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Durian Pineapple 9/22/2015 The needs for tropical fruits to be marketed Processing and Handling of in fresh-cut/ready to eat is greater as Tropical Fresh-cut Fruits compared to the temperate fruits 1. Huge size Latifah Mohd Nor & Ab Aziz Ibrahim 2. High price particularly early in the season 3. Difficulties in cutting 4. Risk in obtaining poor quality E-ml: [email protected] pulp 5. Weight reduction for transportation and avoiding plant quarantine 6. Overcome waste disposable problems at the importer ends. MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE [Horticulture Research Centre] JACKFRUIT Durian The fruit is distinctive for its Unique for its size with outer large size, unique odor, and blunt spinel skin. formidable thorn-covered husk. Flesh - creamy-yellow Depending on fruit size, there to saffron color depending on may be as many as 50 to 100 the species. edible bulbs embedded in a single fruit interspersed The pulp soften, turns slimy between thin bands of fibers- and deteriorates rapidly, epidermal layers resulting in off-flavour and astringent odour being produced Fresh cut products are prepared and marketed Pineapple without an effective microbial killing control steps. New unforeseen food safety issues have emerged as major concerns in the fresh-cut Pineapple is one of the popular pocessing industry of perishable produce leads fruits served in fresh-cut form to the requirements of special handling during world wide. processing, transportation and storage at the At ambient temperature and market outlets. without protective treatments, cut pineapple turns slimy and deteriorates rapidly, resulting in the development of off flavours and odours within a day. MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE [Horticulture Research Centre] 1 9/22/2015 Accelerates rate A Presentation: of respiration *Causing Approaches for processing and mechanical damage handing of fresh-cut jackfruit, durian and pineapple for local and *Disrupts cell export markets. membranes *Exposed fruit to **Issues involved in maintaining both microbial contamination quality and safety during market *Mechanical The protective layers distribution. shock to has been removed. tissue *Creates the *Alter gas diffusion opportunity for the contamination and spoilage by pathogenic organism. MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE [Horticulture Research Centre] HANDLING OPERATIONS Fruit maturity Selection of the optimum fruit maturity for fresh-cut processing is essential: • Basic research • Intensive research – upscaling To provide the best combination of eating • Simulation studies and actual export quality and postharvest life. trials by different modes of Maturity at cutting will determine the transportation optimum temperature for storage. However, maturity requirement varies depending on fruit types. MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE [Horticulture Research Centre] MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE [Horticulture Research Centre] Depending on the variety, jackfruit mature about 180 to 270 days after flowering. Matured fruit will show the following sign: Matured fruit pulp durian -Fruit colour changes from green to pale green. remain hard after cutting. -A dull, hollow sound is produced when the fruit Thus fresh-cut processing is tapped by the finger. Fresh-cut only been conducted to the -Fruit spinel become well developed and wide processing to spaced. ripen fruits. -The last leaf of the peduncle yellows. matured fruits -An aromatic odour develops. 2 9/22/2015 For good eating MD2 quality, Josapine pineapple should Facilitate Ensure of isolating the even fruit achieve index 3-4 fruitlets & less ripening condensation (20% of the eyes are prior to to the stored Josapine cutting yellowish orange) product MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE [Horticulture Research Centre] VIDEO Normal operation of cutting Processing & Handling Operations VIDEO The first device faciliting the cutting process while the second tool is used Isolating edible bulb: manual vs hand tool to assist in exposing the edible bulb upward, the edible bulbs loosen, which helps the operator to speed up the isolating process. The devices are very effective as it reduces mechanical injuries to the edible bulbs. Furthermore, it also speeds up the overall cutting and isolating the edible bulbs during the minimal processing operations. 3 9/22/2015 Video Milano 2015 Packing, labelling & bar coding a b Fig 2: Effect of pre frozen treatment and packing system to the fresh-cut durian stored at different retail outlets (Hong Kong) & control samples stored at MARDI (Malaysia) - 2014 MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE [Horticulture Research Centre] 4 9/22/2015 Sydney 2013 MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE [Horticulture Research Centre Video Video Fruit slicer Skin peeler Pre-treatments reduce microbial spoilage, excessive tissue softening and browning are needed for quality improvement of fresh-cut pineapple. The cut pieces need to be immersed in the pre-treatment solution at the final stage of the handling operations. *Flesh firmness of the cut pineapple can be maintained by using calcium salts (Latifah et al., 1999) *Oxidative browning can be overcome by using ascorbic acid (Latifah et al., 2000). *The used of citric acid appeared to be beneficial for lowering the microbial growth during storage of fresh-cut pineapple at 10◦C (Latifah et al., 2011). *The use of citric acid had also reduced the activity of polyphenol oxidase as observed during storage at 10◦C (Nur Azlin et al., 2011). MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE [Horticulture Research Centre] 5 9/22/2015 Fig.3: Changes in the VRBA (Voilet Red Bile Agar ) of the fresh- cut pineapple treated with different concentration of citric acid during storage at 10 and 2 C. Drip Drying MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE [Horticulture Research Centre] Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) by using Seal packing system seal on (a) or shrink wrapping (b) packing system suitable to maintain the freshness of fresh-cut fruit (2-3 weeks at 2 ◦C, one week at 10 ºC and two days at 25 ºC). MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE [Horticulture Research Centre] Quality & Safety 1. Physical changes (wt loss, colour) a 2. Physiological (respiration & enzymes activity) b 3. Microbial growth (mould & yeast, coliform) 6 9/22/2015 Video Video Evaluation of colour -L, a & b Measuring the respiration rate Video Quality evaluation of fresh cut durian –Hong Must be low & within acceptable limit Kong 2014 based on the Malaysian Food Regulation MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE [Horticulture Research Centre] A : 200g Prefrozen 5 weeks B : 200g Prefrozen 5 weeks C : 200g Prefozen 1 week D : 400g prefozen 5 weeks • Bruished - packaging too E : 400g prefrozen 3 weeks tight/rough handling 1: AEON TuenMuen • Wilting - excessive 2: AEON Tsuen Wan drying/water loss 3: AEON Kornhill 4.MARDI (Control) • Mushiness - excessive tissue Indicator softening 2.5 very slight growth • Development of off colour- Fig 4: Total plate count of fresh-cut durian 12 slight growth enzymatic browning packed using seal pack (200g) and shrink 40 moderate growth wrap (400g), at different pre frozen 100 heavy growth • Undesirable treatment (1,5 & 3 wks), stored at 250 very heavy growth odour/fermented aroma- different retail outlets in Hong Kong. accumulation of ethanol Control samples stored at MARDI (Malaysia) MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE [Horticulture Research Centre] 7 9/22/2015 Export trials before technology transfer for commercialization To evaluate effectiveness of handling operations at all Air shipments: stages: *Netherlands (2006)-jackfruit & pineapple *Dubai (2010)-jackfruit - farm, product preparation *Perth (2011) –pineapple - product distribution *Sydney (2013)-durian - product quality at the * Hong Kong (2014) -durian importer ends Sea shipment: *Hong Kong (2008)-durian Cold truck – road transportation : MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE [Horticulture Research Centre] Singapore (2009)- pineapple, jackfruit & durian Many developed countries impose stringent Present export market of Malaysian phytosanitary requirements for import of fresh fruits are to countries which do not fruits (e.g Australia , Japan, USA, New impose stringent SPS measures Zealand, China, Taiwan ) • SPS measures are imposed against • Importing countries include: quarantine pests Hong Kong, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, Middle East (Saudi • Procedures (rule making process for market Arabia, UAE), EU Countries access approval are lengthty eq: USA: 3 – 4 years, Australia: 3 - 5 years Most of tropical fruits are subjected to infestation by fruit flies. Quarantine Fruit Type Importing country treatment (Whole) Fruit Type Quarantine Pest Market Access Fumigation Pineapple Australia, China Papaya Fruit fly China,US, NZ,Korea ,jackfruit Pineapple Mealy bug US, China Vapour heat Papaya, mango Australia, Japan Rambutan Mealy bug, Fruit fly US, Korea, Japan, Hot water papaya China Quick freezing Durian Australia, China Jackfruit Mealybug,fruit fly Australia, US, China,Taiwan Cold treatment carambola China Starfruit Fruit fly US, EU,Canada, Korea, China, Irradiation Papaya, mango, USA rambutan, pineapple 8 9/22/2015 Fumigation On going R&D Fresh- cut processing allows each activities fruits to be carefully
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