May-Aug 2012 tropical fruit net Your Global Partner in Tropical Fruit Development Newsletter of the International Tropical Fruits Network (TFNet) www.itfnet.org 5th ISTSF successfully held in Guangzhou, China
The 5th International Symposium on Tropical and A total of 230 participants from 23 countries Subtropical Fruits (ISTSF) was held in Guangzhou, attended the symposium, including those from China on 18-20 June 2012. It was jointly organized by Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Fiji, Italy, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy Malaysia, Sudan, Thailand, and USA. Participants hail of Agricultural Sciences (IFTR-GDAAS); International from renowned academic and research institutions, Tropical Fruits Network (TFNet); International Society international organizations, government agencies and for Horticultural Sciences (ISHS); Hunan Agricultural the private sector. University; and Guangdong Fruit Association. more on page 8 Fruit prices (Vietnam), 1st week June 2012 # Fruit Farm gate Wholesale Inside the Newsletter 1 Dragon fruit 0.45-0.55 0.55-0.65 5th IPM to be held in Malaysia 3 2 Durian 0.90-1.00 1.00-1.10 Bangladesh to host 1st Int’l Jackfruit 4 3 Guava 0.30-0.40 0.40-0.50 Symposium 4 Jackfruit 0.50-0.60 0.60-0.70 TFNet Holds its 5th GA in China 5 5 Longan 0.95-1.00 1.10-1.20 Malaysia Hosts 7th IPS 7 6 Lychee 0.55-0.60 0.65-0.70 Post-symposium ISTSF field trip 10 7 Mango (Cat Hoa Loc) 1.40-1.50 1.55-1.65 Vietnam celebrates fruit festival 11 8 Mangosteen 1.50-1.65 1.70-1.90 Jackfruit: The sweet giant 13 9 Papaya 0.08-0.10 0.13-0.18 Rust-like symptoms and rot on 16 10 Pineapple 0.13-0.20 0.20-0.23 Jackfruit 11 Pomelo (5 Roi) 0.45-0.50 0.50-0.55 Sri Lanka’s jackfruit love affair 18 12 Pomelo (Da xanh) 1.40-1.50 1.50-1.65 Minimal processing of Jackfruit 19 13 Rambutan 0.75-0.80 0.90-0.95 Jackfruit recipes 18-19 14 Sapodilla 0.45-0.50 0.55-0.65 Sime Darby’s new pink guava juice 20 15 Watermelon 0.25-0.30 0.30-0.35 Unit: USD/kg TFNet - Linking People, Technology, and Market Page 1 Editorial
TFNet successfully held two major events for this year – the 5th International Symposium of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits on 18-20 June and the TFNet 5th General Assembly on TFNet Member Countries 21 June at Guangzhou, China. During the General Assembly, Malaysia retained the Chairperson post in the Board of Trustees. • Malaysia This issue also reports on the 7th International Post Harvest • The Republic of Fiji Islands Symposium held in Malaysia from 25 – 29 June, which TFNet • The People’s Republic of China was involved as a coorganizer. • The Syrian Arab Republic • Federal Republic of Nigeria Vietnam is one of the leading Asian countries in the production of tropical fruits. The annual southern fruit festival • Republic of Indonesia began with an official opening on June 1 in Ho Chi Minh City. • People’s Republic of Bangladesh The festival was well supported by the Government agencies, • Republic of the Philippines research institutions and the private sector. A report on the • Republic of India festival is included in this issue. • Republic of Sudan The jackfruit - a popular fruit consumed either fresh or • The Socialist Republic of Vietnam cooked in most Asian countries, is featured as the fruit focus • Commonwealth of Australia for this issue. The trend of marketing jackfruit as a minimally processed products and the challenge to mitigate diseases which can impact production, such as fruit rot is also discussed. TFNet Secretariat
Head Office
Editorial Chief Executive Officer Mr. Yacob Ahmad Chief Editor: Yacob Ahmad Editor: Christian Cangao Technical Officer Concept/Design: Christian Cangao Mr. Palasuberniam Kaliannan Contributors: Project Officer Palasuberniam Kaliannan Vacant Shree Padre Information Officer Mr. Christian Anthony T. Cangao
Tropical fruit net is a bimonthly newsletter published by the Administrative Officer Ms. Hariyatul Asni Abdul Rani International Tropical Fruits Network (TFNet). Information Technology Officer For more information, contact TFNet at: Mr. Mohd Khairul Najmi Abdullah Secretary INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL FRUITS NETWORK Ms. Noor Ba’ah Abdol Said Box 334, UPM Post Office, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Guangzhou Office Tel: (603) 8941 6589 Fax: (603) 8941 6591 Technical Officer Dr. Jin Yan Email: [email protected] Website: www.itfnet.org Economist Twitter: twitter.com/@TFNet Xinjian Chen
Page 2 May-August 2012 Announcement
ipm.mardi.gov.my
The 5th International ecological engineering, plant host should be in portrait size of A1 Symposium for the Development resistance in IPM, biotechnology (508mm x 762mm) and must be of Integrated Pest Management and biodiversity, organic farming legible 1m away. for Sustainable Agriculture in and soil health, and advancement Asia and Africa (5th IPM) will be and innovation in IPM Programme. Registrations fees cost MYR held on 18-20 December 2012 at The Symposium is open for 800 for local participants and MYR the Sutera Harbour Resort, Kota policy makers, entrepreneurs, 500 for local students, while USD Kinabalu, Malaysia. farm managers, extension agents, 700 for international participants academicians, researchers, and and USD 350 for international The 5th IPM is organized by students. students. Booth rental in the exhibit Malaysian Agricultural Research area is MYR 3,000. Advertisements and Development Institute Interested parties are invited for the programme book are also (MARDI) and Niigata University. to contribute oral or poster open. Co-organizers are the International presentations. Authors are required Tropical Fruits Network (TFNet), to submit an extended abstract General enquiries can be sent to: Universiti Malaysia Sabah, and with the following parts: shorts Secretariat 5th IPM the Malaysian Cocoa Board. It is abstract, introduction, materials and Conference and Exhibition also supported by the Malaysian methods, results and discussion, Programme, Technical Services Ministry of Agriculture. and references. Submissions should Centre, MARDI Headquarters be in MS Word format, A4 paper, Persiaran MARDI-UPM Bearing the theme size 12 Times New Roman, and 43400 Serdang, Selangor “IPM: New Frontier Towards single spaced. The official language Sustainable Agro Ecosystem,” the is English. Entries can be emailed to Tel: +603-8943 7572/+603-8941 Symposium will feature sessions [email protected] on or before 30 8070 on biocontrol, biopesticides, October 2012. Meanwhile, posters Fax: +603-8941 3512 Email: [email protected] Website: ipm.mardi.gov.my
TFNet - Linking People, Technology, and Market Page 3 Announcement
The 1st International minimizing postharvest losses, and This symposium is organized Symposium on Jackfruit and other marketing. by the International Society for Moraceae will be held on 18-20 Horticultural Science, BAU- November 2012 at the Bangladesh It will also provide an Germplasm Centre, Fruit Science Agricultural University (BAU), international platform to discuss Society of Bangladesh, Seed Mymensingh, Bangladesh. the emerging issues, problems, Science Society of Bangladesh, and threats for cultivation of and International Tropical Fruits Bearing the theme “Jackfruit jackfruit and other Moraceae under Network (TFNet). for Nutritional Food Security and climate change. This aims to ensure Poverty Reduction,” the symposium continued production, leading to For more information, kindly will cover topics on production, food security and poverty reduction contact Prof. Dr. Md. Abdul Kader improvement of yield through of marginal farmers in developing at [email protected] or development of new varieties, pests countries. [email protected] and their management, pest and their management, improvement Interested participants are of quality during production, welcome to submit abstracts for oral or poster presentations.
Related Events
2012 International Citrus Congress International Conference on Agricultural Engineering Focus: Citrus and health Focus: New Technologies for Sustainable Agricultural Date: 18-23 November 2012 Production and Food Security Venue: Valencia, Spain Date: 24-26 February 2013 Website: http://www.citruscongress2012.org Venue: Muscat, Oman Website: http://www.agengineeringconf.com/ Lychee Symposium 2012 Focus: Lychee, Longan and Other Sapindaceae Fruits Pomology Course - University of California Davis Date: 2-6 December 2012 Focus: Orchard Management and Business Decisions Venue: White River, South Africa Date: 25 February - 7 March 2013 Website: http://www.lychee2012.com Venue: California, USA Website: http://fruitandnuteducation.ucdavis.edu/ V International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables X International Mango Symposium Focus: Healthy Eating Date: 3-7 June 2013 Date: 7-11 January 2013 Venue: Dominican Republic Venue: Kharnataka, India Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.favhealth2012.org
Page 4 March-April 2012 News
TFNet holds its 5th General Assembly in Guangzhou, China
The Fifth General Assembly The Genaral Assembly was and Vietnam were elected as Vice (GA) of the International Tropical officiated by the Honourable Long Chairpersons respectively. Fruits Network (TFNet) was held in Xi from the Chinese Ministry of Guangzhou, China on 21 June 2012, Agriculture in Beijing. As the With the adoption of a day after the 5th International representative of the host country, constitutional amendments, all Symposium on Tropical and Dr. Yi Ganjun was introduced as the 12 representatives of Country Subtropical Fruits. Chairperson of the GA. The Vice members are, by default, members Chairpersons of the assembly of the Board. Eight country members, were Malaysian representative HE 2 associate members, 2 expert Dato’ Mohd Hashim Abdullah and The two internal auditors members and 10 observers Fijian Ambassador to China HE elected were Australian attended the Assembly. Observers EsalaTeleni. representative Bob Williams include representatives from the and Sudanese representative Afro-Asian Rural Development TFNet CEO Yacob Ahmad Dr.BadreldinElshiekh Mohamed Organisation (AARDO), Common presented the 2009-2012 progress Elhassan. Fund for Commodities (CFC), report, opening up the discussion Inter-American Institute for on issues ranging from increasing During the first session of the Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) membership, financial sustainability, TFNet Board of Trustees (2012-2015) and the Fijian Ambassador to corporate communication, products meeting after the General Assembly, China. Senior Economist Kaison and services, capacity building and the representative from Vietnam Chang represented the Food and the strategic direction for 2012-2015. proposed that the Board meeting for Agriculture Organisation (FAO) 2013 to be held in Ho Chi Minh City of the United Nations. The TFNet In the election of new TFNet during the main fruit season. Secretariat provided support and Board of Trustees (BOT) for documentation for the Assembly. 2012-2015, Malaysia retained the Chairperson position, while China
TFNet - Linking People, Technology, and Market Page 5 TFNet Board of Trustees (2012 – 2015)
Chairperson - H. E. Dato’ Mohd Hashim Abdullah Mr. Bob Williams Representative off the Government of Malaysia Representative of the Government of Australia
Vice Chairperson - Dr. Yi Ganjun Mr. KV Singh(unable to attend) Representative of the Government of P.R China Representative of the government of India
Vice Chairperson - Dr. Trinh KhacQuang Mr. Anwar Faruque (unable to attend) Representative of the Government Vietnam Representative of the Government of Bangladesh
Secretary - Mr.Yacob Ahmad Mr.MuawyaJaber Abdul Rahman (unable to attend) Chief Executive Officer Representative of the Government of Syria International Tropical Fruits Network (TFNet) Mdm Adenike Olusolape Olufolaji (unable to attend) Mr.Kaison Chang Representative of the Government of Nigeria Representative of Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Dr. Michael Hermann Crops for the Future, Malaysia Mdm.Meliakere Nawaikula Representative of the Government of Fiji Mr. Cheah Kiu Lye Sime Darby foods and Beverages Marketing Sdn Bhd, Dr.Hasanuddin Ibrahim (Represented by Mr. Ahmad Malaysia Widodo Heru) Representative of the Government of Indonesia Prof. Emeritus Dr. Errol W. Hewett New Zealand Dr.Clarito Barron (represented by Dr.Henry T. Carpiso) Representative of the Government of Philippines Prof. Dr. Sisir Kumar Mitra India Dr.BadreldinElshiekh Mohamed Elhassan Representative of the Government Sudan
Opening Ceremony
The General Assembly
Page 6 March-April 2012 News Malaysia hosts 7th International Postharvest Symposium
The 7th International Postharvest Symposium (7th IPS) was held in the Putra World Trade Center in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on 25-29 June 2012.
Bearing the theme “Postharvest for Wealth and Health,” the 7th IPS featured sessions on preharvest “The fresh horticultural crops “Interdisciplinary team-work for effects; physiological and molecular industry is faced with tremendous providing global citizens with a mechanisms; physical and growth and market demand, both safe, adequate and healthy diet” chemical treatments; postharvest for the local and export markets,” by Mark Failla, USA, and “ISHS pests and diseases; antioxidants, said the Malaysian Deputy Commission on Quality and bioactive compounds and health; Prime Minister HE Tan Sri Dato’ Postharvest Horticulture” by Siricai low temperature storage; CA/ Muhyiddin Mohd. Yassin during Kanlayanarat of ISHS. MA and minimal processing; the opening ceremony. “Fresh omics and physiological disorders; fruits, vegetables, and flowers are In addition to the plenary engineering and mechanization; highly perishable and need to be concurrent sessions, workshop quality, safety and security; properly handled. Postharvest sessions were held on postharvest handling and packaging; consumers losses translate to human hunger technologies in developing and marketing. and financial losses,” he added. countries with focus varying from managing chilling injury; There was a total of oral “The sharing of knowledge antioxidants bioactive compounds 147 presenters and 364 poster and the successful transfer of and health promoting substances, presenters. Posters were presented postharvest technologies in this and emerging technologies – from both in hardcopy and e-poster Symposium will lead to an increase concept to reality. formats. in productivity, product quality for health enhancement and higher Posters were presented both in The 7th IPS was jointly economic returns for farmers and hardcopy and e-poster formats. organized by the Malaysian industrial player globally,” said Agricultural Research and Malaysian Minister of Agriculture A technical tour was held on Development Institute (MARDI), and Agro-based Industry HE Datuk 27th June 2012 to different places Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Noh Omar. of interest like the Agriculture and the International Society for Heritage Park in Putrajaya, Horticultural Science (ISHS) in The keynote papers were Agriculture Conservatory Park of cooperation with the International “Postharvest for Wealth and Universiti Putra Malaysia, MARDI, Tropical Fruits Network (TFNet) Health” by Shoiw Y. Yang, USA, and Perdana Botanical Garden.
TFNet - Linking People, Technology, and Market Page 7 News 5th ISTSF successfully held in Guangzhou, China (continued from page 1)
A total of 59 oral valuable information. Yacob Ahmad. GDAAS Vice presentations were delivered President and Convener Yi on two concurrent sessions. “The potential for Ganjun chaired the ceremony. Meanwhile, 40 posters were development of tropical and displayed in the exhibition area. subtropical fruits depends on FAO Senior Economist The oral and poster presentations continuous improvement on Kaison Chang chaired the first were classified into 6 major topics, technology for production and session that featured keynote which are germplasm, diversity postharvest management,” papers such as “Challenges and and breeding; molecular biology said ISHS Section on Tropical Issues in Developing the Tropical and biotechnology; production and Subtropical Fruits Chair and Subtropical Fruit Industry in technology and physiology; Sisir Kumar Mitra. He added China” by Deng Xiuxin , President postharvest and processing that “Global partnerships are of Huangzhong Agricultural technology; pest and disease imperative to integrate scientific University, China; “A Systems management; and economics, and technological innovation”. Approach to Improve Research marketing, and trade. Outcomes in Tropical Fruit Other special guests in the Production and Supply Chains” “The industry of tropical and opening ceremony included by Bob Williams, Director of the subtropical fruits has becoming Malaysian Secretary General Australian Department of Plant one of the most important pillar for Agriculture HE Dato’ Mohd Industries; “Current Status of industries in producing regions, Hashim Abdullah, Liu Yan Huanglongbing (HLB) in China having a huge market around the from the Chinese Ministry of and Future Control Strategies” world,” said GDAAS President Agriculture, Hunan Agriculture by Zhong Guangyan of IFTR- Jiang Zongyong during his President Zhou Qingming, GDAAS; and “Crop Regulation opening remarks. He added Cheng Ping from the Guangdong for Tropical Fruit Production” that as diseases and climate Department of Agriculture Zhong by Sisir Kumar Mitra, Chair of change threaten the industry, the Xiaoping from the Guangdong the ISHS Section on Tropical and symposium provided an avenue Department of Science and Subtropical Fruits. for stakeholders to exchange Technology, and TFNet CEO
Page 8 May-August 2012 5th ISTSF successfully held in Guangzhou, China (continued from page 1)
The symposium highlighted and strengthened network The Symposium included a recent research and development linkages between the researchers, field trip to a commercial organic in production and postharvest producers, traders, policy makers banana farm managed by the fruit technologies; discussed and other stakeholders in the Zengcheng Xianghui Banana current issues on consumer tropical and subtropical fruit Farmers’ Cooperative, the demand, market access, and industry. Jiangnan wholesale fruit market, trade; provided a forum for the Baiyun National Agricultural information exchange among In the exhibition booth, Science and Technology Park researchers, producers, TFNet Associate Member Sime of Guangzhou, and the South academicians, traders, policy Darby Plantation displayed China Agricultural Research and makers, and other stakeholders GOFRESH – a line of pink guava Innovation Center. in the tropical and subtropical juice products. ISHS and TFNet fruit industry; and established also displayed their materials.
TFNet - Linking People, Technology, and Market Page 9 News Post-symposium field trip held for 5th ISTSF participants
Participants of the 5th Participants were divided into garden, a plant cloning center, International Symposium on two groups. One group visited an experimental area for soil-free Tropical and Subtropical Fruits the Jiangnan wholesale fruit cultivation and an exhibition hall. It (ISTSF) went on a field trip on 18 June market while the other went to the functions as a demonstration site for 2012, a day after the symposium. National Agricultural Science and the modern agriculture techniques Technology Park of Guangzhou and technology of the institutions in Participants visited the banana and the South China Agricultural Guangdong. plantations of the Zengcheng Research and Innovation Center. Xianghui Banana Farmers’ Finally, the South China Cooperative that was established The Jiangnan wholesale market Agricultural Research and in 2009. The cooperative focuses in Guangzhou has grown into the Innovation Center in Guangdong from production to the marketing largest in southern China since it Academy of Agricultural Sciences of banana. It has planted more than was founded in 1994. It is about houses the following 8 research 200 ha of banana plants, with an 400,000 sq. m, with 180,000 sq. m centers: Agricultural Ciological annual yield of more than 10,000 for trading fruits. It currently holds Germplasm Gene Center, Crops tons that sells for about 45,000,000 80% of the fruit trade imports in Growth Regulation Research RMB. About 20 ha are dedicated China. The market provides price Center, Research Center for Quality solely for organic bananas. information of fruits and vegetables Safety and Standard of Agricultural in their website www.jnmarket.net. Product, Agricultural Resource Institute of Fruit Tree Research and Environment Research Center, (IFTR) Director Zhong Guangyan Located in the Baiyun Animal Science Research Center, showed the banana plants District of Guangzhou, the Veterinary Public Health Research intercropped with Chinese leeks. National Agricultural Science and Center, Farm Produce Processing In their field studies, it is found Technology Park is a multifunctional Research Center, Agricultural that Chinese leeks can significantly base for research, experiment, Information, and Rural Economy reduce the incidence of Fusarium demonstration, extension, training, Research Center. Laboratories are Wilt, a disease that threatens the and tourism. It occupies 135 ha, open for public viewing. banana incident worldwide. including an aerospace breeding
PagePage 10 10 May-August 2012 Spotlight
Vietnam Celebrates Annual Southern Fruit Festival
HO CHI MINH CITY: The 16th booths with fruit based processed The highlight of the festival was Vietnamese Southern Fruit Festival products and a fruit competition a fruit competition that garnered was held at the Suoi Tien Theme with participants comprising 600 smallholders from 21 provinces, Park in District 9, Ho Chi Minh mainly of smallholders. each vying for prizes for the best City from 1 – 23 June 2012. The of 11 fruit types including durian, festival was a joint collaboration The festival began with an rambutan, mangosteens, mangoes, between the Municipal Department opening ceremony on June 1 that pitaya, pomelo and mandarins. of Culture, Sports and Tourism and included cultural performances The criteria for judging included the Department of Agriculture and and parades by Laos, Malaysian, external appearance, fruit size, Rural Development. It is an annual Thailand and Indonesian cultural shape, percentage of pulp/flesh to affair, organized to celebrate the troupes, in the presence of more skin, ease of opening, sweetness, harvest season of fruits such as than 20 foreign diplomats based in general taste and minimum residual mangoes, rambutans, and durians. Ho Chi Minh City levels.
The main objectives of this festival were to promote and increase consumption of local tropical fruits among tourists and locals, to provide income for smallholders to traders, to boost the tourism industry, and to provide fruit smallholders and growers an avenue to promote their developed varieties through the fruit competition.
The programme for the festival included a fruit parade during the opening ceremony, sale of the different local fruit varieties in boat shaped stalls, exhibition many rare and underutilized local fruit species, Dr. Minh Chau, Director of Southern Fruit Research Institute, acknowledging a recommended mango variety.
TFNet - Linking People, Technology, and Market Page 11 Vietnam Southern Fruit Festival, Ho Chi Minh, June 2012
Left: local rambutan varieties sold at the festival
Below: Farmers / growers preparing produce for the fruit competition
Further Below: Collection of rare and underutilized fruits
Page 12 May-August 2012 Fruit Focus Jackfruit: The sweet giant
Commonly mistaken as a relative of the durian, the delicious jackfruit actually belongs to the mulberry family. It is widely grown in the tropical lowlands for food consumption but can also be used for timber, fuel and fodder, medicine, and industrial products. It is known to be the largest tree-borne fruit in the world, typically growing 30-90 cm in length and weighing 4.5-40kg when fully mature. Its succulent flesh is naturally sweet and has a subtle aroma.
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Plant Description oblong in shape, 30-90 cm in length, is native to the rainforests of and weighs 4.5–30 kg. Because of Malaysia and the Western Ghats Jackfruit is a medium-size its weight, fruit grows on the trunk of India. It has naturalized in evergreen tree typically reaching and the tick part of main branches. many parts of the tropics, and 8–25m in height with a trunk The fruit is covered by a green to is an important crop South and diameter of 80-200 cm. yellow-brown outer rind. Inside is a Southeast Asia. It is also grown in The tree casts a very dense series of hexagonal, cone-like apices parts of Africa, South America, the shade and can have numerous attached by central core and covered Caribbean, Central America, the side branches that begin near the by a thick, rubbery, yellow-white Pacific Islands, and North Australia. ground. wall. The immature fruit contains a lot of thick, white sap. When ripe, the flesh is sweet and a little acidic, Common Names Leaves of the plant grow up to 16 cm long, which are glossy dark with a hint of banana flavor green from above and pale green English Jackfruit underneath. All parts of the tree Covered by the flesh and a Brazil Jaca release sticky white latex when membrane, the brown rounded Malaysia, Nangka damaged. seed are typically 2-3 cm long and Indonesia 1-1.5 cm in diameter. A fruit can Jackfruit is monoecious, contain up to 500 seeds. Bangladesh Khaatol with both male and female India Katahal, Halasu, inflorescences (flower clusters) on Varieties Kaadhgi, Panasa, the same tree. Male inflorescences Pala grow on younger branches are Commercial varieties are Sri Lanka Chakka dense, cylindrical-shaped, and up can be classified according to the Thailand Khanun to 10cm in length. Female flowers thickness of its pulp. Varieties with are larger and elliptical in shape. A a thin pulp tend to be sweeter, more New Guinea Fanas, Ponos high percentage of cross-pollination fibrous, and more aromatic. Those Philippines Langka occurs from insects and wind. The with thick flesh are firmer, crisp, Myanmar Peignai flowers are reportedly pollinated and less fragrant. Common varieties by insects and wind, with a high Cambodia Khnaor are Black Gold, Cheena, Cochin, percentage of cross-pollination. Dang Rasimi, Golden Nugget, Laos Mimiz, Miiz Golden Pillow, J-31, J-33, NS1, and Hnang Fruit Description Tabouey. Other varieties include Vietnam Mit Safeda, Khaja, Bhusila, Bhadaiyan, The inflorescences form a Handia, Velipala, Mammoth, and compound fruit or syncarp that is Everbearer.
TFNet - Linking People, Technology, and Market Page 13 Propagation Xenolea tomenlosa asiatica, and to mature, which makes time a Olenecamptus bilobus), catterpillars bad gauge for maturity. The best For commercial production, of Diaphania caesalis, Perina indicators for maturity are the grafted plants are preferred to nuda and Diaphania bivitralis), change of skin color from light ensure uniform high quality. aphids (Greenidea artocarpi and green to a slight yellow or brown, seedlings. Seedlings for rootstocks Toxoptera aurantii), and thrips flattening of the skin spikes, develop very quickly, reaching 25 (Pseudodendrothrips dwivarna) are yellowing of the leaf nearest to the cm in in 3-4 months before being minor problems. fruit, and a hollow sound when grafted with the desired variety. tapped. Harvesting can be done The most common disease between mid-morning and late Vegetative production using of jackfruit is fruit rot caused afternoon to reduce latex flow. cuttings or air-layering is also by Rhizopus artocarpi. Rotten possible but is rarely practiced. premature fruits fall from the tree, Market resulting to lower yields. Pests and Diseases The immense size and Other dieases include pink weight of the jackfruit makes it In Asia, boring insects are the disease; stem, fruit, and male cumbersome to transport. To avoid major pests of jackfruit. These inflorescence rot caused by Rhizopus over-ripening, mature fruits should include Indarbela tetraonis, Batocera artocarpi; and leafspot due to fungi. be harvested before they ripen. rufomaculata, Margaronia caecalis, Post-processing can be done to add and Ochyromera artocarpio. Harvesting value and extend the shelf life. Other pests are mealybugs (Nipaecoccus viridis, Pseudococcus The best fruit quality is attained Retail markets in Southeast corymbatus, and Ferrisia virgata), by harvesting the fruit when it is Asia sell commonly sell ripe spittle bugs (Cosmoscarta relata), fully mature, then allowing it to minimally processed jackfruit for longicorn beetles (Aprona ripen (3-7 days) in storage. fresh eating and unripe ones for germarri, Pterolophia discalis, cooking. The flesh is carefully Fruits can take 3-8 months removed and packed.
Quick Facts
Elevation: 1-1600 m above sea level Rainfall: 1.0-2.4 m Annual Temperature: 24-28 C Soil: Well-drained, deep soil of moderate fertility Soil Texture: light and medium Soil Acidity: 5.0-7.5 pH Drought: Tolerates 3-4 months Shade: 30-50% when seedlings, 100% when mature Frost: Tolerant Waterlogging: Not tolerant Wind: Tolerant Pruning: Grows well after heavy Jackfruits for sale in China pruning
Page 14 March-April 2012 Whole fruits and minimally processed jackfruit sold in Vietnam.
Food Value The unripe mature fruit is often The root remedies skin diseases cooked with coconut milk and curry. and asthma, while its extract is used The fibrous fruit is composed The leaves and flowers are also for fever and diarrhea. The bark is of mono-, di-, and plosaccharides. cooked as vegetables. The seeds are made into poultices, while wood is It is also a good source of pectin and boiled or roasted and eaten as snack. a sedative property and is said to protein. A detailed list of nutrition induce abortion. facts is shown above, from www. Other Uses nutritiondata.com. Other uses include: The tree is report to have Leaves: animal fodder, food The ripe fruit is usually eaten medicinal properties. The seeds are wrapper, & woven plates fresh but can be processed to jam, said to relieve biliousness and when Wood: fuel, timber, and crafts jelly, and chutney. The dried fruit roasted, is an aphrodisiac. The ash Bark: ropes & tannin can be made into high-quality of jackfruit leaves, when combined Latex: glue, bird and insect traps, & candies. Freeze-dried jackfruit are with coconut oil, is said to heal ulcers. chewing gum, also sold in a high price. The pulp is The latex aids in healing of abscesses, used for flavoring. snakebite and glandular swellings.
References
Main Reference: Elevitch, C.R. & Manner, H.I. “Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit).” Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. April 2006.
Acedo Jr., A.L. (1992). Jackfruit Biology, Production, Use, and Philippine Research. Monograph Number 1. Forestry/ Fuelwood Research and Development (F/FRED) Project, Arlington, Virginia Crane, J.H., C.F. Balerdi, and R.J. Campbell. (2002). The Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) in Florida. Fact Sheet HS-882. Horticultural Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville.
TFNet - Linking People, Technology, and Market Page 15 Feature Rust-like symptoms and rot on jackfruit: a combination of disease and abiotic factors? Photos courtesy of Dept. of Agriculture, Malaysia
The urban consumer preference for convenience and prepared food has prompted interest in the promotion and production of minimally processed items for fruits, roots and vegetables.
Minimal processed fruits involve separation of the edible portion of the fruits and packing them in ‘ready to eat’ packages under hygienic and refrigerated conditions.
Due to handling inconvenience because of its large size and presence of latex in the fruit , jackfruit or Artocarpus heterophyllus has been a popular fruit for the minimum processed market. It has a Brown specks that will later coalesce to cause ‘flesh’ rot
big potential for the export market • Rot may be visible at base of because of the increasing demand peduncle for quality and safe tropical fruits, • Brown discoloration along convenience packaging, and peduncle to fruit central core minimum requirements for Sanitary • In the advance stages, brown and Phytosanitary (SPS) regulations spots also occur on the from importing countries. unseeded arils (perigones)
Fruit quality is dependent on This situation, if not checked the condition of the ‘bulbs’ or ‘flesh’ can seriously thwart efforts to (seeded arils or fully developed enhance market access for minimal perianths). Good quality jackfruit processed jackfruit. favoured for minimum processing is normally sweet with a thick Above: Fruit rot on base of peduncle rind and deep yellow in color. The Symptoms Below: Fruit rot inside the peduncle sweeter varieties command a better price. Some observations and reports on the occurrence of this condition Recently there have been are: numerous reports of rust coloured specks or streaks appearing on the • Most are observed to occur ‘flesh’ of the fruit. In the advance after or during the rainy season, stage, the specks coalesce and cause where humidity is relatively the ‘flesh’ to rot. This condition high affects the eating quality of the • Symptoms appear more in fruits due to its unpleasant taste. ‘stressed’ plants as a result of The other observed symptoms are: nutrition imbalances, soil types and terrain conditions and • Browning and rotting injury. at external fruit surface • Healthier trees are more tolerant (advanced infection) • The condition is found in
Page 16 May-August 2012 all fruits showing initial or weather related. plant health, and a fungal pathogen. advanced external symptoms • Studies by the Department of The pathogen identified to cause such as dark rot spots and the Agriculture, Malaysia indicate infection is Rhizopus artocarpi presence of mycelia or spores. that the condition is related is a ‘Cosmopolitan’ fungus that • The symptoms may also appear to a fungal disease – Fruit is ubiquitous and universally in fruit which do not exhibit any Rot of Jackfruit. The causal identified as a causal agent which external symptoms on the fruit agents identified are Rhizopus infects male flowers and fruits surface. artocarpi and Lasiodiplodia sp. through injury, causing fruit rot. • Initial symptoms can • Initial treatment with Another pathogen, Lasiodiplodia be identified by brown proxylactic sprays using Copper sp, a latent fungus also contributes to discoloration when the fruit Oxychloride seems to reduce this condition. Generally interplay stem or peduncle is cut. disease incidence. of plant health, abiotic conditions • The condition is found in and the presence of these pathogens specific varieties, especially the causes this malady. sweet varieties with high brix Probable causes content in the fruit. • An inconsistent pattern of The occurrence of this Proposed mitigation measures incidences, where fruits on a condition is believed to be caused tree affected this season may not by a combination of abiotic factors • Continuous monitoring of be affected the next season. This such as weather, soil types, terrain the incidence in commercial confirms that incidences are and plant nutrition which affects growing areas. Monitor disease incidences by checking on symptoms on the male inflorescence and internal fruit symptoms by inspecting the peduncle. • Prophylactic sprays using Copper Oxychloride especially during the rainy season. • Cultural methods including pruning of low branches, restricting number of fruits, getting rid of infected male inflorescence, disinfecting wrapping bags, avoiding injury to developing fruits, and destroying diseased fruits. • Practice mixed cropping with Symptoms of fruit rot on the surface other fruit types. • Consider other less susceptible varieties for commercial planting.
Readers of this article are requested to provide inputs if they have experienced similar incidences. Please respond to [email protected]
Article summarized by TFNet from presentations by DOA Malaysia and Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute during a Browning in fruit midrib technical review.
TFNet - Linking People, Technology, and Market Page 17 Feature Jackfruit Business in Sri Lanka Based on an article by Shree Padre
Historically, the jackfruit has urban markets. always enjoyed the status of a holy tree in Sri Lanka. Named baat gasa According to Dr Subha or ‘rice tree’ it is said to have saved Heenkenda, Research Lankans from hunger in a crisis. Officer at HORDI, the total Most jackfruit enterprises on the area under jackfruit on the island are medium scale operators island is 50,000 hectares and home industries. This strategy estimates, the island’s has made jackfruit products total annual production of affordable for everyone. jackfruit is 1400,000 tonnes.
Since the past 10 years, the Sri Lankan Horticulture Crop Products Research and Development large pieces for making cutlets or Institute (HORDI) has trained free 1. Minimal Processed Jackfruit dunking into biryani. of cost, street vendors, housewives and entrepreneurs in minimal Sri Lanka has around 70 units 2. Dried Jackfruit processing, dehydration, and today which produce ready-to-cook bottling technologies. The institute’s jackfruit after minimal processing. Sri Lanka has also been very ex-students now manufacture a These packets are sold to vegetable successful in training poorer range of jackfruit products for shops and supermarkets. Then, communities in dehydration, a the domestic and export market, there are hundreds of street vendors technology that extends the shelf yielding jobs and money. who cut jackfruit in front of their life of vegetables and fruits up to six customers or sell pre-packed months at least. Sri Lanka has become the jackfruit. world leader in making jackfruit The leader in popularizing the key to food security and raising The jackfruit is cut into three dehydration technology is the Rural the incomes of the poor. Short different shapes for three different Enterprises Network (REN) started duration training and support curries. The cube shape – exclusively in 2002. They have developed low have empowered rural families, meant for polos curry – is the most cost driers that run on firewood converting their extra backyard popular. For polos mellum, tender and sawdust that can dry 20 kg in jackfruits into products for sale in jackfruit is chopped into small bits. a batch. Very few vendors sell jackfruit in
Jackfruit Curry (Source www.rakskitchen.net) Instructions 1. Put the sliced potatoes & green jackfruit into the pressure Ingredients 1/2 tsp. kashmir mirch cooker. Add required water with 1/2 tsp. of salt. Allow to 1/2 green sliced jack fruit powder steam up to 2 whistles. Remove from fire & allow it to cool. 3 nos. of peeled sliced 1 chopped tomato 2. Put a frying pan in fire. Add 1 tbsp. of mustard oil to heat. potatoes 2 bay leaves Add bay leaves. Add chopped onion till it becomes light 2 nos. chopped onions Salt to taste brown. Add ginger & garlic paste and cook till the masala 1 tbsp. ginger paste are fried. Add turmeric, cumin, coriander, red chilli powder 1 tbsp. garlic paste For Garam Masala: & mis with the masala. 1 tbsp. mustard oil 1 no. big elichi 3. Add chopped tomatoes and cook it for 2 minutes till the 1/2 tsp. turmeric powder 2 nos. green cardamom tomatoes got soften. Add kashmir mirch powder. 1/2 tsp. cummin powder 1/2 inch Cinnamon 4. Grind the garam masala ingredients & add to it. Add 1 1/2 tsp. coriander powder 2 nos. clove cup of hot water. 1/2 tsp. red chilli powder a little star anise 5. Add boiled potatoes & jackfruits and cover it with a lid. a little jayatree & jaiphal Cook it for 3 minutes.
Page 18 March-April 2012 Feature Minimal processing of Jackfruit
Based on an article by Latifah Mohd Nor, et. al., MARDI, Malaysia presented during the “International Seminar on Consumer Trends and Export of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits”
The need for jackfruit to be minimally processed is greater than subtropical and temperate fruits because of its large size and difficulty in peeling.
Minimal processing can ease Hygienic condition for jackfruit minimal processing. export by reducing air-freight cost and quarantine barriers. The flesh should be packed For air transportation, dry ice is The products also have uniform immediately after cutting. The more economically viable. and constant quality, require less packaging material shouls provide storage space, has reduced waste enough space for air to minimize Product labeling is important and handling issues. anaerobic respiration, leading to identify the product, portray the to spoilage. Rigid containers are “brand”, and provide information Induced ripening is highly recommended to reduce on expiration date, consumption recommended for jackfruit to physical injury during storage, instructions, nutrient information, ensure a more consistent fruit transportation, or market display. and storage instructions. quality. A static or flow-through ripening system with ethylene gas Polypropelyne containers For market distribution and is recommended. can be used for retail packaging. display, the products must be kept Containers can be stacked, at 2oC to extend the shelf life up to Jackfruit must be subjected to increasing the speed and efficiency 3 weeks. o pre-cooling treatment at 2 C for 24 of packaging and handling. hours prior to minimal processing Jackfruit packed with this container So far, minimally processed operations. exhibit better color, retaining a jackfruit from Malaysia has been fresh aroma and taste. successfully exported to the Cutting should be done quickly Netherlands, Dubai, Amsterdam, in a clean environment to reduce Bulk packaging using frozen Rotterdam, Belgium, and Zurich. contamination. Sharp knives can gel can be used for sea shipment. reduce product injury.
Jackfruit Compote (Source: www.virtualherbarium.org) Jackfruit Patties
Ingredients Instructions Ingredients Instructions
4 cups jackfruit arils diced 1. Place the sugar and water 4 cups green Jackfruit flesh 1. Place the sugar and water in quarters or eights in pot over medium heat to (uncooked) 4 cups heavy in pot over medium heat to ½ cup water melt the sugar. cream melt the sugar. 1 cup sugar 2. Add all the other 2 eggs 2. Add all the other 1 full tsp finely diced ingredients in the order 3 cups flour ingredients in the order ginger shown. 1/4¼ cup scallions, chopped shown. 1 tsp lemon juice 3. Cook until the jackfruit is 1/4¼ cup onions, chopped 3. Cook until the jackfruit is 1 tsp lemon zest soft, about ten minutes. 1 tsp sugar soft, about ten minutes. 1 tsp cloves 1 tsp salt 1 cinnamon stick
TFNet - Linking People, Technology, and Market Page 19 Feature
Sime Darby introduces line of pink guava juice
TFNet Associate Member Sime Darby Plantation introduced GOFRESHTM, a new line freshpink guava juices.
GOFRESHTM comes in four flavors, Pink Guava Original, Pink Guava with Cranberry and Apple, Pink Guava with Pineapple and Orange, and Pink Guava with Orange.
The guava is grown in Sime Darby Beverages Sdn Bhd’s (SDB) in Perak, Malaysia.
Pink guava nutrition facts
Nutrients Content/100g Nutrients Content/100g Vitamin C 242 Protein 0.8 Vitamin A 280 Fat 0.6 Calories 62 Phosphorous 42 Calcium 23 Sodium 4.0 Iron 0.9 Potassium 289 Fiber 5.6 Thiamin 0.05 Carbohydrates 15 Riboflavin 0.05 Niacin 1.2
Contact details: Sime Darby Beverages Sdn Bhd c/o Sungei Wangi Estate 32000 Sitiawan, Perak
Tel: (605) 693 1911 Fax: (605) 693 1910 Email:[email protected]
Page 20 March-April 2012 INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL FRUITS NETWORK (TFNet) Box 334, UPM Post Office, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia MEMBERSHIP Tel: (603) 8941 6589/8941 5376 Fax: (603) 8964 6591 Email: [email protected] APPLICATION FORM Website: www.itfnet.org
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