KONJO-BUGINESE LANGUAGE ACCOMMODATION WHEN INTER- ACTING WITH THE IMMIGRANTS IN WEST SINJAI

Hasminah Said, Tuti Bahfiarti, Muhammad Farid Department of Communication Studies, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Hasanuddin, Indonesia Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan KM 10, Tamalanrea, Kota Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia Corresponding Author: hasminahsaid93@gmail.com

Article History: Submitted: 22 June 2020; Revised: 12 July 2020; Accepted: 21 July 2020 DOI: 10.26858/retorika.v13i2.14081

RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra dan Pengajarannya under Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License. ISSN: 2614-2716 (print), ISSN: 2301-4768 (online) http://ojs.unm.ac.id/retorika

Abstract: This study aimed to identify the use of Konjo-Buginese language in West Sinjai, Sinjai Regency and the Konjo-Buginese language accommodation in interacting with the immigrants. This study employed the ethnography theory by Dell Hymes. The data were gathered using in-depth in- terview, observation, and documentation and analyzed using the communication accommodation theory by Howard Giles. The results showed that Konjo-Buginese language used in West Sinjai was adopted mostly from the Konjo Mountains language and the accommodation took the form of con- vergence. The divergent speech behavior was only performed by the elderly people and those who do not speak Indonesian.

Keywords: Accommodation, Konjo-Buginese language, interaction, immigrants

As social beings, humans consistently want that speak in “Sinjai Lo”, part of Buginese lan- to deal with other humans despite their differ- guage. Six of the sub-districts speak the common ences in cultures and interests. Communication, Buginese language while the other two sub-dis- both verbal and non-verbal, is a way for humans tricts (West Sinjai and Central Sinjai) speak to relate to one another. Verbal communication is Konjo-Buginese language. a mode of communication that is commonly used In 2018, West Sinjai has a population of by humans on a daily basis. There are various lan- around 24,311 people. People in this area speak guages spoken by people in Indonesia. These lan- Konjo language. Other regions, such as Central guages are used to characterize a certain commu- Sinjai has a population of 27,507 people, South nity. Sinjai 36,918 people, Sinjai Borong 19,073 peo- Indonesia is known as a country rich in cul- ple, Sembilan Island 7,963 people, Bulupoddo ture and customs. Sinjai Regency in the South Su- 15,687 people, East Sinjai 30,421 people, Tellu lawesi Province, for example, has 8 sub-districts Limpoe 31,112 people, and North Sinjai 43,505

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Said, Bahfiarti, & Farid, Konjo-Buginese Language Accommodation... 399

people (West Sinjai Sub-district Government Of- social identity and at the same time, create harmo- fice, 2019). nious communication. However, language differences are not an Ulpa studied communication accommoda- obstacle for Sinjai people to interact with each tions in intercultural interactions among learners other. In fact, they have good adaptation skills de- in Patani student association in Indonesia. Ulpa spite language barriers. The Sinjai community is found that in communicating with each other, the able to apply diverse ways to accommodate inter- students showed natural behavior without any actions. It cannot be denied that in interacting, the modification. In terms of language, no setting of use of language largely determines the effective- communication was found in the conversation. ness of communication. This is why adjustments However, identity disclosure was found in the in communication are very necessary. way they dressed. No barriers to communication Richard West and Lynn H. Turner (2008: adjustment were found in the intercultural inter- 222-225), in the Introduction to Communication action experienced by Patani students because Theory Analysis and Application define accom- their language and belief system shared many modation as a person's ability to adjust, modify, similarities (Ulpa, 2014). or regulate his speech behavior in response to an- Speech style or language that is inherent in other person’s language. This accommodation a person is not easily changed. Even if a migrant theory was first coined by Howard Giles. is able to speak Indonesian to adapt to a new life, A preliminary study shows that the Konjo- for example, dialects from his native area will still Buginese language spoken in West Sinjai was dif- be obvious. Bahfiarti has proven that Buginese ferent from the original Buginese language used who have long tried to adapt to the Sundanese cul- in other Sub-districts within Sinjai Regency. This ture still use thick Buginese dialects in verbal is influenced by the geographical location of West communication. The nonverbal language dis- Sinjai which is a border area in Gowa Regency, played by the Buginese is rather loud intonation where Makassarese language is used daily. There- and voice accompanied by a friendly smile, which fore, each individual or ethnic group in the area also manifest Buginese polite manners in general has different ways when interacting with immi- (Bahfiarti, 2013) grant communities. The previous studies above illustrate that In addition, Annisa Nurjannah through her communication and adaptation are inseparable. research found that the Akit in Bengkalis applied Differences in character, understanding and atti- three strategies to communicate with migrant Ja- tude in each individual produce different ac- vanese. These strategies include (1) using Malay ceptance when interacting with new people. language or a language controlled by both tribes Therefore each individual has a different way of (verbal convergence) and using body movements adapting in verbal and nonverbal communication. to provide comfort (non-verbal convergence); (2) The main aim of this study was to identify using the language of the interlocutor (verbal di- the use of the use of Konjo-Buginese language in vergence), and promoting cultural rejection West Sinjai, Sinjai Regency and the Konjo- movements where there is no attempt to reduce Buginese language accommodation in interacting the speed and tone of voice (non-verbal diver- with the immigrants. gence); (3) overly accommodating. The Javanese make mistakes in adjusting the tone of speech, the METHOD Akit use the language of the interlocutors at the wrong time. Similarly in non-verbal communica- This study was conducted in West Sinjai, tion, the Akit make excessive movements when Sinjai Regency. It employed a qualitative method communicating with the Javanese (Nurjannah, to data analysis and data collection. The field- 2017). based data were collected through interview and The results of the preliminary research and the text-based data were gathered from books, Nurjannah's research indicate that people with theses, journal articles, and the internet. different cultural backgrounds use different ways In-depth interviews were conducted to the to adapt in communication. This naturally hap- informants by visiting their houses. The interview pens because each ethnic wants to maintain their guidelines contained questions that were used to explore information on the informants’ complete 400 RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, Vol. 13, No. 2, August 2020, pp. 398–406 biodata, length of stay in West Sinjai, ways of Besides the informants and the local gov- adapting to the local people, intentions to study, ernment representatives, the cultural practitioner the amount of time spent to learn the language. also agreed that each village in West Sinjai has a Other questions that created a harmonious inter- different dialect. Konjo language was identified action between the informants and researchers as part of Makassarese language. Makassarese were also asked. language consists of several dialects including the The interview guidelines used for the local Maleung dialect, the Turatea dialect, the Tupak- government were slightly modified, where the lo- biring dialect, the Bantaeng dialect, the Selayar cal government representative was also inter- dialect and the Konjo dialect. Konjo itself is di- viewed about the history of Konjo-Buginese lan- vided into two dialects, namely Konjo Coastal di- guage in West Sinjai. The rest remained the same. alect and Konjo Mountain’s dialect or more pop- The informants were selected using the ularly known as Bentong or Dentong. The Konjo purposive sampling method. The total number of Coastal dialect is spoken in the East Coastal the informants was 22 people consisting of 7 local Bulukumba and South Sinjai Coastal whereas the government representatives (the Sub-District Konjo Mountains dialects including Bentong and Chief, the Sub-District Staff, three village heads, Dentong are used in the Barru Mountains, two Kelurahan heads), one customary head, one Pangkep Maros, Bulukumba, Sinjai and Bone. cultural practitioner, and 12 immigrants who met certain criteria (they were not Konjo natives and It is indeed important to explain that Konjo they had lived in West Sinjai for at least 2 years). can be identified as part of Makassarese The migrants informants come from Java ethnic, language. As an enlightenment, Makassa- Toraja ethnic, Buton ethnic, Buginese ethnic, and rese language consists of several dialects Makassar ethnic. including the Maleung dialect, the Turatea An ethnographic approach was employed dialect, the Tupakbiring dialect, the Ban- in this study. Immigrants who come from differ- taeng dialect, the Selayar dialect and the ent cultural backgrounds were studied. Their be- Konjo dialect. Konjo itself is divided into havior patterns, habits, language, and ways of life two dialects, namely Konjo Coastal dialect and interacting were revealed through longitudi- and Konjo Mountain’s dialect or more pop- nal observation. The researchers were involved ularly known as Bentong or Dentong. The through hands-on experience with the informants’ Konjo Coastal dialect is spoken in the East life and in-depth interview. Coastal Bulukumba and South Sinjai The findings of this study were described Coastal whereas the Konjo Mountains dia- based on the results of interviews with the inform- lects including Bentong and Dentong are ants related to Konjo-Buginese language accom- used in the Barru Mountains, Pangkep Ma- modation in West Sinjai. To draw conclusions, ros, Bulukumba, Sinjai and Bone. Thus it is the data were analyzed using a qualitative method unreasonable that Manipis people includ- through an ethnographic approach. ing all people who speak Konjo, Dentong or Bentong are ashamed to use Konjo lan- FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION guage everywhere. There is no super or shabby language. It all depends on the Findings needs of the speakers and those who can de- velop and kill a language at the same time The results of the in-depth interviews and are the native speakers themselves. If the observations showed that the Konjo-Buginese language used by migrants in West Sinjai has dif- Manipis want to save their Konjo language, ferent pronunciation, dialect, and intonation from that language should be used as the lan- Konjo-Buginese language use spoken in other re- guage of instruction in schools or meetings. gions. This language is known as Dentong or The Konjo language should be used as local Bentong language that is commonly spoken by content at schools or meetings, where the the people from mountains. The Konjo language law allows it. This depends on the policy spoken in West Sinjai is influenced by Makassa- makers, if they still want to maintain the rese language and Buginese language. Konjo language. Facts show that many Said, Bahfiarti, & Farid, Konjo-Buginese Language Accommodation... 401

young people from Manipi or other places nese despite a slight difference in the pro- who speak Konjo, if they move to the city nunciation. (Excerpts of interview with The and get along with others, cover up their ac- Tassililu Village Chief, December 2019)”

cent and language style when interacting The table below contains Konjo-Buginese with others even when interacting with fel- low Konjo speakers. Makassarese language language accommodation in West Sinjai by the is incomplete without Konjo. Therefore, be- local people. It describes the difference in the way lieve that and don't feel ashamed of using the local people adapt with the immigrants in the language that is your identity. You don't terms of communication and interaction. ask to be born in Konjo-speaking areas an- yway, but it's already a gift and a destiny to Table 1. Konjo-Buginese language accommodation be proud of (Muhannis, 2017:5-6). in West Sinjai by the Local People The Immi- Local People One of the local government representa- grants tives, the Tassililu village chief, said that the lan- Name Ethnic C D C D guage spoken in West Sinjai is a separate lan- A.Paris Konjo v - - v Harun Makassarese v v v v guage that is influenced by two languages namely v - - - Makassarese language and Buginese language. Lukman Konjo v - v - Even though Konjo language used in West Sinjai Yunus Konjo is categorized as the Konjo Mountains, the lan- Mansur Konjo - - v - guage contains several different words that are A.Nasrun Konjo v - v - not found in other regions. West Sinjai people in- Ruslan Buginese v - v - teract with positions as speech communities Notes: where they use and interpret language broadly. C= Convergence For example, migrants use the Konjo-Buginese D= Divergence language with different pronunciations when in- The Konjo-Buginese community in West teracting with local communities. In language Sinjai carries out a process of convergence lan- theory this is known as speech act theory. guage accommodation towards migrants. This is “The Konjo language spoken in West Sinjai because the people in West Sinjai are more profi- is indeed different from the Konjo language cient in Indonesian, Makassarese and Buginese used in other districts, such as the language languages so that it is easier for them to form a spoken in central Sinjai. West Sinjai is a certain attitude towards communication. border area of Gowa Regency which has a One of the examples is that Konjo- different dialect. The dialect is mainly influ- Buginese community still speaks in a thick dialect enced by Konjo and Buginese languages. when interacting with the Javanese ethnic com- Tassililu Village especially has a distinctive dialect, so I heard from parents' stories. I munities. In similar fashion, all informants stated think that's the reason why Konjo language that they, as migrants, had to learn Konjo- is still maintained until today. Konjo lan- Buginese language to blend in with the local com- guage is broad. Konjo people, especially munity. the Manipis, can speak Buginese even though they have never learned it. The “Regarding the adaptation issues when in- Manudukoi people and the Bikeru people do teracting, I think all immigrants do the same not speak Konjo. That is our strength as thing. Especially if we have a little educa- Konjo people. We can speak in both Makas- tion, I think we can invite quiet people to in- sarese and Buginese. The Konjo language teract. Besides working, I also farm here. I spoken in West Sinjai is indeed different. I had to learn Konjo-Buginese because my call it a separate language because it is also parents-in-law could not speak Indonesian. different from Konjo in Bulukumba. The I use the language even though my native point is our language is a combined lan- language dialect is still obvious. I also can guage. Buginese people cannot speak understand the words of local people. I Konjo, but Konjo people can speak Bugi- can't understand about 80% of the old 402 RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, Vol. 13, No. 2, August 2020, pp. 398–406

Konjo-Buginese language. Only my imme- The following table contains how the im- diate family wants to learn Buton language migrants accommodated interactions in the because they are curious about how I com- municate. When my family from Buton came Konjo-Buginese language in West Sinjai. It de- here, they sometimes asked about the lan- scribes the immigrants’ perception on the local guage used by the local community. (Ex- people’s attitude to their face-to-face interactions. cerpts of interview with La Hamuri, Decem- ber 2019).” Discussion

Table 2. Konjo-Buginese language accommodation The use of Konjo-Buginese Language by the in West Sinjai by the Immigrants Locals when Interacting with the Immigrants

Immigrants Local People The Konjo-Buginese language used by the Name Ethnic C D C D Bambang Javanese v v v - locals when interacting with the immigrants in Nunu Javanese v v v - West Sinjai is the Konjo Mountains language or Ati Javanese v v v - the Konjo-language commonly known as Kasiati Javanese v v v - Dentong or Bentong language that has a different Sutini Javanese v v v - pronunciation, dialect, and intonation from the Lahamuri Butonese v v v - Suharti Butonese v - v - Konjo language used in other areas, such as the Diana Torajan v - v - one used in Bulukumpa. West Sinjai is located be- Citra Makassarese v v v - tween two areas that speak different languages, Indah Makassarese v v v - namely Buginese language and Makassarese lan- Kurnia Mandar v v v - Resi Mandar v v v - guage. Buginese language is a native language Note: spoken by the people in Sinjai regency while Ma- C = Convergence kassarese language is the mother tongue of Gowa D = Divergence people. Migrant communities in West Sinjai adjust The majority of informants acknowledged their Konjo-Buginese dialect to the dialect of each the ability of West Sinjai people to “read” the sit- village where they live. Each village in West Sin- uation. They understand one's position as an im- jai has a different dialect that is categorized into migrant. Therefore, they will speak Indonesian in Konjo's sub-communities. Bonto Salama, their interactions with the immigrant. However, Turungan Baji and Terasa are villages that use the when the migrant community comes from fast Konjo-Buginese language. Gunung Perak is Buginese or Makassarese ethnic, the local people one of the villages that uses the slow Konjo- will directly use Buginese or Makassarese lan- Buginese language. Arabica, Barania, Tassililu guage in communication. The local government and Balakia are the areas where the moderate representatives who also lived in West Sinjai Konjo-Buginese language is spoken, while Botol- stated that West Sinjai people were more adapta- empangan is a village that communicates with the ble when interacting with migrant communities. rough Konjo-Buginese language. Migrant communities have thick local ac- One of the theories of language that was cents. Therefore, when speaking Indonesian, coined by Whorf namely the Principle of Linguis- these accents are obvious. An immigrant from tic Relativity states that language makes us see Java admitted that Javanese people should be able social reality in a certain way (Rachmat, 2001: to maintain their accent even though they move to 275). This theory is the theory that supports the a new area. findings of this study. Similar to what argued by Whorf, the migrant communities in this study I did not study the Konjo language inten- came from different backgrounds. They constan- tionally. It just happened. Every time some- tly made an effort to maintain their native dialect one uses Konjo language, I will confirm the despite communicating in Konjo-Buginese langu- meaning. Yes, it is possible. I hear it every day. However, I still need to maintain my age. They also communicated in ways that were Javanese dialect as a Javanese (Excerpts of influenced by their educational and professional interview with Nunu Dian Hirmawati, De- backgrounds. The difference in the immigrants’ cember 2019). Said, Bahfiarti, & Farid, Konjo-Buginese Language Accommodation... 403

speech is seen in the pronunciation of the sen- The first assumption is the similarities and tence that should be placed at the beginning, but differences in speech style and behavior found in pronounced at the end. However, since the local all conversations (West & Turner, 2008: 219). Di- community had understood this speech act, it was verse experiences and backgrounds will deter- then easy for them to follow the conversation mine the extent to which people will accommo- flow. date others. The more similar our attitudes and be- The speech act theory is associated with liefs to other people, the more we are attracted to Ludwig Wittgenstein and John Searle. This accommodate these people (West & Turner, speech act theory explains how messages express 2008: 220). This assumption was found in this the users’ intentions. In communication, this study. The local people and migrant communities theory is applied in the study or analysis of in West Sinjai both tried to accommodate their conversations. Furthermore, Littlejohn states that face-to-face interactions. this theory aims to explain how conversation Conversation topics that are favoured by a partners cooperate to form coherent patterns that communicator will melt the atmosphere during can create or shape meaning (Littlejohn, 2009), the communication process, making it easier for one or even both parties to adjust to each other. Communication is not troubled by any One example is when we tried to adjust to follow communication pattern and/or event beca- the conversation topic when interacting with the use the most important thing is that the mes- Javanese informants. This was also stated by all sage conveyed can form a meaning that can be understood both by the communi-cators informants that they had to blend in with the sur- and communicants. Likewise, re-garding rounding community by learning Konjo- the Konjo-Buginese language used in Buginese language, considering their position as interacting with migrant communities in migrant communities. West Sinjai, the people involved in How to perceive speech and behavior of communication already understand and are others will determine how we evaluate a conver- familiar with the dialect, speed, and sation (West & Turner, 2008: 219). This assump- intonation spoken in each village. Thus, de- tion lies in both perception and evaluation. Per- spite the differences, harmonious com- ception is the process of paying attention to and munication can still be created. Language interpreting messages, while evaluation is the that lives in communication will not have meaning if it is not communicated (Kuswar- process of assessing conversation (West & no, 2008:11). Turner, 2008: 220). In a conversation between the Konjo-Buginese community and the newcomer Konjo-Buginese Language Accommodation by community, the newcomer community tended to the Locals when Interacting with the Immi- be more careful in interacting and issuing verba- grants tim. They paid more attention to the questions raised by the communicator and carefully re- Buginese-Konjo language accommodation sponded to them, especially if the local people in- varies by each individual. Accommodation refers vited to the conversation used the Konjo- to the ability to adjust, modify or regulate one's Buginese language. Then, after the communica- behavior in response to others. The local and mi- tion process took place and after some similarities grant communities in West Sinjai have demon- were found in interpreting the message, the com- strated the ability to adjust, modify, and regulate municant became more open in terms of deliver- behavior in different ways. The response to each ing information. person is also different. The third assumption is that language and In communication science, communication behavior provide information about social status accommodation is a theory that focuses on a per- and group membership (West & Turner, 2008: son's behavior in choosing to regulate or modify 219). Specifically, language has the ability to the way he communicates to the response ob- communicate status and membership among tained when communicating. In this theory, there communicators in a conversation. The language are some basic assumptions keeping in mind that used in conversation will tend to reflect individu- accommodation is influenced by a number of per- als with higher social status (West & Turner, sonal, situational and cultural conditions. 2008: 221). Similarly, migrants have their own 404 RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, Vol. 13, No. 2, August 2020, pp. 398–406 characteristics to indicate their educational back- more comfortable interacting with the locals even ground, for example in terms of the words or lan- though they were unable to use Konjo-Buginese guage used. Even though the immigrants in West language fluently. This is not a big problem be- Konjo used Indonesian or Konjo-Buginese lan- cause both the locals and the immigrants already guage in communication, their dialect still re- understood each other's message. flected the characteristics of their native lan- Divergence refers to a strategy used to guage. highlight verbal and non verbal differences In addition, accommodation varies in terms among communicators. The exemplary issue un- of the level of suitability, and norms directing the derlined in this study is the strong dialect high- accommodation process (West & Turner, 2008: lighted by the Javanese, Buton, Makassar and 219). This fourth assumption correctly describes Mandar informants. This happened not because of what often happens in the communication pro- arrogance but because of a commitment to main- cess. Someone will be more relaxed communi- tain identity, cultural pride and uniqueness. There cating with people his age, but more careful in ad- were many local people in West Sinjai who did justing when interacting with older people. Like- divergence adaptation. These groups consisted of wise in this study, when one of the informants met elderly people and people who cannot speak In- with a new person, he would tend to do an imag- donesian. This condition encouraged the immi- ing of himself. However, after they were able to grants to learn Konjo-Buginese language to avoid understand each other, they became more open communication failure. than before. So, it cannot be denied and it must be When we look at different ethnic groups, recognized that in a communication process, the both the local people and immigrants in West Sin- two parties may equally adjust to each other, ac- jai adapted to divergence. However, some are centuate each other, or only one of them tries very transparent and some are almost invisible. harder to adapt. For example, Javanese informants who possessed In communication accommodation theory, a very strong Javanese dialect acknowledged that there are several ways to adapt, namely conver- the dialect must be maintained. On the other hand, gence, divergence and excessive accommodation. it is difficult for local communities to break the This study only focused on convergence and di- habit of adding the suffix "do" in their speeches. vergence. Convergence refers to a strategy in Overall, the local communities in West which individuals adapt to each other's communi- Sinjai predominantly use convergence strategies cative behavior. People will adapt to the speed of in language accommodation. This is indicated by speech, pauses, smiles, eye contact and behaviors the fact that migrant communities are indeed re- of others. In a conversation, the communicator quired to know Konjo-Buginese language for the does not directly use convergence strategy be- sake of creating harmonious interactions with the cause this strategy arises when one communicator locals. However, when migrants enter the West has an interest in the other person. In this study, Sinjai area, they cannot immediately understand, all informants adapted by convergence after hav- let alone know the language. It takes a long time ing to explain the objectives and topics to be dis- to speak Konjo. Therefore, adjustments are cussed in the conversation. mostly made by the local community, for exam- The convergence process carried out by the ple by using Indonesian, Makassarese and Bugi- local people in West Sinjai to accommodate inter- nese languages in communication. Local people actions with the immigrants was influenced by will respond in the same language if they under- language acquisition and approach. For instance, stand the language spoken by the immigrant com- immigrants from Bugis and Makassar would use munity. Only a small portion of the local commu- Buginese or Makassarese language to interact nity, those who do not speak Indonesia, will com- with the local people because both of them speak municate using the local language in the region. the same language. On the other hand, migrant In this study, the immigrants acknowl- communities who could not understand Buginese edged that local communities played more roles or Makassarese language, would accommodate in language accommodation. We also feel this as interactions using the Indonesian language. In re- a native community in West Sinjai. We cannot lation to approach, the immigrants who had been deny that we will spontaneously use Indonesian settling for a long time in West Sinjai would feel when meeting new people from outside our area. Said, Bahfiarti, & Farid, Konjo-Buginese Language Accommodation... 405

However, if the newcomers speak in Konjo lan- those who cannot speak Indonesian apply diver- guage, we will immediately respond in the same gence strategy. language. So, in this study, convergence strategy The findings of this study indicate that the was mostly done by the Konjo-Buginese commu- Konjo-Buginese language needs to be explored nity (except for the elderly) and divergence strat- and recorded so that future generations better un- egy was mostly performed by the immigrants due derstand and know their origins. It is also im- to their commitment to maintain self-identity. portant to incorporate this language into teaching materials in formal schools because the regional CONCLUSION language in West Sinjai is not the same as the original Buginese language spoken by the Sinjai The analysis results showed that the Konjo- community in general. Buginese language used in West Sinjai was The Konjo-Buginese language is quite dif- adopted mostly from the Konjo Mountains lan- ficult to learn. The informants who are also immi- guage, commonly known as Dentong or Bentong grants admitted that it took a long time for them language which has a distinctive dialect. How- to master this language. The local people, on the ever, the local communities and migrant commu- other hand, can be categorized as fast learners nities had no difficulty in interacting with each who can quickly adapt to newcomers, especially other because both parties were able to interpret in mastering languages other than Konjo. each others’ message. The informants’ adaptive skills in this The Konjo-Buginese language accommo- study were influenced by many factors. One of dation by the local community took the form of them is the rural community life that is different convergence. The immigrants were demanded to from urban life. People in the village know each learn the language for the sake of creating harmo- other better because the family system adopted in nious interactions with the locals. However, be- the village is much stronger than that in the city. cause it took quite long to acquire Konjo lan- They really appreciate people who come to their guage, the local community was willing to play territory without exception. Therefore, it is not more roles in accommodating the interactions, surprising that convergence strategy is more dom- such as by using Indonesian, Makassarese, or inant than divergence strategy. Buginese language in communicating with the In addition, this study also creates an ap- newcomers. Except for the people who cannot preciation of ethnic identity. The presence of the speak Indonesian, the majority of the local com- migrant communities in West Konjo illustrates munity in West Konjo will respond to the immi- that wherever they settle, their native characteris- grants with the same language they both under- tics are not easily removed because these charac- stand. Only a small group of elderly people or of teristics are inherent and have become the habit of each individual.

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