’s Guide

CAREER OPPORTUNITIES

Merrill Brink International Ltd. (www.merrillbrink.com) is a division of the Merrill Corporation (www.merrillcorp.com), a leading global provider of technology-enabled service solutions for the financial, legal, real estate and other corporate markets. Merrill Corporation combines deep industry expertise with superior service and infrastructure to deliver world-class document, brand marketing, print, fulfillment, language and e-business solutions. With more than 4,600 people in 60 locations, Merrill empowers the communications of the world’s leading companies. Merrill’s annual revenue is in excess of $700 million. Due to an expansion in business, we are currently recruiting for immediate in-house openings for Technical Translators for the following languages: French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, Finnish, Norwegian, Danish, Dutch, and German to English. The ideal candidates must be native of the target language, have first-class linguistic and editing skills and excellent attention to detail. Candidates should have experience in one or more of the following areas: medical, technical, marketing and financial. We are looking for team players who are flexible and self-motivated, with the ability to take initiative, communicate effectively and work under pressure. Candidates must be educated to degree standard, preferably with a postgraduate qualification in translation studies and/or relevant translation experience. 2 years’ experience in a similar position and working knowledge of translation tools are preferable. Standard computing skills in a Windows environment are essential. To apply, please send your application (cover letter and CV) by e-mail to Orla Biggs, HR Manager, [email protected] Candidates interested in freelance positions should not send their applications to the above address. Those can be sent to the following address: [email protected]

Merrill Brink International, a leading translation services company, has two immediate openings in our Minneapolis offi ce. In addition to a challenging, fast-paced environment, we offer a comprehensive benefi t plan which includes medical, dental and a 401(k) plan. Please send resume and salary requirements to [email protected] or National Instruments Is Hiring Technical Translators via fax to 763-582-0137. National Instruments, a world leader in computer-based measurement Sales Support Manager Responsibilities for this newly created position include being and automation, is looking for technical translators for English to the central interface for 15 salespeople; processing and organizing quote requests; devel- Japanese and English to Korean. oping RFP responses; pricing, scheduling and hosting web demonstrations; and providing general sales support. Candidate must have a minimum of 3 years’ experience in a sales Requirements: BA in technical translation or comparable language support role, be extremely well organized, work well under pressure, have exceptional degree; native fluency in Japanese or Korean; fluency in English; technical communication skills and be profi cient in all Microsoft Offi ce applications. documentation translation experience; ability to work well with others in Translations Project Manager Candidates must have a BA or BS with a minimum a multicultural environment. Apply online at www.ni.com/employ. NI is an of 2 years’ project management experience in the translation industry; possess strong equal opportunity employer. oral and written communications skills; excellent customer service and problem solving skills; and be PC profi cient. Foreign language knowledge is a plus.

ADVERTISER INDEX The advertisers and their page numbers in this issue of MultiLingual. ACP Traductera, s. r. o. 14 HighTech Passport, Ltd. 45 Prem Dan 45 ADAPT Localization Services 27, 38 Lingo Systems 16 SDL International 76 Alchemy Software Development cover Lionbridge 3 Schaudin.com 68 The Association of Language Companies 33 The Localization Institute 2, 12 Skrivanek Translation Services, Ltd. 50 Binari Sonori srl 17 Localization World cover, 45 Spanishbackoffi ce 45 Celer Soluciones, S.L. 50 Logrus International Corporation 59 STAR Group, LLC 75 Common Sense Advisory, Inc. 11 McElroy Translation Co. 14 SYSTRAN 13 COMSYS Services LLC 66 MediLingua Medical Translations BV 48, 51 TM Marketplace 42 CPSL Worldwide 17 Merrill Brink International 6, 73 CSOFT SOLUTIONS, LTD. 45 Moravia Worldwide 45, 49 Tek Translation International 15 E4NET 66 mt-g medical translation GmbH 34 Terminotix Inc. 51 EuroGreek Translations Limited 51 MultiCorpora 46 Translations.com 19 Follow-Up 32 National Instruments 73 Unicode Conference 56 ForeignExchange Translations 38 NovaWord 40 VistaTEC 11 Heartsome Holdings Pte. Ltd. 15 One Planet 44, 51 Welocalize 54 Hermes Traducciones 10 PASS Engineering 4 WHP 61 www.multilingual.com March 2006 MultiLingual | 73 74 use oftheterm hemisphere residents inthedeadofwinter. AsIoftenrealize, his networks thatbringraspberries andbananastousnorthern- economies incontrast tonationalorevenglobaldistribution tion of language translation ischallengedbythemore scientifi crystal bluephasesortranslation memory alignment. second slidebecausetheyexpectedarousing debateaboutliquid our economy. Nope,abunchofpeoplewouldhaveleftafterthe including abundantnewjobopportunitiesandre-invigoration of of foodandenergy; and2)localizationbenefi fuels are tooexpensiveandscarce tosupportthedailyimportation in twoparts:1)wehavenochoicebuttolocalizebecausefossil ford’s speech.But wait asecond.Hemakesthecaseforlocalization different toeachofourinterlocutors. fi friends whoare surgeons, politicalactivistsandtechnologists,I or websitestolocalmarketneeds.Everydayinconversations with or siteofalesiondisease,butrather aboutadaptingsoftware in asmecticbluephase. rium mappingor“localization”ofopticalisotropy andiridescence genome-wide single-nucleotidepolymorphismlinkage-disequilib- it —thatis,the“localization”ofcancersusceptibilitygenesby Besides translation, there’s the translation ofcurrency andfi tions from myhalcyondaysatInterbase(databasemanagement). device conversions, middleware andsoon)all familiaropera- | nd thatthelitanyoftermsweuseeverydaymeanssomething MultiLingual Dr. Bradford wasobviouslytalkingaboutlocal,sustainable future economicconditions. and energy, asthelogical response tocurrent and means ofproduction forbasicgoods,suchasfood Bradford wouldlayoutthecaseforlocalizing of WillitsEconomicLocalization.IlearnedthatDr. “Why Localize?”byDr. JasonBradford, cofounder alert serviceoutlinedanupcomingtalkentitled Translation. Localization àlaWillits. Wait, no,Ididn’treally thinkaboutdeterminingthelocation TakeawayColumn data translation T a recent press release delivered tomynews what itisyou’re talkingabout. Forexample, because mostpeoplehavenoclueabout Donald A.DePalma Theterm confuses listeners Why ‘localization’ Everydayourunderstanding oflanguage-to- ac 06 [email protected] March2006 localization localization (analogdataacquisition,format and ItsoundsasifweshouldbeatDr. Brad- infringedonthetermasIunderstood raises eyebrows ts ourcommunity, c opera- nancial you usetotalkaboutyourjob( no sensetothepeoplewhosignchecks.Translate theterms often forget thatthewords theyusetodescribetheirworkmake the sameblackholeofconversation stoppers as your budgetmaster’s frame ofreference andideolect. stated businessgoals.Insummary, translate yourexperienceinto localization effortshavethegreatest return foryourcompany’s in Germanyrecalling yourbrand. Focusattentiononwhich limits customerdefectionsandraises the likelihoodofaprospect strategists todiscusshowlocalizationincreases look-to-buyratios, international marketsrelate toyourwork. market” and“increase thelifetimevalue ofcustomers” ingrowing Demonstrate howcorporate goalssuchas“ownthemidrange translation three Tanqueray martinisshedrank did. that cocktailpartymadewoman’s eyesglazeovermore thanthe of globalization.Nowonderwhyourdiscussionglobalizationat trashing ofaMcDonald’s restaurant” —asymbolofthat“bad”form during riotsinDecember2001, thereporter noted “thecustomary America’s NationalPublicRadioreported onArgentine looting some equating“globalization”with“Americanization.” Thus,when Many around theworldviewthismonoculturalism more sinisterly, disproved byNATO intheformerYugoslavia. restaurants hadevergonetowar. Thatcontentionwassubsequently Understanding Localization L. Friedmanfamouslyobservedin help peopleunderstand eachotherbetter. Forexample,Thomas able homogenizationofsomeaspectworldculture thatwould traditionally evokedapositiveoutreach. To someitmeant avalu- industry, butthisisn’tthetranslation weknow. vision andoverlysensitiveindividualsare familiarinthelanguage variety ofvibration-sensitive applications.Well, alignment,tunnel inspection, alignment,interferometry, waferinspectionanda ing translation stages”andtheiruseinmicroscopy, machinevision statements. Thenthere’s alsothebigissuequestionof“ball-bear- advisory.com). consulting fi Donald A.DePalma iscofounderandCEOoftheresearch and What’s thebottomline?Thosewholiveanddiebythesewords In otherwords, usethelanguageandtools ofcorporate Then offshoringcameandbothered USwhite-collarprofessionals. Then wecometo ) intowords thatjustifybusinessorshareholder value. rm CommonSenseAdvisory (www.commonsense globalization thatnotwocountrieswithMcDonald’s globalization , a term that in the United States , atermthatintheUnitedStates The LexusandtheOliveTree: Internationalization , globalization localization M falls into fallsinto or . Bridging the Gap

Successful Communication Across the Globe

Successfully communicating information across the globe is an enormous STAR Group America, LLC challenge for any business. Your message has to be delivered in multiple languages 5001 Mayfield Rd., Suite 220 for a variety of media and must be adapted to local and user-specific requirements. Lyndhurst, OH 44124 Phone: +1 (216) 691 7827 Such a task demands expert knowledge and skills combined with proven technolo- Fax: +1 (216) 691 8910 gies. STAR has the perfect combination of language professionals and practice- E-mail: [email protected] proven tools necessary to meet the challenge. www.us.star-group.net

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Austria Brazil Czech Republic Egypt Finland France Germany Hungary Indonesia Ireland Italy Japan Korea Netherlands People’s Republic of China Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan R.O.C. Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States of America

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