Chemical Control of Landscape Pests Plant May Be of No Concern to the Homeowner

Home , Beech blight aphid, Cyantraniliprole, Gladiolus, Isaria fumosorosea

sharing a common name may cause several types of damage to landscape plants, so be sure to make sure that you select the table that best fits the damage type. Note that in some cases, damage to a Chemical Control of Landscape Pests plant may be of no concern to the homeowner. Home landscape products are those pesticides that can be purchased Michael R. Bush at local retail stores and can be used without a pesticide license. These products are listed by active ingredient; products based Latest revision—March 2021 Latest revision on the same active ingredient may be comparable and effective. Restricted-use products may be used only by applicators with the How to use these tables Choose from the five general types of appropriate pesticide license. For all products, the applicator must insect and mite damage to landscape plants. Scan through the review the pesticide label as some products may negatively impact column on the left to find the general group of insect/mite identified some species of ornamental plants and some products may only be causing this damage. Then follow the table from left to right to find applied to specific areas within the home landscape. In the case of monitoring, scouting and pesticide management strategies. Biology any discrepancy between these recommendations and the product and management recommendations are provided for specific label, ALWAYS follow the product label. Remember pollinators, such plant pests are listed is the following section of Hosts and Pests as honey bees, are often susceptible to insecticide products. Unless of Landscape Plants. Common pest names often refer to multiple otherwise specified on the label, DO NOT spray insecticides on species, and taxonomic groupings, so examples of the species plants (including weeds as well as garden crops) that are in bloom. covered under each common name are provided. Occasionally pests

Table 1. Plant damage by sucking pests

This damage type is caused by pests that insert piercing-sucking mouthparts into the above ground plant tissues including stems, buds, petioles, needles and leaves. Often this damage results in plant surface stickiness from honeydew production, surface discoloration (sooty mold, tar spots), low plant vigor, canopy yellowing, leaf stippling, premature leaf drop, leaf and shoot distortion and overall plant stunting. A few of these pests can vector plant diseases.

Target pest examples Monitoring & scouting strategies Home landscape Restricted-use chemical products chemical products

Adelgid Monitor the crawler stage with double-sided tape. clothianidin abamectin (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) Best spray timing is early spring or near bud break. dinotefuran acephate includes: esfenvalerate acetamiprid Balsam woolly adelgid Most products are contact insecticides and thorough fluvalinate azadirachtin Hemlock woolly adelgid coverage is essential. horticultural oilsO carbaryl Pine bark adelgid Systemic products (circulated within the plant’s imidacloprid chlorpyrifos O vascular system) are better suited for tall trees and insecticidal soap cyantraniliprole O shrubs. pyrethrins spirotetramat pyrethroids P thiamethoxam spinosadO

Aphid Timing critical as many species have complex life acetamiprid abamectin (Hemiptera: Aphididae) cycles that alternate between asexual & sexual azadirachtinO acephate includes: reproduction as well as summer and winter plant Beauveria bassianaO bifenazate Alder aphid hosts. carbaryl chlorantraniliprole Apple aphid Adults, nymphs and winged adults found on clothianidin chlorpyrifos Bamboo aphid succulent plant tissues. esfenvalerate cyantraniliprole Beech blight aphid fluvalinate diazinon Black cherry aphid Monitor winged adults with yellow sticky traps. horticultural oils O dimethoate Black citrus aphid Scout landscape plants for honeydew and sooty imidacloprid dinotefuran O Common birch aphid mold. insecticidal soaps fenpropathrin Foxglove aphid kaolin clay O flupyradifurone Geranium aphid Dormant applications of horticultural oils are malathion Isaria fumosorosea Giant conifer aphid effective on managing the non-mobile life stages. pyrethrins O lime sulfur/ calcium Giant willow aphid Target the rapidly-increasing aphid populations early pyrethroids P polysulfide O Hop aphid in the growing season, before leaves curl about and spinosad O methiocarb Leafcurl ash aphid protect aphids from sprays. pyridaben Norway maple aphid pyriproxyfen Most products are contact and thorough coverage is Pine aphid spirotetramat essential. Potato aphid thiamethoxam Rhododendron aphid Systemic products (circulated within the plant’s tolfenpyrad Rose aphid vascular system) are better suited for tall trees and Sycamore aphid shrubs.

PNW Insect Management Handbook F85 Target pest examples Monitoring & scouting strategies Home landscape Restricted-use chemical products chemical products

Lace Bug Scout landscape plants for yellow leaf stippling azadirachtin acephate Beauveria bassiana (Hemiptera: Tingidae) Check underside of stippled leaves for varnish-like carbaryl includes: tar spots, and lace bugs. clothianidin chlorpyrifos Azalea lace bug dinotefuran dimethoate Rhododendron lace bug Damage is most pronounced early to mid-July. esfenvalerate fenpropathrin Most products are contact and thorough coverage fluvalinate flupyradifurone O on the underside of foliage is essential. horticultural oils thiamethoxam imidacloprid insecticidal soap O malathion pyrethrins O pyrethroids P spinosad O

Leafhopper Scout for leaf stippling, honeydew, and tar spots. acetamiprid acephate O (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Monitor adults with yellow sticky traps. azadirachtin buprofezin includes: Beauveria bassianaO chlorpyrifos Rose leafhopper Monitor nymphs with double-sided tape wrapped carbaryl dimethoate around branches or twigs. clothianidin diazinon Most products are contact and thorough coverage is dinotefuran fenpropathrin essential. esfenvalerate flupyradifurone fluvalinate phosmet Systemic products (circulated within the plant’s horticultural oils O pyridaben vascular system) are better suited for tall trees and imidacloprid spirotetramat shrubs. insecticidal soap O thiamethoxam kaolin clay O tolfenpyrad malathion pyrethrins pyrethroids P spinosad O

Mealybug Scout for mealybugs; they may be covered with acetamiprid acephate (Hemiptera: powdery wax. azadirachtin O buprofezin Beauveria bassianaO Pseudococcidae) Examine narrow branch angles, leaf petioles, bud chlorpyrifos includes: scars for mealybugs. carbaryl clothianidin Grape mealybug esfenvalerate dimethoate Mealybugs and psyllids produce of honeydew as fluvalinate dinotefuran Psyllid well as crystallized honeydew. horticultural oils O flupyradifurone (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Psyllids may cause gall-like structures and leaf imidacloprid Isaria fumosorosea O includes: distortion on some plant species. insecticidal soap Boxwood psyllid kaolin clay O Monitor adult psyllids with yellow sticky traps. malathion Phylloxera Best controlled early in the season, to prevent pyrethrins O (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae) populations explosions later in the season. pyrethroids P includes: spinosad O Scout for phylloxera and the damage they cause Oak phylloxera (yellow spots on leaves) in the spring and early summer. Dormant applications of horticultural oils are effective on managing the non-motile life stages. Most products are contact and thorough coverage is essential. Some products are systemic and are better suited for tall trees and shrubs.

F86 PNW Insect Management Handbook Target pest examples Monitoring & scouting strategies Home landscape Restricted-use chemical products chemical products

Scale Insect Scout for non-mobile stages concealed beneath acetamiprid abamectin (Hemiptera: Coccidae) bumps, cotton balls, barnacles, oyster shells. azadirachtin O acephate includes: Double-sided tape, adhesive barriers intercept carbaryl buprofezin Brown soft scale mobile crawler stage. clothianidin chlorpyrifos Cottony cushion scale dinotefuran Chromobacterium European fruit lecanium Mobile stages include the newly hatched crawler fenvalerate subtsugae Sycamore scale stage. fluvalinate cyantraniliprole O Pesticide applications timed to target mobile crawler horticultural oils diazinon (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) stage. imidacloprid dimethoate includes: insecticidal soap O flupyradifurone Black pine leaf scale Most products are contact and thorough coverage is malathion lime sulfur/ calcium Holly scale essential. pyrethrins O polysulfide O Juniper scale Some products are systemic and are better suited pyrethroids P pyriproxyfen Pine needle scale for tall trees and shrubs. spinosad O spirotetramat Oystershell scale thiamethoxam tolfenpyrad Eriococcidae includes: Azalea bark scale European elm scale

Spider mite Scout for mite feeding damage to the plant foliage; azadirachtin O abamectin (Trombidiformes: damage includes leaf stippling, leaf bronzing and carbaryl acephate Tetranychidae) premature leaf drop. fenvalerate acequinocyl includes: fluvalinate Beauveria bassiana O Often a 10- to 20X hand lens is needed to see these O Bamboo spider mite mite pests that are often on the underside of the horticultural oils bifenazate Brown mite leaf along the midrib. imidacloprid chlorfenapyr Boxwood spider mite insecticidal soap O chlorpyrifos Citrus red mite Spider mite webbing may also be detected along the malathion clofentezine European red mite leaf midrib. pyrethrins cyflumetofen P Spruce spider mite Many of these products are contact insecticides that pyrethroids diazinon O Two-spotted spider mite target mobile mite stages. spinosad dimethoate False spider mite sulfur O emamectin benzoate Thorough plant coverage with the spray is key to etoxazole success and often two or more applications may be fenbutatin-oxide necessary. fenpropathrin Horticultural oils and some insecticides target mite fenpyroximate eggs. hexythiazox Isaria fumosorosea O lime sulfur/ calcium polysulfide O milbemectin propargite pyridaben spiromesifen spirotetramat

PNW Insect Management Handbook F87 Target pest examples Monitoring & scouting strategies Home landscape Restricted-use chemical products chemical products

Thrips Scout the newest tissues of landscape plants for acetamiprid abamectin (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) thrips damage, which appears as plant rasping azadirachtin O acephate includes: that discolors the surface leaving minute white or Beauveria bassianaO bifenazate Gladiolus thrips ghosting spots. carbaryl chlorfenapyr Western flower thrips Tap or beat these plant tissues over a dark flat clothianidin chlorpyrifos surface to reveal tiny, thin insects that quickly fly or esfenvalerate cyantraniliprole run to escape. fluvalinate diazinon horticultural oils O dimethoate The presence of tar spots (frass) may also serve as a imidacloprid dinotefuron sign of thrips activity. insecticidal soap O fenpropathrin O Most chemical products are contact insecticides that kaolin clay flupyradifuron O target thrips larvae or adults and timing of sprays malathion Isaria fumosorosea O coincides with their presence. pyrethrins novaluran pyrethroids P spirotetramat Thorough plant coverage with the spray is key to spinosad O thiamethoxam success. tolfenpyrad

True Bug Scout for the presence of these bugs in landscape acetamiprid acephate (Hemiptera: numerous plants. carbaryl Beauveria bassiana families) Damage to the plant’s reproductive structures esfenvalerate chlorpyrifos include: reduce seed viability. imidacloprid malathion Honeylocust plant bug pyrethrins O novaluron Stink bug These insects are rarely considered landscape plant pyrethroids P thiamethoxam Western boxelder bug pests that require treatment to protect overall health. Often these are nuisance pest congregate in large numbers on homes.

Whitefly Infected leaves may start to turn yellow appear acetamiprid abamectin (Hemiptera :Aleyrodidae) wilted, or prematurely drop from plant. azadirachtin O acephate Beauveria bassianaO includes: Look for honeydew and sooty molds. bifenazate Glasshouse whitefly clothianidin buprofezin Rhododendron whitefly Clouds of adults fly away from infested plants when dinotefuran carbaryl approached. esfenvalerate chlorpyrifos Monitor adults with yellow sticky traps. fluvalinate Chromobacterium horticultural oils O subtsugae Most products are contact and thorough coverage is imidacloprid cyantraniliprole essential. insecticidal soap O diazinon Some products are systemic and are better suited kaolin clay O dimethoate for tall trees and shrubs. malathion fenazaquin pyrethrins O fenpropathrin pyrethroids P fenpyroximate spinosad O flupyradifurone Isaria fumosorosea novaluron pymetrozine pyridaben pyriproxyfen spiromesifen spirotetramat thiamethoxam tolfenpyrad

O = Some formulations may be OMRI-listed for organic use. P = The synthetic pyrethroids are broad-spectrum insecticides that include products with the active ingredients including bifenthrin, cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and permethrin.

F88 PNW Insect Management Handbook Table 2. Plant damage by tissue-feeding pests

Damage is caused by pests with chewing mouthparts that feed on primarily leaf, bud and flower and fruit tissues reducing plant canopy in the form of leaf holes, leaf rolling, skeletonization, and defoliation. While this damage is often considered cosmetic and plants can regenerate these tissues, repeated damage over multiple season can impact overall plant health.

Target pest examples Monitoring & scouting strategies Home landscape Restricted-use chemical products chemical products

Caterpillar Scout for the webbing and silk tents that can azadirachtin O acephate (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) contain numerous caterpillars. Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki O aizawai O includes: Scout the foliage of landscape plants for signs of Douglas-fir tussock moth chewing insect damage, or in extreme cases, plant carbaryl chlorantraniliprole Fall webworm defoliation. clothianidin chlorpyrifos Spruce webworm emamectin benzoate diflubenzuron (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Most chemical products are contact insecticides esfenvalerate indoxacarb includes: and target the caterpillars as they feed on foliage fluvalinate malathion Cotoneaster webworm outside their webbing or tents. horticultural oils O methoxyfenozide (Lepidoptera: Lasiocompidae) Bacillus thuringiensis must be ingested by the imidacloprid novaluron O includes: caterpillar to be effective. pyrethrins thiamethoxam Forest tent caterpillar pyrethroids P Western tent caterpillar Some products are systemic and are better suited spinosad O for tall trees and shrubs.

Caterpillar Scout landscape plants for signs of chewing insect acetamiprid acephate (Lepidoptera: Choreutidae) damage including leaves, buds, or flower holes, azadirachtin O Bacillus thuringiensis includes: skeletonization, leaf-rolling, or in extreme cases, Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai O Apple-and-thorn plant defoliation. kurstaki O chlorantraniliprole skeletonizer Pheromone traps may be available to monitor carbaryl chlorfenapyr (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) some adult moth species. clothianidin chlorpyrifos includes: esfenvalerate Chromobacterium Satin moth Most chemical products are contact insecticides fluvalinate subtsugae O Silver-spotted tiger moth that target the youngest caterpillars and timing of horticultural oils O cryolite sprays coincides with their presence. imidacloprid cyantraniliprole O (Lepidoptera: Geometeridae) Thorough plant coverage with the spray is key to pyrethrins diflubenzuron P includes: success. pyrethroids indoxacarb Western oak looper spinosad O malathion (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Bacillus thuringiensis must be ingested by the methoxyfenozide includes: caterpillars to be effective. novaluron Black cutworm Some products are systemic and are better suited thiamethoxam Large yellow underwing for tall trees and shrubs. Variegated cutworm

(Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) includes: Redhumped caterpillar

(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) includes: Spruce budworm

Earwig - Scout for damage caused by earwigs; earwigs azadirachtin O acephate (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) tend to chew irregular variable-sized hole in plant carbaryl Beauveria bassiana O includes: tissues. imidacloprid chlorpyrifos European earwig Scout for earwig presence and activity at night with esfenvalerate fipronil a flashlight. fluvalinate thiamethoxam malathion Most chemical products are contact insecticides pyrethrins O that target earwig populations early in the spring pyrethroids P before they reproduce. spinosad O

PNW Insect Management Handbook F89 Target pest examples Monitoring & scouting strategies Home landscape Restricted-use chemical products chemical products

Grasshopper Scout for fresh damage caused by grasshopper and azadirachtinO acephate (Orthoptera: Acrididae) cricket adults and nymphs that appears as general carbaryl chlorpyrifos includes: chewing damage to plant leaves, stems and fruit. imidacloprid diflubenzuron Grasshopper Scout for the presence of grasshoppers or crickets; esfenvalerate dimethoate (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) fluvalinate indoxacarb since some species have wings and jumping legs, O includes: they may take flight as you approach plant. pyrethrins malathion True cricket pyrethroidsP phosmet (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) In some regions of the state, these insects includes: periodically become pests when their populations Mormon cricket explode, and they deplete preferred hosts in Katydid rangelands. Most of these products are contact insecticides that intercept invading pests.

Leaf feeding beetle Scout landscape plant foliage for chewing damage acetamiprid acephate (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the form of scalloped holes, general leaf holes, azadirachtinO Bacillus thuringiensis includes: and leaf skeletonization. carbaryl tenebrionus O Alder flea beetle When damage is found examine plant for signs of esfenvalerate chlorpyrifos Dogwood flea beetle beetle adult or larvae. fluvalinate clothianidin Elm leaf beetle imidacloprid dinotefuran Lily leaf beetle Adult flea beetles do jump and may escape pyrethrins O malathion Viburnum leaf detection. pyrethroids P phosmet O Western spotted cucumber Most chemical products are contact insecticides. spinosad thiamethoxam beetle Willow flea beetle Timing of sprays coincides with target pest activity/ presence. Thorough plant coverage with the spray is key to success. Bacillus thuringiensis must be ingested by the beetles to be effective. Some products are systemic and are better suited for tall trees and shrubs.

Sawfly Scout landscape plants for signs of chewing damage acetamiprid acephate (Hymenoptera: Argidae) caused by larvae. azadirachtin O chlorpyrifos includes: Examine fresh damage for the presence of carbaryl diazinon Birch sawfly caterpillar-like or slug-like sawfly larvae. esfenvalerate diflubenzuron (Hymenoptera: fluvalinate dinotefluran Tenthredinidae) Some species of larvae are gregarious while others horticultural oils O indoxacarb includes: are solitary. imidacloprid malathion O Azalea sawfly Most chemical products are contact insecticides insecticidal soap phosmet O Birch leafminer that target the youngest larvae and timing of sprays pyrethrins thiamethoxam P Bristly roseslug coincides with their presence. pyrethroids Curled rose sawfly spinosad O Dogwood sawfly Thorough plant coverage with the spray is key to Elm leafminer success. European alder leafminer Some products are systemic and are better suited Green alder sawfly for tall trees and shrubs. Mountain ash sawfly Pear slug Roseslug Striped alder sawfly

F90 PNW Insect Management Handbook Target pest examples Monitoring & scouting strategies Home landscape Restricted-use chemical products chemical products

Weevil Scout for damaged foliage with notched leaf acetamiprid acephate (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) margins. azadirachtin O Bacillus thuringiensis Beauveria bassianaO galleriaeO Leaf-feeders include: Foliar damage is often cosmetic only and rarely Black vine weevil impacts overall health of landscape plant. carbaryl chlorantraniliprole Clay-colored weevil clothianidin chlorpyrifos Douglas-fir twig weevil For any unthrifty shrub, tree or plant, search the esfenvalerate cryolite Lilac root weevil, soil in the plant’s root zone for c-shaped weevil fluvalinate cyantraniliprole Obscure root weevil grubs. imidacloprid diazinon O Strawberry root weevil The poplar-and-willow borer larvae feed along kaolin clay diflubenzuron Poplar-and-willow borer plant stems and trunks. malathion dimethoate Woods weevil pyrethrins O dinotefuron Most chemical products are contact insecticides pyrethroids P indoxacarb Bud (seed)-feeders include: and target the adult weevils before they lay eggs. spinosad O phosmet Hollyhock weevil Timing of sprays coincides with adult weevil thiamethoxam Rose curculio activity/presence. trichlorfon Adult activity can be done at night by jarring and capturing adults. Adults of most species are active in late May and June. Scout for the adult beetles as they feed on and oviposit in buds. Rose curculio emerge in early spring. Hollyhock weevil is active in July and August. Damage is limited to flower buds and reproduction and does not affect the overall health of the infested plants.

PNW Insect Management Handbook F91 Table 3. Landscape plant deformation

Plant deformation is caused by pests that often live within plant tissues and their feeding damage brings about tissue deformations such as leaf galls, leaf mines, and leaf blistering. This damage can cause plant stunting and undesirable plant growth habits.

Target pest examples Monitoring & scouting strategies Home landscape Restricted-use chemical chemical products products

Blister & rust mite Scout home landscape plants for unusual growth carbaryl abamectin (Trombidiformes: habits such as galls, leaf blisters, big buds, twisting horticultural oils O carbaryl Eriophyidae) needles, or curling leaves. insecticidal soap O chlorfenapyr includes: kaolin clay O diazinon Also scout for leaf or needle discoloration, (silvering, O Cyclamen mite chlorosis). pyrethrins diflubenzuron Fuchsia gall mite pyrethroids P fenbutatin-oxide Lime nail gall mite These mites can also cause fruit russeting. sulfur O pyridaben Linden gall mite Often a 10- to 20X hand lens is needed to see these spiromesifen Maple bladder gall mite mite pests. spirotetramat Pearleaf blister mite Peach silver mite In general, the damage caused by these pests is Pine mite cosmetic and not detrimental to the overall health of the plant. When annual damage threatens plant health or growth form, this product targets the mites when they are active and before they are established in plant tissues; timing is key.

Gall Aphid Scout landscape plants for the formation of galls on carbaryl chlorpyrifos (Hemiptera: Aphididae) the leaves, needles or stems. pyrethrins O P includes: Most products are contact and thorough coverage pyrethroids Lettuce root aphid is essential. Manzanita leaf gall aphid Poplar petiole gall aphid Pest species identification is important as these products must be applied before the pest gets into (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) plant tissues. includes: Cooley spruce gall adelgid

Gall Wasp Scout landscape plants for the presence of galls. carbaryl No additional products (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) Make sure these abnormal plant growths have clothianidin includes: active wasp larvae in them. emamectin benzoate Bassettia gall wasp fluvalinate California jumping gall Most products are contact and thorough coverage imidacloprid wasp is essential. insecticidal soap O O Mossy rose gall wasp These products typically target the adult wasp pyrethrins P Oregon oak gall wasp before eggs are laid in leaf tissues. pyrethroids Spiny rose gall wasp Some products are systemic and are better suited for tall trees and shrubs. Damage is primarily cosmetic. Damage can lead to premature defoliation, but healthy plants can recover unless this becomes an annual infestation.

F92 PNW Insect Management Handbook Target pest examples Monitoring & scouting strategies Home landscape Restricted-use chemical chemical products products

Leafminer Scout landscape plants for the presence of galls, leaf acetamiprid abamectin (Diptera mines, and rolled leaves. azadirachtin acephate numerous families) Make sure these abnormal plant growths have carbaryl chlorpyrifos include: active maggots in them. clothianidin cyantraniliprole Boxwood leafminer dinotefuran diazinon California gallfly Most products are contact and thorough coverage esfenvalerate diflubenzuron Douglas-fir needle midge is essential. fluvalinate dimethoate O Honeylocust pod gall These products typically target the adult fly before horticultural oils emamectin benzoate midge eggs are laid in leaf tissues. imidacloprid fenpropathrin Poplar twiggall fly insecticidal soap O flupyradifurone Some products are systemic and are better suited O Rose midge kaolin clay methoxyfenozide for tall trees and shrubs. Rose stem miner malathion phosmet Willow beaked-gall midge Damage is primarily cosmetic. pyrethrins O novaluron pyrethroids P thiamethoxam Damage can lead to premature defoliation, but spinosad O healthy plants can recover unless this becomes an annual infestation.

Leafminer Scout for leaf- or needle-mining activity early in the acetamiprid abamectin (Lepidoptera: numerous season as leaves unfurl. azadirectin acephate families) Pheromone traps are available for some moth carbaryl chlorantraniliprole include: species. clothianidin chlorpyrifos Aspen blotchminer dinotefuran cyantrailiprole Azalea leafminer Most products are contact and thorough coverage imidacloprid diazinon Ceanothus leafminer is essential. insecticidal soap O diflubenzuron Cypress tip moth These products typically target the adult pest before malathion dimethoate O Holly leafminer eggs are laid in leaf tissues. pyrethrins emamectin benzoate Lilac leafminer pyrethroids P fenpropathrin Madrona shield bearer Some products are systemic and are better suited spinosad O flupyradifurone Spotted tentiform for tall trees and shrubs. methoxyfenozide leafminer Damage is primarily cosmetic. novaluron Spruce needleminer pyriproxyfen Damage can lead to premature defoliation, but thiamethoxam healthy plants can recover unless this becomes an annual infestation.

Leafroller Scout for and examine rolled leaves near branch tips acetamiprid acephate (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) for caterpillars. azadirectin Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai includes: Pheromone traps are available for many of these kurstaki Beauveria bassiana Carnation tortrix moth species European leafroller carbaryl chlorpyrifos Fruittree leafroller Most products are contact and thorough coverage clothianidin cryolite Holly bud moth is essential. esfenvalerate cyantrailiprole Oblique-banded leafroller horticultural oils O diazinon Orange tortrix kaolin clay diflubenzuron Pine shoot moth malathion emamectic benzoate Three-lined leafroller pyrethrins O methoxyfenozide pyrethroids P novaluron spinosad O phosmet

PNW Insect Management Handbook F93 Table 4. Landscape plant damage by stem and trunk borers

This damage is caused by pests that bore into and feed on the plant stem, trunk, scaffold branches of perennial plants. Damage can girdle plant causing death to tissue above the damage and/or weaken the structural integrity of the plant leading to lodging, breaking and limb drop.

Target pests examples Monitoring & scouting strategies Home landscape Restricted-use chemical products chemical products

Bark Beetle Scout any weakened trees/shrubs. azadirachtinO carbaryl (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Examine branches, twigs and trunks in late spring clothianidin chlorpyrifos includes: for small holes made by adult beetles. imidacloprid thiamethoxam Elm bark beetle pyrethrinsO European elm bark beetle Examine inner bark of unhealthy trees or shrubs pyrethroidsP European shothole borer for larval galleries. Mountain pine beetle Pesticides are generally not recommended Shothole borer because trees and shrubs are already in decline. These products intercept bark beetles before they bore into the host. Insect pheromones are available to monitor some bark beetle species. Some beetle species transmit plant diseases.

Wood or Trunk Borer Scout any weakened trees/shrubs. acetamiprid chlorpyrifos (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) pyrethrinsO fipronil Examine any dead branches, twigs and trunks for P includes: beetle larvae galleries and adult exit holes. pyrethroids thiamethoxam Flatheaded cedar borer Locust borer Pesticides are generally not recommended because trees and shrubs are already in decline. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) However, some products are labeled for specific includes: borers. Bronze birch borer Mountain pine beetle These products intercept adult beetles as they exit the host to visit another host.

Stem & Twig Borer Immature stages bore into or feed within plant pyrethroidsP acephate (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) stems, trunks or twigs. pyrethrins O chlorpyrifos includes: chlorantraniliprole Raspberry cane maggot Most of these products target adults or intercept cyantraniliprole Rose midge the pest before they enter plant. emamectin benzoate

(Lepidoptera: Sessidae) Proper application timing is key to product includes: efficacy. Ash borer Douglas-fir pitch moth Insect pheromones are available to monitor some Peachtree borer borer species. Sequoia pitch moth When feasible cut off infested twigs, branches and Other Lepidoptera includes: terminals. Carpenterworm Cherry bark tortrix When feasible, physically remove or kill borers Coneworm with a pointed instrument or remove infested soil, Cypress tip moth debris, and pitch. Maple tip moth Peach twig borer Snapdragon plume moth

O= Some formulations may be OMRI-listed for organic use. P = The synthetic pyrethroids are broad-spectrum insecticides that include products with the active ingredients including bifenthrin, cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and permethrin.

F94 PNW Insect Management Handbook Table 5. Landscape plant damage by root feeders and root borers

Subterranean pests that feed on or bore into the roots and crowns of plants can damage, deform or weaken plants reducing the plants ability to stand upright or to absorb the necessary water and soil nutrients to feed the aboveground portion of the plant.

Target pest examples Monitoring & scouting strategies Home landscape Restricted-use chemical chemical products products

Beetle Beetle larvae with chewing mouthparts. Tend to be Beauveria bassianaO acephate (Coleoptera: Cuculionidae) plant generalists and may impact only the newly carbaryl Bacillus thuringiensis includes: planted ornamentals. clothianidin galleriae O Black vine weevil Roots may appear damaged, missing tissues, bored dinotefuran beneficial nematodes Clay-colored weevil or hollowed out. imidacloprid chlorantraniliprole Woods weevil pyrethroidsP chlorpyrifos Some beetles can gradually build up high pyrethrins O cyantraniliprole (Coleoptera: Elateridae) populations in perennial crops where crop or soil dinotefuran includes: rotations are not a management option. ethoprop Wireworms, various Effective products either intercept adult beetles as phosmet they oviposit eggs or specially formulated for soil thiamethoxam (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) application. includes: White grubs, various

Root aphid Root feeders with piercing sucking mouthparts. azadirachtin O chlorpyrifos O (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Root deformation and plant stunting. pyrethrins includes: pyrethroids P Beech blight aphid Often just a nuisance or cosmetic pest problem Leafcurl ash aphid when life stages migrate to the above ground Woolly alder aphid portion of the plant. Woolly elm aphid These products target only the above-ground population of these aphids. Most products are contact and thorough coverage is essential.

PNW Insect Management Handbook F95