SEXUAL ASSAULT REPORT LAW I PREVENTION I PROTECTION I ENFORCEMENT ¡TREATMENT I HEALTH Volume 16 Number 5 ISSN 1096-0155 May/June 2013 Pages 65-80

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SEXUAL ASSAULT REPORT LAW I PREVENTION i PROTECTION i ENFORCEMENT ¡TREATMENT i HEALTH Volume 16 Number 5 ISSN 1096-0155 May/June 2013 Pages 65-80

Recent Decisions Bystander Social Marketing Evidence, Campaign: Its Impact Four Weeks Later Rape Shield by Sharyn J. Potter, Ph.D., MPH and Jane G. Stapleton, M.A. Laws, and I. Introduction al., 2011 ). Further, conservative estimates of the monetary costs of one incident of DNA Testing Sexual and relationship violence are rape are $151,423. These costs include epidemic on college and university cam- by Anne L. Perry, Esq. financial losses incurred by the victim, puses, with research indicating that one in costs incurred in the justice system, and the four women will be sexually assaulted or expenses that communities are willing to the victim of an attempted assault report- Idaho Court of Appeals: pay to prevent this crime, including costs ing during their college years (Fisher, New TYial Ordered to to increase personal security, third-party Cullen & Turner, 2000; Koss & Gidycz, Allow Expert Testimony insurance costs, and government welfare 1987; Krebs, Lindquist, Warner, Fisher on Improperly Suggestive programs (DeLisi et al., 2010). & Martin, 2009; Frazier et al., 2009). Interviewing Techniques This violence is not limited to women, Even though college and university cam- The Facts. The defendant Robert however, as researchers have also found pus communities are at-risk environments Critchfield was tried on two charges that 7% of men have been the victim of for sexual and relationship violence, there is of lewd contact with a minor|and an attempted or completed sexual assault great variability in the extent to which they seven charges of sexual abuse of a while in college (Banyard et al., 2007). are working to prevent this problem (Kar- child.All of the victims, ranging in On college and university campuses the jane. Fisher & Cullen, 2005). In an effort age from nine to 14 at the time of the majority of sexual assaults are perpetrated to hold college and university administra- incidents, were interviewed by law by intimate partners or acquaintances tors accountable for the crimes occurring enforcement officers, and each later (e.g., classmates, residence hall neighbors, on their campuses, the U.S. Department testified at trial. The defense sought dates) rather than strangers (Fisher et al., of Education issued a Dear Colleague to present the testimony of an expert 2000; Koss & Harvey, 1991; Sampson, Letter (DCL) in April 2011 restating that in law enforcement techniques who 2002). Exposure to sexual and relation- Title EX of the Education Amendments of was prepared to testify that the law ship violence is a significant public health 1972 addresses sexual harassment which enforcement mterviews of the vic- problem as physical and mental health includes acts of sexual violence. The DCL tims (which were recorded) were problems (including substance use, depres- provides clear directives for colleges and improperly conducted. According sive symptoms, and symptoms of Post universities to implement education pro- to the proposed testimony, rather Traumatic Stress Disorder) are associated grams on sexual assault for incoming and than asking open-ended questions with exposure to sexual and relationship retuming students, residence hall staff, and .and following upon inconsistencies, violence (Brener, McMahon, Warren & faculty/staff members. Previous to this Dear the interviewing techniques were Douglas, 1999; Schafran, 1996; Black et improperly suggestive and often See BYSTANDER CAMPAIGN, next page called for the victim to agree with the interviewing officer, an authority figure, or with other victims, thereby possibly altering the perception and memory of a particular victim. The court excluded the testimony, con- ALSO IN THIS ISSUE cluding that because neither the recordings of ihe interviews nor tes- Book Review: Addressing Rape Reform in Law and Practice 67 timony from the officers concerning Expanding Our Understanding of Faise Reports 69 the content of the interviews were placed into evidence, the expert Book Review: Rethinking Rape Law: international and Comparative Perspectives 71 See COVRT RUUNGS, page 71 Court Decisions: Juror Excluded, Counsel Accepted 72

BYSTANDER CAMPAIGN, from page 65 Katz, 2007; Foubert & Newberry, 2006). Clarke, 2005). Yet few social marketing However, the majority of the prevention campaigns address the community mem- Colleague Letter, Title IX of the Education strategies that train and educate commu- ber's role in preventing sexual and rela- Amendments of 1972 has historically been nity members to act as bystanders have tionship violence (Potter & Perry, 2008). applied to sex equity in athletics. This Dear been in the form of in-person programs With few exceptions, evaluation of these Colleague letter reminds colleges and uni- (Potter & Banyard, 2011). Results from campaigns is limited (Potter & Perry, 2008; versities of their responsibility to respond multiple evaluations of the Bringing in the Potter, 2012; Potter, Moynihan & Staple- quickly and effectively to sexual assault Bystander ¡n-Person Prevention Program ton, 2011). Further, few social marketing complaints on their campuses. Addition- indicate that this approach to prevention campaigns assess target audience member ally, the DCL recommends that colleges is effective in increasing participants' reactions after the campaign materials are and universities provide prevention focused knowledge and attitudes regarding effec- removed. educational programs to faculty, students, tive and prosocial responses to sexual and In this paper we assess the attitudes of and staff. This education will protect stu- relationship violence. Further, participants undergraduate students exposed to a social dents from harm and insulate institutions exposed to the program report acting marketing campaign that portrays commu- from potential liability. as a prosocial bystander in situations nity members acting as prosocial bystanders Historically, sexual and relationship where sexual and relationship violence in incidents of sexual and relationship vio- violence prevention on college campuses were occurring (Banyard et al., 2007; lence for a four-week period during the 2011 has meant the presentation of in-person Moynihan, Banyard, Arnold, Eckstein & spring semester. Participant attitudes were educational programming requiring stu- Stapleton, 2010; Banyard, Moynihan compared at three points in time: prior to dent attendance, and the hiring or training & Crossman, 2009). the campaign administration; immediately of staff as facilitators. Studies of these pro- A recent approach to sexual and relation- after the campaign ended and the materials grams demonstrate mixed results regard- ship violence prevention on college and were removed; and then again four weeks ing effectiveness, especially over time university campuses utilizes social market- following this date. We assessed whether (Anderson & Whiston, 2005). Recently, ing to model bystander skills. On college campaign exposure changed the attitudes prevention programs have tried to engage and university campuses, social marketing of participants at a midsize northeastern community members in the prevention campaigns are used to educate target audi- public university and engaged them to work of sexual and relationship violence by ences on individual and community health towards reducing sexual and relationship training a community member to safely issues, including increasing one's fruit violence. We also sought to determine intervene as a bystander in situations where intake (Shive, Neyman & Morris, 2006), whether any such attitude changes persist this type of violence is occurring, has the reducing alcohol misuse (Turner, Perkins over time. potential to occur, or has already occurred & Bauerle, 2008), and increasing the use (Banyard, Moynihan & Plante, 2007; of bicycle helmets (Ludwig, Buchholz & See BYSTANDER CAMPAIGN, page 73 Sexual Assault Report Co-Editors : Sgt Joanne Arehambault (Ret) Editorial Board Kimberly A. Lonsway, Ph.D. Associate Editor: Anne L. Perry, Esq. Karen Baker, Director, Nutionul Sexual Violence Jenifer iVIarkowitz, ND, RN, WHNP-BC, SANE-A, Resource Center. Enola, PA Medical Advisor. AEquitas: The Prosecutors' Re.source Contributing Editors: Wendy J. Murphy, Esq. Victoria Banyard, Ph.D., Professor of Psychology, on Violence Against Women, Washington, DC Callie Marie Rennison, PhD. University of New Hamp.shire, Durham, NH Jessica Mindlin, J.D., Victim Rights Law Center, Elizabeth Bamhill, Executive Ditx^tor, Iowa Coalition Portland, OR Managing Editor: Lisa R. Lipman Again.st Sexuai Assault. Des Moines, IA Shirley Paceley, 1V1.A., Founder and Director. Blue Tower Editorial Director: Deborah J. Launer Susan Bazilli, LL.B., Director. International Women's Training, Macon Resoutres, Ine, Decatur IL RighLs Project, Centre for Global Studies, Lynn Hecht Schafran, Esq., Director, National Judicial Founding Editor: Joan Zorza, Esq. University of Victoria. B.C. Canada Education Program, Legal Momentum, New York, NY Publisher: Mark E. Peel Rebecca Campbell, Ph.D., Professor, Michigan State Lacey M. Sloan, Ph.D., MSSW, As.sociate Professor, University East Lansing. Ml College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, New York, NY Juley Fulcher, J.D., Ph.D., Director of Policy Program.s, Cassandra Thomas, Senior Vice President, Houston Sexual Assault Repon is published biniomhly by Civic Rescarcb Inslilule, Inc.. Break the Cycle, Washington, DC 4478 U.S. Route 27. l>. O. Box 585. Kingston. NJ 08528. l-cricdicals postage Area Women's Center, Houston, TX paid at Kingston, NJ and at additional tiiailitig olTtce. (USI« 016-794) Sub- Michelle M. Garcia, Director, Stalking Resource Michael Weaver, M.D., FACEP, Medical Director, scnptiuns: $ 165 per year plus postage and hattdlitig in the United .States atid Center, National Center for Victims of Crime, Forensic Care Program & V.P. Clinical Diversity, Catiada $30 additional per year eLsL-whete.\taI. I6No. 5. May/June 2013. Washington, DC Copyright © 2013 by Civie Re.scan:h Institute. Ine. AH rights rcseived. St, Luke's Health Sy.stem, Kansas City MO Unaudiorinxl copyitig expressly proliiWtcd. TOSTMASriiR: Send addrc.« William M. Green, M.D., FACEP, Director, Sexual Joan Zorza, Esq., Founding Editor, Sexual Assault cliatiges to Civie Research Institute. itK.. P.O. Box 585. Kingston. NJ 08528. Assitult Forensic Medical Education Program, Califomia Sexual Assault Repon is a registered tnideniari; owned by Civie Research RepotT, Founding Editor, Domestic Vtolence Report, Institute. \vc.. and tnay not be used without cxpnxss permis.sion. Clinical Eorensic Medical Training Center. UC Davis Wa.shington, DC 'Ute inromtalion in this publication is not intended to replace the services of Health System, Sacramento, CA a trained legal or health professiortal. Neidter the editor, nor the contributotTi. nor Civie Research Institute, Ine. is engaged in rendering legal, psyehologi- Trudy M. Gregorie, Senior Director, Justice Solutions, cal, health or other pn)re.ssional serviees. 'nie editors, die eontributotî and Wa.shington, DC Civic R&sean:h Institute, Inc. .speeirically disclaim any liability, loss or risk, perenal or otherwise, which is incurred as a consequcttce, directly or indi, David Lisak, Ph.D., Associate Profe,ssor of Psychology, reetly, of the use and application of any of the contetits of this publication. University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA Jennifer G. Long, J.D., Director, AEquitas: The AfTiliations showti for identification putposes only. Opinions Far infonnaiinn on suííscríbins or other service questions contact cus- Pro.secutors' Resource on Violence Against Women, expre.ssed do not necessarily œflect ihe position.s or policie.s of a tomer service: (609) 683-4450 or [email protected] Washington, DC writer's agency or a-ssociation.

BYSTANDER CAMPAIGN, from page 66 the unique social context of that particular at a college party. The students realize that community or we edit the existing images to one of their friends has gone upstairs with reflect the needs of the new locations. the man with whom she was playing "beer Campaign Development pong." The friends identify the situation and The Know Your Power Bystander Social Description of Campaign Images discuss how they will prevent their friend Marketing Campaign was originally devel- The campaign scenarios utilize place, from being sexually assaulted. The first oped by a working group of university faculty, context, and language familiar to target friend says, "I just saw Joe take Anna into staff, and students who received grant funds audience members (Potter, 2012; Potter et his room. She is wasted." The second friend from the Office on Violence Against Women, al., 2011 ; Potter & Stapleton, 2011 ). During states, "Joe got her drunk when they were U.S. Department of Justice, to design a cam- the specific campaign administration we playing Beirut (beer pong)." The third friend paign to address violence against women on describe in this paper, we used the eight states, "Let's go check on her. If he does college and university campuses (see Potter, campaign images where the actors in the something when she's drunk, that's rape." Stapleton & Moynihan, 2008). The original images model active bystander behaviors, This scenario highlights how bystanders can campaign had four images that portrayed safely intervening before, during, or after intervene when a potential perpetrator tries to members of the college community safely the occurrence of sexual and relationship use alcohol to facilitate an unwanted sexual intervening when their friends and/or peers violence. The content of each image is experience. The tagl ine for this image read as are at risk for sexual or relationship violence, compatible with a campaign designed to "Friends watch out for one another... Espe- during and añer an incident of sexual and educate students about the continuum of cially when there is alcohol involved." relationship violence. Over the past eight violence and aimed at reducing sexual and Finally, the campaign images address years the campaign has grown and there are relationship violence on campus. Of the how bystanders can intervene following now 22 images that address the continuum eight campaign images that were utilized an incident of relationship violence. Two of sexual and relationship violence, includ- during the spring 2011 semester, three friends are sitting in a residence hall study ing glorifying sexual violence and cyber- images modeled bystanders intervening room when one friend notices that their stalking. Four of the images address sexual prior to the occurrence of an incident of friend's ex-boyfriend has been posting and relationship violence in the lesbian, gay, sexual and relationship violence. In two of naked pictures of her on the Internet. The and bisexual community (Potter, Fountain the eight images, friends are strategizing on first friend says, "Look at this. Right after & Stapleton, 2012). When a campaign is administered in a new location, a total of four to eight images are selected from the 22; then, either the text on the images is One campaign tag line: "Friends don't changed to reflect the new campus context or the images are reshot using local actors, let friends use alcohol to commit a crime.' locations, and other details to ensure that they are immediately identifiable as reflecting the specific campus context. how to stop violence that is occurring, and Kyle and Angela broke up he posted photos in three of the eight images, bystanders are of them having sex that have gone viral." We include our target audience members helping a friend or defining an incident that The second friend realizes that their friend (undergraduate students) in all aspects of has occurred as sexual violence. needs support and says, "I heard he used a development, design, and administration of For instance, in one of the three images hidden camera to take the pictures. I'm wor- the campaign (Potter, Moynihan & Staple- that focus on the role of the bystander ried about her. Let's see if she is okay." The ton, 2011 ; Potter & Stapleton, 2011 ). Ideas before the occurrence of sexual violence, tag line on this image states: "Using hidden for the specific image scenarios to be used in three young men are shown in the parking cameras is a crime and will be prosecuted the campaign are obtained during facilitated lot of a local convenience store discussing to the full extent of the law." focus groups with 15-20 members of the plans for their party later that night. The target audience (Potter & Stapleton, 2011 ). first friend states, "I'll get the beer." The Campaign Administration During the image development phase, second friend volunteers to watch over Campaign dissemination included five university faculty, staff, and students in the the party, saying: "I've got a 9:00 a.m. mid- distinct components. First, eight campaign working group facilitate focus groups and term tomorrow morning. I won't drink. I'll images were printed on 11 x 17 posters and meet on a bi-weekly basis for three months make sure the guys stay in line." The third then four posters (each with one campaign to devise image scenarios and scene details, friend acknowledges the appropriateness of image) were posted near each other in clusters as well as identify and define the bystander's his friend's offer when he states, "Good call. in 366 posting locations in all campus aca- role. Faculty facilitators and students work We don't want a repeat of the rape that hap- demic, administration, recreation, residence together to determine the staging location, pened last year." In addition to the campaign buildings, and surrounding local businesses. actor "costumes," and the other setting slogan ("Know Your Power, Step in. Speak For instance, posters were hung on the back details for the photo shoot. After the loca- Up, You Can Make a Difference"), there of the bathroom stall doors in residence halls tions and photographer are secured, the is a tag line with advice to bystanders that with common restroom facilities. In univer- scenarios are photographed with target is specific to each image. The tag line in this sity apartments, posters were hung in elevator audience members serving as actors, direc- image states, "Friends don't let friends use lobbies and common study areas. Two times tors, and photographic assistants (Potter & alcohol to commit a crime." per week during the campaign period, student Stapleton, 2011). When the campaign is In one of the two images that model assistants used posting location sheets to launched in a new location, we follow these bystander behavior when sexual violence is steps to create new images that will reflect occurring, we highlight three students talking See BYSTANDER CAMPAIGN, next page

BYSTANDER CAMPAIGN, from page 73 to campaign administration, we sent all outcome variables, but there were none, so undergraduate students an e-mail inviting it was not included as a covariate in any of them to complete three 5-7 minute online the subsequent statistical tests. make sure that the postéis were in place and surveys focused on a cotnmunity problem. Rape Myth Scale. The Revised Illinois replaced missing and vandalized posters. Sec- Participants who completed the first survey Rape Myth Scale (McMahon, 2010) is a ond, campaign images were enla!;ged to fit on and gave us permission to recontact them 19-item Likert scale developed to assess par- sides of buses that regularly circled through were e-mailed the link to a second survey ticipants' endorsement of a variety of com- campus. Third, the large screen spaces locat- immediately following the four-week admin- mon myths about sexual assault. The Revised ed outside student dining areas displayed istration of the campaign. Those students Illinois Rape Myth Scale assesses participants campaign images and the 600+ university who completed the first and second surveys acceptance of rape myths using slightly dif- cluster computers rotated screen size cam- and gave us permission to recontact them ferent language than the original scale {e.g., paign images that students viewed each time were sent a link to the third survey five "girls" and "guys" rather than "men" and they logged on. Fourth, products displaying weeks after the administration of the second "women"), and it includes 19 items rather the campaign website and logo {e.g., water survey. Participants created a unique code than the 45 items on the long version of the bottles, highlighter pens. Frisbees, bookmarks for purposes of linking the three surveys scale (Payne, Lonsway & Fitzgerald, 1999). with campaign images) were distributed together. In exchange for their participation The scale can provide educators and program in high-traffic areas, including student and in the research, students were offered two facilitators with a baseline understanding of athletic centers as well as dining areas. Fifth, opportunities to win cash prizes. Following undergraduate students' acceptance of com- bookmarks with campaign images were the completion of the post-test, participants monly held myths regarding sexual assault. distributed in all university libraries and were entered into a lottery drawing to win Two examples of questions in the scale bookstores. one of five $100 cash prizes. Participants include, "When girls go to parties wearing Previous Evaluations were then entered into a drawing to win one slutty clothes, they are asking for trouble" of two $250 cash prizes after they completed and"Ifaguy is drunk, he might rape someone Preliminary evaluation of the Know Your the four-week follow-up test. unintentionally." Participants circle a number Power Bystander Social Marketing Cam- from 1-5, with a value of 1 representing paign has been found to increase target Response Rate strongly agree and 5 representing strongly audience members' awareness regarding Thirteen hundred students completed the disagree. If the scale is used in a pretest and sexual and relationship violence and stalk- pretest that was administered two weeks post-test it can also be used as one measure ing, increased willingness to get involved in prior to the administration of the cam- in determining whether an educational inter- reducing violence, and increased likelihood paign, 585 students completed the post- vention may be an effective tool in changing to act as an active bystander in a situation test that was administered immediately participant attitudes. Cronbach's alpha in the where sexual and relationship violence is following the four-week administration of current study was .92. about to occur, is occurring, or has occurred the campaign, and 360 students completed Action Stages of Change Bystander (Potter, Moynihan, Stapleton & Banyard, the follow-up test that was administered five Behavior Scale. The eight questions on this 2009; Potter, Stapleton & Moynihan, 2008; weeks following the administration of the Potter, 2012). Further, participants who report scale assess whether or not participants have campaign. Two hundred thirty-six students seeing the campaign images once a day or taken action to prevent sexual and relation- completed a survey at each of the three more, show a higher intemalization of the ship violence (Potter et al., 2011 ; Banyard, evaluation points. In this analysis we utilize campaign message compared to participants Eckstein & Moynihan, 2010). The four the merged data for these participants. who see the campaign less than once a day. relationship violence items on the action subscale are (1) "I have recently attended In other words, a higher campaign "dose" Measures is associated with participants' increased a program about intimate partner abuse," awareness regarding the problems of sexual Outcomes included the Revised Illinois (2) "I am actively involved in projects to and relationship violence and a greater will- Rape Myth Scale (McMahon, 2010) and the deal with intimate partner abuse on cam- ingness to work to reduce this problem Action Stages of Change Bystander Behav- pus," (3) "I have recently taken part in (Potter, 2012; Potter et al., 2011; Potter & ior Scale (Potter et al., 2011 ; Banyard, Eck- activities or volunteered my time on projects Stapleton, 2011). Students who report that stein & Moynihan, 2010). The post-test also focused on ending intimate partner abuse the actors in the images look like themselves included the widely used, shortened version on campus," and (4) "I have been or am or the people they spend time with exhibit a of the Social Desirability Scale (SDS) currently involved in ongoing efforts to end greater willingness to intervene than those (Strahan & Gerbasi, 1972) to determine if intimate partner abuse on campus." Higher who do not report "seeing themselves" in participants were providing answers they scores indicate a greater likelihood that the the images (Potter et al., 2011). thought were "correct" rather than answers participant has taken action to prevent sex- based on their experiences and attitudes. ual and relationship violence. Cronbach's n. Methods The scale includes a series of 10 true/false alpha was .94 in the present sample. questions that assess respondents' attitudes Research Design and traits. Two examples of questions on m. Results In this study, we set out to examine wheth- this scale are: "I never hesitate to go out of Participants er attitude change persists after the campaign my way to help someone in trouble," and "I The average age of the participants was ends and participants are no longer regularly am sometimes irritated by people who ask 19.9, and they had been enrolled in the exposed to the campaign materials and mes- favors of me." The measure was included university for an average of 4.5 semesters. sages. To accomplish this, we evaluated the to test whether there were any significant campaign in three stages. Two weeks prior correlations between the SDS and any of the See BYSTANDER CAMPAIGN, next page

BYSTANDER CAMPAIGN, from page 74 Illinois Rape Myth Scale and Û\e Action Stag- time-by-sex, time-by class, time-by dosage es of Change Bystander Behavior at three or time-by product receipt interacfions. Par- First year students comprised 24% of the times: pretest, post-test, and follow-up. ticipants who indicated that they found the sample, sophomores accounted for 26%, In the MANOVA analysis, we found images realistic had significant changes in juniors represented 32%, and seniors were an overall significant main effect for time their scores on both the revised Illinois Rape 18%. Ninety-two percent of the students (^4,236 = 2.90, p < .05, Wilks' X, = .951, Myth Scale and the Action Stages of Change identified as white, and 77% lived in uni- partial ri-^ = .05) and for class standing, measure over time compared to participants versity housing (with 63% in residence which contrasted first year students and who disagreed or were undecided. halls and 14% in university apartments. An sophomores with juniors and seniors Table 1 displays means and standard additional 23% resided in off-campus hous- (^2,236 "^ 7.21, /? < .001, Wilks' X = .941, deviations for outcome measures by inde- ing. Only 20% of the participants reported partial ri'^ - .06). However, no main effects pendent variables at three time points. previously participating in a campus pro- were found for the other variables that we Univariate analyses yielded a significant gram aimed at preventing violence on measured, including perceived realism difference in the rape myth scales scores campus. Comparing sample demographics of campaign materials and participant across the three time periods (pretest, to university statistics, we found the sample exposure. Exposure was assessed by how post-test, four-week follow-up) for partici- to be generally representative of the larger often the participants reported seeing the pants who identified as both underclass (first population with the exception of the sample campaign images {e.g., more than once a year and sophomore) and upper class (junior having more women (78% versus 55%). day or once a day or less) and whether or and senior) (^2235 = 3.15, p < .05, partial not the participants received a product with ri^ = .02). In other words, both of these student Multivariate Analysis the Know Your Power campaign logo. There groups had a reduced rape myth scale score We calculated a repeated-measures mul- was a significant time-by-realistic scenario following their exposure to the campaign. tivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) interaction (/^4 236 = 4.26, p < .01, Wilks' Further, participants who reported that cam- to compare participant scores on the revised A,= .930, partial Ti2 = .07), but no significant paign images were realisfic had significant

TABLE 1: Sample Size, Means, and Standard Deviations for Outcome Measures by Group and Time Across Three Data Coliection Times (N =236) Sample Size Rape Myth Scale Score' Action Stage of Change Scale Score"" All Participants Pretest Post-test Follow-up Pretest Post-test FoUow-up N % M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD Sex

Female 185 78 1.82 .62 1.74 .63 1.70 .67 12.51 6.43 12.96 6.89 13.07 7.05 Male 51 22 2.04 .59 1.99 .72 1.99 .73 11.63 6.04 11.49 5.27 11.79 5.57 Class Underclass: first or 118 36 1.72 .56 1.67 .60 1.66 .64 11.98 6.37 12.17 second year student 6.35 12.13 6.23 Upperclass: ttiird or 118 36 2.01 .65 1.93 .69 1.86 .73 12.82 6.43 forth year student 13.11 6.79 13.49 7.16 Campaign dosage Saw campaign images 129 55 1.84 .64 1.79 .68 1.74 13.29 more than once a day .70 6.91 13.22 7.13 13.53 7.33 Saw campaign images 107 45 1.89 .60 1.81 .64 1.78 11.27 oncea day or less .69 5.49 11.80 5.67 11.83 5.80 Received at least one cannpaign product

No 120 51 1.89 .58 1.84 .64 1.78 .68 11.69 5.60 12.00 5.82 12.79 6.09 Yes 116 49 1.85 .66 1.75 .68 1.74 .70 13.10 7.07 13.28 7.23 12.82 7.35 Realistic campaign Images^

Agree 108 46 1.80 .55 1.75 .56 1.64 .56 12.56 6.63 13.66 7.13 13.16 6.83 Disagree/undecided" 128 54 1.92 .68 1.84 .74 1.86 .77 12.21 6.17 11.65 5.86 12.45 6.62 " A decrease in the Rape Myth Scale Score indicates participants are less accepting of rape myths. " An increase in the Action Stage of Change Scale Score indicates that participants report taking action to reduce sexual and relationship violence. •= Agreed with the following statement: The images depict realistic situations. " Participants who agreed with the statennent were compared to participants who disagreed or were undecided.

See BYSTANDER CAMPAIGN, next page

BYSTANDER CAMPAIGN, from page 75 campus-wide and designed to permeate the Banyard, V. L., Eckstein, R. P. & Moynihan, iVl. campus, it was difficult to find undergradu- M. (2010). Sexual violence prevention: The role of stages of change. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, ates who were not exposed and could serve differences in their scores on the rape myth 25, 111-135. as a control group. A replicationo f this study scale (^2 236 = 4.00, p < .05, partial TI^ = .02) Banyard, V. L., iVloynihan, M. M. & Crossman, M. could utilize at least two campuses with sim- and action stages of change scale {F.^. 236 ~ ^•^^' T. (2009). Reducing sexual violence on campus: ilar population demographics. Further, like p < .05, partial ri'^ = .01) scores. The par- The role of student leaders as empowered bystand- most research that examines attitude change ers. Journal of College Student Development, 50, ticipants who indicated that the images were we relied on participants' assessment of 446^57. realistic showed lower rape myth scale scores their own attitudes and changes in attitudes. Banyard, V. L., Moynihan, M. M. & Plante, E. between the pretest and post-test and a further However, the lack of significant results from G. (2007). Sexual violence prevention through decrease in rape myth scale scores between bystander education: An experimental evalu- the Social Desirability Scale addresses this the post-test and four-week follow-up. This ation. Journal of Community Psychology, 35, concern to some extent by suggesting that suggests that their acceptance of rape myths 463-481. participants provided insights based on their decreased following exposure to the cam- Banyard, V. L., Ward, S., Cohn, E. S., Plante, E. actual perceptions and experiences rather paign, and the effect lasted at least four weeks G., Moorhead, C. & Walsh, W. (2007). Unwanted than trying to give the "correct answers." sexual contact on campus: A comparison of wom- following the removal of the campaign. A en's and men's experiences. Violence and Victims, similar finding was seen for the action stages V. Conclusion 22, 53-71. of change scale where participants exposed Black, M. C, Basile, K. C, Breiding, M. J., Smith, to the campaign reported an increase in the The positive impact of the program is S. G., Walters, M. L., Merrick, M. T., Chen, J. actions they had taken to reduce sexual and particularly encouraging given its mod- & Stevens, M. R. (2011). The National Intimate relationship violence on their campus. A large est cost; the total cost for the four-week Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 Summary Report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for increase was seen between the pretest and period of the social marketing campaign Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease post-test period, and some of this increase was approximately $15,000. This included Control and Prevention. Brener, N. D., McMahon, R M., Warren, C. W. & Douglas, K. A. (1999). Forced sexual intercourse Results indicate that social marketing can indeed change and associated health-risk behaviors among female college students in the United States. Journal of undergraduate students' attitudes. Further research is Consulting Clinical Psychology, 67, 252-259. DeLisi, M., Kosloski, A., Sween, M., Hachmeister, needed to examine how long exposure effects last. E., Moore, M. & Drury, A. (2010). Murder by numbers: Monetary costs imposed by a sample of homicide offenders. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry remained through the follow-up period. poster printing, bus image printing and & Psychology, 21, 50\-5n. Again, this suggests that exposure to the set-up, product costs, student labor, and Fisher, B., Cullen, F. & Turner, M. (2000). The campaign can increase participants' actions to cash prizes for the lottery drawing for .sexual victimization of college women: Findings reduce sexual and relationship violence. research participants. Image production from two national-level studies. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice and Bureau of Justice was completed on a minimal budget as uni- Statistics. rv. Discussion versity photographers and graphic artists were employed. Students served as actors, Foubert, J. D. & Newberry, J. T. (2006). Effects of To our knowledge, this is the first time two versions of an empathy-based rape prevention that a sexual and relationship violence directors, and photographic assistants. An program on fraternity men's survivor empathy, prevention social marketing campaign has outside graphic design firm worked with attitudes, and behavioral intent to commit rape or been evaluated at two post-administration researchers to design the original image sexual assault. Journal of College Student Develop- ment, 47, 133-148. time points. Results indicate that social frame. Clearly, the $15,000 price tag for marketing can indeed change undet^graduate the saturation of a campus with 12,000 Frazier, P., Anders, S., Perera, S., Tomich, P., Ten- nen, H., Park, C. & Tashiro T. (2009). Traumatic students' attitudes. The significant effects undergraduate students for a four-week period represents only a fraction of the events among undergraduate students: Prevalence for participant attitudes (as exhibited by the and associated symptoms. Journal of Counseling reduction of their acceptance of common mental, social and physical health costs Psychology, 56, 450-460. (including lost work and schooling) that rape myths) indicate that social marketing Karjane, H. M., Fisher, B. S. & Cullen, F. T (2005). campaigns can change attitudes. Further, are incurred by victims of sexual and rela- Sexual assault on campus: What colleges and participant reports of increased bystander tionship violence. With benefits including universities are doing about it. Washington, D.C.: behaviors for participants who described the reduction of participants' acceptance of National Institute of Justice (NO 205521). the campaign images as realistic further common rape myths and an increase in the Katz, J. (2007). Mentors in violence prevention: supports the practice of engaging target actions taken to prevent such violence, it History and overview. Available at: http://www. jacksonkatz.com/aboutmvp. htm I. audience members in the creation of social is clear that the modest cost of such social marketing campaigns to reduce sexual and marketing efforts are worthwhile. We Koss, M. & Harvey, M. (1991). The rape victim: believe they should be replicated on other Clinical and community interventions. Newbury relationship violence. While we found that Park, CA: Sage Publications. changes were maintained five weeks follow- college and university campuses. Koss, M. P., Gidycz, C. A. & Wisniewski, N. ing exposure, further research is needed to (1987). The scope of rape: Incidence and preva- examine how long exposure effects last. References lence of sexual aggression and victimization in One limitation of our study was the Anderson, L. A. & Whiston, S. C. (2005). Sexual assault education programs: A meta-analytic exami- lack of opportunity to include a control nation of their effectiveness. group. Since the campaign was administered Quarterly, 29, 374-388. 5ee BYSTANDER CAMPAIGN, next page

BYSTANDER CAMPAIGN, from page 76 Potter, S. J. & Perry, B. (2008). Incorporating Sharyn J. Potter, Ph.D., MPH, is an associate Evaluation Into Media Campaign Design. National Online Resource Center on Violence Against professor in the Department of Sociology and Co- a national sample of higher education students. Women (VAWnet). Available at http://www.vawnet. Director of Prevention Imwvations, Research and Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, org/Assoc_Files_VAWnet/AR_EvalMediaCam- Practices for Ending Violence Against Women on 55, 162-170. paign.pdf Campus, a re.iearch and development unit at the Univeriity of New Hampshire. Dr Potter received her Krebs, C. P., Lindquist, C. H., Warner,T. A.. Fisher, Potter, S. J. & Stapleton, J. G. (2011). Bringing in B. S. & Martin, S. L. (2009). College women's the target audience in bystander social marketing doctoral degree in medical sociology and her ma.i- experiences with physically forced, alcohol or drug- materials for communities: Suggestions for practi- ters degree in public health from Emory University. enabled, and drug-facilitated sexual assault before tioners. Violence Against Women, 17, 797-812. Dr Potter co-lead's the development, dissemination and since entering college. Journal of American and evaluation of the Know Your Power'^ By.stander College Health, 57, 639-47. Potter S. J., Moynihan, M. M., Stapleton, J. G. & Social Marketing Campaign that raises awarene.ts Banyard, V. L. (2009). Empowering bystanders to Ludwig, T. D., Buchholz, C. & Clarke, S. W. prevent campus violence against women. Violence regarding the problem of.iexual violence and modeLi (2005). Using social marketing to increase the use Agaiwit Women, 15, 106-121. prosocial behaviors that target audience members of helmets among bicyclists. Joumal of American can use in situatioiii where sexual and relatioivihip Potter, S. J., Stapleton, J. G. & Moynihan, M. M. College Health, 54, 5\-58. violence and .stalking are occurring, have occurred, (2008). Designing, implementing, and evaluating McMahon, S. (2010). Rape myth beliefs and a media campaign illustrating the bystander role. or have the potential to occur. The Know Your bystander attitudes among incoming college stu- Joumal of Prevention & Intervention in the Com- Power"^ Bystander Social Marketing Campaign has dents. Journal of American College Health, 59, munity, 36, 39-55. received funding from a variety of.wurces, including 3-11. the Department ofJwitice, Centers for Di.<:ease Con- Sampson, R. (2002). Acquaintance Rape of College Moynihan, M. M., Banyard, V. L., Arnold, J. trol and Prevention, and the Department ofDefeivie. Students. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of S., Eckstein, R. P. & Stapleton, J. G. (2010). Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing She can be reached at [email protected]. Engaging intercollegiate athletes in preventing Services. and intervening in sexual and intimate partner Jane Stapleton, M.A., Co-Director of Prevention violence. Journal of American College Health, Schafran, L. H. ( 1996). Topics for our times: Rape Innovations Re.search and Practices for Ending 59, 197-204. is a major public issue. American Joumal of Public Violence Again.

COURT RUUNGS, from page 71 The trial court denied the State's pretrial sexual conduct except in five narrowly motion to preclude the statements about the described circumstances. It was conceded Arizona Court of Appeals: victim's prior sexual conduct. The trial court that the offered evidence did not fall into Rape Shield Statute Precluded found that the evidence was not prohibited any of the five exceptions and was thus pro- Evidence of Victim's Prior by Arizona's rape shield law, as the evi- hibited by the plain language of the statute. Sexual Conduct Absent dence was relevant to the theory of defense The appellate court expressly disagreed Violation of Defendant's and supported by the defendant's right to with the trial court rationale since any evi- Constitutional Rights confrontation. The trial court reasoned that dence that goes to an element of the offense "the rape shield law was not designed to would be relevant, but the rape shield statute The Facts. The 38 year old defendant was protect against the defendant from being would nonetheless apply. charged with four counts of sexual conduct able to raise a theory of defense that goes IVial Court Should Have Engaged in with a 15 year old minor The defendant sought to an element of the offense." Balancing to Determine Whether Statute to introduce the victim's statement to him that The State sought relief from the trial Was Constitutionally Applied. The court the victim had engaged in oral sex with two court's pretrial order permitting testimony at next considered the constitutionality of other individuals. The defendant ai^ued that trial of the victim's prior sexual conduct. the statute as applied to the evidence the this evidence was admissible because it spoke Evidence Precluded by Plain Lan- defendant sought to admit. While the rape to his belief that the victim was 18 or older guage of Rape Shield Law. The Court shield statute was previously found constitu- The defendant also argued that the rape shield of Appeals of Arizona examined the plain tional on its face, there may be cases where statute was unconstitutional as applied to the language of the rape shield statute which evidence he sought to admit. precludes evidence of the victim's prior See COURT RUUNGS, next page

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