New Frontiers in Translation Studies

Series editor Defeng Li Centre for Translation Studies, SOAS, University of London , London, United Kingdom Centre for Studies of Translation , Interpreting and Cognition , University of Macau , Macau SAR More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11894 Teresa Seruya • José Miranda Justo Editors

Rereading Schleiermacher: Translation, Cognition and Culture Editors Teresa Seruya José Miranda Justo Faculty of Letters Faculty of Letters Department of German Studies Department of German Studies University of Lisbon University of Lisbon Lisbon , Portugal Lisbon , Portugal CECC, Centre for Communication CFUL, Centre for Philosophy and Culture Studies University of Lisbon Catholic University of Portugal Lisbon, Portugal Lisbon, Portugal

ISSN 2197-8689 ISSN 2197-8697 (electronic) New Frontiers in Translation Studies ISBN 978-3-662-47948-3 ISBN 978-3-662-47949-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-47949-0

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015955247

Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

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Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg is part of Springer Science+Business Media ( www.springer. com ) General Edit or’s Preface

New Frontiers in Translation Studies, as its name suggests, is a Series which focuses on new and emerging themes in Translation Studies. The last four decades have witnessed a rapid growth of this ﬂ edgling discipline. This Series intends to publish and promote these developments and provide readers with theories and methods they need to carry out their own translation studies projects. Translation Studies is now expanding into new or underexplored areas both in theories and research methods. One recent development is the keen interest in translation theories that transcend Eurocentrism. Translation Studies has for decades been dominated by Western modes of understanding and theorizing about translation and closed to models of other traditions. This is due to, as many have argued, the “unavailability of reliable data and systematic analysis of translation activities in non-European cultures” (Hung and Wakabayashi 2005). So in the past few years, some scholars have attempted to make available literature on translation from non- European traditions (Cheung 2006). Several conferences have been held with themes devoted to Asian translation traditions. Besides, rather than developing translation theories via a shift to focusing on non-Eurocentric approaches, efforts have been directed towards investigating translation universals applicable across all languages, cultures and traditions. Modern Translation Studies has adopted an interdisciplinary approach from its inception. Besides tapping into theories and concepts of neighbouring disciplines, such as linguistics, anthropology, education, sociology, and literary studies, it has also borrowed research models and methods from other disciplines. In the late 1970s, German translation scholars applied Think-aloud Protocols (TAPs) of cognitive psychology in their investigation of translators’ mental processes, and more recently, process researchers have incorporated into their research designs lab methods, such as eye-tracker, EEG and fMRI. In the early 1990s, computational and corpus linguistics was introduced into Translation Studies, which has since generated a proliferation of studies on the so-called translation universals, translator style, and features of translated language. Studies on interpreting and translation education have also taken a data-based empirical approach and yielded interesting and useful results.

v vi General Editor’s Preface

As Translation Studies seeks further growth as an independent discipline and recognition from outside the translation studies community, the interest to explore beyond the Eurocentric translation traditions will continue to grow. So does the need to adopt more data- and lab-based methods in the investigations of translation and interpreting. It is therefore the intent of this Series to capture the newest developments in these areas and promote research along these lines. The monographs or edited volumes in this Series will be selected either because of their focus on non- European translation traditions or their application of innovative research methods and models, or both. We hope that translation teachers and researchers, as well as graduate students, will use these books in order to get acquainted with new ideas and frontiers in Translation Studies, carry out their own innovative projects and even contribute to the Series with their pioneering research.

Defeng Li

References

Cheung, M. 2006. An anthology of Chinese discourse on translation, volume one: From earliest times to the Buddhist project. Manchester/Kinderhook: St. Jerome Publishing. Hung, E. and J. Wakabayashi. 2005. Asian translation traditions. Manchester/Northampton: St Jerome. Contents

Part I The Afterlives of a Text: Rereading “On the Different Methods of Translating”, Its Theories, Concepts & Expectations Friedrich Schleiermacher: A Theory of Translation Based on Dialectics ...... 3 José Miranda Justo Revisiting Schleiermacher on Translation: Musings on a Hermeneutical Mandate ...... 15 Richard Crouter From Jerome to Schleiermacher? Translation Methods and the Irrationality of Languages ...... 27 Joseﬁ ne Kitzbichler Friedrich Schleiermacher’s Legacy to Contemporary Translation Studies ...... 41 Ana Maria Bernardo Why Berman Was Wrong for the Right Reason. An Indirect Discussion of the Pivotal Role of Friedrich Schleiermacher in the Ethico-Translational Debate ...... 55 Gys-Walt van Egdom The Paradoxical Relationship Between Schleiermacher’s Approach and the Functional Translation Theory ...... 67 Ayla Akın From Friedrich Schleiermacher to Homi K. Bhabha: Foreignizing Translation from Above or from Below? ...... 79 Hélène Quiniou

vii viii Contents

(Un)Folding the Meaning: Translation Competence and Translation Strategies Compared ...... 89 Carla Quinci Language Conception and Translation: From the Classic Dichotomy to a Continuum Within the Same Framework ...... 105 Paulo Oliveira Friedrich Schleiermacher’s Lecture “On the Different Methods of Translating” and the Notion of Authorship in Translation Studies ...... 115 Verena Lindemann

Part II Metamorphoses, Applications & Transgressions Do People Only Create in Their Mother Tongue? Schleiermacher’s Argument Against the “Naturalizing” Method of Translation, From Today’s Point of View ...... 125 Teresa Seruya Der hermeneutische Akt des Übersetzens. Schleiermacher und die Literaturverfilmung ...... 137 Dagmar von Hoff Translating Schleiermacher on Translation: Towards a Language-Internal Enlargement of the Target Language ...... 149 Ester Duarte Translational Ethics from a Cognitive Perspective: A Corpus-Assisted Study on Multiple English-Chinese Translations ...... 159 Isabelle C. Chou , Victoria L.C. Lei , Defeng Li , and Yuanjian He How Translations Function: Illusion and Disillusion ...... 175 Katarzyna Szymańska Translators and Publishers: Friends or Foes? ...... 185 Jorge Almeida e Pinho Je Suis un Autre: Notes on Migration, Metamorphosis and Self-translation ...... 197 Alexandra Lopes Translating and Resisting Anglomania in Post- revolutionary France: English to French Translations in the Period 1814–1848 ...... 209 Gabriel Moyal Vikram Seth’s Golden Gate as a Transcreation of Alexander Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin ...... 219 Anna Ponomareva Contents ix

“It’s Deeper Than That”: Manifestations of Schleiermacher in Martin Crimp’s Writing and Translation for Theater ...... 233 Geraldine Brodie Domestication as a Mode of Cultural Resistance: Irish-English Translations of Chekhov ...... 245 Zsuzsanna Csikai Is the Politics of Resistance (Un)Translatable? Translating James M. Cain in Fascist Italy ...... 255 Rita Filanti Translating into Galician, A Minor Language: A Challenge for Literary Translators...... 267 Beatriz Maria Rodríguez Rodríguez Foreignization and Domestication: A View from the Periphery ...... 277 Martina Ožbot Creativity and Alterity in Film Translation: A Return to Schleiermacher’s Hermeneutics ...... 291 Adriana Ş erban and Larisa Cercel

Index ...... 305

Contributors

Ayla Akın began to study at Sakarya University, in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Translation and Interpreting, in 2001 and graduated in 2006. After graduation, she started to work as a certiﬁ ed translator and interpreter. Then, she completed her master’s degree at Sakarya University, Department of German Philology, in 2009. Later, she was appointed to the Department of German Philology at Sakarya University as a research assistant in 2009. She has still been doing her doctorate in the Department of Translation Studies, at Sakarya University since 2009. She teaches literary and juristic translation from German into Turkish. Her research focuses are translation theories, didactics of translation and translation hermeneutics. Among other essays she has published ‘Çeviride Yeni Yorumbilimsel Paradigmanın Çeviri Sürecine Bakışı ve Yabancılaştırma Yönteminin Yeniden Yorumlanması’, a paper published at the III. International Translation Colloquium, University of Yıldız Teknik, 2013, Istanbul, Turkey. She was researcher for a ‘mul- tilingual translation studies glossary’, a 2-year project which was supported by the Scientiﬁ c Research Projects Committee of the Sakarya University (SAU-BAPK) and accomplished in 2010 (No: 2007-02-16-001).

Ana Maria Bernardo is assistant professor (translation studies and German linguistics) at the Universidade Nova de Lisboa. In 2000, she completed her PhD in translation studies. She is involved in research activity at CECC (Centre for Communication and Culture Studies at the Portuguese Catholic University, Lisboa) – translation studies. Some of her publications include A Tradutologia Contemporânea – Tendências e Perspectivas no Espaço de Língua Alemã (Lisboa: Gulbenkian, 2009) and Zu aktuellen Grundfragen der Übersetzungswissenschaft (Frankfurt a. M.: Peter Lang, 2010). She published over thirty papers (in German, English and Portuguese) on creation of neologisms, typology of translation difﬁ cul- ties, operatic translation, translation in the Middle Ages, translator’s competence, modern trends in translation studies, translation criticism, semiotics and translation. She has also published literary and philosophical translations.

xi xii Contributors

Geraldine Brodie is a Lecturer in Translation Studies and Theatre Translation at University College London. Her research centers on theater translation practices in contemporary London. Recent publications are included in Contemporary Theatre Review (2014) and Authorial and Editorial Voices in Translation (Éditions Québécoises de l’Oeuvre, 2013). She is the initiator and co-convenor of the UCL Theatre Translation Forum and Translation in History Lecture Series, a co-editor of New Voices in Translation Studies, and an Associate of ARTIS (Advancing Research in Translation and Interpreting Studies).

Larisa Cercel is a lecturer in translation and hermeneutics at Saarland University in Saarbrücken, Germany. Her main research interests are hermeneutics and the history of translation. She has authored a book entitled Übersetzungshermeneutik. Historische und systematische Grundlegung (2013, Röhrig) and has co-edited Übersetzung und Hermeneutik – Traduction et herméneutique (2010, Zetabooks), Unterwegs zu einer hermeneutischen Übersetzungswissenschaft (2011, Gunter Narr), and Friedrich Schleiermacher and the Question of Translation (2015, Walter de Gruyter, with Adriana Şerban). She is the general editor of the Zeta Series in Translation Studies .

Isabelle C. Chou is a PhD student at the Department of Translation, Chinese University of Hong Kong, where she has also obtained an MA and an MPhil degree. She has worked as a trilingual interpreter (English, Cantonese and Mandarin), and her current research focuses on translation ethics in English-Chinese literary translations. Her Chinese paper ‘Naturalization as a translation strategy and its cognitive constraints’ was published in Chinese Translators’ Journal , issue 6, 2010. Her English paper ‘Naturalization as a translation strategy: on target cultural items in the source text’ was published in Translation Quarterly , issue 63(3), 2012.

Richard Crouter has been studying Schleiermacher much of his professional life and taught the history of Christian theology in the Carleton College Religion Department, 1967–2003. He translated Schleiermacher’s 1799 classic On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers (Cambridge, 1988, reissued 1996), co-edited the Journal for the History of Modern of Theology /Zeitschrift für Neuere Theologiegeschichte (Walter de Gruyter, 1993–2010), and is author of Friedrich Schleiermacher: Between Enlightenment and Romanticism (Cambridge, 2005). He gave the keynote address ‘A Precarious Journey: The Art of Translating Schleiermacher’ at meetings of the German Schleiermacher Gesellschaft, University of Chicago, October, 2008.

Zsuzsanna Csikai is an assistant lecturer in the Department of English Languages and Cultures at the Institute of English Studies, University of Pécs, Hungary, and has recently completed her PhD on Irish translations and adaptations of Chekhov’s plays. Her academic interests include Irish drama, Irish culture and translation studies. Her ongoing project is translating into Hungarian and co-editing a collection of essays by Marvin Carlson. Her selected publications include ‘Ways of Recreating Contributors xiii the Tapestry: Tom Murphy’s The Cherry Orchard in the Context of Irish Rewritings of Chekhov’, Ibsen and Chekhov on the Irish Stage (Eds. Ros Dixon and Irina Ruppo Malone, Dublin, Carysfort, 2012), ‘A Complex Relationship: Chekhov and Irish Author-Translators’, in The Binding Strength of Irish Studies. Festschrift in Honour of Csilla Bertha and Donald E. Morse (Szerk. Marianna Gula, Mária Kurdi, Rácz István, Debreceni Egyetemi Kiadó, Debrecen, 2011. pp. 227–236); and ‘Irishness or Otherness: Two Irish Versions of Uncle Vanya’, in Literary and Cultural Relations: Ireland, Hungary, and Central and Eastern Europe (Dubin, Carysfort Press, 2009. pp. 205–119).

Ester Duarte holds a Master of Arts in German with Concentration in Translation Studies from the University of Copenhagen. Duarte’s thesis on Schleiermacher’s translation theory included the ﬁ rst translation into Danish of the very same text and a translation commentary. This translation was published alongside a translation commentary in the Danish literary periodical, Kritik , in 2014.

Gys-Walt van Egdom holds a doctor’s degree in linguistics and literary studies and a master’s degree in translation studies. He is currently a member of the research unit CLIC (Centre for Literature, Intermediality and Culture) and is loosely tied to the unit CLiV (Centre for Literature in Translation) of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. He is also afﬁ liated to the Zuyd University of Applied Sciences. His research interests include literary semiotics, creative translation, philosophy of translation and translation didactics.

Rita Filanti holds a PhD in Translation Studies & Anglo-American Literatures from the University of Bari, Italy. Currently a full-time teacher of English as a foreign language, Rita has been a lecturer of Italian for more than 10 years and has taught in a number of Australian and North American universities. She participates regularly in international conferences in translation and adaptation studies and has published articles in both fi elds of scholarship. She has translated in Italian an anthology of American poetry (La Luce Migliore, Milano: Edizioni Medusa, 2007) and co-edited numerous translations from Italian into English. In June 2013 she was the recipient of the Graduate Scholar Award at the New Direction in the Humanities Conference in Budapest, Hungary. Her main academic interests are the theory and practice of literary translation, adaptation studies, American hard-boiled fi ction and fi lm noir, censorship in fascist Italy and the ethics of translation, intellectual prop- erty and copyright as related to translation and women crime narratives.

Yuanjian He is Professor of Translation Studies at the University of Macau. His main research interests are in the areas of the neuro-cognitive design of language and its impact on language processing, including translating and interpreting as bilingual processing.

Dagmar von Hoff is full professor of German literature at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (Germany), where she is director of studies and research at the sub-faculty of German literature, ﬁ lm and media studies. She is head of the Section xiv Contributors for Literary Film Practice (ALF) and has been awarded a number of national and international guest professorships. Her recent major publications include Identität und Gender (2010), Zwischen Medien/Zwischen Kulturen (2011) and Poetiken des Auf- und Umbruchs (2013) (all co-edited).

José Miranda Justo (PhD, University of Lisbon, 1990) is associate professor in the German Studies Department at the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Lisbon. His interests range from the history of the philosophy of language to the close links between the philosophy of language, the theory of knowledge, hermeneutics, aesthetics and the theory of translation. Besides articles and books on these issues, his long bibliography includes many translations of German philosophy texts (Hamann, Herder, W. v. Humboldt, Goethe, Novalis, Schleiermacher, Nietzsche, Marx), as well as from German literature (Lenz, Kleist, Rilke, Kafka, among others). He is a member of CFUL (Philosophy Centre of the University of Lisbon) since its foundation in 1995 and is currently the head of the translation team for the works of Kierkegaard; from this author he has translated In Vino Veritas , Repetition , and Philosophical Crumbs .

Joseﬁ ne Kitzbichler is a research fellow at the Collaborative Research Centre (‘Sonderforschungsbereich’) 644 Transformations of Antiquity, project Translation of Antiquity, at Humboldt Universität, Berlin. She was educated at Friedrich Schiller Universität, Jena, and Humboldt Universität, Berlin, in German literature and clas- sics and obtained a doctoral degree in 2010 with a thesis on J. G. Droysen’s translation of Aristophanes. Her main research interests are history and theory of literary translation and German literature of the nineteenth century. Her selected publications include ‘Nach dem Wort, nach dem Sinn. Duale Übersetzungstypologien’, in Übersetzung und Transformation (2007, ed. Hartmut Böhme et al.), 31–45; Theorie der Übersetzung antiker Literatur in Deutschland seit 1800 (2009, with K. Lubitz and N. Mindt); and Dokumente zur Theorie der Übersetzung antiker Literatur in Deutschland seit 1800 (2009, ed. J. Kitzbichler, K. Lubitz and N. Mindt).

Victoria L.C. Lei is an Assistant Professor at the University of Macau. Her research interests include cognitive processes of simultaneous interpreting, Victorian Literature, Literature and Science, Women Studies, Children’s Literature and Translation Studies and Macao Studies.

Defeng Li is Professor of Translation Studies at the University of Macau. He has researched and published extensively in Translation Studies as well as Second Language Education. He takes a keen interest in data-based empirical translation studies, cognitive and psycholinguistic investigation of translation processes, cur- riculum, and material development in translation education.

Verena Lindemann holds a BA in modern languages from the University of Lisbon and a BSc in psychology from the University of Hagen. She obtained her MA in translation studies at the Catholic University of Portugal with a thesis analysing the Contributors xv

Portuguese editions and the German translations of Fernando Pessoa’s Book of Disquiet . Currently, she is a PhD candidate in cultural studies at the Lisbon Consortium – Catholic University of Portugal – and a member of the European PhDNet in Literary and Cultural Studies. Her main research interests include Portuguese studies, translation studies, cultural theory, narrative theory and memory and gender studies.

Alexandra Lopes teaches translation history and theory, as well as literary translation at the Catholic University of Portugal. She holds an MA in German studies and a PhD in translation studies. She is currently a member of two research projects: ‘Culture and Conﬂ ict’ and ‘Intercultural Literature in Portugal 1930–2000’. Her areas of interest include literary translation, translation history and theory and cultural studies. She has published several articles on translation studies both in Portuguese and international volumes, as well as translations of texts by authors such as Peter Handke, Hertha Müller, William Boyd and Salman Rushdie.

Gabriel Moyal teaches French and comparative literatures at McMaster University, in Canada, specialising in nineteenth-century French and European ﬁ ction. For the past several years, he has been working on a research project on the history of translation (English to French) in the period 1814–1848, a turbulent era in French politi- cal history. This project has led to the publication of several articles and book chapters among the most recent of which are ‘L’Usage de l’histoire: Gibbon dans Guizot’ in Re-reading/La relecture : Essays in honour of Graham Falconer, Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2012, and ‘Traduction de l’histoire et histoire de la traduction: La France en 1829 et 1830 de Lady Morgan’ in Traduire en langue française en 1830 , Arras: Artois Presses Université, 2012.

Paulo Oliveira teaches German (State University of Campinas) and works as translator and interpreter. He has a master’s degree in romance languages and German (Göttingen, 1984) and is a doctor of translation theory (by Rosemary Arrojo; Campinas, 1999) with postdoctoral internship in philosophy of language (Graz, 2005). He conducts a long-term project in a translation theory/philosophy based on a perspectivist conception of language (games), in the interface of translation studies with philosophy of language (hermeneutics, deconstruction and the later Wittgenstein). His selected publications include Schleiermacher numa ótica witt- gensteiniana (2012); Übersetzung, Aspekt und Variation (2012); A gramática witt- gensteiniana como alternativa à polarização ﬁ delidade vs. différance (2005); and Hermenêutica e Desconstrução (2001).

Martina Ožbot is professor of Italian at Ljubljana University (Slovenia). Her main research ﬁ elds are translation history and theory, languages in contact and discourse analysis. She has authored a number of publications, including a study on Textual Coherence and Translation Strategies in the Slovene Translations of Machiavelli’s Prince and a recent monograph Translation Stories: Studies in Translation History and Theory, with a Focus on Slovene-Italian Relations. She is editor in chief of xvi Contributors

Hieronymus, a translation journal published by the Slovene Association of Literary Translators. She is also a practising translator; among other translations, she pro- duced a Slovene version of Edward Sapir’s Language.

Jorge Almeida e Pinho was born in 1966, in Ovar. He holds a degree in modern languages and literatures (German/English) and another degree in Portuguese studies (translation), both from FLUP (Faculty of Letters of the University of Oporto). In 1998 he completed the ﬁ rst Portuguese master’s in translation studies at FLUP, and, in 2011, he got his PhD in Anglo-American studies (translation) also at FLUP. He has been a higher education teacher since 1991, mainly devoted to teaching several subjects in the area of translation and interpreting at ISAI/ISAG, Porto. Presently, he is also an English teacher at ESE–IPP and a researcher with a special interest on the sociology of translation and translating for publishing in several research groups such as CETAPS, InED and NIDISAG. He is the author of O Escritor Invisível ( The Invisible Writer ), a book on Portuguese translators’ commen- taries about translation.

Anna Ponomareva having been educated in Russia, India and the UK, currently lives and works in London where she teaches translation from English into Russian and/or Russian at Imperial College London, University of Southampton and City University. The areas of her expertise are history of ideas, Russian symbolism and translation theory. Some of her recent publication include ‘Two Scheherazades, a Suite and a Ballet, as Cultural Translations of the Nights’ (2012), Médiévales Vol. 51 (special issue ‘La réception mondiale et transdisciplinaire des Mille et une Nuits’). Amiens: Presses du Centre d’Études Médiévales Université de Picardie – Jules Verne, pp.269–284; ‘Andrei Belyi on Lev Tolstoi’ in Stefano Garzonio (ed.), Studies in Slavic Languages and Literatures. ICCEES CONGRESS Stockholm 2010 Papers and Contributions, Portal PECOB, January 2012, pp.45–50; and ‘Translation as Intercultural Communication: Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin in Two Worlds’ In J. Prabhakara Rao, Jean Peters (eds) Socio-Cultural Approaches to Translation: Indian and European Perspectives , New Delhi: Excel India Publishers, 2010, pp. 98–107.

Carla Quinci is a free-lance translator and adjunct lecturer at the University of Trieste, Department of Legal, Language, Interpreting and Translation Studies. For her PhD research project, she carried out a longitudinal empirical study (2012–2014) where she investigates translation competence and its development in a sample of 63 subjects, including translation students and professional translators. The ﬁ ndings of her research have recently been published. Her main research interests relate to translation competence, translation competence acquisition, quality assessment in translation, error analysis and corpus linguistics.

Hélène Quiniou is a PhD candidate in French Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia University in New York. Trained in philosophy with special interest in Hegel and the German idealist tradition, she also works as a translator, with a focus Contributors xvii on Cultural, Postcolonial and Translation Studies. Her translation of Emily Apter’s The Translation Zone into French recently came out at Fayard. Her research interests are in the representations of the foreign in translation theories and practices, especially in the context of the 19th Century German philological tradition and their aftermath in contemporary notions of cosmopolitanism and citizenship.

Beatriz Maria Rodríguez Rodríguez teaches translation in the Department of Translation and Linguistics at the University of Vigo (Spain). Her current research interests include translation quality assessment, didactics of translation, literary translation and translation of children’s books. She is the author of the book Literary Translation Quality Assessment (2007), Studies in Translation 3, Lincom Europa. Her works have been published in national and international volumes and journals such as Tradução & Comunicação , SEDERI , Estudios de Traducción , Trans and mTm: A Translation Journal . She has participated in several research projects con- cerning the translations and adaptations of children literature.

Adriana Ş erban lectures in translation and English at the Paul Valéry University, Montpellier, France, where she codirects the MA in translation. Her main research interests are in the area of ﬁ lm, literary translation and sacred texts. She is the co- editor of La traduction audiovisuelle: Approche interdisciplinaire du sous-titrage (2008, De Boeck), Audiovisual Translation in Close-Up: Practical and Theoretical Approaches (2011, Peter Lang), Traduction et médias audiovisuels (2011, Septentrion), and Friedrich Schleiermacher and the Question of Translation (2015, Walter de Gruyter, with Larisa Cercel).

Teresa Seruya is full professor in the Department of Germanic Studies at the Arts Faculty of the University of Lisbon, teaching German and Austrian literature and culture, history of translation and translation theory. She has collaborated with the Catholic University of Portugal. She is now responsible for the project ‘Intercultural Literature in Portugal 1930–2000: a Critical Bibliography’ within the CECC (Centre of Communication and Culture). She has published on contemporary German literature and on translation studies. She is also a literary translator of the following German authors: Goethe, Kleist, Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, Döblin, Thomas Mann and Kafka.

Katarzyna Szymanska is a research student (DPhil in modern languages) at the University of Oxford and graduated from the University of Cambridge and University of Warsaw. In her PhD project (funded by Rawnsley Graduate Scholarship, St Hugh’s College), she discusses the notion of literary metatranslation with special reference to contemporary experimental and multiple translations across German, English and Polish. Her main interests include literary translation theory, translation of poetry and comparative literature. Szymanska authored the book Larkin’s Portrait Multiplied (Warsaw 2012) and of a few articles on literary translation in Polish journals (ISI Master List), e.g. ‘Metatranslation as Literary Phenomenon’ (Second Texts 2013) , ‘The Less Deceived? On Polish Translations of Philip Larkin’ (Literary Memoirs 2011).

Introd uction

Schleiermacher’s lecture ‘On the different methods of translating’ came to life in 3 days, to be immediately delivered on the fourth at the Berlin Academy. Written between June 21st and 23rd of 1813 and presented on June 24th, its huge infl uence has reached the modern day. If it is true that the views on translation dictated by Herder, Goethe or Wilhelm von Humboldt – to mention only a few names from more or less the same epoch – are still studied in courses and included in course- books dedicated to the history of translation theory, the perspectives put forward by Schleiermacher tend to become an omnipresent reference in a wide fi eld of contemporary works ranging from theoretical to practical approaches. If an explanation to this continuous presence is to be found, it is certainly of a double-fold nature. It has to do with the clear-cut way in which Schleiermacher distinguishes between what he calls the two ‘methods’, completely surpassing the old opposition between free and literal translation, but most and foremost with his address of a variety of translational theoretical problems. Because his approach is exceptionally well grounded, it has indeed attracted different types of scholars in search for solid points of depar- ture for their work. What the German philosopher and theologian expounded in his speech at the Berlin Academy comprises a comprehension of translation based on a philosophy of language, on a hermeneutic understanding of translational facts and on his dialectics. Taken together, they stand as suffi cient reason for the global coherence of his undertaking and the subsequent interest aroused in many of those who deal with translation in their essays. Nevertheless, Schleiermacher’s theory of translation in its details and in its infl u- ential aftermath has rarely been the object of detailed survey. Two exceptions deserve to be mentioned: Lawrence Venuti and Antoine Berman. Venuti, in his The Translator’s Invisibility, now in its second edition (Routledge: London, New York 2008), partly letting aside all the other distinctions established by Schleiermacher, focuses almost solely on the opposition between ‘foreignizing translation’ and ‘domesticating translation’ – adopting a terminology alien to Schleiermacher – and on what he calls the ‘imperialism’ and ‘elitism’ of the philosopher’s argumentation, showing in this particular a completely distorted historical point of view. Antoine Berman, in L’épreuve de l’étranger. Culture et traduction dans l’Allemagne

xix xx Introduction

romantique , fi rst published in 1984, and translated into English as Experience of the Foreign: Culture and Translation in Romantic Germany (SUNY Series, Intersections: Philosophy and Critical Theory1992), addresses Schleiermacher in his proper historical context having in view fi rst and foremost the hermeneutical frame and the dialogical perspective in which the German philosopher deploys his theoretical efforts on translation. Berman’s book, however, has not received the attention that it deserves. This volume commemorates the bicentenary of the lecture at the Berlin Academy by means of including a comprehensive set of theoretical and practical issues raised by contemporary readings of Schleiermacher’s text. Following the Lisbon Conference ‘1813–2013: Two centuries of reading Friedrich Schleiermacher’s seminal text “On the different methods of translating”’, held on October 24th and 25th of 2013, a new call for papers was issued having in mind the organisation of this volume, aimed at giving a widened and deepened view over modern perspectives in the reception of Schleiermacher’s lecture. The papers were then submitted to a Scientifi c Committee, whose renowned members by their acknowledged work and expertise in the fi eld of translation studies made the necessary suggestions to the authors in order to match the required standards of the volume. The volume is organised in two sections. The fi rst is dedicated to theoretical issues and the second to practical research. The theoretical issues range from the contextualisation and interpretation of Schleiermacher’s lecture to themes which include the relations with the functional approach, hybridity or authorship. The section on practical research reunites a great variety of working directions ranging from case studies in the fi eld of literary translation, or the transposition of literature into cinema, to cognitive-oriented research, topics of cultural resistance and translation into minor languages. In the fi rst section, ‘The Afterlives of a Text: Rereading “On the Different Methods of Translating”, Its Theories, Concepts and Expectations’, José Miranda Justo, in Friedrich Schleiermacher: A Theory of Translation Based on Dialectics , shows how dialectics constitutes the basis of Schleiermacher’s views on translation and that the translator’s place as a mediator between languages is in homology with the subject of the dialectical task. Richard Crouter, in Revisiting Schleiermacher on Translation: Musings on a Hermeneutical Mandate, stresses the author’s sense of the irreducibility of individual subjectivity and his commitment to the organic nature of a system of language, which leads him to a hermeneutical concept of translation aimed to really capture the foreign other. Much in accordance with Crouter, Josefi ne Kitzbichler, in From Jerome to Schleiermacher? Translation Methods and the Irrationality of Languages, takes the major innovation by Schleiermacher to be the radical limitation that he applies to his concept of true translation, which he illustrates with the hermeneutic confi guration of ‘self’ and ‘other’, who must be brought together, thus achieving identity in difference. More concerned with the reception of Schleiermacher’s text, Ana Maria Bernardo, in Friedrich Schleiermacher’s Legacy to Contemporary Translation Studies , explores the philosopher’s legacy to translation studies at the theoretical, methodological and terminological levels and shows how he originated the new hermeneutical approach Introduction xxi to translation and endowed the refl ection on it with a higher degree of abstraction and scientifi c bearing. Gys-Walt van Egdom, in his article Why Berman Was Wrong for the Right Reason. An Indirect Discussion of the Pivotal Role of Friedrich Schleiermacher in the Ethico-Translational Debate , brings the Heideggerian notion of ‘authenticity’ to the fore in order to prove that, despite Berman having ample reason to emphasise the paramount role of Schleiermacher’s seminal text within the ethico-translational fi eld, he has failed to grasp its true value. While applying both Schleiermacher’s essay about translation and his views on hermeneutics, Ayla Akın, in The Paradoxical Relationship Between Schleiermacher’s Approach and the Functional Translation Theory, examines to what extent the functional translation theories are approaching or diverting from the author’s two translation methods. Hélène Quiniou, in From Friedrich Schleiermacher to Homi K. Bhabha: Foreignizing Translation from Above or from Below? , brings Homi Bhabha’s concept of cultural translation near Schleiermacher’s emphasis on the difference (and foreignness) of languages and assesses the ability of Bhabha’s idea of ‘hybridity’ to offer a way out of the question of the ‘genius’ of languages. Based on the number and type of expan- sions and reductions in multiple translations of the same source text, Carla Quinci, in (Un)folding the Meaning. Translation Competence and Translation Strategies Compared , investigates the attitudes of novice vs. professional translators towards the strategies of foreignization and domestication, which might be related to the translator’s supposed level of competence. Paulo Oliveira, under the title of Language Conception and Translation: From the Classic Dichotomy to a Continuum Within the Same Framework, argues that in Schleiermacher’s text, his National Translation Project is above his epistemic insights into language and understanding, yet proposing to invert the hierarchy and look at hermeneutics in a way informed by the philosophy of language from the later Wittgenstein. At the end of this fi rst section, Verena Lindeman, in Friedrich Schleiermacher’s Lecture “On the Different Methods of Translating” and the Notion of Authorship in Translation Studies , focuses on the concept of authorship in Schleiermacher’s defi nition of the ‘two methods’ and the possibility of enlarging the view on authorship within a co- operative conception of the author of the source text and the translator, as the author of the target text. In the second section, entitled ‘Metamorphoses, Applications & Transgressions’, Teresa Seruya, in Do People Only Create in Their Mother Tongue? Schleiermacher’s Argument Against the “Naturalizing” Method of Translation, From Today’s Point of View, concentrates on Schleiermacher’s argument against the ‘naturalising’ method of translating that people only create in their mother tongue and attempts to show how it is not confi rmed by the literary production of many multicultural authors, namely, in Germany. Dagmar von Hoff, in Der hermeneutische Akt des Übersetzens. Schleiermacher und die Literaturverfi lmung , considers the extent to which Schleiermacher’s hermeneutical concept of translation can be applied as a critical category to the analysis of the transposition of literature into cinema, taking as an example Visconti’s fi lm Morte a Venezia . Based on her translation of Schleiermacher’s text into Danish, where older Danish language was resorted to, Ester Duarte, in the paper entitled ‘Translating Schleiermacher on Translation: Towards a Language- xxii Introduction

Internal Enlargement of the Target Language’, aims to show how the use of this particular language pair holds certain possibilities for the expansion of the target language. Isabelle Chou et al. (Translational Ethics from a Cognitive Perspective: A Corpus-Assisted Study on Multiple English-Chinese Translations) postulate the Processing Economy Hypothesis and the translator’s cognitive preference for a ‘domesticated’ text, on the basis of a corpus study on multiple English-Chinese translations. Concerned with the way translations function in the culture, Katarzyna Szymańska, in How Translations Function: Illusion and Disillusion, discusses Jiří Levý’s illusionist and anti-illusionist methods of translating, placing Schleiermacher’s and Venuti’s ‘foreignizations’ among the anti-illusionist practices. Jorge Almeida e Pinho, in Translators and Publishers: Friends or Foes?, analyses the ‘translation orders’ used by Portuguese publishers, which are mostly responded to with strategies of ‘domestication’ by translators. Based on her reﬂ ection on the role of the translator as a model of comprehension in Schleiermacher’s lecture, Alexandra Lopes, in her article Je suis un autre: Notes on Migration, Metamorphosis and Self- translation, imports the argument to understanding the meanders of self-translation and examines a novel by Ilse Losa, a German-born immigrant writer and (self-) translator in Portugal. Gabriel Moyal, in Translating and Resisting Anglomania in Post-revolutionary France: English to French Translations in the Period 1814– 1848, studies French translations from English in the nineteenth century and the tendency for resisting Anglomania, resorting to La Revue britannique as primary source of texts. The fusion of domesticating and foreignizing methods in the concept of transcreation is proposed by Anna Ponomareva, who illustrates her point with Vikram Seth’s The Golden Gate (Vikram Seth’s Golden Gate as a Transcreation of Alexander Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin). The translation of theatre is Geraldine Brodie’s subject in “It’s deeper than that”: Manifestations of Schleiermacher in Martin Crimp’s Writing and Translation for Theater. She investigates Crimp’s adherence to Schleiermacher’s implication that the audience should not be left ‘in peace’, should be destabilised, both in his translations and in his original plays. Zsuzsanna Csikai’s concern, in Domestication as a Mode of Cultural Resistance: Irish-English Translations of Chekhov, is to explore how, in the Irish-English translations of Chekhov, domestication in literary translation (into Irish) can serve as a resistant strategy, in this case to the formerly available Standard British English translations of Chekhov. Rita Filanti, in Is the Politics of Resistance (Un) Translatable? Translating James M. Cain in Fascist Italy , examines two opposing translation strategies of The Postman Always Rings Twice (1934) into Italian, con- sidered as two ways of resisting the fascist tyranny. She eventually proposes a rec- onciliation of opposites in the practice of translation under totalitarian regimes. Beatriz Maria Rodríguez Rodríguez’s subject is the relationship between translation and nationalism, which she discusses through the example of foreignizing translation into Galician as a challenge to Spanish hegemony, as it enriches Galician literature and culture (Translating into Galician, a Minor Language: A Challenge for Literary Translators). Martina Ožbot, in Foreignization and Domestication: A View from the Periphery, explores the probable difference between central and peripheral cultures as far as foreignization and domestication are concerned. Focussing on the Introduction xxiii

Slovene culture, she argues that it tolerates a foreignizing appropriation of the source texts, while the translation of Slovene texts reveals a preference for domesticating strategies. Adriana Serban and Larisa Cercel’s fi eld in their article ‘Creativity and Alterity in Film Translation: A Return to Schleiermacher’s Hermeneutics’ is fi lm subtitling, which they link to concepts used by Schleiermacher. Their case study is a contemporary Romanian fi lm ( The Death of Mr. Lazarescu ) and the chal- lenges that its French and English DVD subtitles face in order to present to Western audiences a cultural product of the continent’s internal other. The editors wish to thank all the authors for their contributions and collaborative understanding during the process of elaboration of the volume. We are also extremely appreciative of the cooperation of the members of the Scientifi c Committee, who helped us enormously in enhancing the quality of the present collection of essays. Thanks are also due to Professor Defeng Li, who put us in contact with the publisher and has shown a remarkable interest in the publication. Our last thanking word goes to our colleague and friend Maria Lin Moniz, who gently helped us with the various technical details that such a project requires.

Teresa Seruya José Miranda Justo