Edible Nuts. Non-Wood Forest Products
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iii <J)z o '"o ~ NON-WOODNO\ -WOOD FORESTFOREST PRODUCTSPRODUCTS o 55 Edible nuts Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations NON-WOOD0 \ -WOOD FOREST FOREST PRODUCTS PRODUCTS 55 EdibleEdible nuts by G.E. Wickens FOOD AND AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITEDUNITED NATIONSNATIONS Rome,Rome, 19951995 The opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflectreflect opinionsopinions onon thethe partpart ofof FAO.FAO. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do notnot implyimplythe the expressionexpression ofof any anyopinion opinion whatsoever whatsoever onon thethe part of thethe FoodFood andand AgricultureAgriculture OrganizationOrganization of thethe UnitedUnited Nations concerning the legal status of any country,country, territory,territory, citycity oror area or ofof itsits authorities, authorities, orconcerningor concerning the the delimitation delimitation ofof its its frontiers frontiers or boundaries.boundaries. M-37 ISBNISBN 92-5-103748-5 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,reproduced , stored in a retrieval systemsystem,, or transmitted inin any formform oror byby anyany means, means ,electronic, electronic, mechanicalmechanical,, photocopying oror otherwiseotherwise,, without the prior permissionpermission ofof thethe copyright owner. Applications forfor such permission,permission, withwith a statementstatement of thethe purpose and extent of the reproduction,reproduction, should be addressed to the Director,Director, Publications Division, FoodFood andand AgricultureAgriculture OrganizationOrganization ofof thethe UnitedUnited Nations,Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome,Rome, Italy.Italy. © FAO 19951995 FOREWORD Forests offer aa varietyvariety ofof edibleedible products, ofof whichwhich edible nuts form a distinct group. Nuts are amongamong thethe mostmost nutritionallynutritionally concentrated of of humanhuman foodsfoods andand areare an important food source for ruralrural communitiescommunities and forest dwellers.dwellers. While some of thethe edibleedible nuts support subsistence, othersothers areare ofof considerable considerable commercialcommercial importance. However, thethe rolerole andand importanceimportance ofof edible edible nutsnuts asas aa Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest ProductProduct isis notnot adequately recognized or appreciated.appreciated. An attemptattempt is mademade here toto addressaddress thisthis deficiency.deficiency. The document deals withwith aa representativerepresentative selectionselection ofof majormajor edibleedible nutnut producingproducing plants, minor edibleedible nutnut producingproducing plants,plants, andand potentialpotential edibleedible nutnut producingproducing plants.plants. TheThe purpose is to bringbring thethe importanceimportance ofof edibleedible nutsnuts intointo sharpsharp focus,focus, toto highlighthighlight theirtheir immenseimmense potential, to encourageencourage furtherfurther studiesstudies and researchresearch relating to edibleedible nutsnuts and toto promotepromote their development. The draft of thisthis publicationpublication was prepared by G.E. Wickens,Wickens, previouslypreviously ofof thethe RoyalRoyal Botanic Gardens,Gardens, Kew (UK), andand itit benefittedbenefitted fromfrom thethe detaileddetailed commentscomments of G.G. Blaak,Blaak, E.H. SèneSene andand P.P. Vantomme.Vantomme. LauraLaura RussoRusso undertookundertook lightlight editingediting of the text and organized the illustrations.illustrations. Format editingediting and proofproof readingreading waswas donedone byby ElisaElisa Rubini.Rubini. OverallOverall guidance and supervision for thethe preparationpreparation andand publicationpublication of the document was provided by C.C. Chandrasekharan,Chandrasekharan, ChiefChief ofof the the Non-WoodNon-Wood ProductsProducts andand EnergyEnergy Branch.Branch. I wishwish toto express my thanks to allall ofof them.them. I havehave greatgreat pleasurepleasure inin releasingreleasing thisthis valuablevaluable publicationpublication and feelfeel confidentconfident that itit will provide necessarynecessary impetusimpetus forfor positivepositive action.action. Karl-Hermann SchminckeSchmincke Director Forest ProductsProducts DivisionDivision iii CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 111 GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS Vllvii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. MAJOR EDIBLE NUTSNUTS 13 • Cashew or monkey nut 13 • Pistachio 16 • Sunflower seedsseeds 18 • Filbert, cob oror hazelhazel 18 • Chestnut 21 • Pecan 23 • English, Persian, European,European, Royal,Royal, Italian,Italian, Madeira,Madeira, French,French, Chile,Chile, Manchurian, CaucasianCaucasian or CircassianCircassian walnutwalnut 26 • Brazil nut 28 • Peanut or groundnutgroundnut 33 • Macadamia or QueenslandQueensland nut 33 • Almond 37 • Coconut 39 3. MINOR EDIBLEEDIBLE NUTSNUTS 43 • Pili or PhilippinePhilippine nutnut 43 • Pumpkin, squashsquash oror gourdgourd seedsseeds 44 • American beechnutbeechnut 45 • Shagbark hickory nut 46 • Butternut or white walnut 48 • Soy, soja or soyasoya beanbean 49 • Water oror hornhorn chestnut,chestnut, jesuitjesuit nutnut oror waterwater calthropcalthrop 49 • Stone or parasol pinepine nutnut oror pignoliapignolia 51 4. POTENTIAL EDIBLEEDIBLE NUTSNUTS 55 • MarulaManila oror maroelamaroela 56 • Guyana or malabarmalabar chestnutchestnut oror sabasaba nutnut 57 • Java almond; kanari or ngalingali nut 59 • Pequi, piqui,piqui, piquia-oilpiquia-oil plantplant 6060 • Castanha de galinhagalinha 6262 • Indian or tropicaltropical almondalmond 6464 • Okari nutnut 65 • Cacay, inchi,inchi, tacay,tacay, taccy,taccy, nogal, arbol, arbol de nuez, panpan de cadacada diadia oror orinoco nut 67 • Cream, paradiseparadise oror sapucaiasapucaia nutnut 69 • Yicib (new Somali orthography), ye-eb or yehebyeheb 71 Vv Page • Tara 73 • Galo or promising nut 75 • AAvellano, vellano, Chilean nut, Chilean hazel 76 • Quandong oror native peach 77 • Argan 79 • Shea butter tree 80 • Bitter colacola,, kolakola nut 84 • Sugar plum, areng palm, ejow,ejow, gomuti,gomuti, kaongkaong 86 • Tucuma 87 • Peach plumplum,, palm chestnut,chestnut, pupunha,pupunha, pejibay(e)pejibay(e) or pejivalle 88 • BabassuBabassu,, babacu palm or aguassùaguassu 91 REFERENCES 95 APPENDICES Appendix AA Species with edible "nuts""nuts" listedlisted byby familiesfamilies 105 Appendix BB Composition of of nutsnuts perper 100100 gg edibleedible portionportion (raw(raw unlessunless otherwise indicated)indicated) 181 Appendix CC Botanical namesnames (bold)(bold) citedcited in the texttext andand theirtheir synonymssynonyms (italics) usedused in the cited literatureliterature 185 viVI GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMSTERMS abscision scar adhesion scar accrescent inflated achene 1-seeded, coriaceous (q.(q.v.) v.) fruit acuminate (of aa leaf)leaf) apex tapering gradually or abruptly into a narrow pointpoint acute pointed adaxial (of a leaf)leaf) upper surface adventitious roots roots arising from an organ other than the root aflatoxins group ofof secondarysecondary metabolitesmetabolites produced byby AspergillusAspergillus spp.spp. commonly growing on stored food and often highly toxictoxic alternate (of(of leaves)leaves) inserted atat different levelslevels alongalong thethe stemstem oror branch,branch, ii.. ee.,., not opposite androecium male component, ii.e.,. e., stamensstamens (q.v.)(q. v.) ofof anan angiospermangiosperm flowerflower annual plant completing its life cycle within a year apetalous without petalspetals aril (of aa seed)seed) an appendage coveringcovering oror partly enclosing the seed and arising from thethe funiclefunicle (q.(q. y.)v.) armed equipped with spinesspines axil the angle between the leafleaf andand branchbranch axillary arising from thethe axilaxil (q.(q . y.)v.) beaked terminating graduallygradually inin aa hard,hard, long, straightstraight pointpoint berry a juicy fruit with seeds immersed in pulp bipinnate (of a leaf)leaf) where the primary divisions of a leaf (leaflets) of a pinnate leaf (q. v.)y.) areare themselves pinnate bony hard and very close textured and only cut with difficulty bract a small leaf subtending a flower or flower stalk bur, burrburr a rough, pricklyprickly oror spinyspiny huskhusk (q.(q. vy.),.), also commonly applied toto the entire fruit buttress a plankplank-like-like outgrowthoutgrowth ofof thethe lowerlower trunktrunk and providingproviding support caducous falling early calcifuge a plant that grows inin calciumcalcium deficientdeficient soilssoils calyx collective term for thethe sepalssepals (q.(q. v.)y.) carpel a simplesimple pistilpistil formedformed by aa fruit-leaffruit-leaf foldedfolded lengthwiselengthwise andand united by its edges (suture,(suture, q.q.v.), v.), oror oneone ofof severalseveral suchsuch united to form thethe ovaryovary cartilaginous flexible but firm and toughtough cathartic purgative catkin a closelyclosely packed,packed, bracteate,bracteate, pendulouspendulous spike (q.v.),(q. v.), usuallyusually composed of small, inconspicuousinconspicuous unisexual flowers chartaceous papery compound leaf leaf divided to thethe midribmidrib oror petiolepetiole toto formform leafletsleaflets (q.(q. y.)v.) coriaceous leathery corm a short, swollen,swollen, perennating,perennating, undergroundunderground stem corolla collective term forfor thethe petalspetals (q.(q. y.)v.) cotyledon first leaf or leavesleaves ofof thethe angiospermangiosperm embryoembryo cupule cup-shaped structure partially or completely enclosing the fruit in the Fagaceae formed