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COMPARATIVE FORMOF ADJECTIVES BY UM- IN TOBA

By: Esron Ambarita Lecturer of Faculty of Letters Universitas Methodist -mail: esronambarita@.com

ABSTRACT

The objectives of this study are to investigate comparative form of adjectivesby prefix um- in Toba Batak. The results show that comparative form of adjectivesby prefix um- in Toba Batak result invarious morphological and phonological processesas follows: (1) if prefix [um-] is attached to adjectives preceded by vowels, the last phoneme of the prefix is doubled ([um- ]→[umm-]). (2) if the initial phoneme is a bilabial voiced consonant [], prefix [um-] is pronounced [ub-] as its allomorph. (3) if the initial phoneme is a velarplosive voiced consonant [], prefix [um-] →[uŋ-]. (4)ifthe initial phoneme is a palato alveolar voiced consonant []prefix [um-]→[un-] in spellingbut [uj-] in pronunciation. (5) ifthe initial phoneme is a bilabial nasal voiced consonant [] prefix [um-] does not change. (6) ifthe initial phoneme is analveolar nasal voiced consonant []prefix [um-]→[un-] both in spelling and in pronunciation. (7)ifthe initial phoneme isa bilabial plosive voiceless consonant [p],prefix [um-]→[um-]in spelling but pronounced [up-]. (8) if the initial phoneme is an alveolar rolled voiced consonant [], prefix[um-]→ [ur-] both in spelling and in pronunciation. (9) ifthe initial phoneme is an alveolar voiceless consonant [], prefix[um-]→ [un-] in spelling but [us-] in pronunciation. (10)if the initial phoneme is an alveolar plosive voiceless consonant [], prefix [um-]→ [un-] in spellingbut it is pronounced [ut-].

Keywords: comparative forms, morphological and phonological processes, adjectives

1. INTRODUCTION the archipelago. Furthermore, regional Nowadays there are thousands of languages function as stimulus towards the languages in the world. According development of as a toEthnologue: Language of the World in Indonesia because (2005) there are around 6.912 languages there are a lot of borrowing words in in the world. From the huge number, there Indonesian language adopted from are around 742 regional languages spread vernaculars. Vice versa, Indonesian in Indonesian acrchipelago, which place language also has contributions to regional Indonesia as the second country that languages because there are abundant of possess the most languages after words derive from Indonesian language New Guinean. All of the regional adopted by regional language. In other languages in Indonesia are protected by words the interrelationship between these constitutions because they are considered languages complete one and other. as the richness of Indonesian culture. One of the regional languages in The regional languages have Indonesia is Toba Batak. It belongs to functions not only as identities of regional Austronesian. The original homeland of cultures but also as tools the speakers of Toba Batak is located among the etchnic members. Besides, they around . In the heart of the have a role as introductory language in Batak territory lies island and on elementary schools in particular areas in the northwest bank of Lake Toba, stands

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Mount Pusuk Buhit which the Toba Batak phonological and distributional data are believe marks the point of origin of all the relevant in establishing the limits of Batak people. The speakers of Toba Batak morphological unit. are mosltly settle in North Sumatraexactly Adjectives also provide the means in Tano Batak ‘Batak Land’, they are, for creating a mood or a lasting impression Samosir , Toba , of a person, a place, or a thing such as Humbang Hasundutan Regency, and North white, black, frigid, etc. Adjectives, Tapanuli Regency. Nowadays, Toba Batak however, can also refer to emotional states speakers have spread to various places in and abstract qualities. Innocent, angry, Indonesia even to other countries.According confusing are some examples of such to Summer Institute of Linguistics (2001) adjectives in English. Ambarita (2017: there are 5.150.000 Toba Batak speakers. 132) found that adjectives in Toba Batak Toba Batak as a regional language can be reduplicated in various forms, they becomes the topic under discussion in this are, full , partial reduplication study.The central issue in this study is using prefix, partial reduplication using comparative forms by prefix [um-]. In , partial reduplication using , Toba Batak, comparative forms is formed and partial reduplication using by modifying adjectives. Adjective is combinations. According to Quirk et al distinguished from nouns and verbs by (1985: 402) there are four criteria for differeny types. Nouns have adjectives to be considered, they are: markers, verbs have tenses while 1. They can freely occur in attributive adjectives do not have such certain function, that is, they can premodify markers even if they function as attributive a noun, ecpecially between the or predicative (Nababan, 1981: 35). In other determiner and the heas of a noun words, adjective is a word that modifies a phrase. For instance, a pretty lady,a pronoun or noun following it (Houghton, round table, etc. 1984: 18). To modify means to change; an 2. They can freely occur in predicative adjective modifies a pronoun or noun by function, that is, they can function as describing or limiting or making it more a complement and spesific. complement. In Toba Batak, adjectives can be For example, The painting is very preceded by the words mansai [massaI] expensive. ‘very’ tung [tuŋ] ‘very’, and lam [lɅm] ‘get 3. They can be premodified by the like as indicated by the adjectives’ intensifier adverbs like extremely, (Sitorus, 1986: 94).According to Ambarita very, and so. For example, The fruit (2018: 81) there are seven that can is very sour. be attached to adjectives in Toba Batak, 4. They can take comparative and i.e. prefix [um-], infix [-um-], suffix [-an], superlative forms.The comparison four affix combinations, they are, [marsi- can be formulated by means of the i], [ha-assa], [ma-hu], and [sa-full (-er and –est) or by the adjective reduplication-na]. The results of addition of the premodifier more and attaching affixes to adjectives in Toba most. Batak are inflectional because the For axample: (a) The children are presence of the affixes do not change happier now. the word class of the base (Ambarita, (b) It is the most expensive car I 2016: 18). The attachments of affixes to know. adjectives in Toba Batak result in Houghton (1984: 134) states to morphological and phonological make comparison in English correctly, processes. According to Nida (1949: there some rules to be considered as in the 102) the analysis of any language, followings:

279 COMPARATIVE FORMOF ADJECTIVES BY PREFIX UM- IN TOBA BATAK Esron Ambarita

1. Add the suffix –er to form the (Winny can write a thesis; She cannot comparative and the suffix –est to write Vunky). form the superlative of modifiers Logical: Winny is writinga thesis that is as with one or two syllables. In some difficult as Vunky’s. cases, to form the comparative form (Winny’s thesis is as difficult as Vunky’s correctly, you must change a final thesis). to i. Example: -big  bigger  2.FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS biggest -funny  funnier  funniest Comparative formsby prefix [um-]in 2. Use more to show the comparative Toba Batak can be formulated by attaching forms and most to show the prefix [um-] to the base forms of superlative forms with three-syllable adjectives. Prefix [um-]undergoes words. morphologicaland phonological processes Example: -beautiful  more if it is attached to the base forms of beautiful  most beautiful -atractive adjectives as explained below.  more atractive most atractive 3. Use less and least to form the 1. The initial phoneme of the base forms comparative and superlative forms of of the adjectives are vowels, such as, comparison showing less. [a], [e], [i], [], and vowel [u] Example: -humorous  less Some adjectives in Toba Batak are humorous  least humorous - preceded by vowels like vowels [a], [e], hopeful  less hopeful least [i], [o], and [u]. Such adjectives can be hopeful combined with prefix [um-] to form 4. Avoid double comparisons. Use comparative forms on condition that either the word more and most or morphological process occurs in the else the appropriate suffix. Do not combination. combine the two. The word arga [arga] `expensive', Incorrect comparison: Sarah is for example, if combined with prefix [um- moreclevererthan Alice. ]will be [um-] + arga [arga] Correct comparison :Sarah `expensive'ummarga [ummarga] `more iscleverer than Alice. expensive'. Other example is [um-] + oto 5. Avoid incomplete comparisons by [oto] `stupid'ummoto [ummoto] 'more clearly indicating the things being stupid'.Some other adjectives, of which the compared. initial phonemes are vowels, can be seen in Example: Incomplete : Joice is the followings together with their dilligent than Alice. comparative forms, pronunciations, and Complete : Joice is more dilligent meanings. than Alice. 6. Use the word as...as to complete a compund comparison. Example: (a). Gorge is as old as Willy. (b). Chatrine is as tall as Caroline. 7. Avoid making comparisons that are illogical because of missing or faulty elements or because no comparison can be made. Illogical: Winny is writing a thesis that is as difficult as Vunky.

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Table 1: comparative formof adjectives with initial phenemes are vowels

Positive Comparative No Gloss Pronunciation Gloss Forms Forms 1 asi pity ummasi [ummasi] pitier 2 asom sour ummasom [ummasom] sourer 3 uli beautiful ummuli [ummuli] more beautiful

Speaking of morpheme, the word valuable' and in arga do hamoraon [arga ummuli [ummuli] `morebeautiful' do hamoraon] `health is valuable', one may consists of two morphemes, namely, [um-] not relate the value of hahipason and as a bound morpheme and uli [uli] hamoraon with money.Speaking of `beautiful' as a free morpheme. Prefix [um- morpheme within the word ummarga ] functions as inflectional morpheme [ummarga] `more valuable', the word because it does not change the word class ummarga derives from morpheme [um-] as to which it is attached. a bound morpheme and arga [arga] If prefix [um-] is attached to `valuable' as a free morpheme. Prefix [um- adjectives preceded by vowels, the last ] gets an addition of bilabial nasal voiced phoneme of the prefix is doubled.In the consonant [m] after the prefix because the sentence above, [um-] + uliummuli not base form of arga[arga] is preceded by a *umuli.The word ummuli as the integration vowel, in this case vowel [a]. of prefix [um-] and base form uli is As the result of affixation, that is, acceptable in Toba Batak. On the by attaching prefix to the base formof contrary*umuli is unacceptable. Other adjectivearga above, morphological example is: process occurs to the base adjective. In Alai ummarga dope hahipasonsian other words, the base form change hamoraon. according to the neighboring phoneme.The [alai ummarga dope hahipasonsian attachment of the prefix to the base forms hamoraon] brings about combination or addition to the `But health is more valuable than two elements. In example above, phoneme wealth'. [m] which is added after prefix [um-] and According to the sentence above, before the base form of adjective arga is there are two things compared, namely, called nasalization, that is, a process by hahipason [hahipason] health] `health' and adding or placing a nasal to the base form. hamoraon [hamoraon] `wealth'. Based on In the example above, prefix [um- the sentence both hahipason and ]is ended with phoneme [m], and the hamoraonare valuable. As a matter of fact, additional phoneme after the last phoneme however, hahipason and hamoraon do not of the prefix is also phoneme [m]. In short, have the same value in Toba Batak it can be said that if prefix [um-] is culture.If the sentence is cut into two attached to adjectives preceded by vowels, sentences, without losing its base meaning, the last phoneme of the prefix is doubled. itwill be: Thus, prefix [um-][umm-] instead of a. Arga do hahipason [arga do [um-]. hahipason]. `Health is valuable'. b. Arga do hamoraon [arga do 2. The initial phoneme of the base forms hamoraon]. `Wealth isvaluable'. of the adjectives is a bilabialplosive One important thing to be voiced consonant [b] considered in this case is that by the word Besides being preceded by vowels, arga [arga] `valuable' both in arga do adjectives in Toba Batak are also preceded hahipason [arga do hahipason] `health is by a bilabial plosive voiced consonant [b].

281 COMPARATIVE FORMOF ADJECTIVES BY PREFIX UM- IN TOBA BATAK Esron Ambarita

Adjectives of this group can be constructed Phoneme [m] of prefix [um-]is to form comparative forms by attaching assimilatedand substituted by a bilabial prefix [um-]to the base adjectives without plosive voiced consonant [b]. Phoneme neglecting morphological change occured [m] of prefix [um-] is pronounced as [b] as shown in the following examples. The because of the influence of the consonant word bagas [bagas] `deep', for instance, following it, that is, a bilabial plosive can be combined with prefix [um-] to form voiced consonant [b] in bagas [bagas] comparative forms.Thus, [um-] + bagas `deep'. [bagas] 'deep'umbagas Therefore, if prefix [um-] is [ubbagas]'deeper'.Some words in Toba attached to base adjectives of which the Batakare pronounced differently from their initial sound is a bilabial plosive voiced spellings. The word umbagas belongs to consonant [b], it is no longer pronounced this criteria.In [um-] + bagas [bagas] `deep' [um-], but it is pronounced [ub-]. The same umbagas [ubbagas] `deeper', the word morphological process also occurs to other umbagas is not pronounced as it is spelled. adjectives of this kind as in the following It is pronounced [ubbagas] instead. data.

Table 2: comparative formof adjectives with initial phenemes is bilabialplosive voiced consonant [b]

Positive Comparative No Gloss Pronunciation Gloss Forms Forms 1 balga big umbalga [ubbalga] bigger 2 bidang wide umbidang [ubbidaŋ] wider 3 birong black umbirong [ubbiroŋ] blacker 4 bongak roud umbongak [ubboŋak] prouder

From the data above, it can be seen prefix [um-] is attached to adjectives that the attachment of prefix [um-] to base preceded by a bilabial plosive voiced adjectives results in change to the two consonant [b], prefix [um-] is pronounced combination. Prefix [um-] is no longer [ub-] as its allomorph. pronounced [um-], but it is pronounced [ub-]. As the result of affixation process, 3. The initial phoneme of the base forms the morphological process results in of the adjectives is a velarplosive morphophonemic forms in which phoneme voiced consonant [g] [m] of prefix [um-] change due to the The adjectives of which the initial phonemes following it. sound is a velar plosive voiced consonant The addition of prefix [um-] to the [g] can be combined with prefix [um-] to base forms, based on the data above, form comparative forms. The base form of creates combination that changes the form the adjective gogo [gogo] `strong', for of the prefix [um-] phonologically. In the instance, can be combined with prefix [um- data above, phoneme [m] of prefix [um-] is ] toform comparative forms. The process changed to phoneme [b]. Thus, the prefix will be [um-] + gogo [gogo] `strong' [um-] undergoes morphological process unggogo [uggogo] `stronger'. called allomorph, that is, a variant of a Word formation of base form of morpheme according to its environment. adjective gogo [gogo] `strong' becomes Phoneme [m] as a nasal is changed to comparative formsunggogo [uggogo] phoneme [b] as a plosive because they `stronger' brings about phonological belong to the same consonant, that is, change. The [m] is pronounced [g], bilabial voiced consonants. In short, if therefore, [um-] [ug-].

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The following is a sentence which not pronounced [n], but it is pronounced as includes adjective with prefix[um-]. a palato alveolar affficate voiced Unggogo do hamatean sian consonant [j]. This latter change can be hangoluan di hasiangan on. considered as phonological change. [uggogo do hamatean sian haŋoluan di hasiaŋan on] 5. The initial phoneme of the base forms `Death is stronger than life in this of the adjectives is a bilabial nasal universe'. voiced consonant [m] In the sentence above there are two The base forms of the adjective things compared, they are,hamatean initiated by a bilabial nasal voiced [hamatean] `death' and hangoluan consonant [m] can be integrated with [haŋoluan] `life'. It is said that Unggogo do prefix [um-] to form comparative forms. hamatean sian hangoluan di hasiangan on For instance, prefix [um-] + manat [manat] because it is easy to die but it is difficult to `careful' ummanat [ummanat] `more survive to live. careful'. The word mura [mura] `cheap' which is combined with prefix [um-], as an 4. The initial phoneme of the base forms other example, will be: um- + mura of the adjectives is a palato alveolar [mura]ummura [ummura] `cheaper'. affricate voiced consonant [j] There is not any change in the construction Adjectives of this criteriacan also of the word to be comparative forms. be combined with prefix [um-] in Toba Prefix [um-] remains [um] both in spelling Batak. The base form of adjective and in pronunciation and so dothe word jebu[jebu] `passionate', for instance, if manat [manat] `careful' and the word mura added with prefix [um-] will be: um- + [mura] `cheap'. jebu[jebu]`passionate' unjebu [ujjebu] Other example is `more passionate'. Other example is prefix ummahal.Speaking of morpheme within [um-] + jempek [jeppek) `small' the word ummahal [ummahal] `more unjempek [ujjeppek] `smaller'. expensive', the word ummahal derives In um- + jebu [jebu] `passionate' from morpheme [um-] as a bound unjebu [ujjebu] `more passionate' and in morpheme and mahal [mahal] `expensive' um- + jempek[jeppek] `small'  unjempek as a free morpheme. Prefix [um-] does not [ujjeppek] `smaller', the bilabial nasal undergo any changes either voiced consonant [m] of the prefix [um-] morphologically nor phonologically. It is has been changed to alveolar nasal voiced because the initial phoneme of the base consonant [n] in spelling; it is no longer form of the adjective is homogenous nasal [m]. with that of the final phoneme of prefix The first change occurs in this [um-], that is, the bilabial nasal voiced construction is morphological change, that consonant [m]. is, the change of phoneme [m] from a The same construction also occurs bilabial nasal voiced consonant [m] into an to other adjectives of which initiated by the alveolar nasal voiced consonant [n]. The same initial phoneme [m]. Other adjectives second change is that the modified [n] is of the same kind are listed below.

Table 3: comparative formof adjectives with initial phenemes is bilabial nasal voiced consonant [m].

Positive Comparative No Gloss Pronunciation Gloss Forms Forms 1 mahal expensive ummahal [ummahal] more expensive 2 metmet small ummetmet [ummeɂmet] smaller

283 COMPARATIVE FORMOF ADJECTIVES BY PREFIX UM- IN TOBA BATAK Esron Ambarita

3 momos strict ummomos [ummomos] stricter 4 male hungry ummale [ummale] hungrier

6. The initial phoneme of the base forms plosive voiceless consonant [p]. Thus, the of the adjectives is analveolar nasal modified word umpadot[uppadot] voiced consonant [n] `dilligent' is pronounced [uppadot] not One example of adjective [umpadot] and umposo is pronounced preceded by an alveolar nasal voiced [uppposo]not [umposo]. If umpadot is consonant [n] in Toba Batak is nipis [nipis] pronounced [umpadot] and umposo is `thin'. The construction of this word to pronounced [umposo) it is phonologically form comparative forms by attaching unacceptable in standard Toba Batak. prefix [um-] will be: um- + nipis [nipis] From the data above, it can be `thin' unnipis [unnipis] `thinner'. The stated that, if prefix[um-] is combined with other example is um- + nunut [nunut] adjectives preceded by a bilabial plosive `dilligent' unnunut [unnunut] `more voiceless consonant [p], it does not change dilligent'. in spelling. It remains [um-];it, however, The only change occurs in forming changes in pronunciation. The bilabial either the word unnipis [unnipis] `thinner' nasal voiced consonant [m] of prefix [um- or the word unnunut [unnunut] `more ]is pronounced as a bilabialplosive dilligent' is morphological change, in voiceless consonant [p]. It is exactly the which prefix [um-]becomes [un-]. The same with consonant following it. bilabial nasal voiced consonant [m] of Therefore, [um-]  [up-]. This change is prefix [um-] is no longer [m], but it regarded as a phonological change. changes to an alveolar nasal voiced consonant[n]as the cause of the integration 8. The initial phoneme of the base forms between prefix [um-] and the base forms of the adjectives is an alveolar rolled nipis[nipis] `light' and nunut[nunut] voiced consonant [r] `dilligent'. In Toba Batak, the adjectives preceded by an alveolar rolled voiced 7. The initial phoneme of the base forms consonant [r] can be combined with prefix of the adjectives is a bilabial plosive [um-] to form comparative forms. The voiceless consonant [p] word roa [roa] `ugly', for instance, if Adjectives of this kind can be attached by prefix [um-]will become: um- constructed to form comparative forms by + roa [roa] 'ugly’  urroa[urroa] `uglier' attaching prefix [um-]. The word padot . Other example is prefix um- + [padot] `dilligent', as an example, if ringgas[riŋgas] `dilligent' urringgas modified to be comparative forms by [urringgas] `more dilligent'.The bilabial attaching prefix [um-] will be: um- + nasal voiced consonant [m] of prefix [um- padot[padot] ], both in um- + roa [roa] and in um- + `dilligent'umpadot[uppadot] `more ringgas [riŋgas] `dilligent', is changed to dilligent'. Other example is um- + pistar an alveolar rolled voiced consonant [r]. [pistar] `clever' umpistar [uppistar] The change that occurs in this construction `cleverer', um- + is a morphological change. poso[poso]umposo[upposo] `younger'. Hence, from the data above it can There is morphological change in be stated that if prefix [um-] is attached to forming the word padot [padot] adjectives of which preceded by an 'dilligent'and poso[poso] `young' becomes alveolar rolled voiced consonant [r], comparative forms. The bilabial nasal prefix[um-] changes to [ur-] both in voiced consonant [m] of prefix [um-] is spelling and in pronunciation. phonologically pronounced as a bilabial

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9. The initial phoneme of the base alveolar plosive voiceless consonant [t]. forms of the adjectives is an alveolar Thus, untibu is pronounced [uttibu] and fricative voiceless consonant [s] untimbo is pronounced [uttibbo]. One example of the base form of From the data above, it can be stated adjective preceded by an alveolar fricative that if prefix [um-] is attached to adjectives voiceless consonant [s] is sompit [soppit] preceded by an alveolar plosive voiceless `narrow'. Prefix [um-] + sompit [soppit] consonant [t], prefix [um-] will be changed `narrow' unsompit [ussoppit] 'narrower'. to [un-] in spelling. Finally, the modified The other example is prefix [um-] + [un-] is no longer pronounced as it is sangap [saŋap] `respectful'unsangap spelled but it is pronounced [ut-] instead. [ussaŋap] `more respectful'. From the discussion about prefix Both morphological and [um-] above, it can be concluded that the phonological change occur in the meaning of prefix [um-]denotes construction of the two modified comparative forms. It signifies more words.The morphological change occurs is meaning than what is indicated in the base that the bilabial nasal voiced consonant forms of theadjectives to which the prefix [m] of prefix [um-]is changed to a nasal is attached. The of adjective alveolar voiced consonant [n] in spelling. combined with prefix [um-] is put in the Phoneme [n] is pronounced [s] both in the second syllable from the end of adjectives. words unsompit[ussoppit] and unsangap [ussaŋap]. 3. CONCLUSIONS Based on the data above, it can be Based on the findings and concluded that if prefix [um-] is attached to discussionsabove, it can be concluded that adjectives initiated by an alveolar fricative comparative form of adjectives by prefix voiceless consonant [s], phoneme [m] of [um-]in Toba Batakis constructed without prefix [um-] will be changed to phoneme considering the number of syllables of the [n] in spelling and [s] in pronunciation. base forms of adjectives as those in 10. The initial phoneme of the base English. The attachments of prefix [um-] to forms of the adjectives is an alveolar adjectives require the following rules: plosive voiceless consonant [t] (1) if the initial phoneme of the base Adjectives in Toba Batak preceded adjectives are vowels, the last by an alveolar plosive voiceless consonant phoneme of prefix [um-]is [t] can be formed to be comparative forms doubled,therefore [um-][umm-]. by attaching prefix [um-] to the base forms (2) if the initial phoneme is a bilabial of the adjectives. The base form tibu [tibu] plosive voiced consonant [b], prefix `early', for instance, if attached with prefix [um-]is pronouncedas [ub-] as its [um-] will be: um- + tibu [tibu] `early' allomorph. untibu [uttibu]`earlier'. Other example is (3) if the initial phoneme is a velarplosive um- + timbo [tibbo] `tall' untimbo voiced consonant [g], prefix [um-] is [uttibbo] `taller'. pronounced [uŋ]; There are two changes occurred in (4)ifthe initial phoneme is a palato alveolar the construction of both untibu [uttibu] affricate voiced consonant [j], prefix `earlier' and untimbo [uttibbo] `taller'. The [um-][un-] in spelling and [uj-] in first change is morphological change in pronunciation. which bilabial nasal voiced consonant [m] (5) ifthe initial phoneme is a bilabial nasal of prefix [um-] becomes an alveolar nasal voiced consonat [m] prefix [um-] does voiced consonant [n]. Next, the not change. phonological change occured is that (6) ifthe initial phoneme is analveolar nasal phoneme [n] in the modified words either voiced consonant [n],prefix [um-] in untibu or in untimbo is pronounced as an

285 COMPARATIVE FORMOF ADJECTIVES BY PREFIX UM- IN TOBA BATAK Esron Ambarita

becomes [un-] both in spelling and in Ambarita, Esron. 2018. Adjectival pronunciation. Affixations in : (7) ifthe initial phonemeis a bilabial A Descriptive Analysis of Adjectives. plosive voiceless consonant https://uhn.ac.id/files/akademik_files/1 [p],prefix[um-] does not change in 806060434_2018_The%20Episteme% spelling, but it is pronounced [up-]. 20Journal%20of%20Linguistics%20a (8) if the initial phoneme is an alveolar nd%20Literature%20Vol%204%20No rolled voiced consonant [r], prefix[um- %203_1.%20ADJECTIVAL%20AFFI ] [ur-] both in spelling and in XATIONS%20IN%20TOBA%20BA pronunciation. TAK%20LANGUAGE%20- (9) ifthe initial phoneme is an alveolar %20esron.pdf. Accessed on 15August fricative voiceless consonant [s], 2019. prefix [um-][un-] in spelling and [us-] in pronunciation. Ambarita, Esron. 2017. Morphological (10)if the initial phoneme is an alveolar Analysis of Adjective Reduplication in plosive voiceless consonant [t], prefix Toba Batak [um-] [un-] in spelling and Language.http://www.umnaw.ac.id/jur pronounced [ut-]. nal/index.php/cccccc//view/157. Accessed on22May 2019.

REFERENCES Ambarita, Esron. 2016. Morphological Analysis of Adjectival Affixations in Books: Toba Batak Language. Houghton, M.1984.Grammar and http://ojs.lppmmethodistmedan.net/ind Composition, First Course, Boston: ex.php/METHOLANGUE/article/vie University of Texas. /162. Accessed on 13July 2019.

Nababan, P.W.J.1981.A Grammar of Toba- . 2005. Language of the World. Batak. Pasific Linguistics, Series – www.etnologue.com/nearly No. 37, Department of Linguistics _extinct.asp. Accessed on 11 July Research School of Pasific Studies, The 2019. Australian National University.

Nida, Eugene. 1949.Morphology: The Descriptive Analysis of Words. Ann Arbour: The University of Michigan Press.

Quirk, Randolph et al. 1985.A Comprehensive Grammar of the . New York: The University of Michigan Press.

Sitorus, Matias et al. 1986.Sistem Kata Benda dan Kata Sifat Bahasa Batak Toba. : Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.

Journals:

Jurnal Littera: Fakultas Sastra Darma Agung Volume I, Nomor 2, Oktober 2019: 278–287 286

AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHIES

Dr. Esron Ambarita, S.S., M.Hum. is currently the Vice Dean II in charge of finance and administration at the Faculty of Letters, Universitas Methodist Indonesia, . Besides, he is also an Editorial Board Member (Reviewer) of International Journal of English Language Teaching and Linguistics Studies. Born on August 28, 1972 in Jorlanghuluan, a small village in , North , Indonesia, he received his Bachelor Degree, Sarjana Sastra (S.S.) in English from Faculty of Letters, Universitas Katolik St. Thomas Sumatera Utara (1998). He attended the program under fellowship from Beasiswa Konferensi Waligereja Indonesia (KWI) Jakarta. He was awarded an Honorary Certificate as the best alumnae.He received his Master’s degree, MagisterHumaniora (M.Hum.) in English from English Applied LinguisticsStudy Program, Universitas Negeri Medan (2010) under fellowship from Beasiswa Pendidikan Pascasarjana (BPPs) Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi (RISTEKDIKTI). He received his Doctorate degree, Doktor (Dr.) in Linguistics from Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara (2018) also under fellowship from Beasiswa Pendidikan Pascasarjana (BPPs) Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi (RISTEKDIKTI).He taught English at Logo Centre Medan (1997-2002); He taught English and Bahasa Indonesia (for foreigners) at Centre Medan (1998-2013); Besides, he also taught English at Faculty of Letters, Universitas Katolik St. Thomas Sumatera Utara (1998-2011), Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Paulus Medan (2007-2011), Faculty of Letters, Universitas Darma Agung Medan (throughout 2011), and Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Katolik St. Thomas Sumatera Utara (2013-2015).His skills and expertise cover Pure and Applied Linguistics, Morphology, Phonetics, Phonology, Syntax, Semantics, English Language, and Language Learning. He has also been a speaker in dozens of national and international seminars, conferences, and workshops to disseminate his prominent works. His scholarly research- related works have been published in national and international-indexed journals and proceedings. Some of his published articles are Deverbal Nominals in Toba Batak Language: A Generative Transformational Study (2018),Adverbial Derivation in Toba Batak Language: A Generative Transformational Study (2018), Nominal Word Formations in Toba Batak Language: A Study of Generative Morphology (2018), Adjectival Affixations in Toba Batak Language. A Descriptive Analysis of Adjectives (2018), Sociolinguistics Routines in Social Interactions in Toba Batak Language (2017), Denominal Verbs in Toba Batak Language (2017), Morphological Analysis of Adjective in Toba Batak Language (2017), The Urgency of Linguistic Communication and Culture in Social Interactions (2017), Daftar Morfem dalam Sistem Morfologi Generatif Bahasa Batak Toba (2017), Morphological Analysis of Adjectival Affixations in Toba Batak Language (2016), Toba Batak Language Morphological System: A Generative Transformational Study (2016), Postcolonial Identity in Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe (2015) won the Indonesian – DIKTI research fund,Peran Aplikasi Android terhadap Pemahaman Teks Berbahasa Inggris dan Berbahasa Indonesia (2015), and Degrees of Adjective Comparisons in Toba Batak Language: A Descriptive Analysis of Adjectives (2003).

287 COMPARATIVE FORMOF ADJECTIVES BY PREFIX UM- IN TOBA BATAK Esron Ambarita