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The Translations of Ha'adam Ha’adam: Adam, man or human - The Importance of Interpretation in Biblical Translation Johanna Järvinen Pro Gradu thesis School of Modern Languages and Translation Studies University of Tampere Spring 2008 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION................................................................................................ 1 1. HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF BIBLICAL TRANSLATION ............................. 4 1.1 Judaism and Christianity: the first ‘official’ translations.................................................................4 1.1.1 Septuagint .......................................................................................................................................4 1.1.2 The Vulgate.....................................................................................................................................7 1.2 Reformation and protestant translations ...........................................................................................9 1.2.1 Reformation and the German Bible ................................................................................................9 1.2.2 Bibles in English and the King James Version.............................................................................11 1.3 History of Biblical Translation in Finland .......................................................................................12 1.3.1 Mikael Agricola and the First Biblical Texts in Finnish...............................................................13 1.3.2 First Finnish Bible – the Bible of Kristiina...................................................................................14 2. TWO CREATION STORIES, AND TRANSLATIONS OF HA’ADAM .......... 17 2.1 Elohim and YHWH – two different accounts of creation ...............................................................17 2.1.1 Priestly account of the creation.....................................................................................................18 2.1.2 Yahwist account of the creation....................................................................................................19 2.2 Translations of ha’adam ....................................................................................................................21 2.2.1 Septuagint and the Vulgate ...........................................................................................................21 2.2.2 Martin Luther’s Die Bibel and the King James Version ...............................................................22 2.2.3 Finnish Translations of the Bible..................................................................................................23 2.2.4 Revised Translations of the Vulgate and the King James Version................................................25 3. INTERPRETATIONS OF HA’ADAM............................................................ 26 3.1 The ‘Traditional’ Interpretation.......................................................................................................26 3.1.1 Views Presented in the New Testament........................................................................................26 3.1.2 Early Christian and Medieval View..............................................................................................27 3.1.3 Modern View................................................................................................................................28 3.2 Traditional Interpretation Challenged by Feminists and Feminist Theologians..........................30 3.2.3 Feminist Theologians and Phyllis Trible ......................................................................................30 3.2.2 Feminists and Mieke Bal ..............................................................................................................31 3.2.3 Feminism and Biblical Translation...............................................................................................33 4. BIBLICAL TRANSLATION IN VIEW OF TRANSLATION STUDIES AND FEMINISM........................................................................................................ 35 4.1 Aspects of the Bible ............................................................................................................................35 4.1.1 Word of God.................................................................................................................................36 4.1.2 Style and language........................................................................................................................37 4.1.3 Wordplay ......................................................................................................................................39 4.2 Translation Studies and the Bible .....................................................................................................40 4.2.1 Eugene Nida and his Influence .....................................................................................................40 4.2.2 Feminist Translation Studies and Biblical Translation .................................................................43 4.2.3 The Approach Today ....................................................................................................................45 4.3 Current Trends in Biblical Translation............................................................................................46 4.3.1 The Biblical Translation of 1993 into Finnish and its Challenges................................................46 4.3.2 Missionary Translation .................................................................................................................48 4.3.3 Future Changes in Biblical Translation ........................................................................................49 4.4 The Importance of Interpretation in Translation............................................................................50 4.4.1 The Importance of Interpretation in Translation Studies Teaching ..............................................50 4.4.2 The Importance of Interpretation in Biblical Translation .............................................................51 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................. 53 BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................. 55 FINNISH SUMMARY / SUOMENKIELINEN TIIVISTELMÄ............................. 59 APPENDICES .................................................................................................. 65 Appendix 1: The Elohist Creation (Gen. 1: 26-31) ................................................................................65 Appendix 2: The Yahwist Creation (Gen. 2: 5, 7, 18-25) ......................................................................70 Appendix 3: The Occurrence of of the term ha’adam and ‘ish in the original Hebrew and their translations................................................................................................................................................76 iii Tampereen yliopisto Käännöstiede (englanti) Kieli- ja käännöstieteiden laitos JÄRVINEN, JOHANNA Ha’adam: Adam, man or human – The Importance of Interpretation in Biblical Translation Pro gradu -tutkielma, 58 sivua (+suomenkielinen lyhennelmä 6 sivua, +lähteitä 13 sivua) Kevät 2008 Raamattu on yksi maailmanhistorian merkittävimmistä teoksista. Sitä on tutkittu jo vuosituhansia ja sitä on myös käännetty lukemattomille kielille. Raamatun käännöstyö jatkuu edelleen. Nykyinen raamatunkääntäminen on usein vanhojen käännösten tarkistamista, mutta myös uutta käännöstyötä tehdään erityisesti lähetyssaarnaajien toimesta. Raamatunkääntäminen on hyvin tärkeä osa käännöstieteiden historiaa vaikka käännöskoulutuksen saaneet hieman harvemmin tekevät kyseistä työtä. Suurimmalta osin raamatunkääntäminen on isojen komiteoiden työtä ja käännöksen tuottaminen kestää vuosia jos ei vuosikymmeniä. Tutkielman tavoitteena oli tarkastella ja vertailla raamatunkäännöksiä eri ajoilta. Tutkimuskohteeksi valittiin termi ha’adam (Adam, mies, ihminen) ja sen esiintyminen Ensimmäisen Mooseksen kirjan kahdessa ensimmäisessä luvussa. Alkutekstiä verrattiin kreikankieliseen Septuagintaan, latinankieliseen Vulgataan, Lutherin Raamattuun, englantilaiseen King James Versioniin ja suomenkielisiin käännöksiin vuosilta 1642, 1776, 1933 ja 1992. Näistä pystyi havaitsemaan tiettyä muutosta termin kääntämisessä ja julkaistujen tutkimusten merkityksissä. Tutkielmassa tarkasteltiin myös kyseisten käännösratkaisujen merkitystä ympäröivään maailmaan. Nämä käännösratkaisut ovat pitkälti heijastelleet oman aikansa arvoja ja tapahtumia ja tämän vuoksi alkutekstiä on tulkittu eri tavoin. Näillä tulkinnoilla on kuitenkin perusteltu myös naisten alempiarvoista asemaa miehiin nähden ja puolusteltu naisten toiminnan kieltämistä kirkollisissa tilanteissa. Aikojen muuttuessa tietyt tulkinnat ovat lieventyneet, mutta vaikka käännösteksti olisikin muuttunut, jotkut tulkinnat ovat silti säilyneet, vaikka niillä ei enää kirjallista pohjaa olisikaan. Raamatunkääntäminen tuottaa edelleen käännöstieteelle paljon uusia ulottuvuuksia vaikka näiden kahden välinen suhde onkin joskus hieman ongelmallinen. Erityisesti feministiset käännöstieteilijät ovat vähitellen kiinnostuneet myös raamatunkääntämisestä ja antaneet siihen oman osansa. Raamatunkääntäminen, kuten käännöstiedekin on hyvin kukoistava ala ja antaa valtavia mahdollisuuksia erilaisten asioiden tutkimukselle. avainsanat:
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