”Giao Chỉ” (”Jiāozhǐ” ) as a diffusion center of Chinese diachronic changes: syllabic weight contrast and phonologisation of its phonetic correlates Frederic Pain To cite this version: Frederic Pain. ”Giao Chỉ” (”Jiāozhǐ” ) as a diffusion center of Chinese diachronic changes: syllabic weight contrast and phonologisation of its phonetic correlates. 2020. halshs-02956831 HAL Id: halshs-02956831 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02956831 Preprint submitted on 3 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. GIAO CHỈ AS A DIFFUSION CENTER | 1 "GIAO CH Ỉ" ("JI ĀOZH Ǐ" 交趾 ) AS A DIFFUSIO CETER OF CHIESE DIACHROIC CHAGES: SYLLABIC WEIGHT COTRAST AD PHOOLOGISATIO OF ITS PHOETIC CORRELATES 1 Pa n Freder c ( 白威廉 ) Laborato re Langues et Civilisations à Tradition Orale (LaC TO -CRS , UMR ,10,, Par s) 清華學報 , Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies , 50 (0) The present essay tac4les a part cular l ngu st c facet of the s n c sat on process n Southeast As a. The focal argument addressed throughout th s essay l es n the cla m that G ao Ch; should be granted a central pos t on regard ng the transfer of Old and M ddle Ch nese d achron c features—may they be transferred d rectly or "by-proxy" — nto Southeast As an languages from the commandery ( jùn 郡) of G ao Ch; 交趾 westwards down to the Gulf of Tha land as well as southwards to the Me4ong Delta. The major l ngu st c argument underly ng th s essay s that the hallmar4 of the s n c sat on process n Southeast As a s not so much the monosyllab sat on process per se but rather the phonolog sat on of ts phonet c correlates. Explo t ng Ferlus’s l felong sem nal wor4 on Ch nese and ASoutheast As an’ D achron c and Areal L ngu st cs (see b bl ography), t w ll be demonstrated that a perta n ng conseBuence of th s monosyllab sat on was the phonolog sat on of a Cowel lower ng, h gh p tch and a modal Co ce deCelop ng along the tense MC syllables (that s, or g nat ng from anc ent OC sesBu syllables) and a contrast Ce Cowel ra s ng, low p tch and a breathy Co ce along the lax MC syllables (that s, or g nat ng from anc ent OC monosyllables)D n other words, the monosyllab sat on process was conduct Ce to a spl t of the Cocal c system assoc ated w th a suprasegmental contrast based on the "breathy" Cs. "modal" feature and a p tch he ght d st nct on (Ferlus 2009a, 2014a). It w ll be shown that the Cery processes that Ch nese transferred nto proto-H et c from the urban areas of the G ao Ch; commandery n orth H etnam s the monosyllab sat on and the phonolog sat on of the "tens on" vs "laxness" contrast alongs de ts phonet c correlates (segmental and suprasegmental)D furthermore, t w ll be also be shown that, at a certa n po nt dur ng the Ch nese and Southeast As an tonogenet c process, there emerged a contrast between what s glottal sed and what s notD the f rst loss to be transphonolog sed nto a tone s the delet on of the glottal plos Ce [-ʔ] n f nal pos t on followed, or not, by the change of the laryngeal [-h]>[ -ˀ] and a transphonolog sat on nto a second contrast Ce tone after the delet on of the glottal [-ˀ] (Sagart 19II). 1 This essay is respectfully dedicated to the 85th birthday of Professor Michel Ferlus (École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, C RS , Paris), I would like to thank him for his numerous and patient comments on earlier drafts of this essay. I would also like to thank Liam C. )elley (University of Hawai,i at M-noa), .ohn ). /hitmore (University of Michi0an), /an0 1un0wu 王賡武 ( ational University of Sin0apore), .ames Matisoff (University of California, 2erkeley), Anthony Reid (Australian ational University, Canberra), Anne45al6rie Schweyer (Centre Asie du Sud4Est, C RS ), Ale8is Michaud (LaCiTO, C RS ) as well as three THJCS anonymous reviewers for their help and comments on an earlier draft of this essay. All remainin0 errors are my sole responsibility. GIAO CHỈ AS A DIFFUSION CENTER | 2 0. - Reg onal l ngu st c bac4ground 0.1. S nospher c Southeast As a Southeast As a. Is there such a th ngJ Though the weapons seem to haCe been (temporar ly) la d down on that ssue, t seems reasonably releCant for our purposes to br efly address th s top c. As a matter of fact, debates oCer th s part cular matter too4 on Bu te a post-colon al flaCour when scholars crac4ed down on the Cery dea of a Southeast As an ent ty and cons dered t as one of these Western conceptual faux pas p l ng up n the h stor ography of the "Or ent" (K ng and W lder 2000:1-24D Han Schendel 2012D Keyes 1992:9-10). Southeast As a conjures up some myst cal mages n the Western psychè , such as Ang4or an ru ns fad ng away n a jungl sh heart of dar4ness or Bal nese dancers m m c4 ng devatas n colourful temples. HoweCer, bes des be ng an emot onally charged word, does Southeast As a share someth ng more than a geograph cal locat onJ Is t just an art fact of a post-World War II Western nternat onal strateg c calculat onJ Does Southeast As a share a common "Culture" or a common pol t cal and rel g ous framewor4J Lu te cur ously (or not), second ng ECans (1990:1), the answer m ght pretty well be no, Southeast As a cannot be cons dered as a coherent Acultural area’, though Ma nland Southeast As a does share common waCes of nfluences from two major cultural areas: Ch na and Ind a. The l ngu st c and cultural sways of Ch na and Ind a oCer "S nospher c" and "Indospher c" 2 Southeast As a are far more subtle and complex than t m ght seem at f rst glance and are pretty much hoCer ng around an " t’s so oCert, t’s coCert" 4 nd of nfluence. Accord ngly, the purpose of th s essay s to unraCel the d abol cally subtle l ngu st c mechan sms accord ng to wh ch Old and M ddle Ch nese remodeled the phonology of ne ghbour ng S nospher c languages n contactD n other words, Ma nland Southeast As a w ll be cons dered as a Al ngu st c area’ per se . Wh ch are those S nospher c languagesJ Most of the languages n Ma nland Southeast As a were affected, to Cary ng extents and accord ng to d Cerse d achron c mechan sms, by Ch nese d achron c changes transferred nto those spec f c languages. MoreoCer, l ngu st c features can be transferred d rectly from Ch nese nto one part cular language (or d alect), as well as nd rectly from an already s n c sed language (or d alect) nto a per pheral one to a po nt that t s gett ng deC l shly compl cated to dent fy and sort out contact- nduced changes from ntr ns cally nternal system c changesD bes des, both 4 nds of changes are more than often oCerlapp ng. Ma nland Southeast As a encompasses Bangladesh, Myanmar, Laos, Tha land, Pen nsular Malays a, H etnam and Cambod aD some authors would also add some parts of South and Southwestern Ch na on the bas s of common nd genous Car et es of r ce grown there (Enf eld 2000:45). R Cers and the r tr butar es brought waCes of m grants southwards nto monsoonal h lly areas— n essence, ethn cally fragmented, though t ghtly nterconnected (Leach M19N4O 19,,)—and downstream nto large Calleys and fert le pla ns host ng paddy-r ce farmers ethn cally rather homogenous. The f rst group to haCe moCed southwards along r Cers nto Ma nland Southeast As a some 4000 years ago m ght be spea4ers of MO -KHMER D they are w dely d str buted across Ma nland Southeast As a, from Myanmar ( Monic , Palaungic ) n the r western edges down to Malays a ( Aslian ) along the r southernmost front ersD from Laos to Tha land, many Mon- Khmer spea4ers ( Palaungic , Katuic , Bahnaric and Khmuic ) were eas ly subdued and pushed 2 2oth terms were coined by Matisoff (1991:485). GIAO CHỈ AS A DIFFUSION CENTER | 3 upwards onto h lly areas by Ta peoples moC ng downstream along the Chaophraya and Me4ong r CersD the Mon, howeCer, could 4eep on hold ng a pos t on of prest ge for Bu te a wh le, for they played a major role n spread ng TheraCada Buddh sm across Tha land and Laos.