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The 6th Workshop on Asian Languae Resources, 2008 Resources Report on Languages of Indonesia Hammam Riza IPTEKNET Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) Jakarta, Indonesia [email protected] for 69.91% of the total population – Javanese Abstract (75,200,000 speakers), Sundanese (27,000,000), Malay (20,000,000), Madurese (13,694,000), Mi- In this paper, we report a survey of lan- nangkabau (6,500,000), Batak (5,150,000), Bugis- guage resources in Indonesia, primarily of nese (4,000,000), Balinese (3,800,000), Acehnese indigenous languages. We look at the offi- (3,000,000), Sasak (2,100,000), Makasarese cial Indonesian language (Bahasa Indone- (1,600,000), Lampungese (1,500,000), and Rejang sia) and 726 regional languages of Indone- (1,000,000). (Lauder, 2004: 3-4). Of these 13 lan- sia (Bahasa Nusantara) and list all the guages, only 7 languages have presence on the available LRs that we can gathered. This Internet (Riza 2006). paper suggests that the smaller regional The remaining 713 languages have a total popu- languages may remain relatively unstudied, lation of only 41.4 million speakers, and the major- and unknown, but they are still worthy of ity of these have very small numbers of speakers. our attention. Various LRs of these endan- For example, 386 languages are spoken by 5,000 gered languages are being built and col- or less; 233 have 1,000 speakers or less; 169 lan- lected by regional language centers for guages have 500 speakers or less; and 52 have 100 study and its preservation. We will also or less (Gordon, 2005). These languages are facing briefly report its presence on the Internet. various degrees of language endangerment (Crys- tal, 2000). There is evidence from census data over three 1 Introduction decades that the growth in the numbers of speakers of Indonesian is reducing the numbers of speakers It is not hard to get a picture of just how linguisti- of the indigenous languages (Lauder, 2005). Con- cally diverse Indonesia is. There are 726 languages cerns that this kind of growth would give Indone- in the country; making it the world’s second most sian the potential to replace the regional languages diverse, after Papua New Guinea which has 823 were aired as early as the 1980s. (Poedjosoedarmo, local languages (Martí et al., 2005:48). 1981; Alisjahbana, 1984). The languages of Indonesia are part of a com- plex linguistic situation that is generally seen as comprised of three categories: Indonesian lan- 2 Language Resources guage, the regional indigenous languages, and for- Many language centers in Indonesia have em- eign languages. (Alwi and Sugono, 2000). barked in various research and development in The indigenous languages of Indonesia - also re- creation of language resources (LRs). Unfortu- ferred to as vernaculars or provincial languages, nately, this development mainly only focused on collectively called as Bahasa Nusantara - exhibits creating LRs for the official language Bahasa In- great variation in numbers of speakers. Thirteen of donesia. In the followings, we describe the present them have a million or more speakers, accounting 93 The 6th Workshop on Asian Languae Resources, 2008 and ongoing LRs research projects with emphasis tions; find the best means to disseminate the speci- on the indigenous languages. fications, tools and applications and encourage an open standard-based approach to the creation and 2.1 Indonesian Electronic Dictionary System interchange of LRs. It also demonstrate how MLI (KEBI) can be applied to Asian Language Resource (ALR) Our laboratory has worked to enlarge and improve through making the results of collaborative en- the quality of Indonesian electronic dictionaries. deavors available throughout the members of the Starting 1987, it took us at least 4 years to develop group and wider associations; provide training, all necessary components for CICC-MMTS, result- awareness and educational events and share with ing with many first-ever Indonesian language re- each other their work on related issues. sources, primarily electronic dictionaries and 2.5 Speech Corpus grammar rules for language analysis and genera- tion. This extension have resulted in a collection of In a mission to improve the quality of automatic 500,000 word entries and more than 2 million speech recognition (ASR), a collaboration of derivational and inflected words. As part of this Telkom RDC and ATR-Japan has constructed research, we built an online access to the dictionar- speakers’ corpus (40 speakers, 2000 sentences) ies (http://nlp.inn.bppt.go.id/kebi) enabling users to which is expected to improve the accuracy of ASR add new words and definition. KBBI electronic to 90% level. dictionary is scheduled to be launched in 2008, during 100 years celebration of the official Bahasa 2.6 Other Corpus Indonesia. Other monolingual corpus is found online. The major news articles corpora on the web is Tem- 2.2 BPPT-ANTARA Corpus pointerakif.com (56,471 articles). Kompas corpus This parallel corpus was developed as extension to (71,109 articles) can be found at Indonesia National Corpus Initiative (INCI) which http://ilps.science.uva.nl/Resources/BI. was earlier created to support the development of a hybrid stochastic-symbolic system BIAS-II. Cur- rently, a pure statistical MT system based on Phar- References aoh is developed by BPPT and National News Alisjahbana, S. T. 1984. The problem of minority lan- Agency (ANTARA) using 500K sentences pair, guages in the overall linguistic problems of our time. expected to have better accuracy and robustness In Linguistic Minorities and Literacy: Language Pol- and could enhance the quality of translation (cur- icy Issues in Developing Countries, ed. F. Coulmas. rent BLEU score 0.72). Berlin: Mouton. 2.3 Regional Languages Mapping (National Alwi, Hasan, and Sugono, Dendy. 2000. From National Language Center) Language Politics to National Language Policy. Pro- cedings of the Seminar on Language Politics, Jakarta For the past 15 years, the Indonesia National Lan- guage Center have been collecting information re- Crystal, David. 2000. Language Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. garding all indigenous languages. By the end of this year, this project will be completed and all re- Lauder, Multamia RMT. 2005. Language Treasures in sult and findings will be open to public. Indonesia. In Words and Worlds : World Languages Review, eds. Fèlix Martí et al., 95-97. Clevedon 2.4 Dictionaries of Bahasa Nusantara, Indo- [England] ; Buffalo [N.Y.]: Multilingual Matters. nesian Linguistics Association (MLI) Martí, Fèlix, et.al. eds. 2005. Words and Worlds : World Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia (MLI) is a group Languages Review. vol. 52. Bilingual Education and of institutions, organizations and corporation, Bilingualism. Clevedon [England] ; Buffalo [N.Y.]: working together on mutually defined goals and Multilingual Matters. projects that seek to provide a specification of LRs Riza, H, et. al. 2006. Indonesian Languages Diversity of all languages of Indonesia. MLI also help mem- on the Internet, Internet Governance Forum (IGF), bers to use the specification for tools and applica- Athens. 94.
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