Languages of Southeast Asia
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Mon-Khmer Studies Volume 41
Mon-Khmer Studies VOLUME 42 The journal of Austroasiatic languages and cultures Established 1964 Copyright for these papers vested in the authors Released under Creative Commons Attribution License Volume 42 Editors: Paul Sidwell Brian Migliazza ISSN: 0147-5207 Website: http://mksjournal.org Published in 2013 by: Mahidol University (Thailand) SIL International (USA) Contents Papers (Peer reviewed) K. S. NAGARAJA, Paul SIDWELL, Simon GREENHILL A Lexicostatistical Study of the Khasian Languages: Khasi, Pnar, Lyngngam, and War 1-11 Michelle MILLER A Description of Kmhmu’ Lao Script-Based Orthography 12-25 Elizabeth HALL A phonological description of Muak Sa-aak 26-39 YANIN Sawanakunanon Segment timing in certain Austroasiatic languages: implications for typological classification 40-53 Narinthorn Sombatnan BEHR A comparison between the vowel systems and the acoustic characteristics of vowels in Thai Mon and BurmeseMon: a tendency towards different language types 54-80 P. K. CHOUDHARY Tense, Aspect and Modals in Ho 81-88 NGUYỄN Anh-Thư T. and John C. L. INGRAM Perception of prominence patterns in Vietnamese disyllabic words 89-101 Peter NORQUEST A revised inventory of Proto Austronesian consonants: Kra-Dai and Austroasiatic Evidence 102-126 Charles Thomas TEBOW II and Sigrid LEW A phonological description of Western Bru, Sakon Nakhorn variety, Thailand 127-139 Notes, Reviews, Data-Papers Jonathan SCHMUTZ The Ta’oi Language and People i-xiii Darren C. GORDON A selective Palaungic linguistic bibliography xiv-xxxiii Nathaniel CHEESEMAN, Jennifer -
LCSH Section K
K., Rupert (Fictitious character) Motion of K stars in line of sight Ka-đai language USE Rupert (Fictitious character : Laporte) Radial velocity of K stars USE Kadai languages K-4 PRR 1361 (Steam locomotive) — Orbits Ka’do Herdé language USE 1361 K4 (Steam locomotive) UF Galactic orbits of K stars USE Herdé language K-9 (Fictitious character) (Not Subd Geog) K stars—Galactic orbits Ka’do Pévé language UF K-Nine (Fictitious character) BT Orbits USE Pévé language K9 (Fictitious character) — Radial velocity Ka Dwo (Asian people) K 37 (Military aircraft) USE K stars—Motion in line of sight USE Kadu (Asian people) USE Junkers K 37 (Military aircraft) — Spectra Ka-Ga-Nga script (May Subd Geog) K 98 k (Rifle) K Street (Sacramento, Calif.) UF Script, Ka-Ga-Nga USE Mauser K98k rifle This heading is not valid for use as a geographic BT Inscriptions, Malayan K.A.L. Flight 007 Incident, 1983 subdivision. Ka-houk (Wash.) USE Korean Air Lines Incident, 1983 BT Streets—California USE Ozette Lake (Wash.) K.A. Lind Honorary Award K-T boundary Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary UF Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) K.A. Linds hederspris K-T Extinction Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction BT National parks and reserves—Hawaii K-ABC (Intelligence test) K-T Mass Extinction Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) USE Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-B Bridge (Palau) K-TEA (Achievement test) Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Koro-Babeldaod Bridge (Palau) USE Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-BIT (Intelligence test) K-theory Ka-ju-ken-bo USE Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test [QA612.33] USE Kajukenbo K. -
Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates. -
Language, Myth, Histories, and the Position of the Phong in Houaphan
Neither Kha, Tai, nor Lao: Language, Myth, Histories, and the Position of the Phong in Houaphan Oliver Tappe1 Nathan Badenoch2 Abstract In this paper we explore the intersections between oral and colonial history to re-examine the formation and interethnic relations in the uplands of Northern Laos. We unpack the historical and contemporary dynamics between “majority” Tai, “minority” Kha groups and the imagined cultural influence of “Lao” to draw out a more nuanced set of narratives about ethnicity, linguistic diversity, cultural contact, historical intimacy, and regional imaginings to inform our understanding of upland society. The paper brings together fieldwork and archival research, drawing on previous theoretical and areal analysis of both authors. 1. Introduction The Phong of Laos are a small group of 30,000 people with historical strongholds in the Sam Neua and Houamuang districts of Houaphan province (northeastern Laos). They stand out among the various members of the Austroasiatic language family – which encompass 33 out of the 50 ethnic groups in Laos – as one of the few completely Buddhicized groups. Unlike their animist Khmu neighbours, they have been Buddhist since precolonial times (see Bouté 2018 for the related example of the Phunoy, a Tibeto-Burman speaking group in Phongsaly Province). In contrast to the Khmu (Évrard, Stolz), Rmeet (Sprenger), Katu (Goudineau, High), Hmong (Lemoine, Tapp), Phunoy (Bouté), and other ethnic groups in Laos, the Phong still lack a thorough ethnographic study. Joachim Schliesinger (2003: 236) even called them “an obscure people”. This working paper is intended as first step towards exploring the history, language, and culture of this less known group. -
An Outline of the Structure of the Akha Language1 (Part 1)
Tonan Ajia Kenkyu (The Southeast Asian Studies) Vol. 8, No.1 June, 1970 1 An Outline of the Structure of the Akha Language ) (Part 1) --Introduction and Phonemics-- by Makio KATSURA* Introduction: Akhas and their Language The Akhas call themselves"Akha" (/'laka/), while other ethnic groups call them by different names. Generally the Shans both in Burma and in Thailand use the name "Kaw" (/k;);)/), and the Northern Thais, "E-kaw" (/'liik;);)/). The prefix /'lii-/ in l1iik;)JI might be the same as Ilii-I, which is often prefixed to nouns and denotes "female," such as /'liinii/, /'liinan/, /'liimtew/, etc. This is perhaps because of the eye-striking appearance of the Akha women. "Kha Kaw" C/khaa kJ;)/) is mostly used by the Laotians or the inhabitants of Laos, but the /khaa-/ is very often prefixed to the names of the minority peoples regardless of their geneological relations. The Thai Lus often call the Akhas "Kaw Ho Laem" Uk;);) hoo Ih:m/), which means "Akhas with pointed head," due to the shape of the head-dress of the Akha women. The name "O-ni" or "Wo-ni" used by the Chinese includes not only the Akhas but also many peoples belonging to the Burmese-Loloish Group.2l These names used by other peoples * {i TIIiU;ffi-~~ 1) This is a part of the report of the author's field work on the Akha language conducted in Northern Thailand in 1964-1965 under the sponsorship of the National Research Council of Thai land and the Center for Southeast Asian Studies of Kyoto University. -
Hill Tribes Phrasebook & Dictionary 4 Preview
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION........................................................ 7 Hill Tribes of SE Asia Map .......8 Vietnam & Laos .......................10 Local Names of the Five Myanmar (Burma) ................. 10 Largest Groups ...................9 Thailand .................................... 10 China .............................................9 The Languages .......................14 LAHU ...................................................................... 17 Culture, Subgroups Sounds....................................... 21 & Locations ........................17 The Language .........................24 Lahu Language Map ............ 18 Words & Phrases .................... 26 AKHA ...................................................................... 41 Culture, Subgroups Sounds....................................... 50 & Locations ........................41 The Language .........................52 Akha Language Map ............ 42 Words & Phrases .................... 55 LISU ........................................................................ 75 Culture & Locations .............. 75 The Language .........................81 Lisu Language Map .............. 76 Words & Phrases .................... 84 Sounds....................................... 79 MONG ..................................................................... 99 Culture, Subgroups Sounds.....................................104 & Locations ........................99 The Language .......................108 Mong Language Map.........100 Words & Phrases ..................111 -
BIBLIOGRAPHY NOTES to the TEXT 1 H. LING ROTH, the Natives
BIBLIOGRAPHY NOTES TO THE TEXT 1 H. LING ROTH, The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo. London 18%. Vol. I, XXXII + 464 pp. + map; Vol. II, IV + 302 pp. + 240 pp. Appendices. In vol. II Chapter XXI: Mengap, the Song of the Sea Dyak Head Feast, by J. PERHAM, p. 174-183. Chapter XXVII: Languages, Names, Colours, p.267-278. Appendices I, Vocabularies p. 1-160: Sea Dyak, Malay, by H. BROOKE Low; Rejang River Dialect, by H. BROOKE Low; Malay, Kanowit, Kyan, Bintulu, Punan, Matu, by H. BROOKE Low; Malay, Brunei, Bisaya, Murut Padas, Murut Trusan, Dali Dusun, Malanau, by C. DE CRESPIGNY; A collection of 43 words in use in different Districts, by HUPE; Collection of nine words in eight dialects, by CH. HOSE; Kayan, by R. BURNS; Sadong, Lara, Sibuyau, by SP. ST. JOHN; Sabuyau, Lara, Salakau, Lundu, by W. GoMEZ; Sea Dayak (and Bugau), Malau, by MR. BRERETON; Milanau, Kayan, Pakatan, by SP. ST. JOHN; Ida'an, Bisaya, Adang (Murut), by SP. ST. JOlIN; Lanun, by SP. ST. JOHN; Sarawak Dayak, by W. CHALMERS; Iranun, Dusun, Bulud Opie, Sulu, Kian, Punan, Melano, Bukutan, Land Dyak, Balau, published by F. A. SWETTENHAM, collected by TREACHER, COWIE, HOLLAND and ZAENDER. 2 SIDNEY H. RAY, The languages of Borneo. SMJ 1. 4 (1913) p.1-1%. Review by N. ADRIANI, Indische Gids 36 (1914) p. 766-767. 3 Uit de verslagen van Dr. W. KERN, taalambtenaar op Borneo 1938-1941. TBG 82 (1948) p. 538---559. 4 E. R. LEACH, Social Science Research in Sarawak. A Report on the Possibilities of a Social Economic Survey of Sarawak pre sented to the Colonial Social Science Research Council. -
Highlights from Three Language Families in Southwest China
Highlights from three Language Families in Southwest China Matthias Gerner RFLR Monographs Matthias Gerner Highlights from three Language Families in Southwest China RFLR Monographs Volume 3 Matthias Gerner Highlights from three Language Families in Southwest China Burmese-Lolo, Tai-Kadai, Miao Research Foundation Language and Religion e-Book ISBN 978-3-947306-91-6 e-Book DOI https://doi.org/10.23772/9783947306916 Print ISBN 978-3-947306-90-9 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie and available in the Internet at https://www.dnb.de. © 2019 Research Foundation Language and Religion Duisburg, Germany https://www.rflr.org Printing and binding: Print Simply GmbH, Frankfurt Printed in Germany IX Acknowledgement God created rare language phenomena like those hidden in the Burmese-Lolo, Tai-Kadai and Miao languages which are the subject of this monograph (Proverbs 25:2). I am grateful to Emil Reschke and Siegfried Lechner of Research Foundation Language and Religion for their kind assistance. The following native speakers have provided helpful discussion: Michael Mǎhǎi 马海, Zhū Wén Xù 朱文旭, Hú Sùhúa 胡素华, Āyù Jĭpō 阿育几坡, Shí Défù 石德富, Zhāng Yǒngxiáng 张永祥, Wú Zhèngbiāo 吴正彪, Xióng Yùyǒu 熊玉有, Zhāng Yǒng 张勇, Wú Shìhuá 吴世华, Shí Lín 石林, Yáng Chéngxīng 杨成星, Lǐ Xùliàn 李旭练. The manuscript received feedback from colleagues who commented on the data presented at eleven international conferences between 2006 and 2016. Thanks are due to Jens Weigel for the cover design and to Jason Kline for proofreading the manuscript. X Preface The Burmese-Lolo, Tai-Kadai, Miao-Yao and Chinese languages form a loose Sprachbund in Southwest China with hundreds of languages coexisting and assimilating to each other. -
Axis Relationships in the Philippines – When Traditional Subgrouping Falls Short1 R. David Zorc <[email protected]> AB
Axis Relationships in the Philippines – When Traditional Subgrouping Falls Short1 R. David Zorc <[email protected]> ABSTRACT Most scholars seem to agree that the Malayo-Polynesian expansion left Taiwan around 3,000 BCE and virtually raced south through the Philippines in less than one millenium. From southern Mindanao migrations went westward through Borneo and on to Indonesia, Malaysia, and upwards into the Asian continent (“Malayo”-), and some others went south through Sulawesi also going eastward across the Pacific (-“Polynesian”)2. If this is the case, the Philippine languages are the “left behinds” allowing at least two more millennia for multiple interlanguage contacts within the archipelago. After two proposed major extinctions: archipelago-wide and the Greater Central Philippines (Blust 2019), inter-island associations followed the ebb and flow of dominance, expansion, resettlement, and trade. Little wonder then that “unique” lexemes found on Palawan can appear on Mindoro or Panay; developments throughout the east (Mindanao, the Visayas, and southern Luzon) can appear in Central Luzon, and an unidentified language with the shift of Philippine *R > y had some influence on Palawan and Panay. As early as 1972, while writing up my dissertation (Zorc 1975, then 1977), I found INNOVATIONS that did not belong to any specific subgroup, but had crossed linguistic boundaries to form an “axis” [my term, but related to German “SPRACHBUND”, “NETWORK” (Milroy 1985), “LINKAGE” 3 (Ross 1988. Pawley & Ross 1995)]. Normally, INNOVATIONS should be indicative of subgrouping. However, they can arise in an environment where different language communities develop close trade or societal ties. The word bakál ‘buy’ replaces PAN *bəlih and *mayád ‘good’ replaces PMP *pia in an upper loop from the Western Visayas, through Ilonggo/Hiligaynon, Masbatenyo, Central Sorsoganon, and 1 I am deeply indebted to April Almarines, Drs. -
892-3809-1-PB.Pdf
philippine studies Ateneo de Manila University • Loyola Heights, Quezon City • 1108 Philippines Origins of the Philippine Languages Cecilio Lopez Philippine Studies vol. 15, no. 1 (1967): 130–166 Copyright © Ateneo de Manila University Philippine Studies is published by the Ateneo de Manila University. Contents may not be copied or sent via email or other means to multiple sites and posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s written permission. Users may download and print articles for individual, noncom- mercial use only. However, unless prior permission has been obtained, you may not download an entire issue of a journal, or download multiple copies of articles. Please contact the publisher for any further use of this work at [email protected]. http://www.philippinestudies.net Origins- of the Philippine Languages CEClLlO LOPEZ 1. Introduction. In the Philippines there are about 70 languages and in Malayo-Polynesia about 500. To say some- thing about unity and diversity among these many languages and about our evidence for their Malayo-Polynesian source is not an easy task, particularly when it must be done briefly and for readers without the requisite linguistic sophistication. For the purposes of this paper, therefore, the best I can do is to explain some representative phenomena, making the presenta- tion as simple as I possibly can. In determining similarities and diversitiea between lan- guages, comparison based on any one of four levels may be used: phonology, morphology, syntax, or vocabulary. The ap- proach using all the four levels is undoubtedly the mast re- liable, particularly if it fulfills the following conditions: exhaus- tiveness of coverage, simplicity of exposition, and elegance of form. -
Development of Basic Literacy Learning Materials for Minority Peoples in Asia and the Pacific
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 377 740 FL 800 845 TITLE Development of basic Literacy Learning Materials for Minority Peoples in Asia and the Pacific. Final Report of the Second Sub-Regional Workshop (Chiang Rai, Thailand, February 22-March 5, 1994). INSTITUTION Asian Cultural Centre for UNESCO, Tokyo (Japan).; Ministry of Education, Bangkok (Thailand).; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Bangkok (Thailand). Principal Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. PUB DATE Mar 94 NOTE 142p.; Illustrations contain small and broken print. PUB TYPE Collected Works Conference Proceedings (021) EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PCO6 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Classroom Techniques; *Educational Needs; Foreign Countries; *Indigenous Populations; Instructional Effectiveness; *Instructional Materials; *Literacy Education; *Material Development; *Minority Groups; Teaching Methods; Uncommonly Taught Languages; Workshops IDENTIFIERS *Asia; Burma; China; Indonesia; Laos; Malaysia; Mongolia; Philippines; Thailand; Vietnam ABSTaACT A report of a regional workshop on development of instructional materials for basic literacy education of minority groups in Asia and the Pacific is presented.Countries represented include: China; Indonesia; Laos; Malaysia; Mongolia; Myanmar (Burma); Philippines; Vietnam; and Thailand. The workshop's objectives were to discuss the need for effective literacy learning materials, develop guidelines for preparing effective basic literacy learning materials for minority language populations, and suggest methods for their use. The report begins with an overview of the proceedings and resulting recommendations. Subsequent chapters summarize: needs and problems in education of minority populations; guidelines for preparation of effective basic literacy learning materials; studies of specific language groups; resource papers on Thai hill tribes and development of basic literacy materials in minority languages; a report from UNESCO and its Asian/Pacific Cultural Center; nine country reports; and national followup plans. -
English for the Indigenous People of Sarawak: Focus on the Bidayuhs
CHAPTER 6 English for the Indigenous People of Sarawak: Focus on the Bidayuhs Patricia Nora Riget and Xiaomei Wang Introduction Sarawak covers a vast land area of 124,450 km2 and is the largest state in Malaysia. Despite its size, its population of 2.4 million people constitutes less than one tenth of the country’s population of 30 million people (as of 2015). In terms of its ethnic composition, besides the Malays and Chinese, there are at least 10 main indigenous groups living within the state’s border, namely the Iban, Bidayuh, Melanau, Bisaya, Kelabit, Lun Bawang, Penan, Kayan, Kenyah and Kajang, the last three being collectively known as the Orang Ulu (lit. ‘upriver people’), a term that also includes other smaller groups (Hood, 2006). The Bidayuh (formerly known as the Land Dayaks) population is 198,473 (State Planning Unit, 2010), which constitutes roughly 8% of the total popula- tion of Sarawak. The Bidayuhs form the fourth largest ethnic group after the Ibans, the Chinese and the Malays. In terms of their distribution and density, the Bidayuhs are mostly found living in the Lundu, Bau and Kuching districts (Kuching Division) and in the Serian district (Samarahan Division), situated at the western end of Sarawak (Rensch et al., 2006). However, due to the lack of employment opportunities in their native districts, many Bidayuhs, especially youths, have migrated to other parts of the state, such as Miri in the east, for job opportunities and many have moved to parts of Peninsula Malaysia, espe- cially Kuala Lumpur, to seek greener pastures. Traditionally, the Bidayuhs lived in longhouses along the hills and were involved primarily in hill paddy planting.