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Public Health Pesticides: an Inventory of Chemical Tools for Vector Control

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Public Health Pesticides: an Inventory of Chemical Tools for Vector Control Pubublic Health PePesticides An Inventory of Chemical Tools for Vector Control Karl Malamud‐Roam Public Health Pesticides An Inventory of Chemical Tools for Vector Control Karl Malamud‐Roam The IR‐4 Project, Princeton, NJ July 2012 Cite as Malamud-Roam, Karl (2012). Public Health Pesticides: An Inventory of Chemical Tools for Vector Control. IR-4 Project Special Publication PH1. The IR-4 Project, Princeton, NJ. The IR-4 Project is a U.S. federally funded partnership of the U.S.D.A. and the state land grant universities and agricultural experiment stations, with headquarters at Rutgers University, and a mission of providing regulatory support for pest management technology for specialty crops and other minor uses. Support for this project was provided by the Deployed Warfighters Protection (DWFP) Program of the U.S. Armed Forces Pest Management Board, the USDA Agricultural Research Service, and the IR-4 Project. I would like to thank my tireless and extraordinarily competent research assistant, Leon D. Schermerhorn, and the rest of the staff of the IR-4 Project Headquarters, located at Rutgers University. Contents Introduction: .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Abbreviations used: ....................................................................................................................................................... 9 Part A. Identification, Specification, & Characterization of Public Health Pesticides ................................................. 10 Table A. Names and Specifications of Recognized or Potential Public Health Pesticides, July 2012 ........................... 11 Table A1. Stereochemistry of Pyrethroids .................................................................................................................. 41 Table A2. Accepted Taxonomic Relationships & Names of Plants Identified as Source Material for PHP’s ............... 44 Table A3. Pyrethrum and Pyrethins: Characterization and Key Constituents and Derivatives................................... 56 Table A4. Pine (Pinaceae) Oils: Characterization and Key Constituents and Derivatives .......................................... 57 Part B: Regulatory Status of Public Health Pesticides and Potential PHP’s ................................................................ 58 Table B. Regulatory Status of Recognized or Potential Public Health Pesticides in Major Jurisdictions, July 2012 .... 60 Part C: Modes of Action and Use Patterns of Public Health Pesticides ...................................................................... 74 Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) Mode of Action (MOA) Groups: ..................................................... 75 Table C. Mode of Action and Use Pattern of Recognized or Potential Public Health Pesticides ................................. 76 Part D: Public Health Pesticides Recognized by WHOPES .......................................................................................... 92 Table D. Public Health Pesticides recognized by the World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) .................................................................................................................................................................... 93 Part E: Vector Control Chemicals in the U.S. .............................................................................................................. 97 Table E1. Vector Control Chemicals Registered or Exempt from Registration in the U.S........................................... 98 Table E2. Other Pesticides with U.S. Registration vs. Arthropod Vectors ................................................................ 107 Table E3. Recognized Vector Control Chemicals under Regulatory Review in the U.S. (April 2012) ........................ 108 Table E4. High‐potential Vector Control Chemicals under U.S. Regulatory Review ................................................. 112 Table E5. PHP’s registered or previously registered in U.S. but with significant vector control uses cancelled ...... 113 Part F: Mosquito Control Chemicals in the U.S., by Use Pattern .............................................................................. 117 Table F1. Mosquitocides in the U.S. – Larvicides and Pupacides .............................................................................. 118 Table F2. Mosquitocides in the U.S. – Adulticides Registered for Area‐wide Spraying ............................................ 122 Table F3. Mosquitocides in the U.S. – Adult control products for all purposes ....................................................... 123 Table F4. Mosquitocides in the U.S. – Topical Repellents and Fabric Treatments ................................................... 128 Table F5. Mosquitocides in the U.S. – Veterinary Repellents ................................................................................... 131 Table F6. Mosquitocides in the U.S. – Attractants and Lures ................................................................................... 134 Table F7. Mosquitocides in the U.S. – Synergists or Adjuvants as Active Ingredients .............................................. 135 Part G: Tick Control Chemicals in the U.S., by Use Pattern ...................................................................................... 136 Table G1. Tick Toxicants............................................................................................................................................ 137 Table G2. Tick Repellents and Attractants ................................................................................................................ 142 Part H: Pesticides Registered in the U.S. with Potential Vector Control Uses .......................................................... 146 Table H1. Vector control chemicals registered in U.S. with potential for expansion to other vectors or use patterns147 Table H2. Pesticides with vector control potential registered in U.S. for pests other than vectors ......................... 150 Part I: Potential PHP’s Registered Elsewhere but Not in the U.S. ............................................................................. 157 Table I. Potential vector control pesticides registered elsewhere but not in the U.S. ............................................. 158 Part J: Potential PHP’s not known to be registered in any major jurisdiction .......................................................... 161 Table J1. Potential PHP’s not known to be registered in any major jurisdiction ...................................................... 162 Table J2. Potential vector control biological control agents not in routine operational use .................................... 169 Part K: Materials with Low Apparent Potential as Vector Control Pesticides .......................................................... 170 Table K. Materials with low apparent potential utility as vector control pesticides ................................................ 171 Index .......................................................................................................................................................................... 174 References and Notes ................................................................................................................................................ 175 Introduction: Public health pesticides, or PHP’s, are critical tools for the control and prevention of many vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, or Lyme Disease, but it is not easy to identify which insecticides, acaracides, repellents, attractants, and other semiochemicals can be used effectively, safety, and legally for vector control. This inventory of public health pesticides is intended to address two primary topics: the status of chemical tools available for vector control in major markets in mid-2012, and the status of other pesticides and other chemicals that are not generally registered for vector control but that could be useful additions to the vector control chemical toolbox. For either purpose, it is recognized that any list will inevitably become incomplete or inaccurate over time, and to help ensure the ongoing utility of this project, a web-based Public Health Pesticide Database has also been created (ir4.rutgers.edu/PublicHealth/publichealthDB.cfm) and is maintained as information becomes available on vector control tools that enter or exit from global market, and, to the extent feasible, other major national markets. The primary focus of this inventory is control of mosquitoes and ticks. The scope of vector control in contrast to control of “nuisance” arthropods has been debated, but for the purposes of this inventory, any arthropod that is known to transmit infectious disease to humans or, because of its blood-feeding habit, could transmit pathogenic organisms, is considered a “vector”. Many materials used primarily against veterinary pest insects (in particular, some repellents) are also potentially useful for combatting human- biting arthropods and human diseases, and are included in this inventory. Some primarily pharmaceutical materials are included if they have significant use in treatment of known vectors or ectoparasites that could transmit pathogenic disease. Bed bug treatments are included because of the great public concern over these pests in many locations in recent years, despite their apparent
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