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Indonesian/Malay DOCUMENT RESUME ED 384 205 FL 022 493 AUTHOR Worsley, Peter TITLE Unlocking Australia's Language Potential. Profiles of 9 Key Languages in Australia. Volume 5: Indonesian/Malay. INSTITUTION Australian National Languages and Litcracy Inst., Deakin. REPORT NO ISBN-1-875578-12-9 PUB DATE 94 NOTE 286p.; For related documents, see FL 022 494-497 and ED 365 111-114. AVAILABLE FROMNLLIA, 9th Level, 300 Flinders St., Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia. PUB TYPE Information Analyses (070) Tests/Evaluation Instruments (160) EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PC12 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Cultural Awareness; Cultural Education; Educational History; Educational Needs; Foreign Countries; High Schools; *Indonesian; *International Trade; *Language Role: Language Usage; *Malay; Regional Characteristics; Second Language Learning; *Uncommonly Taught Languages IDENTIFIERS *Australia; Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia; Singapore ABSTRACT The report on the status of the Indonesian and Malay languages in Australia documents the history of those languages in Australian education, within selected communities, in international trade, and among high school students. The first chapter gives a brief history of the Indonesian and Malay languages and comments on their place in the life of contemporary Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore. Chapters 2-5 detail its teaching and use in Australia's educational system, focusing on significant influences and events in three periods: 1955-70, its introduction during a period of crisis in the teaching of languages other than English; 1970-86, a period of retrenchment in Australian education and business and turmoil in Indonesia; and 1986-92, characterized by heightened awareness of the value of languages other than English. Chapter 6 describes language use patterns in the Indonesian community of the Sydney metropolitan area, and chapter 7 summarizes a survey of Australian companies regarding their current and projected need for Indonesian/Malay language and cultural skills. The final chapter reports on a survey of Australian year 11 students studying these two languages. A series of recommendations for the teaching of Indonesian and Malay in Australia is also presented. Bibliographies of references and instructional resources and a language attitude questionnaire are appended. (MSE) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. .*********************************************************************** fr) NO et' 00 en Mb, 0 4.4 0 as 0 0 0 "PERMISSION TO REPPODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY 1 r-> TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CEN1ER (ERIC) U S DEPARTMENT Of EDUCATION Office of Educahonal Research and tmocovsmont EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) hie documentrue been reproduced Si 41;acolyeld from me Cnirlion or ofdanization Ofiginehri O Minor chime*. NM} boon mad* toimprove f0ROMuCtion oulehly Pointe of mew or opinions stated in Ms*foci,- mint do not necessarily represent OERI position or policy BEST COPYAVAILABLE Unlocking Australia's LanguagePotential PROFILES OF 9 KEY LANGUAGES IN AUSTRALIA Volume 5: Indonesian / Malay Canberra National Library of Australia Cataloguing inPublication Data Unlocking Australia's Language Potential: Profileof 9 Key 1 anguage, in A ii-s;ral:.1 Volume 5 Indonesian / Malay Bibliography. Includes index. ISBN 1 875578 07 2 (set) ISBN 1 875578 08 0 (v.1) ISBN 1 875578 09 9 (v.2) ISBN 1 875578 10 2 (v.3) ISBN 1 875578 11 0 (v.4) ISBN 1 875578 12 9 (v.5) ISBN 1 875578 13 7 (v.6) ISBN 1 875578 14 5 (v.7) ISBN 1 875578 15 3 (v.8) ISBN 1 875578 16 1 (v.9) 1. Language and languages Study andteachingAustralia2. Australia angi Study and teaching - Foreign speakers. I.National Language,: and I iterate I iistittitc of Australia. II. Australian Second LanguageLearning Fri gram CD Commonwealth of Australia and NLLI A ISBN 1 875578 12 9 This work is copyright. Apart from any usepermitted under the .op\ right Act 1,0)N. no part ma \ be reproduced by any process without thewritten permission of the NLL IAant. theI Commonwealth. 41 8.(X)7 Funded by DEET with additional resource totpitortfront Hp. (1.1,1 t \I Ii The views expressed here donot tietvc,tirtly repre,ettt the :teTc,,It theCetwitoll,ec National Languages and Literacy Instituteof Australia I united Level 2, 6 Campion St, Deakin ACT2h00 Australia Tel: (06) 281 3366Fax: (06) 281 3096 Indonesion / Malay Pro*. TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD i PREFACE i i i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY v RECOMMENDATIONS xx 1 INTRODJCTION 1 1.1 Indonesian/Malay in the world: A brief history 1.1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.2 Indonesia 1 3 1.1.3 Malaysia 8 1.1.4 Singapore and Brunei 10 1.1.5 Trade 11 1.2 The Report 12 2 A STATISTICAL HISTORY OF INDONESIAN /MALAY 16 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 A statistical history of Indonesian/Malay1955-1992 21 2.2.1 The schools 21 2.2.1.1 Students of Indonesian/Malay by State 27 2.2.1.2 Students of Indonesian/Malay by educationsystem 2.2.1.3 28 Students of Indonesian/Malay by gender 30 2.2.1.4 Conclusions 2.2.2 31 Higher education 33 2.2.2.1 Conclusions 40 2.3 General Conclusions 41 3 BEGINNINGS 1955-1970 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 The coming of the crisis in the teaching of languagesother than English 1955-1970 44 3.2.1 Introduction 44 3.2.2 The economy 44 3.2.3 Australia's foreign relations 45 3.2.4 Australian attitudes towards immigration 48 3.2.5 The educational environment 49 3.2.6 The Wykes Reports 49 3.2.7 Introduction of Indonesian/Malay into schools and universities 53 3.2.8 Teaching methodology and coursebooks 56 3.2.9 Wykes further recommendations 59 3.2.10 The Auchmuty Report 60 3.3 Conclusions 62 4 THE GREAT DECLINE 1970-1986 66 4.1 Introduction 66 4.1.1 Australia's foreign relations 66 4.1.2 Australian attitudes to immigration 68 4.1.3 The economy 71 4.2 Educational environment 73 4.2.1 The schools: Language study for the intellectual elite? 74 4.2.1.1 Background speakers of Indonesian/Malay 77 4.2.2 Higher education 78 4.3 Fitzgerald and Legge: Asian languages in decline 82 4.4 Teaching methodology and coursebooks 84 4.5 Conclusions 94 5 BEGINNING AGAIN 1986-1992 99 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 The Australian relationship with Indonesia 1985-1992 104 Unlocking Australia's Language Potential 104 5.2.1 The Australian economy and the economicrelationship with Indonesia 5.2.2 Australia's diplomatic relationship with Indonesiaand public opinion 1101 (8) 5.2.3 Australian business and the employment prospectsfor speakers of Indonesian/Malay Conclusions: Economic reasons for learningIndonesian/Malay 114 5.2.4 115 5.3 The late 1980s: A time of change in language education 115 The schools 5.3.1 116 5.3.1.1 Gender Parental and community attitudes 116 5.3.1.2 118 5.3.1.3 Time and language education A variety of linguistic proficiencies in theclassroom 118 5.3.1.4 121 5.3.1.5 Teachers, their training, appointment and teacher support Contimity of language study 123 5.3.1.6 125 5.3.1.7 Language teaching methodology, curriculum andsyllabus changes Coursebooks and teaching materials 132 5.3.1.8 138 5.3.1.9 Conclusion: Schools Higher education 141 5.3.2 141 5.3.2.1 Introduction 5.3.2.2 Language study across the divide: School touniversity 1114444(21 5.3.2.3 Time and language study Varieties of proficiencies and streaming 5.3.2.4 146 5.3.2.5 The curriculum of language programs in highereducation Combination of language study and disciplines 147 5.3.2.6 150 5.3.2.7 Qualifications of academic staff in languagedepartments Teaching methodology, technological supportand materials 150 5.3.2.8 154 Teacher education 5.3.2.9 159 5.4 Conclusions INDONESIAN/MALAY IN AUSTRALIA: A SURVEYOF THE LANGUAGE USE OF 6 165 THE INDONESIAN COMMUNITY IN THESYDNEY METROPOLITAN AREA The Indonesian/Malay speaking communityin Australia 165 6.1 165 6.1.1 Introduction 167 A survey of the Indonesian speaking communityin the Sydney metropolitan area 6.2 167 6.2.1 Aim 167 6.2.2 Methodology 169 6.3 Results and discussion Demographic, educational and occupationalprofile of the respondents 169 6.3.1 170 6.3.2 Analysis of the functions and frequency of the useof Indonesian 6.3.2.1 The use of Indonesian in familial, businessand cultural situations 11771 6.3.2.2 Attitudes and strategies for using Indonesian The mastery of Indonesian and the useof appropriate registers in varioussocial 6.3.2.3 174 situations 175 6.3.2.4 The preservation and maintenance of theIndonesian language Indonesian community expectations ofCommonwealth Government assistance for the 6.3.2.5 176 promotion of Indonesian as a communitylanguage 177 Conclusions 6.4 SURVEY OF AUSTRALIAN 7 INDONESIAN/MALAY IN AUSTRALIA: A COMPANIES AND THEIR NEED OFINDONESIAN/MALAY LANGUAGE AND 180 CULTURAL SKILLS 180 7.1 Introduction 189 Two surveys of Australian companiesdoing business with Indonesia 7.2 189 7.2.1 Introduction 189 7.2.2 Aim of the surveys 189 7.2.3 Methodology Indonesian / *day Pratte 7.2.4 Results and discussion 191 7.2.4.1 Profile of the companies 191 7.2.4.2 Business communications 192 7.2.4.3 Communication breakdowns 198 7.2.4.4 Staff skills 201 7.3 Conclusions 206 8 INDONESIAN/MALAY IN AUSTRALIA. A SURVEY OF YEAR 11 STUDENTS OF INDONESIAN/MALAY 213 8.1 Introduction 213 8.1.1 Studies before 1992 213 8.2 A national survey of Year 11 students in 1992 217 8.2.1 Aim 217 8.2.2 Methodology 217 8.3 Results and discussion 220 8.3.1 The sample of students of Indonesian/Malay 220 8.3.2 Profile of respondents 221 8.3.2.1 Gender distribution 221 8.3.2.2 Place of birth and language background 221 8.3.2.3 Educational background of parents 223 8.3.2.4 Subjects studied concurrently at school 223 8.3.2.5 Intended level of education of students of Indonesia/Malay 224 8.3.3 Reasons for discontinuing the study of Indonesian/Malay 225 8.3.4 Reasons for continuing the study of Indonesian/Malay 226 8.4 Conclusions 229 9 CONCLUSIONS 233 REFERENCES 244 COURSEBOOKS AND TEACHING MATERIALS 248 ATTITUDINAL SURVEY FORM 249 7 Indonesian / Malay Profile Foreword One of the consequences of the increased emphasis on language policy making from state and federal governments in recent years has been the proliferation of ways of categorising languages.
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