Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection & Pesticide Management

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Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection & Pesticide Management (for Pesticide Dealers)

For Internal circulation only & has no legal validity

Compiled by NIPHM Faculty

Department of Agriculture , Cooperation& Farmers Welfare Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Government of India

National Institute of Plant Health Management Hyderabad-500030

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Theory Practical CHAPTER Page No. class hours hours I. General Overview and Classification of Pesticides. 1. Introduction to classification based on use, 1 1 2 toxicity, chemistry 2. Insecticides 5 1 0 3. fungicides 9 1 0 4. Herbicides & Plant growth regulators 11 1 0 5. Other Pesticides (Acaricides, Nematicides & 16 1 0 rodenticides) II. Pesticide Act, Rules and Regulations 1. Introduction to Insecticide Act, 1968 and 19 1 0 Insecticide rules, 1971 2. Registration and Licensing of pesticides 23 1 0 3. Insecticide Inspector 26 2 0 4. Insecticide Analyst 30 1 4 5. Importance of packaging and labelling 35 1 0 6. Role and Responsibilities of Pesticide Dealer 37 1 0 under IA,1968 III. Pesticide Application A. Pesticide Formulation 1. Types of pesticide Formulations 39 3 8 2. Approved uses and Compatibility of pesticides 47 1 0 B. Usage Recommendation 1. Major pest and diseases of crops: identification 50 3 3 2. Principles and Strategies of Integrated Pest 80 2 1 Management & The Concept of Economic Threshold Level 3. Biological control and its Importance in Pest 93 1 2 Management C. Pesticide Application 1. Principles of Pesticide Application 117 1 0 2. Types of Sprayers and Dusters 121 1 4 3. Spray Nozzles and Their Classification 130 1 0 4. Calibration and care of Pesticide application 133 1 4 Equipment IV. Pesticides for Health and Human Welfare 1. Toxicity of Pesticides and Antidotes 136 2 0 2. Importance of Label and Labelling 141 1 2 V. Pesticide Residues and Safety to consumers 1. Definition and Concepts of Pesticides Residue 144 1 0 2. Culinary methods for Decontamination of 152 1 0 Pesticides VI. Safe Use of Pesticides & Disposal of Pesticides 156 1 4 and their Containers LIST OF ANNEXURES

Annexure Title of the Annexure Page No. numbers I. Insecticides / Pesticides Registered under section 9(3) of I-1 to 6 the Insecticides Act, 1968 for use in the Country as on 15/05/2019 II. Pesticides and their formulations Registered for Use in II- 1 to 16 the Country as on 15/05/2019 III. List of Pesticides which are Banned / Refused III- 1 to 9 Registration / and Restricted for Use in the country as on 19/03/2019 IV. List of Registered pesticides for house hold use for IV – 1 to 8 buildings and for public health program for Use in the country as on 20/10/2015 V. Revised Forms and Formats as per the amended V- 1 to 10 Insecticide Rules Nov,2018 VI. Major uses of Insecticides (as on 31/05/2018) VI – 2 to 75 Insecticides registered for agriculture use VI- 2 to 51 Insecticides combination registered for agriculture use VI -52 to 58 Insecticides registered for Public Health use VI- 59 to 64 Insecticides registered for Household use VI- 65 to 75 VII. Major uses of Fungicides(as on 31/05/2018) VII- 1 to 43 Fungicides single product formulations uses VII-01 to 30 Fungicides combination uses VII-31 to 43 VIII. Major uses of Herbicides(as on 31/05/2018) VIII-2 to 40 IX. Herbicides products approved uses IX-2 to 32 X. Herbicides combinations approved uses IX- 33 to 40 XI. Major uses of bio-pesticides(as on 31/05/2018) XI-2 to 31 A. Major uses of Bio-fungicides 2-15 B. Major uses of Bio-insecticides 16-28 C. Public health use 29-31

For up dated information please visit: ppqs.gov.in & cibrc.nic.in Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

I. General overview and classification of pesticides

1. Introduction to pesticides and their classification

Status of pesticides in India- classification of agrochemicals - based on use- based on Mode of Action –

based on toxicity- Based on chemistry

Number of theory classes: 1 (1hr.) Number of Practical classes: 1 (2 hr)

1.1 Status of pesticide use in India

Chemical control of pests is a common practice in agriculture. There are more than a thousand pesticides of both chemical and biological nature used around the world to minimize crop losses. In the year 2014-15, pesticide consumption was 0.29 kg/ha (GCA), which is roughly 50 per cent higher than the use in 2009-10. However, per hectare use of pesticide in India is much lower as compared to other countries like China (13.06 kg/ha), Japan (11.85 kg/ha), Brazil (4.57 kg/ha) and other Latin American countries (FAOSTAT, 2017). Pesticide consumption is the highest in Maharashtra, followed by Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana. During the last decade, the total consumption increased in Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh, while it slightly declined in Punjab and Haryana. States like West Bengal, Gujarat and Karnataka have seen a steep decline in the total consumption. On the other hand, Chhattisgarh and Kerala showed a steep increase in total pesticide consumption. Per hectare consumption of pesticides was the highest in Punjab (0.74 kg), followed by Haryana (0.62 kg) and Maharashtra (0.57 kg) during the year 2016-17. Pesticide production in India is dominated by insecticides and fungicides followed by herbicides and rodenticides. However, the share of insecticides has come down from more than 70 per cent in 2003-04 to 39 per cent in 2016-17. The shares of fungicides, herbicides and rodenticides are growing over the period. The growth in the use of fungicides is high mainly because of their application in fruit and vegetable crops. Major pesticides produced in India are Mancozeb, 2-4-D, Acephate and Profenofos.

Total export of agro-chemicals in 2016-17 stood at 377.76 thousand tonnes, with the share of fungicides being the largest in terms of export quantity (45.94%) and herbicides accounting for the largest share in terms of value of exports (28.19%). As per data provided by Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC) for the year 2016- 17, top five pesticides exported from India were Mancozeb, Cypermethrin, Sulphur, Acephate and Chlorpyriphos, while the major products imported were Glyphosate and Atrazine.

1.2. Classification of Pesticides

Pesticide may be defined as any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant.

As per the Insecticides Act 1968, any substance which is in the schedule, or such other substances as the central government may, after consultation with the Board, by notification in

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management the official gazette, include in the schedule from time to time or any preparation containing any one or more of such substances is a pesticide.

Pests include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, molluses, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that destroy property, spread disease or are a vector for disease or cause a nuisance. Although there are benefits to the use of pesticides, there are also drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans and other animals. Pesticides may be classified in many ways and these classifications can provide useful information about the 1. Use or target pests 2. Mode of Action 3. Toxicity 4. Chemistry/Chemical structure

1.2.1. Classification based on Use or target Pests: a) Acaricides: The substances that are used to kill mites and ticks, or to disrupt their growth or development. Eg: DDT, dicofol, Fenpyroximate b) Antifeedants: The chemicals which prevent an insect or other pest from feeding. Eg: Chlordimeforn, Fentin and Azadirachtin. c) Bactericides: The compounds which are used to kill or inhibit bacteria in plants or soil. Eg: Copper hydroxide, Kasugamycin, Streptomycin, Tetracycline d) Fungicides: The chemicals which are used to prevent, cure eradicate the fungi. Eg:carbendazim , thiabendazole, thiophanate-methyl, e) Chemosterillant: The chemicals that renders an insect infertile and thus prevents it from reproducing. The chemosterillant acts by inhibiings the production of egg, causes death of the eggs or cause lethal mutation on the spam or eggs material Eg: Aziridinyl, Diflubenzuron f) Herbicides: Substances that are used to kill plants, or to inhibit their growth or development. Eg: Paraquat, Glyphosate, 2,4-D g) Insecticides: A pesticide that is used to kill insects, or to disrupt their growth or development. Eg: Monocrotophos, Carbofuran, Lambdacyhalothrin h) Nematicides: The chemicals which are used to control nematodes. Eg: Abamectin, Triazophos i) Plant growth regulators: The substances that alter the expected growth, flowering or reproduction rate of plants. Eg: NAA, Ethephon j) Rodenticides: The substances used to kill rats and related animals. Eg: Zinc Phosphide, Bromadiolane

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

1.2.2. Classification based on Mode of Action:

The classification of pesticides is also done on the basis of mode of action. They are a) Contact insecticides: The contact pesticide acts on the pest when the pest comes in to contact are chew the plant material. Entry of pesticide is through dermal contact. Some examples are Endosulfan, Malathion, fenvalerate. b) Stomach insecticides: Pesticides that act inside the gut of the target organisms. The main mode of entry for these compounds is through ingestion. Some of the stomach poisons are toxins produced by the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis and rodenticides such as Zinc Phosphide. c) Systemic: Systemic insecticides are those in which the active ingredient is taken up, primarily by plant roots, and transported (translocated) to locations throughout the plant, such as growing points, where it can affect plant-feeding pests. Systemics move within the vascular tissues, either through the xylem (water-conducting tissue) or the phloem (food- conducting tissue) depending on the characteristics of the material. Systemic insecticides are most effective on insects with piercing—sucking mouthparts, such as aphids, whiteflies, mealybugs, and soft scales, because these insects feed within the vascular plant tissues. Ex. monocrotophos, carbofuran. d) Translaminar: These materials penetrate leaf tissues and form a reservoir of active ingredient within the leaf. This provides residual activity against certain foliar-feeding insects and mites. Insecticides/miticides with translaminar properties include aba-mectin, pyriproxyfen (Distance), chlorfenapyr (Pylon), spinosad (Conserve), and acephate (Orthene). In general, these types of materials are active against spider mites and/or leafminers. Because the active ingredient can move through plant tissues (that is, leaves), thorough spray coverage is less critical when using these materials to control spider mites, which normally feed on leaf undersides. e) Fumigant: Fumigants are gaseous pesticides that control pests in agricultural fields, structures like buildings and apartments, storage houses and various other sites. Fumigants are generally volatile in nature with good penetrating power. Aluminium Phosphide, methyl bromide, chloropicrin and iodoform are some of the most popular examples of fumigants. Some of the chemicals have fumigant action apart from either of the above properties, for example DDVP, Lindane, chlorpyrifos.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

1.2. 3. Classification based on Toxicity: Table: Classification of pesticide based on their toxicity (under Insecticide Rule 1971).

Classification of Oral LD50 Dermal LD50 mg/kg Colour Symbol the Insecticides mg/kg body weight of body weight of test Code on test animals animals the label Extremely toxic 1-50 1-200 Bright red

Highly toxic 51-500 201-2000 Bright yellow

Moderately toxic 501-5000 2001-20000 Bright blue

Slightly toxic More than More than 20000 Bright 5000 green

1.2.4. Classification based on Chemistry/Chemical structure: Based on the molecular structure of a compound, the pesticides are divided into two groups: organic and inorganic. The earliest chemical pesticides like Sulfur and lime were inorganic. Most of the modern pesticides are organic chemicals. Organic pesticides can be subdivided into two groups: the natural organics, and the synthetic organics which are further classified based on the chemical moiety attached to the carbon in to organo chlorines, carbamates, neonicotinoids etc. Eg: Chlorpyriphos, Dicofol, Fenvalerate, Thiamethoxam, Bifenthrin

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

2. Insecticides

Introduction- Classification of Insecticides - Based on chemistry- Chlorinated Hydrocarbons – Organo Phosphates – Carbamates – Synthetic Pyrethroids –Other Insecticides- Neonicotinoids- IGR Botanical Insecticides- Microbial Insecticides Number of theory classes: 1 (1hr.)

2.1 Introduction:

Based on the molecular structure of a compound, the pesticides are divided into two groups: organic and inorganic. The earliest chemical pesticides like Sulfur and lime were inorganic. Most of the modern pesticides are organic chemicals. Organic pesticides can be subdivided into two groups: the natural organics, and the synthetic organics.

2.1.1. Natural Organics: The natural organic pesticides are derived from naturally occurring sources such as plants, microorganisms etc. and may be divided as Microbial bio-pesticides and Botanical Pesticide. Microbes used as bio-pesticides are basically bacteria (Antagonistic and Entomotoxic Bacteria), fungi (Antagonistic and Entomopathogenic Fungi) and viruses (Nuclear polyhydral virus and Baculovirus). Two major botanical pesticides are Azadirachtin and Pyrethrin.

2.1.2. Synthetic organic pesticides are produced artificially by chemical synthesis. This group comprises most "modern" pesticides and subdivided into following groups:

i. Organochlorine Pesticides ii. Organophosphate Pesticides iii. Carbamates iv. Synthetic-pyrethroid v. Other Insecticides i. Chlorinated Hydrocarbon:

These chemicals are often considered to belong to the group of organochlorine pesticides. These pesticides were commonly used in the past but many have been removed from the market due to their persistence.They are hard to break down in the natural environment and their prolonged use in large quantities lead to environmental pollution and accumulation in mammals, resulting in cumulative poisoning or damage. Termed as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), most of the organochlorine pesticides are banned.

Chemical group Compounds Dichlorodiphenylethanes DDT, Methoxychlor Hexachlorocyclohexane Lindane Cyclodienes Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Chlordane, Heptachlor Chlordecone Mirex

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

ii. Organophosphorus Insecticides:

Organophosphorous compounds can kill by contact, systemic or fumigant action or a combination of the three. They affect the nervous system by disrupting an enzyme that regulates acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. Being a nerve poison they can cause acute toxic reactions in humans. Based on the chemical structures op’s are classified as the following groups

S. No. Type Pesticides 1 Pyrophosphates and TEPP, Schradan related compounds 2 Phosphates Chlorfenvinphos, Mevinphos, Dichlorvos, Monocrotophos, Tetrachlorvinphos 3 Thiophosphates Chlorpyriphos, Diazinon, EPN, Ethyl parathion, feniitrothion, Fenthion, Methyl parathion, Primiphosmethyl, Triazophos 4 Dithiophosphates Dimethoate, Aazinphos-methyl, Malathion, Phorate 5 Phosphonates Terbufos, Trichorfon 6 Phosphoramidates Acephate, Tebophos, Methamidophos iii. Carbamates:

They have systemic and contact in action. They are nerve poison and inhibit acetyl cholinesterase activity at synapse or nerve junctions. They act similar to organophosphorus compounds except for the reversible nature of toxicity. Example:Carbofuran, Propoxur etc.

iv. Pyrethroids :

Pyrethrum is found in the flowers of plants belonging to the family Compositae and the genus Chrysanthemum sp. The pyrethrum compounds found in pyrethrum flowers consist of six esters which are the combinations of three different alcohols (pyrethrolone, jasmolone and cinerolone) with two different acids (chrysanthemic acid and pyrethric acid). Pyrethrums are highly unstable in the presence of light, moisture, and air. The pyrethrins are contact insecticides and have almost no stomach poison action because they are so readily hydrolyzed to nontoxic products. Their primary action is on the insect central nervous system, as shown by the fact that they produce such rapid paralysis. Synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) are synthetic analogs and derivatives of the original pyrethrins and include a variety group of about 1,000 insecticides. Though they are analogs of pyrethrins, their production has involved extensive chemical modifications which make them highly toxic and less degradable in the environment. Due to complex chemical structure, the pyrethroids are composed of two, four or eight isomers, and their commercially products may contain a mixture of these various isomers. For increasing the efficiency of the insecticides, the pyrethroids are formulated with compounds like piperonylbutoxide, piperonyl sulfoxide and sesamex, which act as synergists. Pyrethroids are broad spectrum insecticides, effective against a wide range of insect pests of the sucking complex such as aphids, jassids, whiteflies as well as chewing pests such as borers and leaf feeders. Prior to harvest, they are sprayed over edible products to control pests, as grain protectants, veterinary pests and household insecticides.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management v. Oher Insecticides:

a) Neonicotinoids insecticides: Neonicotinoids are a new class of insecticides with nicotinic receptor agonist. The neonicotinoid insecticides include imidacloprid, acetamiprid, nitenpyran, dinotefuran, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid and clothianidin. Among these, imidacloprid is most widely used at present.

b) Insect Growth Regulators: Juvenile hormone analogs and mimics when applied to an insect, an abnormally high level of juvenilizing agent will produce another larval stage or produce larval-pupal intermediates. Juvenoid IGRs can also act on eggs, can cause sterilization, disrupt behavior and disrupt diapauses.E Anti-juvenile hormone agents cancel the effect of juvenile hormone, an early instar treated with an anti-juvenile hormone molts prematurely into a nonfunctional adult. Some of the examples are methoprene, kinoprene, hydroprene, pyreproxyfen, fenoxycarb etc. Some examples for ecdysteroids include compunds namely tebufenozide (MIMIC, CONFIRM) halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, chromafenozide, difenolan etc.

c) Chitin synthesis inhibitors: These are chemically diverse compounds that affect reproduction and development of chitin synthesizing organisms (insect and fungi) to varying degrees. Application of chitin synthesis inhibitors typically induces malformations of the cuticle and a significant reduction of chitin amounts. Ex. diflubenzuron, triflumuron, hexaflumuron, novaluron, lufenuron, flufenxuron, teflubenzuron, chlorfluazuron, etoxazole, hexythiazox, clofentazine and buprofezin.

d) Avermectins : Avermectins and milbemycins of compounds which are structurally similar were discovered from Streptomyces sp., and are used against worms, ticks, flies and agricultural pests. Abamectin, a commercial product, is a mixture of >80% avermectin B1a and <20% avermectin B1b which are obtained from Streptomyces avermitilis, a soil bacterium whereas milbemectin products, is a mixture of ≥70% milbemycin A4 and ≤30% milbemycin A3 obtained from another soil bacterium, Streptomyces hygroscopicussubsp. aureolacrimosus. Milbemycins and avermectins have the same mode of action which is to potentiate glutamate and GABA gated chloride-channel opening.

e) Spinosyns: Spinosyns are the group of compounds was originally isolated from Saccharopolysporaspinosa (actinomycetes). Spinosad is a mixture of at least two major compounds, spinosyn A and spinosyn D, in which spinosyn A is a major constituent. These effects are consistent with the activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by a mechanism. Spinosad is approved for use as an organic insecticide for caterpillars, leaf miners, thrips and foliage-feeding beetle.

f) Botanical Insecticides:Botanical pesticides, in the form of isolated substances or complex mixtures, exhibit a range of biological activities, acting as insecticides, repellents, attractants, fungicides, nematicides, and bactericides. It has been reported that about 17500 aromatic plant species growing worldwide in tropical environments and more than 3000 constituents have been identified to possess significant pesticidal properties. 7

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Neem and azadirachtin A: Neem along with the various species of Meliaceae family namely, Azadirachtaindicahas emerged as top botanical insecticide with the highest potential. The Meliaceae specially, A. indica (Indian neem tree), contains at least 35 biologically active principals of which Nimbin and azadirachtin are the most active insecticidal ingradients.The major active principle, azadirachtin (AZA), a ring C- secotetranortriterpenoid, is the most potent natural insect antifeedant discovered. Azadirachtins obtained from seed kernel of neem, contain numerous structurally similar compounds belongs to limonoid group besides oil but the major bioactive compound for pest control has been identified as azadirachtin A. AZA is dually advantageous as a natural insect control agent because it possesses both protectant (antifeedant) and toxic (insect growth regulatory) properties against insects. g) Microbial Insecticides:Different species and strains and Bacillus bacteria are known to affect different groups of insect pests, primarily due to differences in endotoxin receptor sites on the gut wall. The lethal component is crystals of δ-endotoxin. Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Dipel, Javelin)is effective against caterpillars of moths and butterflies

Various Microbial insecticides that are available in India are as follows: S.No Name of the Microbial Available as biopesticide 1. Trichodermaviridae Antagonistic fungi for the control of Rhizoctonia, Sclerotium and 2. Trichodermaharzianum Fusarium Spp. etc 3. Ampelomycesquisqualis 4. Pseudomonas flourescens Antagonistic bacteria for the control of Rhizoctonia, Sclerotium and Fusarium Spp.etc 5. Metarhizium anisopliae Entomopathogenic fungi for the control of caterpillars such as 6. Beauveria bassiana Helicoverpa, Spodoptera spp. etc. 7. Verticillium lecanii 8. Bacillus spericus Entomotoxic Bacteria for various caterpillars of Lepidoptera and 9. Bacillus thringiensis var. kurstaki mosquito larvae 10. Bacillus thringiensis var. galleriae 11. Bacillus thringiensis var. sphericus 12. NPV of Helicoverpa armigera Baculoviruses for the control of caterpillars of Lepidoptera 13. NPV of Spodoptera litura

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

3. Fungicides

Introduction- Classification of Fungicides - Based on time of application – Based on movement – Based on use - Based on chemistry

Number of theroy classes: 1 (1hr.)

3.1 Introduction:

Fungicides are chemicals which are used to prevent, cure eradicate the fungi. They are used mainly to control of disease during crop establishment., increase productivity of crop (photosynthesis) and/or reduce blemishes, maintain yield and/or market value and to improve storage life and quality of harvested plants /grain / produce.

There are several ways to classify fungicides.

3.1.1. Based on the time of application:

Based on time of applications, fungicides are called as preventive, curative, eradicant and inhibitive fungicides. A Preventative fungicide must be present on plant surface before the pathogen and repeated applications are required to protect new growth. Where As a curative fungicide can protect crop even when the pathogen is present (postinfection, pre-symptom kick-back activity) and arrest the disease spreading. Eradicant fungicides are applied for post- symptomatic activity and Inhibitive fungicides prevent spore germination or sporulation.

3.1.2 Based on their movement

Fungicides are also called Contact and systemic based on their movement in the plant system. Contact fungicides are immobile and must come in direct contact with the pathogen. Systemic fungicides are mobile and can move within plant.

Base on the spectrum of disease control fungicides are called Non-specific, or Broad Spectrum (fungicide affects pathogen in multiple ways) or Specific or Narrow Spectrum fungicides(targets a specific metabolic site in pathogen or against critical enzyme or protein).

3.1.3. Based on Use:

A. Foliar-Applied Fungicides: Foliar fungicides are used to manage fungal disease organisms that infect the aboveground portions of plants. The majority of these fungicides protect foliage from infection; therefore, these fungicides should be on the foliage before fungal spores germinate.

The decision to apply foliar fungicides to a specific field only should be made after considering current and future weather conditions, disease development, potential yield of the crop, and the cost benefit ratio with use of the fungicides. Some plant surfaces have a waxy or hairy coating causing some fungicides to collect in large droplets that run off the

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

plant surface, thus reducing fungicide coverage. Using a wetting agent such as spreader- stickers (surfactants) will improve coverage.

B. Seed Treatment Fungicides

Fungicidal seed treatment helps protect seed from soil-borne or seedborne fungi that cause rotting, damping off, seedling blight, or a combination. When seeds germinate under favorable soil conditions, there is less danger of seed and seedling attack from soil-borne pathogens unless seed is of poor quality. Treatment of seed with a protectant fungicide may help with stand establishment when seeds are germinating under unfavorable conditions, such as cold wet weather, or when seed is of poor quality. Seed may be treated commercially or on the farm.

Based on Chemistry fungicides are classified as Copper compounds( Copper sulphate, Copper Oxychloride), Sulphur Compounds (Sulphur, Lime sulphur) Pthalimides (Captan),Dithio carbamates (Mancozeb, Zineb, Thiram), Benzimadazole(Carbendazim), Organo Phosphorus fungicides(Edifenphos, Fosetyl AI), Conazoles(Hexaconazole), Imidazoles,Oxazoles and Strobilurins (Azoxystrobin, Fenamidone, Fenoxazone), Pyrimidines (Thifluzamide), Dithiolane Fungicide (Isoprothiolane) and Antibiotic fungicides (Kasugamycin, Streptomycin, Validamycin) Group Fungicide Controlling pathogen Imidazole and its Glyodin,Fenopanil Ascomycetes spp. Basidiomycetes, derivatives Prochloraz, Imazalil Helminthosporiumsp,Fusarium and Septoria spp Benzimidazole Carbendazim,Benomyl Erysiphe, Septoriuand Fusarium sp. derivatives and Cypendazole,thiophanatemethyl Deuferomycete precursors Triazoles Fluotrimazole,Triadimefon Powdery mildew and Rust Triadimenol, Bibertanol Ustilagonuda, U. tritici, U. maydis Diclobutrazol,Triazbutil Venturiasp.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

4. Herbicides & Plant Growth Regulators Introduction- Classification of Herbicides - Based on mode of action – Plant Growth Regulators – Functions & Mechanism of action of Auxins –– Gibberellins –Cytokinins- ethylene – Absciscic acid

Number of theory classes: 1 (1hr.)

4.1 Introduction:

Herbicide is a pesticide used to kill unwanted plants.Selective herbicides kill certain targets while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed. Some of these act by interfering with the growth of the weed and are often based on plant hormones. Some plants produce natural herbicides, such as the genus Juglans (walnuts). Chemical weed control in agriculture began in the 1880s. Herbicides can be classified in different ways: by chemical name, by chemical characteristics of the compound, by toxicity, or by mode of action. There are two major categories of herbicides classified by mode of action: contact herbicides and translocated herbicides.Contact herbicides affect only the part of the plant that they touch. Absorption through foliage is minimal. The application, therefore, must be made in sufficient quantity to cover the foliage thoroughly. Examples of contact herbicides are diclofop, dinoseb, diquat, and paraquat. Unlike contact herbicides, systemic herbicides can be translocated to other parts of the plant. They alter the normal biological function of the plant by interfering with certain biochemical reactions. Thus, when applied to foliage or soil, they enter the plant and translocate to their site of action. Examples of translocated herbicides are atrazine, glyphosate 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and simazine.

4.2. Herbicides are also classified based on the mode of action:

Herbicides are classified on the mode of action as Photosynthesis Inhibitor, Cell Membrane Disrupters, Amino acid inhibitors, Plant growth regulator (PGR), Lipid biosynthesis inhibitor, Pigment inhibitor, Seedling growth inhibitor

4.2. 1. Photosynthesis Inhibitor: Block the light reactions of photosynthesis. Herbicide binding of the protein sites blocks the flow of electrons normally initiated when chlorophyll absorbs solar energy. Yellowing (chlorosis) of leaf tissue followed by death (necrosis) of the tissue. Example: Atrazine 4.2. 2. Cell Membrane Disrupters: Rapid disruption of cell membranes. Prevent translocation to other region of the plant. Rapid browning (necrosis) of plant tissue. Example: Paraquat 4.2. 3. Amino acid inhibitors:Prevent synthesis of certain amino acids produced by plants. Symptoms include yellowing of new growth and death of treated plants in days to weeks.These are relatively nonselective compounds, control annual grasses, annual broad leaves etc. Example: Glyphosate 4.2. 4. Lipid biosynthesis inhibitor:Prevents formation of fatty acids, essential for production of lipids. Aryloxyphenoxypropionic herbicides inhibit Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase (ACCase), an enzyme responsible for the first step in fatty acid

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

biosynthesis. Symptoms include chlorosis followed by necrosis of newest leaf tissue.Example: Clodinafop-propargyl 4.2. 5. Pigment inhibitor:Inhibitors of carotenoid biosynthesis. Prevent the production of compounds that protect the plant from chlorophyll destruction. Plant tissue turns white.Example: Clomazone 4.2. 6. Seedling growth inhibitor:Interrupt new plant growth and development. Grass shoots are short and thick and may appear red or purple in colour. Example: Butachlor

4.3 . Plant growth regulator (PGR):

The PGRs can be broadly divided into two groups based on Fig : Apical Dominance their function in a living plant body. suppressing the lateral branchesPinching of apical bud Plant growth promoters: PGRs which are involved in growthincreases promoting the activities,growth of lateralsuch as cell division, cell enlargement, pattern formation, flowering, fruitinbranchesg and seed formation are called plant growth promoters. e.g., auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins.

Growth retardants or Inhibitors: PGRs of the other group play an important role in plant responses to wounds and stresses of biotic and abiotic origin and are called as Growth retardants or Inhibitors. They are also involved in various growth inhibiting activities such as dormancy and abscission. Eg: Abscisic acid & ethylene. There are five major types of Plat Growth Regulators (i) Auxins (ii) Cytokinins (iii) Gibberellins (iv). Ethylene (v) Abscisic acid

4.3. 1. Auxin:

These plant hormones are specially concerned with cell enlargement or the growth of the shoots. An auxin may, thus, be defined as “an organic substance which promotes growth along the longitudinal axis.

Physiological function of Auxins:

Cell Elongation: Cell elongation occurs in the presence of auxins and it is proportional to the concentration of auxins. Cell elongation occurs in almost all parts of the plant such as petiole midrib, lateral veins and leaves. Auxin based herbicides have greater effect on dicots than on monocots due to larger surface area in dicots which will cause more absorbtion of herbicide by plants (Example: 2,4-D) Root Initiation in stem cuttings: The auxins most commonly employed for this purpose are IAA, NAA, 2,4-D, naphthalene acetamide (NAd) etc. Auxin-induced rooting helps propagation of certain plants by cuttings.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Apical Dominance:

If the apical bud is intact on the plant, the growth of the lateral buds remains suppressed. Upon removal of the apical bud, the lateral bud nearest the apical bud establishes its dominance over the remaining buds, causing them to become in active again. This inhibitory effect of a terminal bud upon the development of the lateral buds is called apical dominance and produces a cone-shaped plant.

Delay (or inhibition) of abscission of leaves: The abscission of leaves can be delayed or inhibited by the application of auxins on the surface of the lamina or on the cut surface of a debladed petiole.

4.3. 2. Gibberellins:

A Japanese scientist Kurosawa found that the rice seedlings infected by the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi grow taller and turned very thin and pale. An active substance was isolated from the infected seedlings and named as Gibberellin. These are diterpenoids, with a gibbane ring structure. They have the ability to elongate the stem of green seedlings especially certain dwarf and rosette types.

Biosynthesis of gibberellins in plants: They are produced in the shoot apex primarily in the leaf primordial (leaf bud) and root system. GA translocates easily in the plant in both directions.

Functions of Gibberellins: a. Stimulate stem growth through cell elongation and cell division. b. Involved in overcoming dormancy in seeds and buds. c. It causes internodes to stretch in relation to light intensity. d. Used commercially in stimulating seed germination & seedling growth e. Stimulate development of flowers. Delayed Fig 5: Gibberellins promote ripening Flowering Malting seed germination f. Increasing fruit size of seedless (Parthenocarpy) in grape g. Delay Senesence: Increase photosynthesis and proteins synthesis and thereby decrease abscission h. Increase cambial growth and differentiation i. Break dormancy and promote leaf expansion.

Mechanism of action: It acts by inducing activity of enzymes during early stages of seed germination. It also induces the synthesis of α – amylase & other hydrolytic enzymes during germination of monocot seeds and mobilizes seed storage reserves during germination.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

4.3. 3. Cytokinins:

Cytokinins are first isolated from Coconut milk. Miller &Skoog and their co-workers isolated the growth factor responsible for cellular division from a DNA preparation calling it as cytokinins in (1950). These are synthesized in root apex, endosperm of seeds, young fruits where cell division takes place. eg: Zeatin.

Functions of Cytokinins: a. Cytokinins promote cell division (Cytokinesis) b. Contribute to cell elongation in leaves c. Stimulate cell differentiation in combination with auxins.

High cytokinin and low auxin content promote shoot initiation in root, and the reverse will induce root formation. Optimum level of both will induce callus formation. Cytokinins delay senescence (senescence refers to the ageing of the leaves which is associated with the loss of chlorophyll and the breakdown of proteins) in leaves

4.3. 4. Ethylene:

Ethylene gas is the byproduct of gas combustion and that this gas could affect plant growth. This same gas was naturally produced by plants and it caused faster ripening of many fruits. Ethylene is a gaseous hormone and it produce throughout the plant. Large amounts are released into the air by roots, the shoot apical meristem, nodes, senescing flowers and ripening fruits.

Functions of Ethylene in Plants: a. Inhibits root and shoot initiation by blocking the transport of auxins from apical meristems and controls stem elongation. b. Stimulates leaf curling (epinasty) c. Stimulates fruit ripening Because of this activity, ethylene is known as ripening hormone. d. Promotes flowering in Mango, pineapple and some ornamentals. e. Hastens leaf abscission and falling down of leaves due to formation of abscission layer. f. Determines sex expression in monoecious plants, plants that produce both male and female flowers on the same plant. Application of ethylene causes more female flowers in cucurbits.

4.3. 5. Abscisic Acid (ABA):

The plants also do possess a few substances which inhibit growth. They retard such processes as seed germination, root and stem elongation and bud opening. As a matter of fact, the growth inhibitors act as chemical check upon plants preventing the seeds from germinating and the buds from opening under unfavourable conditions.

Physiological Role in Plants:

a) Closure of Stomata: During drought, leaves synthesize large amounts of ABA which causes stomata to close. Thus, ABA acts as a messenger and enables plants to conserve 14

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

water during drought

b) Delays seed dormancy: Applying ABA delays seed germination. It controls bud dormancy, counteracts the effects of other hormones. It inhibits cell growth that is promoted by IAA. It inhibits amylase production that is induced by Gibberellins thus delaying seed germination. It induces chlorosis and senescence unlike cytokinins that promote rejuvenation of leaves and delay senescence.

List of Plant Growth Regulators Marketed in India: AUXINS Formul Dose Product Nam Crops ation e 2-(1-naphthyl)acetic acid SL 45 g/l Planofix Apple Pear Pineapple 4-indol-3-ylbutyric acid DP 1 g/kg Seradix B No 1 Ornamentals 4-indol-3-ylbutyric acid DP 3 g/kg Seradix B No 2 Ornamentals 4-indol-3-ylbutyric acid SL 8 g/kg Seradix B No 3 Ornamentals GIBBERELLINS Gibberellins SL 32 g/l ProGibb 4% Grape, Pear, Citrus, Potato, Mango, Hops, Grape-seedless CYTOKININS 6-benzyl SL 19/19 g/l Promalin Apple, Plum, Flowers, adenine/gibberellins Ornamentals ETHYLENE Ethephon SL 480 g/l Ethrel Apple, Citrus, Cotton, Grape, Sugarcane Tobacco GROWTH RETARDANTS Paclobutrazol SC 250 g/l Cultar Litchi Mango Peach Plum Daminozide SP 850 g/kg B-Nine SP Flowers Ornamentals Glyphosate- SL 360 g/l Glyphosate 360 Sugarcane and Grasses isopropylamine Acid Glyphosate- SL 360 g/l Mamba 360 SL Sugarcane Grasses isopropylamine Glyphosate- SL 360 g/l Roundup Grasses Sugarcane isopropylamine Glyphosate- SL 360 g/l Roundup Ultra Sugarcane Grasses isopropylamine GROWTH INHIBITORS Mepiquat chloride SL 50 g/l Pix Cotton Chlormequat chloride SL 750 g/l CeCeCe 750 Pear, Wheat Chlormequat SL 300/150 Uprite Wheat chloride/ethephon g/l DEFOLIANTS Thidiazuron/diuron SC 120/60 Dropp Ultra Cotton g/l

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

5. Other Pesticides (Acaricides, Nematicides & Rodenticides)

Acaricides – Generations of Acaricides- Nematicides- Rodenticides- Inorganic and anticoagulant Number of theory classes: 1 (1hr.)

5.1 Acaricides:

Acaricides are pesticides meant for controlling harmful species of mites Phytophagous mites feed on the liquid content of plant cells, thus disrupting the physiology of a host plant and causing various damages to plant tissues and organs, while some of the species can also act as vectors of plant viruses. a) First Generation Acaricides: Bridged diphenyls (bromopropylate, chloropropylate, chlorobenzilate, chlorfenethol, dicofol, tetradifon), the first specific acaricides, established themselves on the market in the 1950s. b) Second Generation Acaricides: During the 1960s and early 1970s, the second generation of specificacaricides emerged, the most important of which were propargite, organotins (cyhexatin, fenbutatin-oxide) and formamidines (amitraz, chlordimeform). c) Specific acaricides of third generation: represented by mite growth inhibitors. eg: Hexythiazox.

5.2 Nematicides

Nematicides are the compounds used to control nematodes. Nematodes are soil dwelling worm like organisms which affcect the root system of the plant and decrese and vigour and production. Nematicidal activity of synthetic chemicals started with the use of carbon disulfide, and chloropicrin as soil fumigants. New generation of nematicides were introduced with carbamates organophosphates and avermectinswhich served as contact nematicides, devoid of fumigant activity. Examples of major groups nematicides are given below:

Group Nematicide Mode of effectiveness Organophosphates Ethoprop Nonsystemic insecticide/nematicide Fenamiphos, Systemic in action Cadsafous Burrowing nematode, Radopholussimilis, Rotylenchulusreniformis Fosthiazate lesion nematode Pratylenchuspenetrans on potato and root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on tobacco and Meloidogyne arenaria on peanut Triazophos Meloidogyne sp., Rotylenchulusreniformis Carbamates Carbofuran Systemic nematicide Oxamyl Pratylenchuspenetrans Avermectin Abamectin Contact& stomach pesticide aginst root knot nematode

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

5.3. Rodenticides:

Pesticides meant for killing rodents are called rodenticides. Rodenticides can be acute toxins or anticoagulants. Their modes of action are described below:

5.3. 1. Inorganic Rodenticides: Compounds such as Zinc phosphide, Magnesium phosphide and aluminium phosphide are classified under inorganic pesticides. Among them zincphosphide can be purchased commercially and is commonly used in rodent control. These toxins are very lethal; ingestion leads to death of an animal within a few hours. When zincphosphide is ingested, it reacts with stomach acids and causes poisonous phosphine gas to be released. This leads to nausea, vomiting, pulmonary edema, and eventual death. 5.3. 2. Anticoagulant Rodenticides: Another group of rodenticide compounds are the anticoagulants.Death from these compounds results from internal bleeding and can take from 1 - 10 days after the initial poisoning. The first anticoagulant rodenticides (warfarin, diphacinone, andchlorophacinone), that came out in the late 1940’s, were slow acting. These are called first generation compounds.Their inherent toxicity is lower than acute toxins and an antidote (vitamin K1) is available in the event of accidental poisoning.

Newer anticoagulants, (brodifacumandbromadiolone) that came into use in the 1970’s, have enough active ingredient to cause death in a single feeding. There are two classes of anticoagulant rodenticides, the coumarinsand the indandiones. Both types act by depressing the hepatic vitamin K dependent synthesis of substances essential to blood clotting. Thepermeability of capillaries is increased throughout the body, predisposing the animal towidespread internal hemorrhage. This usually occurs in rodents several days after bait ingestion,or after several feedings, although the newer baits can cause death after only a single feeding.

Conclusion:

The Pesticides can be classified in different ways considering their use or target pests, mode of action, toxicity, source of origin and chemistry/chemical structure.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Best Practices Recommended for Input Dealers: (i) Always be sure that the right kind of pesticide as per the use classification is sold to the farmer. (ii) Read the label for the recommended doses and toxicity classification and advice the farmer to use the protective equipment as per the recommendations. (iii) Educate the farmer to follow the instructions on the manufacturer’s label pertaining to pesticide usage.

Practical on Classification of Pesticides (2Hours) Activity Group Activity The participants are briefed about the importance about the knowing about the classification of pesticides. The participants are made into a group of 4-5 member and given a few pesticide contaners or labels of pesticide containers Task -1 (30 min.) The participants have to group the pesticides for the purpose it is used. Suppose the pesticides are meant for insect control, disease control, or weed control etc., they are grouped and classified as per target species it controls Task -2 (30 min.) The participants have to group the pesticides based on the colour code on the container and grouped into toxicity classes Task -3 (30 min.) The pesticides will be classified as per the mode of action as contact, systemic, stomach based on the label information Task-4 (30 min.) Preparation of charts for each of the classification done by the participants.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

II. Pesticides Act, Rules and Regulations

1. Introduction to Insecticide Act, 1968 and Insecticide Rules, 1971 Introduction to Insecticides Act, 1968 –Salint features of IA,1968- Pesticide Management Bill, 2008 - Salinet Feature of bill – Substandard , Spurious pesticide as per Pesticide Bill,2008. Number of theory classes : 1 (1 hrs.)

1.1. Introduction:

The Insecticide Act-1968 has come in to existence in India as act of 46 of 1968, Dt. 2-9-1968. The enactment of act took place on the basis of recommendation of Inter-ministerial Committee, headed by DR. M.S. THACKER on “the Kerala & Madras Food-poisoning Cases Enquiry Commission’s report” under Justice J.C. Shah, then a sitting judge of Bombay High court. Dr M.S. THACKER committee recommended Short-term and Long-term measures on the basis of the enquiry commission’s report which were accepted and the enactment of the Insecticide Act took place. The constitution of Kerala & Madras Food-poisoning Cases Enquiry Commission under Justice J.C. Shah took place due to the accidents occurred in April & May, 1958 , in Kerala(by Folidol contamination ) & Tamil Nadu, causing Food Poison due to which many people died and suffered due to the their toxic effects. The Government has enacted the Insecticide Act 1968 on the basis of long term measures to regulate import, manufacture, sale, transport, distribution and use of pesticides with a view to prevent risk to human beings, animals and for matters connected therewith. 1.2 Salient Features of the Insecticide Act, 1968: The Salient features of the Bill of are Establishment of CIB and RC Licensing of persons, Establishment of CIL, Prohibition of import, manufacture, sale, etc., Regulation of transport and storage of insecticides so as to prevent cases of accidental contamination of food. Provision of taking immediate action by way of prohibition of sale, distribution and use of any insecticide if it involved risk to human beings and vertebrate animals. The IA-1968 act comprises of 38 Sections in it dealing various aspects of the pesticides in its life cycle and the act is executed following the 46 rules provided in the Insecticide Rules 1971 and the Insecticides (Price, Stock Display and Submission of Reports) Order - 1986 . The rules are being amended from time to time to suit and improve so as to serve the nation and farmers in particular and the following are the amendments existing to the Insecticide Rules 1971. As per the Act The Central Insecticides Board (CIB) is the Apex Advisory Body, which is headed by Director General, Health services, and advises the Central & State Governments on technical matters relating to Risk to human beings or animals involved in the use of 19

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management insecticides and measures necessary to prevent such risk; and manufacture, sale, storage, transport and distribution of insecticides with a view to ensure safety to human beings and animals. The Technical Executive Body under the act is Registration Committee which is Headed by Agricultural Commissioner, Govt. of India . The Registration Committee Registers insecticides after scrutinizing their formulae and verifying claims, made by applicants with regard to their efficacy and safety to human beings and animals; and other functions as assigned by or under the Act. The Registration of the insecticides is done under the Act in different categories depending on the purpose and type operations intended by the applicant. They are three Types of registration provisional [9(3B)], regular [9(3)] and repeat [9(4)] registration of pesticides. The registration committee ensures the efficacy and safety of the products registered on scrutiny of the data submitted by the registrants through its panel of experts for chemistry,bio- efficacy / residuesToxicity, Packing & Packaging. It also ensures infrastructural facilities for manufacture, stock, distribution, sale and Commercial Pest Control Operations. The CIB & RC periodically reviews the pesticide usage and its effects and considers the feed back from the general public, scientific community and research bodies and through the media and satisfy through its own technical expert committees and take necessary steps to impose prohibition on certain pesticides pertaining to Import, Manufacture, Sale, Stock or exhibit for sale, Distribution, Transport and Use or Caused to be used as it deemed fit for the reasons of Public Safety.

Prohibition imposed on certain insecticides as on date by the CIB & RC: 1. Insecticides Banned (MIU) :28 2. InsecticidesFormulations banned except Export :02 3. Insecticide Formulations banned (MIU) :04 4. Withdrawn :08 5. Refused Registration :18 6. Restricted for Use :13

The Act envisages for the regulation of Quality of Insecticides being marketed and available for use in the country. Both the Sate and Central Governments play a major role in the enforcement of the Act and the important functionaries are The licensing officers, Insecticide Inspectors (Drawl of samples) and Insecticide Analysts (Analysis of samples). There are various sections and rules which deal with and to explain the manner to proceed.

1.3 Pesticides Management Bill 2008

The National Policy for Farmers brought out in 2007 states that "the development, introduction and diffusion of environmentally safe and effective pesticides will be given priority" while "suitable quality control, safety evaluation and other regulatory system would be strengthened". The policy highlights the need for "incorporating the use of chemical

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management pesticides in an Integrated Pest Management System". The policy also states that "the sale of spurious and sub-standard pesticides would be prevented and bio-pesticides would be promoted". Various Parliamentary Committees recommended stringent and deterrent punishment for manufacturers/sellers of spurious insecticides and the necessity of fixing of maximum residue limits for registration of pesticides.

Pesticide Management Bill 2008 Rajya Sabha (Bill No. XLVIII of 2008)was introduced in the 214 Session of the Rajya Sabha in 2008 (September 30) after 40 years of the existence of the Insecticides Act. The Bill is expected to regulate the import, manufacture, export, sale, transport, distribution, quality and use of pesticides with a view to:(i) control pests; (ii) ensure availability of quality pesticides;(iii) allow its use only after assessing its efficacy and safety;(iv) minimize the contamination of agricultural commodities by pesticide residues;(v) create awareness among users regarding safe and judicious use of pesticides, and to take necessary measures to continue, restrict or prohibit the use of pesticides on reassessment with a view to prevent its risk on human beings, animals or environment, and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.It consists of 8 Chapters and 54 clauses( Appendix III )

1.3.1. Salient features Salient features of the Pesticides Management Bill include : 1. Improving the quality of pesticides available to Indian farmers and introduce new, safe and efficacious pesticides 2. More effective regulation of import, manufacture, export, sale, transport, distribution and use of pesticides, to prevent risk to human beings, animals, or the environment, 3. Detailed categorization of offences and punishments for greater deterrence to violators. 4. De-licensing of retail sale of household insecticides, and 5. Timely disposal of time-barred pesticides in an environmentally safe manner. The Pesticide Management Bill, 2008 defines the pesticides as substandard or spurious or misbranded pesticides.

1.3.2. Misbranded Pesticide under Pesticide Bill, 2008:

A pesticide shall be deemed to be misbranded- a. if its label contains any statement, design or graphic representation relating thereto which is false or misleading in any material particular, or if its package is otherwise deceptive in respect of its contents; or b. if its label does not contain a warning or caution which may be necessary and sufficient, if complied with to prevent risk to human beings or animals; c. if any word, statement or other information required by or under this Act to appear on the label not displayed thereon such conspicuous manner as the other words, statements, design or graphic matter have been displayed on the label and such terms as to render it likely to be read and understood by any ordinary individual under customary conditions of purchase and use; or d. if it is not packed or labelled as required by or under this Act, or e. if the label contains any reference to registration other than the registration number; or

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management f. if the date of manufacture and date of expiry printed on its label is at variance with the shelf life as approved by the registration committee.

1.3.3. Substandard Pesticide under Pesticide Bill, 2008:

A pesticide shall be deemed to be substandard- if it does not conform to the active ingredient test approved for it by the Registration Committee and its active ingredient is within five per cent of the nominal value when applied beyond the upper and lower limits prescribed for conforming to the test. Provided that no tolerance limit shall apply in case of pesticides, which are registered on minimum purity basis; or a) if it does not conform to other tests specified or approved for it by the Registration Committee while granting registration;

1.3.4. Spurious Pesticide under Pesticide Bill, 2008:

A pesticide shall be deemed to be spurious- a) if it is not registered or licensed in the manner required by or under this Act; or b) if on test or analysis it shows active ingredient higher or lower even beyond the limits prescribed under clause (v); or c) if it is an imitation of, or is sold under the name of, another pesticide; or d) if the container bears the name of the person or company purporting to be the manufacturer of the pesticide, which is either fictitious or does not exist; or e) if the chemical composition as approved by the Registration Committee is not adhered to or is modified or changed by adding or substituting any ingredient or substance; or f) if it has outlived its shelf-life, as evident by the date of manufacture and the date of expiry as printed on its label, approved by the Registration Committee and displayed for sale, distribution, use or caused to be used or not disposed of as per provision under section 52; or g) if its import, manufacture, use or sale is prohibited and it is found to be imported, manufactured, stocked, distributed, transported, sold or exhibited for sale, caused to be used;

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

2. Registration of Pesticides and Licensing Procedures

Registration of Pesticides –Licencing – Pest Control Operators – qualification –Packing of Insecticides

Number of theory classes: 1 (1 hrs.)

2.1 Introduction: Registration of pesticides as defined under Section 3 (e) of the Act. It states that any person desiring to import or manufacture any pesticide is required to apply to the Registration Committee appointed under Section 5 of the Act for registration of such pesticide as provided for under Section 9 of the Act. Section 5 (5) of the Act states that Registration Committee shall regulate its own procedure and the conduct of business to be transacted by it. Section 5 (1) empowers the Committee to register the pesticides after scrutinizing the formulae and verifying claims by the importer or the manufacturer as regards the efficacy and safety to human beings and animals. It also allows the Committee to carry out any other function which the Act stipulates. If in the course of its function, it spells out the manner of scrutinizing the chemical formulae or assessing efficacy or safety, then it can be taken as competent to lay down condition in the manner which clause 5 provides. 2.2 Registration Types: First type of registration of pesticides is under section 9 (3). The Statutory Committee is required to evaluate various parameters related to the use and application of the product or pesticide and on being satisfied that the pesticide to which the application relates conforms to the claim made by the importer or the manufacturer regarding the efficacy and its safety to human beings and animals, and the same can be registered by the said Committee. The Second type of registration of pesticide is Provisional Registration under Section 9 (3B) of the Act. The provision has been made in respect of pesticides being introduced in India for the first time. Section 9 (3B ) provides for provisional registration of imported pesticides for a period of two years. However, this sub-section is applicable only to the biopesticides and is no longer applicable to conventional chemical pesticides as per directives from the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture. Third type of registration contemplated under Section 9 Sub section (4) of the Act is when a pesticide is already registered under Section 9 (3) of the Act. Section 9 (4) provides that in case when pesticide is registered on an application, any person desiring to import or manufacture the pesticide or engaged in the business of import or manufacturing the pesticide shall make an application for registration. This type of registration of pesticides under Section 9 (4) is known commonly as “Me too Registration”.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Ensuring Efficacy and Safety The registration committee ensures the efficacy and safety of the products registered on scrutiny of the data submitted by the registrants through its panel of experts on the following before issuing the registration. a) Chemistry b) Bio-efficacy / Residues c) Toxicity d) Packing & Packaging

The CIBRC periodically reviews the pesticide usage and its effects and considers the feedback from the general public, scientific community and research bodies and through the media and satisfy through its own technical expert committees and take necessary steps to impose prohibition on certain pesticides pertaining to Import, Manufacture, Sale, Stock or exhibit for sale, Distribution, Transport and Use or Caused to be used as it deemed fit for the reasons of safety to human beings, animals and for matters connected therewith.

The Act envisages for the regulation of Quality of Insecticides being marketed and available for use in the country. Both the Sate and Central Governments play a major role in the enforcement of the Act. The important functionaries are licensing officers, Insecticide Inspectors (Drawl of samples) and Insecticide Analysts (Analysis of samples). There are various sections and rules which deal with and to explain the manner to proceed.

2.3 Licensing (sec.13, 14 & 15 and rule 10 to 14): State Governments notify the Licensing officers. Any person desiring to manufacture or to sell, stock or exhibit for sale or distribute any insecticide or to take commercial pest control operations may make an application to the licensing officer. Application for grant of license to manufacture shall be made in Form II

2.3.1. License for Pest Control Operators (Rule 10 (3a)) a) who desires to undertake pest control operations, with the use of Aluminum Phosphide, Methyl bromide etc., Application for the Grant of License to Stock and Use Restricted Insecticides for Commercial Pest Control Operations should be made in Form II (Annexure 5) b) License is valid for 5 years. It should be renewed before the expiry for a period of another 5 years

2.3.2. Qualification Pest Control Operations: a) A graduate in Agriculture or in science with chemistry as subject with a certificate of minimum15 days training.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

b) For undertaking fumigation, the pest control operators shall have to obtain special permission for the Plant Protection Adviser to the Govt. of India.

The applicant along with application for grant of License to undertake operation or sell, stock exhibit for sale or distribute insecticides, file certificate from principal (appendix of Form II).The principal should clearly give particulars of their reg. no., license number, authorized persons and type of formulations. The licensing officer shall conduct inspection of infrastructure, premises, stocks and records at least once in every two years. 2.3.3.Prohibition against sale or storage of pesticides at certain Places (Rule 10 (C))

No Person shall manufacture, store or expose for sale or permit the sale or expose for sale or permit the sale or storage of any insecticide in the same building where articles consumable by human beings or animals are manufactured, stored or exposed for sale. Nothing contained in this rule will apply to the retail sales of household insecticides, provided the household insecticides have been registered as such and are packed and labeled in accordance with these rules. A license granted by endorsement for commercial pest control operations under 10 (3)- A shall be renewable along with main license. A license for retail selling of household insecticides shall be issued for a period of ten calendar years. 2.4. Packing of Insecticides (Rule 16 &17) No person shall stock or exhibit for sale or distribute any insecticide unless it is packed and labeled in accordance with provision of Insecticide Rule 1971 as per Rule 16.

Every package containing an insecticide shall be a type approved by the registration committee and a container sample in which the product is proposed to be packed either shall accompany the application for registration or shall be supplied to the registration committee separately. (Rule 17, Insecticide rules)

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

3. Insecticide Inspector

Insecticide Inspector – Powers & Duties – Insecticide Analyst - qualification – Powers & duties – Drawl of Pesticide Samples - Confiscation

Number of theory classes: 2 (2 hrs.)

3.1. Introduction:

The Insecticide Inspector is an important and active functionary in the field under the Insecticide Act 1968. The sampling of pesticide samples under the Insecticide Act is done by the Insecticide Inspector, to ascertain the conformity of samples to certain standards approved by the CIBRC while registering the products and to those laid down specifications as approved in the Bureau of Indian Standard specifications.

The Insecticide Inspectors are appointed under section 20 of the Insecticide Act, by the Central Government or a State Government, by notification in the Official Gazette, in such number as it thinks fit and possessing such technical and other qualifications as may be prescribed to be Insecticides Inspectors for such area as may be specified in the notification:

3.1.1 Powers of Insecticide Inspectors

Powers of Insecticide Inspector are defined under section 21 of the act. An Insecticide Inspector shall have power-

a) to enter and search, at all reasonable times and with such assistance, if any, as he considers necessary, any premises in which he has reason to believe that an offence under this Act or the rules made there under has been or is being or is about to be committed, or for the purpose of satisfying himself that the provisions of this Act or the rules made there under or the conditions of any certificate of registration or license issued there under are being complied with;

b) to require the production of, and to inspect, examine and make copies of, or take extracts from, registers, records or other documents kept by a manufacturer, distributor, carrier, dealer or any other person in pursuance of the provisions of this Act or the rules made there under and seize the same, if he has reason to believe that all or any of them may furnish evidence of the commission of an offence punishable under this Act or the rules made there under;

c) to make such examination and inquiry as he thinks fit in order to ascertain whether the provisions of this Act or the rules made there under are being complied with and for the purpose stop any vehicle;

d) to stop the distribution, sale or use of an insecticide which he has reason to believe is being distributed, sold or used in contravention of the provisions of this Act or the rules made there under, for a specified period not exceeding twenty days, or unless the alleged contravention is such that the defect may be removed by the possessor of the insecticide, seize the stock of such insecticide;

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

e) to take samples of any insecticide and send such samples for analysis to the Insecticide Analyst for test in the prescribed manner; and

f) to exercise such other powers as may necessary for carrying out the purposes of this Act or the rules made there under.

3.1.2. Duties of Insecticides Inspector

The Insecticides Inspector shall have the following duties under section 27 of the Insecticide Rules 1971, namely:

a) to inspect not less than three times in a year all establishments selling insecticides within the area of his jurisdiction;

b) to satisfy himself that the conditions of licence are being complied with;

c) to procure and send for test and analysis, samples of insecticides which he has reason to suspect are being sold, stocked or accepted for sale in contravention of the provisions of the Act or rules made there under;

d) to investigate any complaint in writing which may be made to him;

e) to institute prosecution in respect of breaches of the Act and the rules made there under;

f) to maintain a record of all inspections made and action taken by him in the performance of his duties including the taking of samples and seizure of stocks and to submit copies of such record to the licensing officer;

g) to make such inquiries and inspections as may be necessary to detect the sale and use of insecticides in contravention of the Act.

The provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), shall, as far as may be, apply to any search or seizure under this Act as they apply to any search or seizure made under the authority of a warrant issued under section 94 of the said code.An Insecticide Inspector may exercise the powers of a police officer under section 42 of the code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), for the purpose of ascertaining the true name and residence of the person from whom a sample is taken or insecticide is seized.

The act has also provision to notify Insecticide Inspector for special purpose as mentioned here; any person who does not possess the required qualifications may also be appointed as Insecticide Inspector for the purposes of search and seizure operations as and when necessary for enforcement of the Act.

The Insecticide Inspectors during the inspection of dealer shops shall verify the following aspects: 1. Display stock and price list. 2. Display of license in prominent place. 3. Proper maintenance of stock registers, bill books and other records. 4. Product wise, batch wise, stocking. 5. Physical verification of the stock with book balance.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

6. Purchase invoices with source of supply approved in principal certificates. 7. Date expired stock are kept separately with label “date expired “. 8. Pesticide storage facilities to satisfy himself whether the pesticides are stored in good conditions, well-constructed structure, well ventilated, environmentally safe, fire-proof, theft-proof and childproof. And also to ascertain sufficient care is taken to avoid cross contamination and pesticides are stored with proper label.

9. The inventory in the stores/godown is also verified.

The Insecticide Inspector shall issue stop sales under rule 30 and give notices under Section 21(1)(d) in Form-V(A) after establishing a reasonable cause for taking such action if necessary.

The stop sale notices can be served,

a) If the dealer has purchased stocks from source other than those mentioned in the principal certificates. b) If he failed to maintain proper accounts, stock registers etc., to show proper stocks and batch numbers etc. c) If there is reasonable suspicion that he may be selling certain products which are spurious/substandard or which are not purchased from authorized and declared sources. d) If the packing is defective in respect of labeling, sealing etc. e) If storage conditions are not proper. f) When there are complaints from farmers or any other agency.

3.1.3. Drawal of Pesticide Samples:

After completion of the above, he shall draw the samples of pesticides as per the stipulated sampling procedures either from small packs or big packs. He is empowered to draw any sample(s) whichever he has reason to suspect or may be on routine random check of the displayed, kept for sale or stocked pesticides in the godowns. The samples shall be drawn and dispatched to the laboratories to check the Label claims, Adulterants, Field Effectiveness under Section 24(2) of Insecticide Rules 1971

The Insecticide Inspector shall intimate such purpose in writing in Form-V (C) to the person from whom the samples are drawn under Section 22(5) of I. Act 1968 and the dealer or person from whom samples are drawn is offered to put their seal and signature on the sealed packs of the pesticides drawn besides acknowledging the receipt of intimation in form No. V(C)

The Inspector shall issue a receipt under Section 22(3) of Insecticide Act 1968 for the samples drawn stating that the fair price of such samples shall be tendered if the samples after test or analysis are not found to be misbranded. Once the test reports are arrived, the payment of fair price or otherwise will be decided.

The Insecticide Inspector draws three samples and one sample is given to the person from whom the sample is drawn and the second one is sent forthwith to the Insecticide Analyst. The 3rd sample is to be produced in the court of law in case of dispute, for referee analysis in the Central Insecticide Laboratory (CIL), which is a referee laboratory.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

In case of a pesticide declared misbranded the Insecticide Inspector will send the test result in Form-IV to the person from whom the sample was drawn and simultaneously serve a copy of the same to the distributor / manufacturer immediately. The Insecticide Inspector while serving the misbranding result in Form-IV shall seize the misbranded stocks, records and he shall tender a receipt there for in Form-V(B) by taking the signature / seal of the dealer under panchanama (witnesses).

After the analytical result from CIL arrives and tallies with the State PTL results, the Insecticide Inspector will proceed for prosecution as per the procedure laid down in the Insecticide act 1968 and Cr PC.

3.1.4. Confiscation

Where any person has been convicted under this Act for contravening any of the provisions of this Act or of the rules made thereunder, the stock of the insecticide(s) in respect of which the contravention has been made shall be liable to confiscation.

Without prejudice to the provisions contained in sub-section (1), where the Court is satisfied on the application of an Insecticide Inspector or otherwise and after such inquiry as may be necessary, that the insecticide is a misbranded insecticide, such insecticide shall be liable to confiscation.

No prosecution, suit or other proceedings shall be against the Government or any officer of the Government, or the board, the registration committee or any committee of the board, for anything in good faith done or intended to be done under this Act under Section 35 of Insecticide Act, 1968.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

4. Insecticide Analyst

Report of Insecticide Analyst – Qualification – powers of Analyst – Duties of Analyst - Procedure on receipt of Sample – Parameters to be Tested – Organizations involved in Quality Control –Report of Analyst and follow up Action – Misbranded Pesticide products

Number of theory classes: 1 (1 hrs.)

4.1 Introduction: Quality control is defined as various steps undertaken to ensure the conformity of samples to certain standards or specifications. The three important aspects of quality control are

a) Standard specifications: The specifications for sample analysis will be given by Bureau of Indian Standards. The manufacturer at the time of registration has to submit the method of analysis which will be scrutinized by BIS, with the help of various public and private organizations for the suitability of method and finally release the specification for that pesticide. Until the specification comes from BIS, the method submitted by the manufacturer can be used for the analysis of sample which is called as Registration committee approved method.

b) Sampling procedures: Sampling is a very important aspect of quality control. Samples are drawn by Insecticide Inspectors appointed by central and state governments from the retail out lets as well as manufacturing units. The drawn samples are sent to various state Pesticide Testing Laboratories to check the quality of the pesticide. Sample drawn should be homogeneous and representative of the entire lot or consignment. Section 21 and 22 of the insecticide act provides procedures for drawl of samples. Preference for drawl of sample should be given in the order of priority. Sample should be sent along with form XX and form XXI (Annexure 2) to the insecticide analyst.

c) Analysis of samples: The Central Government or a State Government by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint persons possessing technical and other qualifications as Insecticide Analysts, who has no financial interest in the manufacture, import or sale of any insecticide.

4.2. Qualifications of Insecticide Analyst:

Insecticide Analyst is the key authority for ensuring the quality of insecticides by testing the samples under the provisions of IA, 1968. Appointment of insecticide analyst is done under Sec 19 of IA, 1968.A person shall be eligible for appointment as an insecticide analyst under the Act only if he possesses the following qualifications, namely: a) A graduate in Agriculture or a graduate in Science with Chemistry as special subject; and b) adequate training in analyzing insecticides in a recognized laboratory.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

4.3. Powers of Insecticides Analyst (Rule 22 of Insecticide Rule, 1971)

The Insecticides Analyst shall have the power to call for such information of particulars or do anything as may be necessary for the proper examination of the samples sent to him either from the Insecticide Inspector or the person whom the sample was obtained. Further the duties of the Insecticides Analyst also have been defined as furnished hereunder

4.4. Duties of Insecticides Analyst (Rule 23 of Insecticide Rule, 1971) a) The Insecticides Analyst shall analyze or cause to be analyzed or test or cause to be tested such samples of insecticides as may be sent to him by the Insecticide Inspector under the provisions of the Act and shall furnish report or results of such tests or analysis. b) An insecticides analyst shall, from time to time, forward to the State Government reports giving the result of analytical work and investigation with a view to their publication at the discretion of the government.

4.5. Procedure on receipt of sample (Rule 24 of Insecticide Rule,1971) a) On receipt of a package from an Insecticide Inspector containing a sample for test or analysis, the Insecticides Analyst shall compare the seals on the packet with the specimen impression received separately and shall note the condition of the seals on the packet. b) In making the test or analysis of insecticides, it shall be sufficient if the insecticides analyst follows those specifications and the months of examination of samples as approved by the Registration Committee. c) After the test or analysis has been carried out under sub-rule (2), the Insecticides Analyst shall forthwith supply to the Insecticides Inspector a report in triplicate in Form XVII (Annexure 3) of the result of test or analysis.

The analyst registers all those samples in the sample register in a chronological order and issues a laboratory code. The analysis will be taken up on priority based on the history of the sample, such as near expiry date and /or under stop sale/seizure of the stock.

4.6. Parameters to be Tested: The analyst must analyze the samples for all the parameters as per the requirement of the respective BIS specification such as active ingredient and other Physico chemical Parameters. The tolerance limit for the following nominal content of the active ingredient is furnished as

Nominal Content of Tolerance Limit (%) Example Range A.I. Up to 9 -5 to + 10 5% 4.75 to 5.5 10 to 49 -5 to +5 30 28.5 to 31.5 50 and above -3 to +5 50 48.5 to 52.5

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Other Physico chemical Parameters Sl.No. Parameter Application for 1. Acidity / Alkalinity All samples 2. Suspensibility WP, SC, WDG 3. Wettability WP 4. Emulsion stability EC 5. Flash point EC / SL 6. Cold test EC / SL 7. Attrition test Coated Gr 8. Water run off test Coated Gr 9. Bulk density DP 10. Particle size DP / WP / Gr

The Analyst shall follow any techniques as of conventional analysis / titrimetric analysis and/or instrumental analysis and must follow only the referee method as test protocol. The analyst must reconfirm the analytical results before reporting the same and maintain all the records of receipt of samples and analysis undertaken along with the chromatograms in case of chromatographic analysis. The analysis and reporting is done with in the stipulated 30 daytime [Under Rule 24 (1)] from the receipt of the sample in the laboratory. A sample can be declared Misbranded if the sample fails in any one of the parameters such as active ingredient and / or physico-chemical parameters.

4.7. Organizations Involved in Quality Control:

Analytical report shall be conclusive evidence till adduced by aggrieved under Sec 24 (4). And CIL report shall be conclusive evidence.Various Organizations such as industry, GOI and Bureau of Indian Standard are involved in quality control.

1. Industry It is the industry which develops and manufactures the pesticides also develops analytical methodology and drafts the required specifications for approval, besides supply of reference standards / technical grade chemicals for undertaking the analysis and cooperate with BIS in framing specifications and are the members of FAD1.

2. Government of India CIBRC which registers pesticides under, The Insecticide Act 1968& The Insecticide Rules 1971 takes care of the “Quality control” aspects included in the act Established CIL (Under Section 16 of IA, 1968), two Regional Pesticide Testing Laboratories (Kanpur &Chandigarh) and 68 SPTLs all over India.Established Training Institute/facilities (NIPHM).

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

3. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Headed by Plant Protection Adviser to the Govt. of India, frames specifications for pesticides and issues the ‘mark of certification’ to the manufacturers

4.8. Misbranded crop protection products An insecticide shall be deemed to be misbranded- a. if its label contains any statement, design or graphic representation relating thereto which is false or misleading in any material particular, or if its package is otherwise deceptive in respect of its contents; or b. if it is an imitation of, or is sold under the name of, another insecticide; or c. if its label does not contain a warning or caution which may be necessary and sufficient, if complied with to prevent risk to human beings or animals; d. if any word, statement or other information required by or under this Act to appear on the label not displayed thereon such conspicuous manner as the other words, statements, design or graphic matter have been displayed on the label and such terms as to render it likely to be read and understood by any ordinary individual under customary conditions of purchase and use; or e. if it is not packed or labelled as required by or under this Act, or f. if it is not registered in the manner required by or under this Act; or g. if the label contains any reference to registration other than the registration number; or h. if the insecticide has a toxicity which is higher than the level prescribe or is mixed or packed with any substance so as to alter its nature or quality or contains any substance which is not include in the registration;

4.9 Report of Analyst and Follow up action:

Analytical report should be served to the dealer imediately without delay.Accused Within 28 days of receiving the report can appeal for reanalysis of sample. The cost for reanalysis shall be paid by the accused.If the results of both are in agreement prosecution must be launched without delay by taking permission of the competent authority. The imsecticide inspector should serve the analytical report to the dealer immediately. If contested within 28 days, send referee samples to CIL through Court of Law.

The Insecticide Inspector while depositing the referee sample in the court should impress upon them that according to section 24(4) of Insecticide Act 1968 the report of analysis should be delivered within a period of (30) days by the Central Insecticide Lab. The Central Insecticide Lab result shall be conclusive evidence.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

The District Licensing Authority i.e., Joint Director of Agriculture concerned should issue Show Cause Notice to the person under Section 14 of Insecticide Act 1968. In case of misbrands the provision of Section 24(3) of Insecticide Act for reanalysis at Central Insecticide Lab to be indicated in Show Cause Notice. If State Pesticide Testing Laboratory (SPTL) & Central Insecticide Laboratory (CIL) result tally launch prosecution, immediate after receipt of Central Insecticide Lab report, it has to be sent to the Commissionerate of Agriculture duly attested by the Joint Director of Agriculture concerned. A detail charge sheet must be filed in the court of law, if the sample is misbranded in Central Insecticide Lab. In case the person not contested for the Central Insecticide Lab should be taken to launch prosecution in the court duly obtaining the orders of Jt. Director / District Collector.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

5. Importance of Packaging and labelling

Objectives of Packaging and labelling - Packaging types – Contents of Leaflet- Manner of labelling

Number of theory classes: 1 (1 hrs.)

Package means a box, bottle, casket, case, sack, wrapper, or other material in which an insecticide or it’s formulation is packed. Package of pesticide should be leak proof and exhibit good design. Packaging can be described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, warehousing, sale and end use. Packaging contains, protects, and preserves the contents packed in it. Packaging extends the life span of products by its protective action.

5.1. Objectives of Packaging and labelling:

Physical protection – The objects enclosed in the package may require protection from, among other things, mechanical shock, vibration, electrostatic discharge, compression, temperature, etc.

Barrier protection – A barrier from oxygen, water vapour, dust, etc., is often required. Keeping the contents clean ]and safe for the intended shelf life is a primary function.

Information transmission – Packages and labels communicate information regarding how to use, transport, recycle, or dispose of the package or product for better efficacy and safety.

Marketing – The packaging and labels can be used by marketers to encourage potential buyers to purchase the product.

Security – Packaging can play an important role in reducing the security risks of shipment. Packages can be made with improved tamper resistance to deter tampering.

Convenience – Packages can have features that add convenience in distribution, handling, stacking, display, sale, opening, reclosing, use, dispensing, reuse, recycling, and ease of disposal.

5.2. Packaging types

1. Packaging may be looked at as being of several different types. It is sometimes convenient to categorize packages by layer or function: "primary", "secondary", etc. Primary packaging is the material that first envelops the product and holds it. This usually is the smallest unit of distribution or use and is the package which is in direct contact with the contents.

2. Secondary packaging is outside the primary packaging, perhaps used to group primary packages together.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

3. Tertiary packaging is used for bulk handling, warehouse storage and transport shipping.

The packaging material must be tamper resistant, statutorily approved, non-reactive, and nontoxic and should protect the contents from environment. As per the Rule 16 of IA,1968, No person shall stock or exhibit for sale or distribute any insecticide unless it is packed and labelled in accordance with provision of Insecticide Rule 1971 as per Rule 16. Every package containing an insecticide shall be a type approved by the registration committee and a container sample in which the product is proposed to be packed either shall accompany the application for registration or shall be supplied to the registration committee separately. (Rule 17, Insecticide rules)

5.3. Leaflet Information:

The packing of every insecticide shall include a leaflet containing the following details, namely; a. The plant disease, insects and noxious animals or weeds for which the insecticide is to be applied, the adequate direction concerning the manner in which the insecticide is to be used at the time of application; b. particulars regarding chemicals harmful to human beings, animals and wild life, warning and cautionary statements including the symptoms of poisoning suitable and adequate safety measures and emergency first-aid treatment where necessary; c. cautions regarding storage and application of insecticides with suitable warnings relating to inflammable, explosive or other substance harmful to the skin; d. instructions concerning the decontamination or safe disposal of used containers; e. a statement showing the antidote for the poison shall be included in the leaflet and the label; f. if the insecticide is irritating to the skin, nose, throat or eyes, a statement shall be included to that effect. g. Common name of the insecticide as adopted by the International Standards Organisation and where such a name has not yet been adopted such other name as may be approved by the Registration Committee.

5.4. Manner of labelling The following particulars shall be either printed or written in indelible ink on the label of the innermost container of any insecticide and on the outer most covering in which the container is packed: i. Name of the manufacturer ii. Name of insecticide i. Registration number of the insecticide. ii. Kind and name of active and other ingredients and percentage of each iii. Net content of volume. iv. Batch number. v. Expiry date, i.e. up to the date the insecticide shall retain its efficiency and safety. vi. Antidote statement.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

6. Role and Responsibilities of Pesticide Dealer under IA, 1968

Contents: Qualifications for Pesticide Dealer –Qualification of Dealer -Role of Pesticide Dealer in Implementation of IA,1968 – Approved Uses of pesticides

Number of theory classes: 1 (1 hrs.)

6.1 Introduction:

Farm input suppliers highly influence the decision taken by farmer for the selection of farm inputs for increasing the crop production or to control pest or disease damage on crop. Similarly, the pesticide dealer relies on the farmer for success of his shop. A farmer chooses a retailer who offers quality products with best price and gives best advice in term of product selection and pest control. It is the duty of the pesticide dealer to maintain his out let in a proper manner, following all the rules and regulations as required under the Insecticide Act, 1968 and Insecticide Rules 1971.

6.2 Qualification for dealer for Pesticide Sale or Distribution (Rule 10 of IR, 1971)

A person who wants to sell, stock or distribute pesticides for commercial purpose shall make an application to the licensing authority in Form II (Annexure V) along with the prescribed fee. The person shall possess or employ a person possessing following qualification a) A graduate degree in agricultural sciences or biochemistry or biotechnology or life sciences or science with chemistry or botany or zoology form recognized university or institute or b) One year diploma in agriculture or horticulture or related subjects from any govt. recognized university or institute with course contents on plant protection and pesticide management. A person possessing a valid license without the prescribed qualification as on date are given a period of three years to comply with the given qualifications.

6.3. Responsibilities of Pesticide Dealer:

The duties and responsibilities of a pesticide dealer/ distributor can be summarized as follows. 1. Maintaining the shop in a clean, well ventilated manner 2. Segregating the stocks product wise, batch wise and stacking them in a organized manner. 3. Displaying the license in a prominent place in the shop/ godown. 4. Display of price list of the stocks product wise. 5. Separating the date expired products and leaked products from the regular stocks and labelling them as “expired products” and maintain the register for date expired products (Annexure V, Appendix A of Form II, IR,1971) 6. Timely disposal of expired products to the manufacturer or distributor for proper disposal through incineration

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

7. Maintenance of stock registers product wise (as per the Annexure V, Appendix B of Form-II, IR, 1971) bill books and registers. 8. Selling the products that are procured from the manufacturer as stated on principal certificate (Annexure V, Appendix to Form II IR,1971). 9. Renewal of licenses when required before the due date of renewal (Distribution of household pesticides) 10. Duly Submitting the monthly returns to the licensing officer as per the formats (Annexure V , Appendix D2 of Form II, IR 1971) 11. Extending Co-operation and support to the Insecticide Inspector while drawl of pesticide samples. 12. Not to sell any counterfeit or misbranded samples. Not to deface the labels or erase the inscription on the labels of pesticide products. 13. Updating the knowledge on the usage of products and on any amendments to the act, or ban or restrictions imposed on the usage of certain products. 14. Honesty and establishing trust when dealing with farmers by selling genuine products with clearly marked prices.

Annexures:

Annexure -I Insecticides / Pesticides Registered under section 9(3) of the Insecticides Act, 1968 for use in the Country as on 31/03/2019 Annexure -II Pesticides and their formulations Registered for Use in the Country as on 31/03/2019 Annexure -III List of Pesticides which are Banned / Refused Registration / and Restricted for Use in the country as on 31/03/2019 Annexure -IV List of Registered pesticides for house hold use for buildings anfd for public health programfor Use in the country as on 31/03/2019 Annexure -V Revised Forms and Formats as per the amended Insecticide Rules Nov, 2018

Insecticide Act, 1968 & IR, 1971 Insecticide Analyst Practical - (4 hrs.) Activity Group Activity

Study tour Visit to the quality control laboratory and lecture cum demonstration of testing quality parameters like a.i. and physico chemical parameters.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

III. Pesticide Application A. Pesticide Formulations

1. Types of Pesticide Formulations

Introduction – Characteristics of technical grade pesticide – advantages of pesticide formulations – Types of formulations – Solid – Dusts, granules, Wettable powders – Soluble Powder – Liquid – Emulsifiable concentrates – Suspension Concentrates – Emulsions in water – micro emulsion – Suspo Emulsion – aerosols – Formulations for seed treatment

Number of theory classes: 3 (3 hr.) Number of practical classes: 2(8 hr.)

1.1 Introduction:

According to FAO (1986), the definition of pesticide formulation can be given as “Pesticide product offered for sale. It generally comprises active ingredient(s), adjuvant(s) and other formulants combined to render the product useful and effective for the purpose claimed”.

Most of the modern pesticides are synthetic organic chemicals, which are manufactured on large scale in chemical industries. Such chemicals in concentrated form are called ‘technical grade pesticides’. Purity of technical grade pesticides may be between 70 to 100 %. These possess different physical consistencies such as solid, pasty mass, waxy viscous liquids and liquids. Many of these chemicals are insoluble in water. Hence, as such these chemicals can’t be directly used in the field. Processing of technical grade pesticide by any method to improvise its properties such as storage, handling, application, effectiveness and safety is called formulating the pesticide. 1.2. Characteristics of Technical Grade Pesticides: a) High purity hence, very low quantity of chemical need to be sprayed over large surface area which is very difficult and cannot be uniform. b) Solids or liquids or thick viscous pasty materials because of which spraying or broadcasting them is very difficult over the large area. c) Low water solubility: This makes their application in the field very difficult. d) Toxic to mammals in varying degree: Technical grade chemicals are extremely to highly toxic which will be fatal to the operator, farm labor besides causing environmental hazard. e) Low selectivity: All the pesticides do not have inherent property to adhere and translocate in the plant system. f) Low storage Stability: Some of the compounds do not possess storage stability unless stabilizers are added.

Most of the technical pesticides are formulated before use, by mixing with a.i.(s) with inert material(s) and/or other need based adjuvants/auxiliaries, to obtain a product which is effective, easy to handle and apply, possesses satisfactory shelf life and devoid of any

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management undesirable side effects. The key objectives of formulating a technical pesticide are to provide required dosage, cover, mass and momentum of the pesticide product.

1.3. Advantages of Pesticide Formulations over technical grade Pesticides: a) Easy handling and application:

The novel pesticides are highly active that small quantity will suffice. Thus dosages of these chemicals may range from 0.025 kg to 0.5 kg of a.i/ha. If such small quantities have to be applied uniformly over large area, then it is a bit difficult because of the physical inconsistency of technical grade pesticides. As the technical grade pesticide is diluted, the volume of the finished product (pesticide formulation) increases for the same dose. Hence, it becomes easier to apply over large area. Example: It is easier to distribute uniformly 17 kg of 3% granular formulation to distribute than 0.5 kg technical grade pesticide. b) To facilitate dilution at field level:

Because of low or no solubility of technical grade pesticides it will not be possible for the farmer to dissolve it in water. However, addition of certain auxiliary chemicals will enable the formulations for dilution with water and uniform application due to increased spray volume c) To reduce Toxic Hazards:

Toxic hazards of technical grade pesticides are reduced by diluting them through formulating it. d) To improve efficacy of the pesticide:

In order to be very effective the pesticide should possess good adhesion and absorption characteristics. Further, it should give good coverage and be stable in the field. All these desirable characters can be imparted by adding suitable auxiliary chemicals e) To achieve selectivity:

It is possible to change the composition of formulation by altering the auxiliary chemicals. By such manipulations it is possible to impart selectivity. f) Economics:

The benefit in terms of the output or control of pest by using the pesticide formulation is many fold higher compared to technical grade pesticides because of uniform spreading and other characteristics. By diluting with cheaper diluents the finished product becomes cheaper. Basically there are solid, liquid, gas and gel/paste formulations, each of which can be further divided in to various sub classes of formulations on the basis of their physico chemical properties. In general, pesticide formulations exist in the form of solid or liquid, irrespective of

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management the physical state of the a.i. (solid or liquid). The choice of the form of pesticide formulation depends on: i. purpose of pesticide use ii. manner in which the control is to be affected iii. mode of application iv. physico-chemical properties of the a.i. v. weather conditions of application vi. economic considerations vii. ready availability of formulation auxiliaries

On the basis of type of application, two kinds of products are available: a) Concentrated formulations: They must be mixed with water, or some other carrier, before being applied. They are very economical when treating large areas but it may be hard to measure amounts needed for small areas. Also, the handling, mixing, need for specialized spray equipment, and clean-up time may make the use of concentrates inconvenient. Example: emulsifiable concentrate, suspension concentrate etc.

b) Ready-to-Use formulations: They may be more appropriate for small areas. They contain small amounts of active ingredient (often 1% or less a.i. per unit volume). Some contain petroleum-based solvents; others are water-based. RTU formulations are already diluted and may be sold in containers that serve as applicators. Example: granules, aerosol, baits etc.

1.4. Types of Pesticide Formulations:

1.4.1. Solid formulations:

Formulations whose physical aggregate condition is solid are known as solid formulations. In these formulations the a.i. is present in/on the surface of a solid carrier. Some of the majorly used solid formulations are enlisted below. a. Dustable powder or Dust (DP): Dusts are manufactured by the sorption of an active ingredient onto a finely-ground, solid inert such as talc, clay, or chalk. They are relatively easy to use because no mixing is required and the application equipment. Dusts can provide excellent coverage, but the small particle size that allows for this advantage also creates an inhalation and drift hazard. In general, dust formulations are no longer used in large scale outdoor situations due to their high drift potential. However, dusts are still applied as spot treatments for insect and disease control outdoors. b. Granule (GR) and Pellet (PT): The manufacture of granular formulations is similar to that of dusts except that the active ingredient is sorbed onto larger and heavier particles. The inert solid may be clay, sand, or ground plant materials. A granule is defined by size: granule-sized products will pass through a 4-mesh

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

(number of wires per inch) sieve and be retained on an 80-mesh sieve. Granules are applied dry and usually are intended for soil applications where they have the advantage of weight to carry them through foliage to the ground below. The primary drawbacks of granules are their bulk, the problems they present in handling, and the difficulty inherent in achieving a uniform application with this type of product. Granules also may have to be incorporated into the soil to work, and they are sometimes attractive to non-target organisms such as birds.

Pellets are very similar to granules, but their manufacture is different. The active ingredient is combined with inert materials to form slurry (a thick liquid mixture). This slurry is then extruded under pressure through a die and cut at desired lengths to produce a particle that is relatively uniform in size and shape. Pellets are typically used in spot applications. Pelleted formulations provide a high degree of safety to the applicator. They do have the potential to roll on steep or frozen slopes and thereby harm no target vegetation or contaminate surface water.

c. Wettable powder (WP): Pesticide in dry form with surfactant, often mixed or coated on a fine solid carrier for dispersion in water to form a suspension which is called as wettable powder formulation. Wettable powders are finely divided solids, typically mineral clays, to which an active ingredient is sorbed. The particles do not dissolve in water. They settle out quickly unless constantly agitated to keep them suspended. WPs contain 5-95% active ingredient by weight (usually 50% or more). This formulation is diluted with water and applied as a liquid spray. Upon dilution, a suspension is formed in the spray tank. Wettable powders contain wetting and dispersing agents as part of the formulation. They provide an ideal way to apply an active ingredient in spray form that is not readily soluble in water. Wettable powders tend to pose a lower dermal hazard in comparison to liquid formulations, and they do not burn vegetation as readily as many oil-based formulations. This formulation does present an inhalation hazard to the applicator during mixing and loading because of the powdery nature of the particles. d. Water dispersible granule (WG or WDG): Dry flowables or water dispersible granules, as they are sometimes called are manufactured in the same way as wettable powders except that the powder is aggregated into granular particles. They are diluted with water and applied in a spray exactly as if they were a wettable powder. Dry flowables, as would be expected, form a suspension in the spray tank; they have basically the same advantages and disadvantages as wettable powders, with several important exceptions. During the mixing and loading process, dry flowables pour more easily from the container and, because of their larger particle size, reduce inhalation hazard to the applicator. The percentage of a.i. in the formulation is high, often as much as 90% by weight. 42

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Water soluble powder (SP): This kind of powder formulations is to be applied as a true solution of active ingredient after dissolution in water. These comprise of either a water soluble a.i. alone or formulated with water soluble auxiliaries. Such formulations offer one of the easiest and the cheapest modes of pesticide application. Some water soluble herbicides like salts of acid herbicides can be conveniently formulated in this form.

1.4.2. Liquid formulations:

The physical state of liquid formulations is liquid when they are being marketed irrespective of the physical state of the a.i. Most of the commercially available liquid formulations are either organic solvent based or water based. Some widely popular liquid formulations are listed below. a. Emulsifiable concentrate (EC): EC is a clear liquid homogeneous formulation of active ingredient(s) which form emulsion after dilution with water. It is a solution of a.i. and surfactant in water immiscible solvent(s), which on addition of water forms usually an oil in water emulsion (spontaneously or with agitation). Emulsifying agents are added to this type of formulations to hol the oil and water layers together by which upon addition to water a white milky emulsion is formed. The concentration of a.i. depends on its potency and attainable solubility in the solvent system. Emulsifiable concentrates, widely ranging in a.i. strength (2.5 to over 50%) are commercially available. They are the most popular and extensively used formulations. b. Suspension concentrate (SC): Liquid flowable or suspension concentrate is the designation for a stable suspension of active ingredient(s) in an aqueous continuous phase, intended for dilution with water before use. A SC formulation contains finely divided solid particles in a liquid dispersing medium, usually water. The proportion of the solid usually ranges from 5 to 60% which may be a single a.i. or a mixture of several active ingredients with or without a carrier. They are becoming much more important because of increasing solvent costs and environmental restrictions on pesticide auxiliary materials. This formulation disperses spontaneously when poured in water having good suspension stability. c. Emulsion concentrate (EW): It is a stable emulsion of active ingredient(s) in an aqueous phase, intended for dilution with water before use. The active ingredient is normally a liquid and forms the dispersed oil phase, but it is also possible to emulsify a solid or liquid active ingredient dissolved in a water immiscible solvent. The solvents, whenever used, are added in very small amount. Thus, the emulsion concentrates are more economic in view of the ever rising solvent costs, reduced operator hazard and phyto-toxicity. In EW, pesticidal 43

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

a.i. in organic liquid is dispersed as fine globules in continuous water phase. The globules may take the size ranging from macro (500-1000 µ) to micro (3-10 µ). d. Soluble Liquid (SL): It is a clear to opalescent liquid which is to be applied as a solution of the active ingredient(s) after diluting in water. It comprises the solution of the a.i. in suitable solvent(s), along with other necessary formulants. The SL formulation is free from any visible suspended matter and sediment, to be applied as a true solution of a.i. in water. The number of pesticides that can be formulated in this simple way is limited due to solubility and/or hydrolytic stability. Some acid herbicides and plant growth promoter hormones are being formulated in SL formulation. e. Micro-emulsion (ME): A micro-emulsion is a mixture of water, water insoluble and water soluble components forming a visually homogeneous, transparent liquid. One or more active ingredients may be present in either the aqueous phase, the non-aqueous phase, or in both phases. Micro-emulsions will disperse into water to form either conventional emulsions or dilute micro-emulsions. f. Suspo-emulsion (SE): An aqueous suspo-emulsion is a mixture of water-insoluble active ingredients dispersed in an aqueous solution, where one (or more) of the active ingredients is in suspension form and one (or more) of the active ingredients is in emulsion form. The formulation is intended for dilution into water prior to spray application. Mixtures of active ingredients are often used to provide a broader spectrum of pest control. Formulating the active ingredients together eliminates the need for tank mixing (which can lead to incompatibilities). Like other aqueous liquid formulations, suspo-emulsions are easy to handle and measure, dust free, non-flammable and offer good miscibility with water. g. Aerosol (AE): An aerosol is a suspension of solid or liquid particles with a diameter less than 50 µ, in air or gas. This is a self-contained sprayable product in which the propellant force is supplied by a liquefied gas. The spray of aerosols (mist formation) constitutes their most important character. The mist is formed when an aerosol is discharged and the propellant changes from liquid to gas at the atmospheric pressure. An aerosol is just not any specific product, but the whole package comprising of container with a valve, a liquefied gas propellant, solvent, a.i. and other auxiliaries packaged under

pressure. This kind of formulation is widely used for household pest control and application in cracks and crevices.

All the formulations will contain some inert materials/filler materials as diluent. The pesticide is mixed with the diluent to a desired level and then added some adjuvants to bring about the

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management desired physico chemical properties and stabilizers to the product besides some colouring dye. The following are some of the diluents used in different formulations.

S.No. Type of formulation Preferred diluent 1. Emulsifiable concentrate Aromax, xylene, solvent CIX 2. Soluble liquids IsopropylIX , Cyclohexane, alcohol,butanol 3. Water dispersible powders ChinaCyclohexanone clay 4. Granules Bentonite, coarse sand 5. Dusting powders Soap stone, talc

The adjuvants are usually a class of chemicals known as surface active agents which are available as anionic, cationic, nonionic, Amphotylic and water insoluble. The concentration of these surface active agents usually present in the range of 5% to 20 % Depending on the function they perform these are called as wetting agents, spreading agents, dispersing agents and emulsifiers. In solid formulations, stabilizers are used to enhance the stability of the active ingredient or to enhance the shelf life of the product. Some of the chemicals which are used as stabilisersare, glycols, urea, hexa methyl tetra amine. In almost all the formulations, Epichlorohydrin is used as stabiliser.

Apart from the stabilisers, some miscellaneous substances also are used in certain formulations to enhance their shelf life. Rosin added to granular formulations for coating the granules, Carboxy Methyl Cellulase (CMC) as viscosity modifier and to improve the stability of suspension, Calcium Silicate, Zinc Oxide as anticaking agents in dusting powder and WP formulations are some the miscellaneous chemicals that are added to various formulations.

1.5. Formulations for Seed Treatment:

The concept of seed treatment involve use and application of biological and chemical agents that control or contain primary soil and seed borne infestation of insects and diseases which affect crop productivity and crop production. The benefits of seed treatment include increased germination, uniform seedling emergence, protection of seeds or seedlings from early season diseases and insect pests improving crop emergence and its growth. Seed treatment complexity ranges from a basic dressing to coating and pelleting. Seed dressing: This is the most common method of seed treatment. The seed is dressed with either a dry formulation or wet treated with a slurry or liquid formulation. Dressings can be applied at both farm and industries. Low cost earthen pots can be used for mixing pesticides with seed or seed can be spread on a polythene sheet and required quantity of chemical can be sprinkled on seed lot and mixed mechanically by the farmers. It is a first protection treatment; basic and the cheapest way to fight with pathogens in the soil and relocated with seeds.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Seed coating: A special binder is used with a formulation to enhance adherence to the seed. Coating requires advanced treatment technology, by the industry.

Seed pelleting: The most sophisticated Seed Treatment Technology, resulting in changing physical shape of a seed to enhance pelletibility and handling. Pelleting requires specialized application machinery and techniques and is the most expensive application.

Most of theSeed treatment pesticides are formulated as Dust (D), Wettable powder (WP),Water Dispersible Granules (WDG/WG), Emulsifier Concentrates (EC), Flowable concentrate for seed treatment (FS)

Seed Treatment Components: Active ingredients, Inert diluents, Dye, Colorants, Solvents - some may be phytotoxic, eg. Xylene, Stickers, Wetting agents, Emulsifiers, Film coating.

Seed Treatment Campaign for promoting 100 percent Seed Treatment Practices among Farmers initiated by Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage plays an important role in protecting the seeds and seedlings from seed and soil borne diseases and insect pests affecting crop emergence and its growth.

This campaign is expected to ensure that no seeds of major crops be sown without seed treatment by the farmers. Seed distribution/selling agencies should not sell the seeds without treatment. Campaign coordination and monitoring committees are to be constituted at State/District/Block level by the Commissioners/Directors of the State Agriculture Departments to gear up the efforts by various agencies involved in the programme.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

2. Approved Uses and Compatibility of Pesticides

Introduction -Tank mixing of pesticides – Disadvantages of tank mixing - Compatibility of pesticides - Number of theory classes: 1 (1 hr.)

2.1. Introduction: It has been a practice among our farming community to mix pesticide formulation, with another pesticide formulation or micronutrients, or fertilizers and spray such tank mixture in the field. This is done for simultaneous control of different pests that maybe present in the field, to reduce the dose of one chemical on account of synergistic effects of other ingredients of mixture, to save on labour cost, time, water and to reduce the wear and tear of spray equipment.

But this type of unscientific practices can lead to catastrophic results as such tank mixtures may not be compatible and can lead to many problems like

a) The very purpose of pest control is not achieved due to decrease in the bio efficacy (or toxicity). b) The spray fluid is non-homogenous, breaks or settles down resulting in erratic/inadequate or no spray of pesticide. c) This leads to pest developing resistance to such chemicals. d) The toxicity may increase enormously which becomes hazardous to the farmer as well as the non-target organisms. e) It ultimately leads to environmental contamination of the pesticide. f) It may cause phyto-toxicity g) The farmer will be at great loss of his investment as well as yield.

Therefore, it is essential that the scientific principles, merits and demerits of the tank mixtures be made to known to every field/ extension workers.

2.2 Compatibility of Pesticides:

Compatibility may be defined as ability of two or more chemicals to exist together in one medium in perfect harmony and the ideal requirements for calling a mixture to be compatible are as follows:

a) Physical compatibility b) Chemical compatibility c) Physico-chemical compatibility d) Absence of phyto- toxicity e) Absence of increase in toxicity to non-target organism. f) No reduction in bio efficacy

The compatibility of pesticides is effected by various factors such as difference in composition of products mixed, sequence of mixing, degree of agitation, quality of water used in mixing

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management and preparing the spray fluid, spraying equipment and its design, temperature, crop and its variety, quality of different components of the mixture and their concentrations.

As there are many variable factors that affect the compatibility of pesticide formulations, it is difficult to suggest which pesticides with what other chemical or substance or what concentration can be compatible as a guide, the mixing of pesticide formulations with any other as a tank mix at the field level should be discouraged and the farmers may be advised to use only those pre mixed/combination pesticides which have been approved by the CIBRC and are available in the market.

Annexures:

Annexure VI Major uses of Insecticides Annexure VII Major uses of Fungicides Annexures VIII Major uses of Herbicides Annexure IX Major uses of Bio-pesticides Annexure II Pesticides and Formulations registered for use in the country under IA,1968 as on 15/05/2019

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Practical -(2hrs.) Activity Group Activity The participants are briefed about the various formulations and criteria for selection of formulation The participants are made into a group of 4-5 member and given a few pesticide containers Task -1 (30 min.) The participants have to group the pesticides into various formulation based on the abbreviations of formulation given on the table Task -2 (30 min.) Each group has to present a chart about the advantages and disadvantages of a type of formulation, and finally participants will be explained that there is no formulation which is best. Task -3 (30 min.) The participants of each group has to observe the characteristics of the formulations, whether it is dissolving or settling down and include in the chart Task-4 (30 min.) Compatibility of pesticides, what happens when two immiscible formulations are mixed. Emphasized about the harms caused by tank mix formulations

Practical - (6 hrs.) Activity Study Tour Visit to a pesticide formulation manufacturing unit and show them how a pesticide is formuated Task Participants have to submit the tour report on various aspects they observed during the study tour.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

B. Usage Recommendation 1. Major Pests and Diseases of Crops: Identification THEORY 1: Major Sucking insect pests of crops – Aphids - Brown Plant Hopper - Red Spider Mite – Whitefly – Popaya mealy bug

THEORY 2: Borers – American Pod Borer - Tobacco Caterpillar - Army Worm/ Cutworm - Maize Stem Borer - Red Hairy Caterpillar – Maize Fall Armyworm - Rice Leaf Folder - Sugarcane Early Shoot Borer - Rice Stem Borer - Potato Tuber Moth - Brinjal Beetles and Weevils: Epilachna Beetle -Banana Rhizome Weevil - Banana Stem Weevil

THEORY 3: Paddy Blast - Paddy False Smut - Paddy Sheath Blight - Paddy Sheath Rot - Paddy Bacterial Leaf Blight - Charcoal Rot - Redgram Wilt - Root Rot - Blight - Bud Necrosis Disease - Bacterial Blight Of Pomegranate - Capsule Rot - Black Pod Rot

PRACTICAL 1: Direct effects of feeding - Injury by chewing insects - Injury by piercing and sucking insects PRACTICAL 2: Injury by Internal feeders - Injury by Subterranean Insects - Injury to Stored products - Indirect effects of feeding PRACTICAL3: Insect pests of the cotton and rice

No of theory classes: 3 (hrs.) No of practical classes: 2 (hrs.)

Theory 1

1. Major Sucking insect pests of crops 1.1. Aphids Scientific name : Aphis craccivora, Aphis gossipy, Aphis fabae, Crops affected /host plants : Cowpea, cluster bean, goa bean, groundnut Important Life cycle events Nymphs look like the wingless adults but are smaller. They become adults within 7 to 10 days. Adult aphids are small, soft-bodied, pear-shaped and have a pair of cornicles (wax secreting tubes) projecting out from the fifth or sixth abdominal segment. Life span of an adult is about 30 days.

Aphids on the Aphids on the Aphid Aphids colony cluster beans cowpea plant plant

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

1.2. Brown Plant Hopper Scientific name : Nilaparvata lugens Crops affected /host plants : Rice Important life cycle events Female lays on an average, 124 eggs. The nymph has triangular head with a narrow vertex. Its body is creamy white with a pale brown tinge. Typical symptom of damage known as hopper burn - yellowing, browning and death of above ground parts in the form of circular burnt up areas and presence of grayish brown nymphs and adults at the base of the plants. Apart from direct plant injury, the insect also acts as a vector for grassy stunt and ragged stunt virus.

BPH nymphs BPH damage

Adult Eggs

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

1.3. Red Spider Mite Scientific name : Tetranychus telarius Crops affected /host plants : Bhendi, cotton, tomato, brinjal, castor, cucurbits, tea, citrus, grapes, rose, jasmine, marigold. Important Life Cycle Events: Females lays white spherical eggs under the leaves which hatch into pale yellow hexapod larvae in 3-4 days. Adult mite lives for about 2 weeks and lays about 200 eggs during life time. The life cycle is completed in 20-25 days.

Adult Symptoms of damage Egg and Nymph

1.4. Whitefly Scientific name : Bemisia tabaci Crops affected /host plants : Okra, Cotton, Brinjal Important life cycle events:

Nymph is greenish yellow, oval in outline, Adult: Minute insects with yellow body covered with a white waxy bloom.

Whitefly colony in Adult whitefly Yellow vein clearing Silver leaf on squash Brinjal mosaic disease • Chlorotic spots on the leaves which latter coalesce forming irregular yellowing of leaf tissue which extends from veins to the outer edges of the leaves,severe infestation results in premature defoliation,development of sooty mould, shedding of buds and bolls and poor boll opening and it transmits the leaf curl virus diseases of cotton.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

1.5. Papaya Mealy Bug Scientific name : Paracoccus marginatus

Crops affected /host plants : Papaya, Redgram, Silk cotton, Cotton, hibiscus, Jatropha, Tapioca, Mulberry, Guava, Tomato, Turkey berry, Brinjal, Teak, Tulasi. Important Life cycle Events: Papaya mealy bugs are most active in warm, dry weather. Females usually lay 100 to 600 eggs. Eggs hatch in about 10 days and crawlers begin to actively search for feeding sites. Females have three instars where as males have four instars. Males have longer development time (27-30 days) than females (24-26 days).

Waxy coating on Adult mealybug papaya fruit

Tapioca Crinkled leaf of papaya

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Theory 2 2. BORERS:

2.1. American Pod Borer Scientific name : Helicoverpa armigera Crops affected /host plants : Redgram, bengal gram, black gram, cotton, castor, beans, sunflower, maize, bhendi, potato, tomato, tobacco, rose, peach

American pod borer American pod borer American pod borer American pod borer

2.2.Tobacco Caterpillar Scientific name : Spodoptera litura Crops affected /host plants : Castor, Soybean, cotton, sunflower, groundnut, black gram, mulberry, pigeon pea, tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, Lucerne etc. Important life cycle events

Female lays about 2100 eggs in 3 to 4 clusters (300 to 600 eggs at a time) laid on the underside of the leaf and sometimes on upper surface as well. Larva passes through 6 instars the last being longest and most voracious feeder. Pupation takes place in the soil. Adult breeds throughout the year. Moths are active at night. The moths hide during the day in the soil or under fallen leaves. Adults live for 7-10 days.

On Soybean On Cotton On Cabbage On Groundnut

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

2.3. Army Worm/ Cutworm Scientific name : Agrotis basiconica, A.flammatra, A.ipsilon, A.spinifera Mythimna separate Crops affected /host plants : Ragi, maize, bajra, sorghum, wheat, millet and rice

Important life cycle events Eggs are laid in a group covered with grey hairs. Caterpillars march in large numbers in the evening hours and feed on the leaves of paddy seedlings till the morning and hide during daytime. Caterpillars cut tender stems of young and growing plants. In severe cases, entire leaf is eaten. The field looks as if grazed by cattle.

Larvae feeding on Cut seedlings in the Caterpillar Damage on maize wheat ear heads field

2.4. Maize Stem Borer Scientific name : Chilo partellus Crops affected /host plants : Sorghum, bajra, finger millet, wheat, rice, oat, Barley, sugarcane and some grasses Important life cycle events A female lays over 300 eggs on the underside of the leaves and full-grown caterpillars of the last generation hibernate in stubble, stalks and remain there till the next spring.Young larva crawls and feeds on tender folded leaves causing typical “shot hole” symptom. Larvae mines the midrib enter the stem and feeds on the internal tissues. Bore holes visible on the stem near the nodes. Central shoot withers and leading to “dead heart”. Affected parts of stem may show internally tunneling caterpillars.

Larva Elongated windows Shot holes Dead hearts

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

2.5. Red Hairy Caterpillar Scientific name : Amsacta albistriga Crops affected /host plants : Groundnut, cashew, castor, cucurbits, pigeonpea, other pulses, millets Important Life Cycle Events Caterpillars cause defoliation of the crop- all the leaves eaten away leaving the main stem alone

Adult Cater pillars

2.6. Maize Fall Armyworm Scientific name : Spodoptera frugiperda

Crops affected /host plants : Maize,Cotton, Soyabean,Paddy, Pulses, Vegetables and more than 84 crops as host plants when maize is not available. Important life cycle events : The female adult lays eggs in groups and in single egg group there will be 100 to 200 eggs, covered with whitish colour scales. The FAW has 6 larval instars. The young larva looks greenish with black head. They feed superficially on one side of the leaf. The well grown larva will measure 30 to 36 mm in length and looks brownish with variations. The larval period is 15 days during summer and 30 days during winter. The inverted Y shaped suture is seen in front side of the head of larva. The suture colour is different from the head colour, and also four dark pimples like spots with hair arranged in perfect square shape, on 2nd last abdominal segment with the different arrangement from other spots on the abdomen can be seen. Cannibalism has been observed in the larval stage.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Egg mass Larvae with Y marking and Pupa Adult Damage on four dots on posterior region plant

2.7.Rice Leaf Folder Scientific name : Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Crops affected /host plants : Rice Important life cycle events Eggs Creamy white in color, laid single or in batches along the midrib of the leaf blade. Larva Greenish yellow larva present within leaf folds causing white streak like damage. Adult leaf folder moths are seen flying around in the field.

Larva Larva in leaf folds

Adult Damage symptoms

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

3.2.8. Sugarcane Early Shoot Borer Scientific name : Chilo infuscatellus Crops affected /host plants : Sugarcane Important life cycle events Eggs are laid in cluster on the underside of lower leaves. The larvae bore into the plants by one or more holes and kill the growing point, resulting in the characteristic ‘dead hearts’ that emit a foul smell

Damage symptoms Adult

Pupa Larva

2.9.Rice Stem Borer Scientific name : Scirpophaga incertulas Crops affected /host plants : Rice. Important life cycle events Creamy white, flattened, oval eggs and are laid in mass and coved with buff coloured hairs on leaf tips. The female moth is bigger than the male and its fore-wings are bright yellowish brown with a distinct black spot in the center. Caterpillars bore into central shoots of seed links and tiller, causing drying of central shoots known as “dead hearts”. Grown up plants whole panicle becomes dried “white ear”.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Egg mass Dead hearts

Adult White ears

2.10. Potato Tuber Moth Scientific name : Phtorimaea operculella Crops affected /host plants : Tomatoes, eggplants peppers tobacco, wild Solanaceous plants. Important life cycle events Eggs broadly oval, smooth and yellowish. Larvae are about 15 mm in length, yellow coloured caterpillar with dark brown head. Pupa yellowish or reddish brown, pupation occurs within a cocoon among the trash, clods of the earth in the field. Adult small elongate gelechiid moth, measuring about 1 cm in lengths, small narrow winged moth, greyish brown forewings and hind wings are dirty white. Pest of field and storage.

Adult Symptoms on fruit

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Larvae Larvae & Pupa

3. Beetles and Weevils 3.1. Brinjal Epilachna Beetle Scientific name : Henosepilachna dodecastigma (7-14 spots on each elytra), H. vigintioctopunctata; H. demurille, H. implicate [Epilachna = Henosepilachna]:

Crops affected /host plants : Brinjal, potato, tomato, cucurbitaceous plants, wild solanaceous plants.

Important life cycle events

Female lays 120-460 yellowish cigar shaped eggs in clusters on lower leaf surface. Grub Yellowish bearing six rows of longitudinal spines. Pupa yellowish with spines on posterior part; anterior portion being devoid of spines. Pupates on the stem or leaves. Adults E. dodecastigma: Copper-colored, 6 spots / elytra, E. demurille: Dull appearance, light copper colored and six black spots surrounded by yellowish area on each elytra. E. vigintioctopunctata: 14 spots on each elytra, deep red. Total life period: 20-50 days. 7 generations / year.

Adult Skeletonisation

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Eggs Grub

3.2.Banana Rhizome Weevil Scientific name : Cosmopolitus sordidus Crops affected /host plants : Banana Important life cycle events Eggs laid singly, white in color present on the upper part of rhizome. Grub bore into pseudo stem making tunnels. Pupation occur in inside the corm and tunnelling. Adults are dark weevil, newly emerged weevil is red brown. Grubs bore into the rhizomes and causes death of the plant. Presence of dark colored tunnels in the rhizomes.

Rhizome weevil infested Stem damage corm

Adult Grub

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

3.3.Banana Stem Weevil Scientific name : Odoiporu slongicollis Crops affected /host plants : Banana Important life cycle events Eggs laid at random on cut ends of pseudostem, yellowish-white, cylindrical in shape. Grubs Apodous, creamy white with dark brown head. Pupae are pale yellow colour, fibrous cocoon formed inside the tunneling on the periphery. Adults are robust, reddish brown and black. Grubs bore into pseudostem making tunnels. Exudation of plant sap is initial symptom. Blackened mass comes out from the bore holes and wilting of plants.

Weevil infested Grub bore into pseudo stem stem making tunnels

Adult Grub

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Theory 3

4. MAJOR DISEASES OF CROPS 4.1.Paddy Blast Scientific name : Magnaporthe oryzae Key characteristic field Symptoms Disease can infect paddy at all growth stages and all aerial parts of plant (Leaf, neck and node). Leaf Blast : Severe cases of infection - entire crop give a burnt appearance- hence the name “BLAST”. Neck Blast- Neck region of panicle develops black color and shrivels completely / partially grain set inhibited, panicle breaks at the neck and hangs. NodeBlast: Nodes become black and break up.

Important Disease cycle events • The conidia from infield rice stubbles can spread by wind to other rice plant • Most conidia are released at night in the presence of dew or rain.

4.2.Paddy False Smut Scientific name : Ustilaginoidea virens Key characteristic field Symptoms

Immature spores are slightly flattened, smooth, yellow, and covered by a membrane. Growth of spores result to broken membrane. Mature spores are orange and turn yellowish green or greenish black.

Damage symptoms 63

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Important Disease cycle events

The fungus survives the winter through sclerotia as well as through chlamydospores start primary infection. Chlamydospores are important in secondary infection which is a major part of the disease cycle. Infection usually occurs at the flowering stage of rice plants.

4.3. Paddy Sheath Blight Scientific name : Rhizoctonia solani Key characteristic field Symptoms Oval or ellipsoidal greenish gray grains usually 1-3 cm long on leaf sheath leaves usually have irregular

Damage symptoms Important Disease cycle events The pathogen can survive as sclerotia or mycelium in dry soil for about 20 months but for 5-8 months in moist soil. Sclerotia spread through irrigation water. 4.4.Paddy Sheath Rot Scientific name : Sarocladium oryzae Key characteristic field Symptoms Irregular spots or lesions, with dark reddish brown margins and gray center. Severe infection causes entire or parts of young panicles to remain within the sheath. Infected panicles sterile, shrivelled, or with partially filled grain.

Irregular spots on sheath Discoloration of Leaf Sheath

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Important Disease cycle events Mainly through air-borne conidia and also seed-borne 4.5.Paddy Bacterial Leaf Blight

Scientific name : Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Key characteristic field Symptoms Water-soaked to yellowish stripes develop on leaf blades starting at leaf tips which increase in length and breadth with a wavy margin. Appearance of bacterial ooze that looks like a milky or opaque dewdrop on young lesions early in the morning

Damage symptoms Damage symptoms

Important Disease cycle events The bacterium enters the plant through water pores (hydathodes) along the edges of the leaf and through injuries leaves. Bacterial cells move along the vascular tissues causing wilting. Rain storms and typhoons help in the spread of the disease. Irrigation water can disseminate bacteria from field to field. The primary source of infection is through bacterium overwintering in seed (husk and endosperm). The pathogen also survives on collateral hosts like Leersia hexandra, Leersia oryzoides, Zizania latifolia, Cyprus rotundus, Cyprus deformis, Phalaris arundinacea, Cyanodon dactylon, etc.

4.6.Charcoal Rot Scientific name : Macrophomina phaseolina Crops Affected / Host Plants : Maize, Sorghum, Ragi, pulses Key characteristic field Symptoms The pathogen affects the plant mostly after flowering and the disease is named as Post Flowering Stalk Rot (PFSR). The stalk of the infected plants can be recognized by greyish streak. The crown region of the infected plant becomes dark in colour. High temperature and low soil moisture (drought) favours the disease.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Damage symptoms Damage symptoms

Important Disease cycle events The primary source of infection is through soil-borne sclerotia. Secondary source through irrigation water

4.7.Redgram Wilt Scientific name : Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. udum Key characteristic field Symptoms Leaves became initially pale, loose their turgidity, droop down and finally results in large scale withering. Gradual or sudden wilting from bottom to top is observed. Entire plant wilts or dies within a few days. The disease incidence occurs in patches in the field. Dark streaks are seen when the bark of stem below the soil level and tap root are removed.

Reddish brown streaks on vascular region Field view

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Important Disease cycle events The disease is seed and soil borne. The primary spread is by soil-borne chlamydospores and also by seed contaminant. The secondary spread in the field is through irrigation water and implements.

4.8.Root Rot Scientific name : Rhizoctonia bataticola (Pycnidial stage: Macrophomina phaseolina) (Sexual stage: Thanatephorus cucumeris) Crops Affected / Host Plants : Red gram, Chickpea, Black gram and Green gram Key characteristic field Symptoms The disease occurs both in young seedlings and grown up plants. The lower leaves show yellowing, drooping and premature defoliation. The discolored area later turns black and death of plants occur. The infected plants can be easily pulled out due to the rotting of the roots. Prolonged dry weather or drought followed by irrigation or rain favours this disease development. Damage symptoms Important Disease cycle events The pathogen survives in the soil in infected host debris as sclerotia for several years. The secondary spread is through farm implements, irrigation water and rain splash. 4.9.Blight Scientific name : Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli Crops Affected / Host Plants : beans, legume species Key characteristic field Symptoms The stems, leaves and fruits of bean plants can be infected by the disease. Leaves infected with common blight turn brown and drop quickly from the plant. Common blight infected pods do not have the greenish-yellow halo around the infected spot or lesion. Common blight occurs mostly during warm weather.

Damage symptoms

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Important Disease cycle events Bacteria survive in crop residue infected seed serves as a primary source of inoculum Secondary infestation through irrigation water

4.10. Bud Necrosis Disease Scientific name : Peanut bud necrosis virus Crops Affected / Host Plants : Groundnut Key characteristic field Symptoms : First symptoms are visible 2-6 weeks after sowing as ring spots on leaves. The newly emerging leaves are small, rounded or pinched inwards and rugose with varying patterns of mottling and minute ring spots. Necrotic spots and irregularly shaped lesions develop on leaves and petioles. Stem also exhibits necrotic streaks. As the plant matures, it becomes generally stunted with short internodes and short auxillary shoots. Leaflets formed on these auxillary shoots show a wide range of symptoms including reduction in size, distortion of the lamina, mosaic mottling and general chlorosis.

Damage symptoms

Important Disease cycle events The virus perpetuates in the weed hosts viz., Bidens pilosa, Erigon bonariensis, Tagetes minuta and Trifolium subterraneum. The virus is transmitted by thrips, viz., Scirtothrips dorsalis, Frankliniella schultzei and Thrips palmi.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

4.11.Bacterial Blight Of Pomegranate Scientific name : Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae Key characteristic field Symptoms Initially symptoms are black and surrounded by bacterial ooze .Under favorable conditions spots enlarge to became raised dark brown .

Damage symptoms Important Disease cycle events Primary source of inoculum: Infected planting material, infected plant debris (>8 months). Wind and rain splashes, rainfall, run off water Contaminated tool, pollinating insects.

4.12.Capsule Rot Scientific name : Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae and P. meadii Crops affected /host plants : Cardamom, tobacco, onion

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Key characteristic field Symptoms

Small light brown lesions Rottened appear in the green tender fruits fruit

Important Disease cycle events The disease is maximum during august when monsoon is prevalent. The fungus is soil- borne and survives in the form of oospores. Secondary spread of zoospores through irrigation water. 4.13.Black Pod Rot Scientific name : Phytophthora palmivora Crops affected /host plants : Cocoa, Annona, Arecanut, Citrus, Durio, Black Pepper Key characteristic field Symptoms Infection appears as brown spot, which spreads rapidly and soon occupies the entire surface of the pod. As the disease advances, a whitish growth of fungus consisting of fungal sporangia is produced over the affected pod surface. Ultimately, the affected pods turn brown to black. The internal tissues as well as the beans become discolored.

Damage symptoms Important Disease cycle events: Primary source of inoculum- Oospores present in the soil. Secondary spread-zoospores and sporangia 70

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

PRACTICAL Types of injury caused by crop pests

Direct effects of feeding - Injury by chewing insects - Injury by piercing and sucking insects

Aim: To make familiar with the types of damage caused by the insect pests in various crops Methodology: The damage symptoms caused by the crop pests in various crops will be showen to the participants either through preserved/fresh specimens and by field visits Insects inflict injury to plants either directly or indirectly in their attempts to secure food and almost all portions viz., roots, stem, bark, shoots, leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits of plants are attacked and damaged by insects.

Knowledge of the feeding habits of insects, which fall in to two main groups 1. Chewing insects 2. Sucking insects These insects cause direct effects and indirect effects:

1. Direct effects of feeding 2. Injury by Chewing insects : Insects which chew off external plants parts grind them up and shallow them and they possess biting type of mouth parts and cause damage as detailed below: a. Feed on the growing points of plants causes retard growth Eg: Grape vine beetle – Scelodonta strigicollis

b. Feed on the leaves and defoliate the plants causing reduction in assimilative leaf area and thus hinder growth Eg: 1.Semilooper caterpillar, Achaea janata on castor, 2. Red headed hairy caterpillar, Amsacta albistriga on Ground nut.

c. Slug caterpillar, Latoia lepida on Mango and Castor

d. Notch the edge of the leaves Eg: 1. Ash weevil – Myllocerus sp. feeding on a variety of crops like Ragi, Moringa, Brinjal, Cotton etc., 2. Grass hoppers - Hieroglyphus banian and Oxya spp. feeding on maize.

e. Make small holes in the leaves by feeding Eg: Flea beetle causes this type of damage on radish and Sunhemp.

f. Feed on a layer of surface tissue of the leaves Eg: Larvae of the diamond back moth, Plutella xystella on Cabbage and Cauliflower or feed superficially on the surface tissue Eg: Grubs and adults of epilchna beetle, Epilachna vigitioctopunctata on Brinjal and Bitter gourd

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

g. Leaves with large holes of irregular shape and size due to feeding Cut worm – Spodoptera litura on Sun flower and Soy bean semilooper, Thysanoplusia orichalcea.

h. Roll up the leaves and feed within Paddy leaf roller – Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Cotton leaf roller- Sylepta derogota

i. The larvae feed on the bark of the plants or trees while being concealed in a protective covering like frass and excreta in a silken web Eg: Bark eating caterpillar – Indarbela tetraonis on Mango, Moringa, Curry leaf etc.,

j. Cut the stem of the tender plants at the time of germination Eg: Surface weevil, Attactogaster finitimus attacks the seedlings of cotton raised under rainfed condition in black cotton soil and Cotton shoot attack by weevil.

k. Feed on flower buds and flowers and cause reduced seed production Eg: 1. Adults of blister beetle – Zonabris pustulata on red gram and Sesbania, 2. The larvae of spotted pod borer – Maruca vitrata web the flower buds and flowers on red gram and feed on them and 3. Cetoniid beetles - on rose feed on the flower buds and petals l. Nibble and cut off ear heads Eg: Rice grass hoppers m. Eat partially on the grains and give chaffy appearance Eg: Damaged by the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera to the ear heads of Sorghum and Finger millet.

3. Injury by Piercing and Sucking insects: These insects remain outside and with their mouth parts pierce through the epidermis and suck the sap.

The following symptoms or kinds of damage are caused by sucking insects by mode of feeding. Many of the sucking insects, at the time of feeding inject their salivary secretion which due to presence of toxins damages the plant tissues further. a. Most of the sucking insects attack the leaves of plants: A general chlorosis is caused by aphids and many of them cause ultimate withering and drying of the affected portions. Eg: 1. Cow pea aphids – Aphis craccivora on Lab-lab, Ground nut and Gliricidia

b. Yellow speckling of leaves may be produced due feeding Eg : Castor whitefly – Trialeurodes ricini and Coconut scale – Aspidiotus destructor

c. Silvering or whitening of leaf surface due to removal of cell contents below the epidermis Eg: 1. Typical damage caused by thrips on paddy, 2. White feeding spots on the leaves are caused by thrips on Onion and 3. White spots on the upper surface of the leaves caused by Stephanitis typicus on coconut.

d. Hopper burn or Necrotic brown lesion: Typical injury produced by leaf hoppers / plant hopper Eg: 1. Brown plant hopper – Nilaparvatha lugens on rice, 2.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Cotton leaf hopper - Amrasca biguttula biguttula 3. Castor leaf hopper – Empoasca flavescens.

e. Crinkling or curling of leaves is caused by insects like aphids, thrips and leaf hoppers – Eg: Thrips , Scirtothrips dorsalis on Chillies

f. Vitality of the plants gets reduced and premature dropping of leaves in case of Tomato whiteflies – Bemisia tabaci

g. Premature shedding of developing fruits or drying of shoots as in scales and mealy bugs Adults and nymphs suck the sap from twigs, branches and fruits Plant -weak, low yielding, death Fruits-grey mottled blemishes, reduces quality Eg: Sanjose scale on Apple h. Premature fall of fruits as in Citrus caused by the fruit sucking moths Eudicima phalonia, E. maternal.

Refer to the plates related to types of damage caused by insects in Appendix I for further understanding.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

PRACTICAL

i. Injury by Internal feeders - Injury by Subterranean Insects - Injury to Stored products - Indirect effects of feeding

1. Injury by Internal feeders: The internal feeders cause damage by remaining within the plant tissues during a part or all of their destructive stages. The internal feeders may be grouped as Borers Worms or Weevils Leaf miners Gall insects Borers: When the larvae feed on the wood or pith of the plant or part of the plant which may be generally large enough to contain the body of the pest, they are referred to as borers Eg: i. Larvae may bore in to the terminal shoots and cause death of the shoots as in the case of cotton boll worm – Earias spp. ii. Rice stem borer: Scirpophaga incetulas – Larva enter in to the stem and cause death of the central shoots i.e dead heart symptoms iii. Soghum stem borer – Chilo partellus larvae enter into the stem and cause death of the central shoots i. e dead heart symptoms iv. The stalk borer, Papaipema nebris on soy bean.

a. Worms and Weevils : The larvae bore into flower buds cause shedding such larvae are usually called bud worms Eg : Jasmine bud worm. The larvae may bore into the bolls- Cotton boll worm Helicoverpa armigera ; Larvae may bore in to the nuts - Mango nut weevil, Sternochetus mangiferae feeding inside on the stone of the fruit; Larvae also bores in to the fruits feeds on inner contents, Brinjal fruit borer Leucinodes orbonalis.

b. Leaf miners: Larvae live in between the two epidermal layers of the leaves and feed on internal content , they are referred as Leaf miners Eg : 1. Citrus leaf miner – Phyllocnistis citrella; 2. Cashew leaf miner – Acrocercops syngramma on Cashew 3. Serpentine leaf miner – Liriomyza trifolii on Tomato; 4. Ground nut leaf miner – Aproaerema modicella

c. Gall insects: Immature and adult stages of certain insects are to be responsible for the formation of special plant deformities known as galls and these galls provide shelter and food to the insect Eg : Psyllid galls, Cecidomyiid galls ,Aphid galls, Psyllid galls, Psyllid galls.

2. Injury by Subterranean Insects : Insects which are found in the soil live by feeding on the roots of plants and trees, by chewing or boring or sucking sap or Forming galls

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Eg. Root grubs feeds on the roots of the plant; Root aphid feeds on roots of Ragi plants.

3. Injury to Stored products : In 3 ways the stored products are attacked by insects a. It may be continuation of a field attack: Eg : Potato tuber moth Phthorimoea operculella. Field condition: Larvae mine in to the petiole as a result drooping symptoms and finally produce blotches on the leaves. In storage: Hatching larvae bores into the tubers make tunnels in the tubers and infested tubers may be completely riddled by silk lined burrows, filled with larval excrement. Eg: Sweet potato weevil – Cylas formicarius. The grub bores in to stems of vines cause tunneling inside and feed on soft tissues; Grubs and adults bores into the tubers both in filed and storage gowdowns and affected tubers develop dark patches, which later start rotting.

The eggs may be laid in the field itself and damage may occur in the storage: Some pulses are attacked by the Pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis. The infestation may continue from the material stored earlier carried over to fresh material stored later in godown or storage house: Eg : Rice weevil - Sitophilus oryzae.

4. Indirect effects of feeding a. Making the harvest more difficult: Heavy incidence of some pests on crops makes the harvest of the crop more difficult Eg : 1. Cabbage infested heavily with aphids. b. Causing contamination and loss of quality of the product: Due to insect attack the final produce may show loss of quality by reduction in nutritional value or marketability Eg. Cardamom berries infested by thrips – Sciothrips cardamom c. Disseminate plant diseases: Insects are responsible for spreading many plant diseases caused by Bacteria, Fungi and viruses; Eg: 1. Paddy leaf hoppers – Nephotettix spp. – transmit viral disease like Rice tungro virus.

Refer to the plates related to types of damage caused by insects in Appendix I for further understanding.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

PRACTICAL

Pest Identification In Crop Plants Insect Pests of Cotton and Rice

Aim: To make awareness on crop pest identification through field visit and laboratory diagnosis.

Methodology: The participants will be facilitated with the specimens of major pests and diseases of their area to identify the specimen for giving pesticide recommendation.

Approach: The major pests of cotton and rice are detailed here for identification and damage diagnosis. The pictures of the insects are furnished in the Appendix II

Major Pests of cotton:

S.No Name of the pest Diagnosis 1. Spotted Drying and drooping of terminal shoots during pre- Bollworms flowering stage Shedding of squares and young bolls Flaring up of bracts during square and young boll formation stag Holes on bolls and rotting of bolls 2. American Young larva feeds on the leaves for sometime and then Bollworm Internal tissues are eaten severely and completely While gfeeding, thehcaterpillar thrust its head inside “Flared or open” squares. hollowed out, bracts of damaged flower buds spread out Premature boll opening and shedding 3 Pink bollworm Excreta observed at the point of bore holes by larval feeding. When bolls are opened, damaged seed kernel would be observed. They cut window holes (interlocular burrowing) in the two adjoining seeds thereby forming "double seeds" The attacked buds and immature bolls drop off Discoloured lint and burrowed seeds Rosette flower

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

4 Tobacco Scrapping the epidermal layer, leaving the skeleton of Caterpillar veins of leaf During severe attack, only the stem and side shoots will be standing in the field without any leaf or bolls Larvae feed the leaves by making small holes 5 Leafhopper Tender leaves become yellow The margin of the leaves start curling downwards and reddening sets in In the case of severe infestation, leaves get a bronze or brick red colour which is typical “hopper burn” symptom The margin of leaves gets broken and crumbles into pieces when crushed The leaves dry, shed and the crop growth gets retarded 6 Whitefly Chlorotic spots on the leaves which latter coalesce forming irregular yellowing of leaf tissue which extends from veins to the outer edges of the leaves Severe infestation results in premature defoliation Development of sooty mould Shedding of buds and bolls and poor boll opening It also transmits the leaf curl virus diseases of cotton

7 Cotton aphid Infesting tender shoots and under surface of the leaves Curling and crinkling of leaves Stunted growth Blighted appearance when infestation is severe Development of black sooty mould due to the excretion of honey dew giving the plant a dark appearance 8 Mite Mite infestation begins in the seedling stage and extends to harvest Both nymphs and adults cause damage by feeding on the lower surface of the leaf underneath a web. On close examination of the lower leaf surface, mites smaller than a pinpoint may be seen. The infested leaves rapidly curl up, become hard and crisp and ultimately shed Bolls ripen prematurely and in serious infestation shed.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

9 Cotton Thrips Shriveling of leaves due to scrapping of epidermis and de-sapping Attacked terminal buds-have ragged edges Silvery shine on the under surface of leaves 10 Red cotton bug Red stained lint and rotting bolls Inner boll wall with warty growth or water soaked spots Young bolls abort and turn dark brown The bacterium Nematosporagossypii enters the site of injury and stains the fibre

Major Pests of rice: 1 Green leafhopper Yellowing of leaves from tip to downwards Vector for the diseases viz., Rice tungro virus, rice yellow & transitory yellowing cause direct damage to the rice plant Retarded vigorous and stunted growth Drying up of plant due to sucking up of the leaf. 2 Paddy stemborer Presence of brown coloured egg mass near leaf tip Caterpillar bore into central shoot of paddy seedling and tiller, causes drying of the central shoot known as “dead heart” Grown up plant whole panicle becomes dried “white ear” Plants could be easily pulled by hand 3 Leaf folder (or) Leaves fold longitudinally and larvae remains inside leaf roller Larva scrapes the green tissues of the leaves, becomes white and dry During severe infestation the whole field exhibits scorched appearance 4 Brown plant Nymphs and adults congregate at the base of the plant leafhopper above the water level Affected plant dries up and gives a scorched appearance called “hopper burn”. Circular patches of drying and lodging of matured plant It is vector of grassy stunt, ragged stunt and wilted stunt diseases

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Ovipositional marks exposing the plant to fungal and bacterial infections. Ragged stunt or grassy stunt virus disease plant may be observed. 5 Gall midge Maggot feeds at the base of the growing shoot

Causing formation of a tube like gall that is similar to “onion leaf” or “Silver-shoot”. Infested tillers produce no panicles 6 White backed Suck the sap and cause stunted growth plant hopper “Hopper burn” is caused in irregular patches Ovipositional marks exposing the plant to fungal and bacterial infections Ragged stunt or grassy stunt virus disease plant may be observed 7 Rice earhead bug Sucking the sap from individual grains, which are in milky stage. Individual grains become chaffy Black spots on the grains at the site of feeding puncture. Buggy odour in rice field during milky stage 8 Swarming Larvae cut the seedlings in large scale caterpillar Cattle grazed appearance is found at severely infested fields They feed gregariously and march from field to field

Refer to the plates related to types of damage caused by insects in Appendix II for further understanding.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

2. Principles and Strategies of Integrated Pest Management & The Concept of Economic Threshold Level

THEORY: 1

Objectives of pest management- Need for Pest Management - Integrated Pest Management - Components of IPM – Advantages of IPM THEORY: 2 Concept of ETL and EIL- Pesticides and their recommendation PRACTICAL: 1 Cultural control - Physical control - Mechanical control - Appliances in pest control

No of theory classes: 2 (hrs.) No of practical classes: 1 (hr.)

Theory 1

IPM is an approach to solving pest problems by applying our knowledge about pests to prevent them from damaging crops, harming animals, infesting buildings or otherwise interfering with our livelihood or enjoyment of life. IPM means responding to pest problems with the most effective, least-risk option. Under IPM, actions are taken to control pests only when their numbers are likely to exceed acceptable levels. Any action taken is designed to target the troublesome pest, and limit the impact on other organisms and the environment.

Applying pesticides to crops, animals, buildings or landscapes on a routine basis, regardless of need, is not IPM. Applications of pesticides are always the last resort in an IPM program.

2.1.Objectives of Pest Management i. To reduce pest status below economic injury level. Complete elimination of pest is not the objective. ii. To manage insects by not only killing them but by preventing feeding, multiplication and dispersal. iii. To use ecofriendly methods, which will maintain quality of environment (air, water, wild life and plant life) iv. To make maximum use of natural mortality factors, apply control measures only when needed. v. To use component in sustainable crop production

2.2. Need for Pest Management i. Development of resistance in insects against insecticides e.g. OP and synthetic pyrethroid resistance in Helicoverpa armigera. ii. Out break of secondary pests e.g. Whiteflies emerged as major pest when spraying insecticide against H. armigera. iii. Resurgence of target pests e.g. BPH of rice increased when some OP chemicals are applied.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

iv. When number of application increases, profit decreases. v. Environmental contamination and reduction in its quality. vi. Killing of non-target animals and natural enemies. vii. Human and animal health hazards. viii. 2.3. Integrated Pest Management The term IPM is defined as the intelligent selection and use of pest control tactics that will ensure favourable economical, ecological and sociological consequences 2.3.1.Basic principles of Integrated Pest Management : a) Consideration of Ecosystem : Control of insect pest population is a function of the ecosystem itself by means of natural enemies and other factors. Knowledge of the role of the principle elements of the units is essential to an understanding of population phenomenon. The study of individuals is of prime importance, their biology behaviour response to other members of the same species and to other organisms and to biotic factors in the environment. The study of individuals offers a potent method for this analysis of population change. The most effective system for controlling pests can be derived only after understanding the principles responsible for the population fluctuation in the ecosystem. b) Pest Surveillance : Pest Surveillance and forecasting are having a vital part in the integrated pest management. Surveillance or monitoring means constant observation of a subject i.e., a crop or pest, and recording the factors observed, compilation of information obtained and prediction of future events about pest population. Hence pest surveillance comprises of three basic components. a. Determination of the level of incidence of the pest species. b. Determination of what loss the incidence will cause. c. Determination of economic benefits or other benefits the control will provide. The above information would be immense use in determining the need for a pest control measure. Mere presence of a few numbers of pest species should not be the criterion for pesticide application and there should be sufficient justification. Surveillance can provide the necessary information to determine the feasibility of a pest control programme. It should be a tool that assists pest management specialists in determining the actual factors that are involved in a pest build up, so that the specialists can determine practices that will manage these factors and prevent the initial build up of a pest. c) Utilization of Economic Threshold Levels (ETL): The level of pest population is very important consideration for taking up control measures. Pest population must be maintained at levels below those causing economic injury. The economic threshold is the pest density at which control measures should be determined to prevent an increasing pest population from reaching economic injury level. The determination of these thresholds is a pre-requisite to the development of any pest management strategy. d) Application of minimum selective hazards : The application of chemical measures to pest population has to be in such a manner that target pest populations are just kept below economic injury thresholds. By observation of this principle the development of resistant populations of pest is avoided or delayed, the possibility of resurgence of treated

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

population is decreased, adverse effect on non target organism and amount of environmental contamination are reduced, and the cost of control is also lowered.

2.4. Components of IPM

IPM is the best combination of cultural, biological and chemical measures to manage diseases, insects, weeds and other pests. It takes into account all relevant control tactics and methods that are locally available, evaluating their potential cost-effectiveness. IPM does not, however, consist of any absolute or rigid criteria. It is a flexible system that makes good use of local resources and the latest research, technology, knowledge and experience. Ultimately, IPM is a site-specific strategy for managing pests in the most cost- effective, environmentally sound and socially acceptable way. Implementation of IPM lies with farmers, who adopt practices they view as practical and valuable to their activities

IPM requires competence in the following three areas: Prevention: Prevent the build-up of pests Includes a range of practical strategies that suit local conditions. Monitoring: Monitor crops for both pests and natural control mechanisms Involves scouting for pests (insects, diseases and weeds) to determine if, when and how intervention should occur. Observing crops determines if, when and what action should be taken to maximize crop production and quality. Decision-making tools range from pegboards to computers and trained local experts to remote-sensing technologies. Getting real-time information on what is happening in the field is ideal. Intervention: Intervene when control measures are needed Involves physical, biological and chemical methods to preserve the economic value of crops with minimal effects on the environment. a) Cultural control: Cultural methods of pest control consist of regular farm operations in such a way which either destroy the pests or prevent them from causing economic loss. The various cultural practices have been grouped as under. 82

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Normal agricultural practices (clean cultivation), which incidentally ward off certain pests Systematic cutting and removal of infested parts: Keeps down subsequent infestation Crop rotation: Crop rotation is most effective practice against pests that have a narrow host range and dispersal capacity Mixed cropping: Intended for getting some return when one crop is attacked, the other escapes. Growing resistant varieties: certain varieties resists pest attack Manipulation of planting time helps to minimize pest damage Trap cropping: Growing of susceptible or preferred plants by important pests near a major crop to act as a trap and later it is destroyed or treated with insecticides Trimming field buds: Grasshopper eggs, which are laid in field bunds are destroyed by trimming field bunds Flooding the field: Flooding of fields is recommended for reducing the attack of cutworms, army worms, termites, root grubs etc. Draining the fields: In case of paddy case worm Nymphula depunctalis which travel from plant to plant via water. it can be eliminated by draining or drying the field Alley ways: Formation of alley ways for every 2 m in rice field reduces the BPH Nilaparvata lugens Raking up and hoeing of the soil around gourds, mango and other fruit trees serves to destroy pupae of fruit flies. Adoptation of high seed rate in sorghum and later removal and destruction of shoot fly (Atherigona soccata) affected ones. Trash mulching @ 3 t/ha 3 days after planting or earthing up at a month or two after planting minimize early shoot borer ( Chilo infuscatellus) attack in sugarcane Destruction of crop residue: Stubbles of sugarcane and paddy that harbour borers should be ploughed up and burnt. Deep ploughing in summer exposes most of the soil inhabiting insects to sun and hot winds and get them killed Periodical drying of stored produce against stored grain pests. Pruning of dried twigs/ branches to eliminate pests like scales and orange borer b) Mechanical Methods Hand picking and collection with hand nets and killing insects Provision of preventive barriers: Digging trenches around field, Bagging / wrapping of fruits and tin bands are fixed over coconut palms to prevent damage by rats Extraction of adult Rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) from the crown of coconut trees using an arrow headed rod/hook.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Construction of rat proof godowns, use of an alkathene band around the tree trunks of mango to check the migration of first instar nymphs of mealybugs and red ants Sticky bands around tree trunks against red tree ant (Oecophylla samaragdina) Systematic shaking of root grub adults harbored trees during evening hours to dislodge and destroy by dumping in fire. Shaking of redgram plants to collect and destroy later instars of Helicoverpa armigera Shaking the trees and bushes by which the insects fall to the ground and they can be collected. Sieving and winnowing against stored grain pests Using mosquito nets fly proof cages etc. c) Physical Methods: Use of certain physical forces to minimize the pests Artificial heating and cooling of stored products will prevent insect damage Steam sterilization of soil kills soil insects Vapour Heat Treatment (VHT) against fruit flies in mango Use of male sterile technique against screwworm fly (Cochliomyia hominivorax) Light traps are arranged for attracting the insects Use of flame throwers

Biological control: Biocontrol is use of living organisms to manage crop damaging living organisms (pests). Some of the common biocontrol agents are

2.5.Advantage of Integrated Pest Management

IPM provides multiple benefits for society and the environment. It is vital for the long-term future of the plant science industry. 1. Fits better in National Economy. Pest control activities at present are mainly based on the application of chemical pesticides, quite a large proportion of which has to be imported. The expenditure envisaged for plant protection runs into crores of rupees even when only one or at the most two pesticide application are envisaged per crop. High yielding varieties show that many more pesticide applications are called for many crops if pest control has to depend only on the use of pesticide. Thus a time has come where Integrated Pest Management is not only advisable but also inevitable. 2. More efficient and cheaper method. In IPM schedule efforts are made to utilize various methods of control including use of pesticides but some times and in some cases it is feasible to nip the trouble in the bud itself even by a mechanical campaign like destruction of egg masses of some pests or collecting the caterpillar stages. In such cases it envisages a lot of saving in the use of pesticides, this means saving of money

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

and saving of foreign exchange and also the destruction of the pest before it has been able to inflict damage. 3. Avoid upsetting the balance of nature. Chemical control has often been reported to upset the balance of nature at times leading to upsurge of new type of pest problem which did not exist before. The seriousness of mites in many parts of the world has occurred by the use of DDT. It is confidently expected that such adverse side effects will be much less as a result of integrated pest management schedule. 4. Minimises residue hazards of pesticides : It is obvious that in an IPM schedule the use of pesticides will be considerably reduced, hence the pesticide residue hazards will also get automatically minimised.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Theory 2 2.6. Concept of ETL and EIL The presence of a pest does not always cause a loss in quality or quantity of an agricultural product. To justify the cost of control, pest populations must be large enough to cause significant damage. Using IPM can help agricultural producers to determine if the benefits of pesticides and other pest management tactics exceed the costs of control. If benefits don’t exceed costs, time and money are wasted. A number of economic concepts are helpful in determining the point at which it pays to use pesticides or other treatment.

Economic Injury level (EIL): It is defined as the lowest population density of insect that will cause economic damage OR the critical density of insect population where the loss caused by the pest equals the cost of control measures.

Economic Threshold Level (ETL) or Action threshold: It is defined as the pest density at which control measures should be applied to prevent an increasing pest population from reaching EIL.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

2.7. Pesticides and their Recommendation

The pesticide recommendation for an insect pest or disease problem needs to suggested based con the recommendations of the state government based on the label claim or referring into the recommendations of the Central Insecticides Board of government of India. Pesticide recommendation needs to be given based on active ingredient or quantity of formulation along with quantity of spray fluid. The list of pesticide recommended for rice crop is given below for reference: Crop Common name of the Dosage / ha Waiting pest a.i (gm) FormulationDi lution in Period (gm/ml) Water (days) ACEPHATE 75% SP (Liter) Rice Stem Borer, Leaf 500 -750 666-1000 300-500 15 Folder, Plant Hoppers, Green ACETAMIPRID L20%eaf H SoPpp er. Rice BPH 10-20 50-100 500-600 7 AZADIRACHTIN 0.3% (3000 PPM) MIN. NEEM SEED KERNEL BASED E.C.

Rice Thrips, Stem borer, - 1500 – 500 5 Brown Plant hopper, 2500 Leaf folder BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. KURSTAKI, SEROTYPE H-39, 3B, STRAIN Z-52 BIO-TECH. INTERNATIONAL Rice Stem borer & Leaf folder 1.50 kg. 500-750 - Rice Stem borer, Leaf folder, 1000 33000 20 Rice SBtPeHm borer 375 25000 7 Green leaf hopper Brown plant hopper Leaf folder, Gall midge FENOBUCARBG (rBaPssM hoCpp) 50%er EC Rice Brown Plant Hopper, 250-750 500-1500 500 30

Green Leaf Hopper

FENPROPATHRIN 30% EC Rice Yellow Stem borer, 100 333 500 30 Leaf folder

FIPRONIL 0.3% GR Rice Stem borer, Brown 50-75 1000-1500 500 32 plant hopper, Green

leaf hopper, Rice leaf hopper, Rice gall midge, Whorl maggot, 87 White backed plant hopper

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Fipronil 0.6% w/w GR Rice Stem borer & Leaf 60 10 65 - FIPRONIL 80%folderWG Rice Stem borer, Leaf folder 40-50 50 – 62.5 375 -500 19 FLONICAMID 50% WG Rice Brown plant hopper, 75 150 500 36 white backed plant hopper, Green leaf FLUBENDIAMhopperIDE 20 % WG Rice Stem borer, Leaf borer 25 125 500 30

Pesticide selection for the particular pest in a particular crop need to be made based on ETL level and unless it is recommended combined use of pesticides or fungicides and plant growth promoters are not recommended as they affect efficacy of product sometime causes phyto- toxicity and other hazards

The details on Insecticides registered for agriculture use in various crops along with dose and active ingredient are available at are given in Annexure 6 or (http://ppqs.gov.in/divisions/cibrc/major-uses-of-pesticides)

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

PRACTICAL Non Chemical Methods of Pest Control for Integration with Chemical Control Cultural control - Physical control - Mechanical control - Appliances in pest control

Aim: To make the input dealers on various options available in pest management which needs to be combined while suggesting any pesticide recommendation Methodology: The participants are to be taken to field to show the available IPM practices being followed in any of the institutional farm. Some of the key IPM tactics are listed for theoretical knowledge and practical exposure A. Cultural Control: Definition : Manipulation of cultural practices to the disadvantage of pests S.No Cropping Techniques . Pest Checked 1. Ploughing Red hairy caterpillar 2. Puddling Rice mealy bug 3. Trimming and plastering Rice grass hopper 4. Pest free seed material Potato tuber moth 5. High seed rate Sorghum shootfly 6. Rogue space planting Rice brown 7. Plant density planthopper 8. Earthing up Rice brown 9. Detrashing planthopper 10. Destruction of weed hosts Sugarcane whitefly 11. Destruction of alternate host Sugarcane whitefly 12. Flooding Citrus fruit sucking 13. Trash mulching moth 14. Pruning / topping Cotton whitefly 15. Intercropping Rice armyworm 16. Trap cropping Sugarcane early shoot 17. Water management borer 18. Judicious application of fertilizers Rice stem borer 19 Timely harvesting Sorghum stem borer Diamond back moth Brown planthopper Rice leaf folder Sweet potato weevil

Community level practices: 1. Synchronized sowing : Dilution of pest infestation (eg) Rice, Cotton 2. Crop rotation : Breaks insect life cycle 3. Crop sanitation i. Destruction of insect infested parts (eg.) Mealy bug in brinjal ii. Removal of fallen plant parts (eg.) Cotton squares iii. Crop residue destruction (eg.) Cotton stem weevil

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

B. Physical Control: Modification of physical factors in the environment to minimise (or) prevent pest problems. Use of physical forces like temperature, moisture, etc. in managing the insect pests. a) Manipulation of temperature a. Sun drying the seeds to kill the eggs of stored product pests. b. Hot water treatment (50 - 55oC for 15 min) against rice white tip nematode. c. Flame throwers against locusts. d. Burning torch against hairy caterpillars. e. Cold storage of fruits and vegetables to kill fruitflies (1 – 2 oC for 12 - 20 days). b) Manipulation of moisture a. Alternate drying and wetting rice fields against BPH. b. Drying seeds (below 10% moisture level) affects insect development. c. Flooding the field for the control of cutworms.

c) Manipulation of light a. Treating the grains for storage using IR light to kill all stages of insects (eg.) Infra-red seed treatment unit (Fig.1). b. Providing light in storage go downs as the lighting reduces the fertility of Indian meal moth, Plodia. c. Light trapping.

d) Manipulation of air: Increasing the CO2 concentration in controlled atmosphere of stored grains to cause asphyxiation in stored product pests. e) Use of irradiation: Gamma irradiation from Co 60 is used to sterilize the insects in laboratory which compete with the fertile males for mating when released in natural condition. (eg.) cattle screw worm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax control in Curacao Island by E.F.Knipling. f) Use of greasing material: Treating the stored grains particularly pulses with vegetable oils to prevent the oviposition and the egg hatching. eg., bruchid adults. g) Use of visible radiation : Yellow colour preferred by aphids, cotton whitefly : yellow sticky traps. h) Use of Abrasive dusts i. Red earth treatment to red gram : Injury to the insect wax layer. ii. Activated clay : Injury to the wax layer resulting in loss of moisture leading to death. It is used against stored product pests. iii. Drie-Die : This is a porous finely divided silica gel used against storage insects.

C. Mechanical Control: Use of mechanical devices or manual forces for destruction or exclusion of pests. a. Mechanical destruction: Life stages are killed by manual (or) mechanical force. 90

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Manual Force i. Hand picking the caterpillars ii. Beating : Swatting housefly and mosquito iii. Sieving and winnowing : Red flour beetle (sieving) rice weevil (winnowing) iv. Shaking the plants : Passing rope across rice field to dislodge caseworm and shaking neem tree to dislodge June beetles v. Hooking : Iron hook is used against adult rhinoceros beetle vi. Crushing : Bed bugs and lice vii. Combing : Delousing method for Head louse viii. Brushing : Woolen fabrics for clothes moth, carper beetle.

Mechanical force i. Entoletter : Centrifugal force - breaks infested kernels - kill insect stages - whole grains unaffected - storage pests. ii. Hopper dozer : Kill nymphs of locusts by hording into trenches and filled with soil. iii. Tillage implements : Soil borne insects, red hairy caterpillar. iv. Mechnical traps : Rat traps of various shapes like box trap, back break trap, wonder trap, Tanjore bow trap.

Mechanical exclusion: Mechanical barriers prevent access of pests to hosts. i. Wrapping the fruits : Covering with polythene bag against pomegrante fruit borer. ii. Banding : Banding with grease or polythene sheets - Mango mealybug. iii. Netting : Mosquitoes, vector control in green house. iv. Trenching : Trapping marching larvae of red hairy catepiller. v. Sand barrier : Protecting stored grains with a layer of sand on the top. vi. Water barrier : Ant pans for ant control. vii. Tin barrier : Coconut trees protected with tin band to prevent rat damage. viii. Electric fencing : Low voltage electric fences against rats.

Appliances in pest control:

Light traps : Most adult insects are attracted towards light in night. This principle is used to attract the insect and trapped in a mechanical device. Incandescent light trap : They produce radiation by heating a tungsten filament. The spectrum of lamp include a small amount of ultraviolet, considerable visible especially rich in yellow and red. (eg.) Simple incandescent light trap , portable incandescent electric. Place a pan of kerosenated water below the light source. Mercury vapour lamp light trap : They produce primarily ultraviolet, blue and green radiation with little red. (eg.) Robinson trap . This trap is the basic model designed by Robinson in

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

1952. This is currently used towards a wide range of Noctuids and other nocturnal flying insects. A mercury lamp (125 W) is fixed at the top of a funnel shaped (or) trapezoid galvanized iron cone terminating in a collection jar containing dichlorvos soaked in cotton as insecticide to kill the insect. Black light trap : Black light is popular name for ultraviolet radiant energy with the range of wavelengths from 320-380 nm. Some commercial type like Pest-O-Flash, Keet-O-Flash are available in market. Flying insects are usually attracted and when they come in contact with electric grids, they become elctrocuted and killed. Pheromone trap: Synthetic sex pheromones are placed in traps to attract males. The rubberised septa, containing the pheromone lure are kept in traps designed specially for this purpose and used in insect monitoring / mass trapping programmes. Sticky trap water pan trap and funnel type models are available for use in pheromone based insect control programmes. Yellow sticky trap: Cotton whitefly, aphids, thrips prefer yellow colour. Yellow colour is painted on tin boxes and sticky material like castor oil /vaseline is smeared on the surface (Fig.9). These insects are attracted to yellow colour and trapped on the sticky material. Bait trap: Attractants placed in traps are used to attract the insect and kill them. (eg.) Fishmeal trap: This trap is used against sorghum shootfly. Moistened fish meal is kept in polythene bag or plastic container inside the tin along with cotton soaked with insecticide (DDVP) to kill the attracted flies Pitfall trap helps to trap insects moving about on the soil surface, such as ground beetles, collembola, spiders. These can be made by sinking glass jars (or) metal cans into the soil. It consists of a plastic funnel, opening into a plastic beaker containing kerosene supported inside a plastic jar Probe trap: Probe trap is used by keeping them under grain surface to trap stored product insect Emergence trap: The adults of many insects which pupate in the soil can be trapped by using suitable covers over the ground. A wooden frame covered with wire mesh covering and shaped like a house roof is placed on soil surface. Emerging insects are collected in a plastic beaker fixed at the top of the frame Indicator device for pulse beetle detection: A new cup shaped indicator device has been recently designed to predict timely occurrence of pulse beetle Callosobruchus spp. This will help the farmers to know the correct time of emergence of pulse beetle. This will help them in timely sun drying which can bill all the eggs.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

3. Biological Control and its Importance in Pest Management

THEORY: 1 Biological Control and its importance in pest management - Predators and Parasites - Approaches to biological control - Predators Vs. Parasitoids - Role of parasitoids and predators in IPM

PRACTICAL:1 Identification of Potential Insect Predators and parasites used for pest control PRACTICAL: 2 Field use methodology for release of insect parasitoids and predators

No of theory classes: 1 (hr.) No of practical classes: 1 (hr.) Theory 1

3.1.Biological Control: Biological control is "the action of parasites, predators, or pathogens in maintaining another organism's population density at a lower average than would occur in their absence. \Biocontrol is defined as “use of living organisms to manage crop damaging living organisms (pests)”. Some of the common biocontrol agents are Predators Parasitoids Pathogens Nematodes 3.2.Predators and Parasites Predators are free living organisms that feed on other animals, their prey, devouring them completely and rapidly whereas parasitoids are organisms that depend on their host for some essential metabolic factor on another throughout its all life stages, which is always larger than itself Sl. Predator Parasitoid No. 1 Bigger than the prey Smaller than its host 2 Very active Usually sluggish once the host in secured 3 Organ of locomotives, sense organ and Organ of locomotives, sense organ and mouth parts are well developed. mouth parts not well developed 4 Habitat is independent of its prey Habitat in same that of its host. 5 Life cycle in longer than the host. Life cycle shorter than the host 6 A single predator may attack several It usually completes development in a host in in its life period single host.

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

3.3.Role of parasitoids and predators in IPM i. Since biological control is safe to environment, it should be adopted as an important component of IPM. ii. Biological control method can be integrated well with other methods namely cultural, chemical methods and host plant resistance (except use of broad spectrum insecticides) iii. Biological control is self propagating and self perpetuating iv. Pest resistance to NE is not known v. No harmful effects on humans, livestock and other organisms vi. Biological control is virtually permanent vii. Biological agents search and kills the target pest

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Practical Identification of Potential Insect Predators and parasites used for pest control

Identification of Potential Insect Predators and parasitoids used for pest control Aim: To make familiar on the parasitoids and predators of agricultural significance to facilitate judicious use of selective insecticides. Methodology: The participants will be exposed to key parasitoid and predator in agricultural production system Approach: Exposure to biocontrol lab besides showing key specimens in the laboratory conditions Identification of Potential Insect Predators and parasites used for pest control 1.Predators: Order Family Species Hosts Coleoptera Coccinellidae Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Aphids, Scales,Mealybugs, Eggs of lepidopterans Rodalia cardinalis Cheilomenes sexmaculata Harmonia octomaculata Chilocoris nigrata Scymnus coccivora Parascymnus horni Coccinella transversalis Cicindella sexmaculata Aphids, Scales, Mealybugs, Cicindelidae Eggs of lepidopterans Coleoptera Cosnoidea indica, Anthia Aphids, Scales, Mealybugs, Carabidae sexguttata Eggs of lepidopterans Odonata Dragon fly and damsel flies Caterpillars Mantodea Mantis religiosa Caterpillars and Grasshoppers Chrysoperla zastrowi Aphids, Scales, Mealybugs, Chrysopidae Neuroptera Eggs of lepidopterans Hemerobiidae Micromus igoratus Miridae Cyrtorrhinus lividipennis Hemipterans Hemiptera Ruduviidae Platymeris laevicollis Lepidopteran larvae

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Pentatomidae Eucanthecona furcelleta Caterpillars Lepidoptera Epipyropidae Dipha aphidivora Aphids Asilidae Asilus sp Small insects Diptera Syrphidae Ischiodon scutellaris Small insects

2.Parasitoids: Stage Family Species Hosts Egg Trichogrammati Trichogramma Eggs of sugarcane internode parasitoid dae chilonis borer, cotton bollworm, rice leaf folder T. japonicum Eggs of rice stem borer Scelonidae Telenomus rowani Eggs or rice stem borer Telenomus remus Eggs of tobacco caterpillar Chelonus blackburni Eggs of cotton spotted Braconidae Egg- larval bollworm parasitoid Encyrtidae Copidosoma koehleri Potato tuber moth Larval Braconidae Bracon brevicornis Larvae of CBHC parasitoid Bracon hebetor Larvae of CBHC Cotesia plutellae Larvae of diamondback moth Bethylidae Goniozus nephantidis Late larval CBHC Platygastridae Platygastor oryzae Larvae of rice gall midge Campoletis chloridae Larval Spodoptera or Ichneumonidae Helicoverpa Erioborus Larval CBHC

trochanteratus Larval – Pupal Isotima javensis Pre – pupal parasite of top Ichneumonidae parasitoid shoot borer of sugarcane Xanthopimpla Larvae of Lepidopteran Ichneumonidae punctata

Pupal Eulopidae Trichospilus pupivora Pre-pupal, Pupal, CBHC parasitoid Tetrastichus israeli Pre-pupal, Pupal, CBHC Brachymeria Pupal, CBHC Chalcididae nephantidis

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Epiricania Nymphal, adult Epiricanidae melanoleuca Nymphal and Aphelinidae Aphelinus mali Nymphal, Aphids adult parasitoid Encarsia formosa Nymphal, WF, MB, SC Encarsia Nymphal, WF, MB, SC

favoscutellum Larval Tachanidae Eucelatoria bryani Larval, Lepidopteran parasitoid Sturmiopsis inferens Larvae of sugarcane early shoot borer Spoggosia bezziana Larvae of coconut black headed caterpillar Larval – Tachanidae Eucelatoria bryani Larvae of H.armigera pupal parasitoid

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Practical

Field use methodology for release of insect parasitoids and predators

Field Use Methodology for Release of Insect Parasitoids and Predators

Aim: To make familiar on field use procedures for parasitoids and predators of agricultural significance to facilitate judicious use of selective insecticides.

Methodology: The participants will be facilitated with techniques involved in handling parasitoid and predator in agricultural pest management.

Approach: Exposure in mass production and field release of natural enemies. Propagation (mass culturing) and release of natural enemies will be demonstrated through the following biocontrol approaches.

(i) Inoculative release: Control expected from the progeny and subsequent generations only. (ii) Inundative release: NE mass cultured and released to suppress pest directly.

Dose for field application of insect parasitoids and predators Species Host/s Dose Trichogramma Sugarcane borers: Chilo 50,000/ha on sugarcane and vegetables; chilonis infuscatellus, Chilo 100,000/ha on maize and 1,50,000/ha sacchariphagus indicus on cotton Cotton (Non Bt) bollworms: Sugarcane: 4 to 6 releases at 10 days Helicoverpa armigera, intervals for early shoot borer; 8 to 10 Pectinophora gossypiella releases for stalk, internode and Earias spp. Gurdaspur borers Maize stem borer: Chilo Cotton (Non Bt) & Vegetables: 6 partellus weekly releases Diamond back moth: Plutella Maize: 3 releases at five days intervals xylostella Tomato fruit borer: Helicoverpa armigera

Trichogramma Top shoot borer of Sugarcane & Paddy: 50,000/ha japonicum sugarcane: Scirpophaga nivella Sugarcane: 4 to 6 releases at 10 days Paddy stem borer: Scirpophaga intervals on observing pest or from incertulas 60th day Paddy: 6 releases on appearance of pest or from 30th day after transplantation

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Trichogramma Helicoverpa armigera 1.50-2.50 Lakh/ha brasiliensis

Goniozus Coconut blackheaded 10 adults per palm (4 releases) nephanidis caterpillar

Bracon Antigastra catalaunalis, Earias 10 adult/tree for coconut block headed brevicornis sp., caterpillar. Helicoverpa armigera, 20000 adults/ha for cotton bollworm Opisina arenosella, Pectinophora gossypiella, Chilo partellus

Bracon bebetor Corcyra cephalanica, 10 adult/tree for coconut block headed Dichocracis punctiferalis, caterpillar. Hellula undalis, 20000 adults/ha for cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera , Opisina arenosella Chelonus Potato tuber moth 50000 adults /ha in the field (2 releases blackburni Phthorimaea operculella, at weekly intervals) 2 adults per kg of potatoes in godowns (3 to 4 releases at fortnightly intervals)

Cotesia plutellae Diamond Back Moth 25000-50000/ha, 10-15/plant

Trichospilus Coconut Black Headed 10-15/plant pupivora Caterpillar

Tetrastichus Coconut Black Headed 10-15/plant israeli Caterpillar

Brachymeria Coconut Black Headed 10-15/plant nephantidis Caterpillar

Species Host/s Dose Cryptolaemus mealybugs 3000-4000/ha montrouzieri

Rodalia cardinalis Aphids/scales/mealy bugs 3000-4000/ha

Chilocoris nigrata Aphids/scales/mealy bugs 3000-4000/ha or 10-12/plant Chrysoperla Aphids/scales/mealy bugs/ Eggs 1.00-1.50 lakh/ha zastrowi of lepidopterans

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

Micromus igoratus Aphids 5000-6000 /ha

Cyrtorrhinus Hemipterans 50-60 bugs/100m2 lividipennis

Dipha aphidivora Aphids 5000-6000 /ha

Appendix- I

Direct effects of feeding - Injury by chewing insects - Injury by piercing and sucking insects - Injury by Internal feeders - Injury by Subterranean Insects - Injury to Stored products - Indirect effects of feeding

Types and General Symptoms of Damage in Various Plant Parts

1. Symptom due to Direct Effects of Feeding by insects:

1.1.Injury by Chewing insects: Feed on the growing points of plants causes retard growth Eg: Grape vine beetle – Scelodonta strigicollis

1.Semilooper caterpillar, Achaea janata on castor, 2. Red headed hairy caterpillar, Amsacta albistriga on Ground nut.

Slug caterpillar, Latoia lepida on Mango and Castor

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1. Ash weevil – Myllocerus sp. feeding on a variety of crops like Ragi, Moringa, Brinjal, Cotton etc., 2. Grass hoppers - Hieroglyphus banian and Oxya spp. feeding on maize.

Flea beetle causes this type of damage on radish and Sunhemp

Larvae of the diamond back moth, Plutella xystella on Cabbage and Cauliflower or feed superficially on the surface tissue Eg: Grubs and adults of epilchna beetle, Epilachna vigitioctopunctata on Brinjal and Bitter gourd

Cut worm – Spodoptera litura on Sun flower and Soy bean semilooper, Thysanoplusia orichalcea.

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Roll up the leaves and feed within Paddy leaf roller – Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Cotton leaf roller- Sylepta derogota

Bark eating caterpillar – Indarbela tetraonis on Mango, Moringa, Curry leaf etc.,

Surface weevil, Attactogaster finitimus attacks the seedlings of cotton raised under rainfed condition in black cotton soil and Cotton shoot attack by weevil.

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1. Adults of blister beetle – Zonabris pustulata on red gram and Sesbania, 2. The larvae of spotted pod borer – Maruca vitrata web the flower buds and flowers on red gram and feed on them and 3. Cetoniid beetles - on rose feed on the flower buds and petals

Rice grass hoppers

Damaged by the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera to the ear heads of Sorghum and Finger millet.

1.2. Injury by Piercing And Sucking insects: Many of the sucking insects, at the time of feeding inject their salivary secretion which due 1. Cow pea aphids – Aphis craccivora on Lab-lab, Ground nut and Gliricidia

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Castor whitefly – Trialeurodes ricini and Coconut scale – Aspidiotus destructor

1. Typical damage caused by thrips on paddy, 2. White feeding spots on the leaves are caused by thrips on Onion and 3. White spots on the upper surface of the leaves caused by Stephanitis typicus on coconut.

1. Brown plant hopper – Nilaparvatha lugens on rice, 2. Cotton leaf hopper - Amrasca biguttula biguttula 3. Castor leaf hopper – Empoasca flavescens.

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Thrips , Scirtothrips dorsalis on Chillies

Tomato whiteflies – Bemisia tabaci

Sanjose scale on Apple

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Eudicima phalonia, E. maternal.

1.3.Injury by Internal feeders :

Worms and Weevils :

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Leaf miners: Citrus leaf miner – Phyllocnistis citrella; Cashew leaf miner – Acrocercops syngramma on Cashew Serpentine leaf miner – Liriomyza trifolii on Tomato; Ground nut leaf miner – Aproaerema modicella

Gall insects:

1.4.Injury by Subterranean Insects : Eg. Root grubs feeds on the roots of the plant; Root aphids feeds on roots of Ragi plants.

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1.5. Injury to Stored products .

The Pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis.

Rice weevil - Sitophilus oryzae

1.5.Indirect effects of feeding Making the harvest more difficult: 1. Cabbage infested heavily with aphids.

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Causing contamination and loss of quality of the product: thrips – Sciothrips cardamom

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APPENDIX- II

Insect pest of the cotton and rice

Insect Pests of the Cotton and their Symptom of Damage

Spotted Bollworms

American Bollworm

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Pink bollworm

Tobacco Caterpillar

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Leafhopper

Whitefly

Cotton aphid

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Cotton Mite:

Cotton Thrips

Red cotton bug

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1.2.Insect Pest of Rice and their Symptom of Damage

Green leafhopper

Leaf folder (or) leaf roller

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Brown plant leafhopper

Gall midge

White backed plant hopper

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Rice earhead bug

Swarming caterpillar

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C. Pesticide Application 1. Principles of Pesticide Application

Principles of pesticide application - Spraying techniques

Number of theory classes – 01 (1 hr)

Pesticide application plays an important role in pest management. Proper technique of application of pesticide and the equipment used for applying pesticide are vital to the success of pest control operations. The application of pesticide is not merely the operation of sprayer or duster. It has to be coupled with a thorough knowledge of the pest problem. The use of pesticides involves knowledge not only of application equipment, but of pest management as well.

1.1 Objective of pesticide application

The objective of the application of pesticide is to keep the pest under check. The pest population has to be kept suppressed to minimum biological activities to avoid economic loss of crop yields. Thorough killing of pest or eradication of pest is neither practical nor necessary. The objective of pesticide application besides keeping the pest population under check should also be to avoid pollution and damage to the non-targets.

The main purpose of pesticide application technique is to cover the target with maximum efficiency and minimum efforts to keep the pest under control as well as minimum contamination of non-targets. All pesticides are poisonous substances and they can cause harm to all living things. Therefore their use must be very judicious. The application techniques ideally should be target oriented so that safety to the non-targets and the environment is ensured. Therefore, proper selection of application equipment, knowledge of pest behaviour and skilful dispersal methods are vital.

Thus the following aspects must be considered for a successful pest control programme.

A. Knowledge of pest problem: - Where is the pest location? : To define the target. - What is the most susceptible stage for : To decide the time of application. control? - What is the mobility of the pest? : To define the coverage requirements and droplet size. B. Knowledge of pesticides:

- What is the mode of action? : To define the application technique. - What is the phytotoxicity? : To define the calibration requirement - What is mammalian toxicity? : To take up necessary precautions in handling.

C. Knowledge of formulations:

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- What is the solubility? : To define the agitation requirements. - How should it be mixed with water? : To collect suitable measure and water buckets and tools etc. D. Knowledge of techniques & equipment:

- How should it be operated and : To operate the equipment without field maintained? troubles. - What are the capabilities? : To estimate sufficient number of equipment needed. - What adjustments are necessary? : To get an optimum use of the equipment. - What technique is to be adopted? : To select suitable equipment.

The success of pest control operations by pesticide application greatly depends on the following factors:-

1. Quality of pesticide 2. Timing of application 3. Quality of application and coverage

Different types of pesticides are used for controlling various pests. For example Insecticides are applied against insect pests, Fungicides against crop diseases, Herbicides against weeds etc. in order to protect the crop losses. But it is essential that besides choosing an appropriate pesticide for application it has to be a quality product i.e., proper quantity of pesticide active ingredient (a.i) must be ensure that the quantity is maintained in production and marketing of pesticide formulations.

The application of pesticide is very successful when applied at the most susceptible stage of the pest. If the timing of pesticide application is carefully considered and followed, the results will be good pest control and economy. Therefore for large area treatment careful selection of equipment becomes necessary so that within the available 'Time' the area could be treated.

Even though good quality pesticide is used and optimum timing for the application of pesticide is also adopted; unless the pesticide is applied properly it will not yield good results. Therefore, the quality of application of pesticides is very important in pest control operations. Adherence to the following points can ensure it:

1. Proper dosage should be applied evenly 2. The toxicant should reach the target 3. Proper droplet size 4. Proper density of droplet on the target

The dosage recommendation are generally indicated for acre or hectare e.g. kg/ha or lit/ha. It should be properly understood and the exact quantities of the formulated pesticide should be applied.

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Pesticides are dispersed by different methods like spraying, dusting etc. For spraying of pesticides different types of nozzles such as hydraulic, air blast, centrifugal and heat energy type are used. Water is a common carrier of pesticides but air or oils are also used as carriers. Selection of proper droplet is an important consideration. The shape, size and surface of the target vary greatly. For spraying against flying insects, the hydraulic nozzles will not be effective. Here we need fine size spray particles to remain airborne for longer time. However, for weed control operation usually the requirement is drift free application or coarse spray droplets. Adequate number of spray droplets should be deposited necessarily. For fungicide application the number of droplets deposited per unit area should be more and may be for translocated herbicide application it can be less in number. It may need fewer numbers of droplets to be deposited in case of highly mobile (crawling) insect pest.

The pesticides are formulated in liquid form, dust powder or granule forms such that it makes possible to apply small quantities of pesticides over large area. Some of the pesticides are applied as low as few gram a.i. per hectare. Therefore adoption of proper Application Technique is vital for uniform depositing of pesticide. The method of setting the pesticide application equipment to ensure even distribution of certain quantity of pesticide over the desired area is called Calibration.

1.2 Spraying Techniques

Most of the pesticides are applied as sprays.

The liquid formulations of pesticide either diluted (with water, oil) or directly are applied in small drops to the crop by different types of sprayers. Usually the EC formulations, wettable powder formulations are diluted suitably with water which is a common carrier of pesticides. In some cases however, oil is used as diluent or carrier of pesticides.

The important factors for spray volume consideration are:

The volume of spray liquid required for certain area depends upon the spray type and coverage, total target area, size of spray droplet and number of spray droplets. It is obvious that if the spray droplets are coarse-size then the spray volume required will be larger than the small size spray droplets. Also if the thorough coverage (eg. both the sides of leaves) is necessary then the spray volume requirement has to be more.

On the basis of volume of spray-mix the technique of spraying is classified as:

1. High volume spraying 2. Low volume spraying 3. Ultra low volume spraying

The range of volume of spray mix in each of the above case is arbitrary. Usually for field crop spraying the following spray volume ranges are taken as guide.

High Volume Spraying 300 - 500 L/ha

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Low Volume Spraying 50 - 150 L/ha Ultra Low Volume Spraying < 5 L/ha

There is distinct advantage in the case of lower volume of application over the high volume application. The higher the volume to be applied the more the time, the more the labour and the more the cost of application due to labour cost. However the lower volume applications are concentrated spraying of pesticide which should also be considered properly.

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2. Types of Sprayers and Dusters

Sprayers –High volume spraying applicators - Low volume spraying applicators - Ultra low volume spraying applicators - Dusters and dust applications No. of theory classes – 01 (1 hr) No. of Practical classes – 02(4 hrs)

Based on the type of energy use pattern, the application equipment may be classified as follows:

Sprayers (Hydraulic energy)

Manually operated Powered operated 1. Syringes, slide pump 1. High pressure sprayer (hand carried type) 2. Stirrup pumps 2. High pressure trolley/ Barrow mounted 3. Knap sack or shoulder-slung: 3. Tractor mounted/ trailed sprayer Lever operated K.S. sprayer Piston pump type Diaphragm pump type 4. Compression sprayer 4. High pressure knap sack sprayer Hand compression sprayer Conventional type Pressure retaining type 5. Stationary type 5. Air craft, aerial spraying (Fixed wing, Foot operated sprayer helicopter) Rocker sprayer

Sprayers (Gaseous energy)

Manually operated Powered operated 1. Hand held type 1. Knap sack, motorized type 2. Hand/ Stretcher carried type 3. Tractor mounted

Sprayers (Centrifugal energy)

1. Hand held battery operated ULV sprayer. 2. Knapsack motorized type 3. Tractor/ vehicle mounted ULV sprayer 4. Aircraft ULV sprayer

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Other sprayers

1. Aerosol sprayers 2. Liquefied-gas type dispensers 3. Fogging machines 4. Exhaust Nozzle Sprayer Dusting equipment

Manually operated Powered operated 1. Plunger duster 1. Knapsack motorized duster 2. Bellow duster 2. High pressure trolley/ Barrow mounted 3. Rotary duster: 3. Tractor mounted/trailed duster Belly mounted model Shoulder-slung model 4. Aircraft

Granule applicator

Manually operated Powered operated 1. Broad-casting tins 1. Knapsack motorized type 2. Knapsack Rotary granule 2. Tractor mounted/ trailed duster 3. 3. Aircraft

2.1 High volume spraying applicators

This is very common and popular method of pesticide spraying. The spray solution is prepared by mixing water with pesticide formulation in appropriate quantities. This diluted mixture is sprayed through hydraulic nozzles. The spraying is usually to the point of drip from foliage. In this method large volume of spray liquid is applied. Usually the spraying volume is 300-500 L/ha. The spray volume is not always rigid. The spray volume requirement depends on many factors eg. Sprayer capability, nozzle charecteristics, stage of growth of crop, type of crop etc.

A variety of high volume sprayers are available in the market. Almost all types of high volume sprayers have some kind of pump to supply pressurised spray liquid to the hydraulic nozzle which breaks the liquid into spray droplets and throws the spray away from it. The high volume sprayers are both manually operated or power operated type.

2.1.1 Slide pump or hand sprayers

This is a simple sprayer. It creates hydraulic pressure by forcing spray solution to a nozzle by the direct action of hand pumping. The spray solution is filled in a plastic can (5-10 L) which is usually shoulder slung. A dip-tube draws liquid from the tank due to hand actuation of the plunger. Held by both the hands the piston pump is worked by sliding action. For want of a pressure chamber it is not possible to retain pressure and therefore the operator has to pump continuously without break. Due to constant engagement of both the hands it is difficult for

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2.1.2 Stirrup pump sprayer

This is a simple hydraulic sprayer. It consists of hand operated hydraulic pump. The suction part of the pump is immersed in the spray solution kept on floor in a bucket. The pump is operated by hand by one person while the other person holding the delivery line, trigger cut- off device and lance nozzle sprays pesticide. In few models an air chamber is also provided in the pump system which helps continuous spraying. Also in some models provision of hydraulic agitation is made. This sprayer is used both for public health spraying and agricultural spraying purposes.

2.1.3 Compression sprayer

It comprises of a cylindrical metal tank for holding the spray liquid, a hand operated piston type air pump, a filler hole in the tank out let with delivery pipe, cut-off, lance and hydraulic nozzle. There is metal or plastic skirt as the base of the tank. A pair of adjustable shoulder straps is provided for mounting the sprayer on the back of the operator.

The sprayers with tanks of different capacities are manufactured, but 18 litre capacity sprayers are commonly used for field spraying. The filtered spray solution is filled to 2/3 of the tank capacity. Then the air pump is operated by hand and air pressure (50-60 psi) is built up. The compressed air exerts pressure to move spray liquid to the nozzle via delivery pipe, cut-off device & lance system.

The spray design is strong and sturdy. It is also easy to operate. The operator need not pump continuously so that he can divert his attention to better coverage. However, as the pressure cannot remain constant due to gradual decrease of pressure, the nozzle discharge rate changes so also angle of spray and droplet size. This sprayer is not recommended for herbicide spraying due to high initial pressure. The field capacity is 0.75 - 1.0 acre/day.

2.1.4 Foot operated sprayer

The pump of the sprayer is worked by operating a pedal lever by the foot of the operator. It requires two persons to work. The spray liquid is kept in bucket or container and it is sucked by a suction hose through a filter (strainer) due to piston movement. A suitable ball valve is provided in the piston assembly to serve as suction valve. The liquid from the pump cylinder is then delivered into a pressure chamber where from the pressurized liquid reaches hydraulic nozzle. Minimum two person team is required to work on this machine. Hydraulic

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The foot operated sprayer is basically for orchard and tree spraying. The design is strong and sturdy. Hydraulic pressure of 10 kg/cm2 can be achieved which is necessary to project the jet of spray to tall trees simultaneously from two spray nozzles. An adjustable type hydraulic nozzle (Triple Action Nozzle) is generally used which can generate different types of spray patterns viz., fine spray (hollow cone), medium spray and coarse spray (jet). The fine and medium spray are suited for low height orchards, jet spray are necessary for tree spraying. The spray jet can reach height of 15 - 20 feet. For spraying taller trees an extra extension like bamboo lance may be used to gain additional height by 8 - 10 feet.

It is difficult to treat field crops by foot sprayers because the sprayer is kept on ground and pesticide solution tank is also kept on ground separately and so movement of the long delivery hose becomes very difficult.

2.1.5 Rocker sprayer It is very much similar to the foot sprayer. The main difference is the operation of pump. The pump actuation is done by hand of the operator. The sprayer pump mounted on wooden platform is kept on ground and the spray solution is kept in a separate tank or container. It can develop high pressure 10 kg/cm2. For spraying tall trees, an extension bamboo lance can be fitted. The adjustable type hydraulic nozzle (Triple Action Nozzle) is normally used.

2.1.6 Lever operated knapsack sprayer It is commonly known as knapsack sprayer. The sprayer is mounded on the back of operator with help of a pair of mounting straps. The pump of the sprayer is actuated by working a hand lever up and down by one hand of the operator and the other hand holds the cut off device for spraying purpose. This sprayer consists of liquid tank, hydraulic pump, operating lever, pressure chamber, agitator, delivery hose, spray lance and nozzle. A bean shaped plastic tank of 14-16 liters capacity is commonly used. It is necessary to operate the hand lever continuously at the rate of 15- 20 strokes per minute. The normal working pressure is 40 psi.

2.1.7 High pressure power sprayer These are high capacity power operated hydraulic sprayers. They are the high volume spraying machines good for large scale application in orchards and tree crops. The source of power is engine or electrical motor. A pressure regulator is used to control the pressure in the discharge lines and bye-pass from the pressure regulator is used for hydraulic agitation in spray tank. High pressure like 400 psi can be built up and large spray discharge rate like 30 L/min. can be obtained. The engine or electrical motors 3 - 5 H.P capacity power the sprayer.

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2.2 Low volume spraying applicators The high volume spraying is labour intensive and time consuming. In water scarcity area it is difficult to practice high volume spraying. Also in situation where large area treatment in very short time is important, the high volume spraying has limitations. The low volume spraying methods essentially reduce quantity of spray solution. Spraying as against 300 to 500 L/ha in H.V. spraying technique is reduced to 50 to 150 L/ha in L.V. spraying technique.

Motorised knapsack sprayer, also called Mist blower is a L.V. sprayer in which gaseous energy nozzle is used for fine breakup of spray liquid. This type of nozzle is also called Air blast nozzle. The force of escaping air at high velocity is utilised to shear down the spray liquid into fine spray droplets. The size of spray droplets depends upon:

1. Air velocity and volume 2. Liquid flow rate 3. Properties of spray liquid

The spray droplets are then blown away from the nozzle outlet. The blast of air disperses the droplets over wide area and helps penetration of spray into the crop canopy. The gyrating movement of droplets in the canopy improves the under leaf depositing of the spray particles.

A two-stroke petrol engine (35 cc capacity) is used as prime mover to run a fan blower. The engine runs usually at 5000 - 6000 RPM and the blower emits at nozzle outlet about 5 m3 air per minute and at about 170 km/hr velocity.

The spray droplets are about 150 - 220 micron VMD size. The nozzle flow rate can be adjusted by a regulator provided in the liquid line. The regulator can be a variable restrictor type or different size fixed aperture type. The later type is better because in the variable restrictor type regulator, it is difficult to achieve exact repeat application rates. The flow rate up to 2 L/min can be obtained.

For low volume spraying the aircrafts are also used to spray pesticides at 20 - 25 L/ha. Tractor mounted air carrier sprayers are also used for low volume spraying in orchard and tree spraying. For tall tree spraying like Rubber plantation a mist blower type system run by 3 H.P engine and carried by two persons on stretcher poles is available, called turbo-sprayer.

Motorized knapsack sprayer, also called Mist blower, is a L.V. sprayer in which gaseous energy nozzle is used for fine breakup of spray liquid. The force of escaping air at high velocity is utilized to shear down the spray liquid in to fine spray droplets. The spray droplets are then blown away from the nozzle outlet. The blast of air disperses the droplets over wide area and helps penetration of spray into the crop canopy. The gyrating movement of droplets in the canopy improves the under leaf depositing of the spray particles

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2.3 Ultra-low volume spraying applicators

The ULV spraying is the method of pesticide application at minimum volume to achieve economic pest control. In this technique of pesticide application the volume applied per hectare is less than 5 litres which is extremely low as compared to the conventional High Volume and Low Volume spraying methods.

The spray droplets in ULV spraying methods are very fine in size. Therefore, the nozzles used in these methods are different. Various designs of rotary atomiser are used to generate droplets of 70 to 100 µ VMD. The vortex nozzles produce droplets in aerosol range i.e. 20 µ VMD. For large area ULV spraying as in the case of locust control exhaust nozzle sprayer which is mounted on a vehicle is used where thermal energy of the engine exhaust gases is used to atomise the pesticide liquid in droplets of 20–50 µ. The thermal foggers using pulse jet engines are used for indoor ULV application. The fogging machines are also used by public health personnel for mosquito control.

The rotary atomiser utilises centrifugal energy to break the pesticide liquid into droplets. The range of spray droplet diameter produced by centrifugal nozzle is generally narrow spectrum. Therefore, this method of ULV spraying with the help of centrifugal energy nozzle is also called as Controlled Droplet Application (CDA).

The movement of extremely fine spray droplets depends upon natural air movement. These small particles usually take long time to settle and very much influenced due to prevailing wind. The spray therefore is not direct type but it is drift spraying. Obviously for small field treatment the pesticide spray may be drifted to outside the target. Thus the drift hazard is always present in this technique of spraying.

A hand held battery operated model of ULV sprayer is very simple and convenient. This sprayer consists of a spray head which includes an electric motor with a spraying disc and liquid container mounted on the spray head, a holding stick, source of battery power and off- on switch. The electrical motor is a 6 V or 12 V DC motor. The motor drives a directly fitted spinning disc usually plastic 2" to 3" diameter revolving at 6000 - 10000 RPM. The spinning disc is very light weight plastic disc flat or cup shaped having fine serrations cut on its periphery. In certain designs fine feeder channels are also provided on the disc such that the liquid is fed uniformly through these channels to the disc serrations. The pointed edge at the disc periphery serves as zero issue point so that uniform size spray droplets are released from the disc. The pesticide container is usually one liter capacity plastic bottle which is screwed on the spray head. The flow of pesticide from the container is simply due to gravity and depends upon the size of opening provided in the spray head. However, in certain models the rate of flow of liquid can be changed by replaceable orifice plates of different diameter or by changing liquid flow tubes of different size opening. The dry cells (4 or 8 Numbers) or rechargeable storage battery supply 6 V or 12 V DC power to run the electric motor which rotates the plastic disc. The chemical moves by gravity to the spinning disc and due to

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The ULV spraying is good in dry land areas where water is scare and therefore conventional high volume spraying is not feasible. This technique is also called waterless spraying due to special ULV formulations. But as the ULV formulations are not available, the advantage of this method is not being availed at present.

The speed of rotation of the disc depends upon the battery condition. The run-down or used up battery are of no use as they cannot run the electric motor at proper speed. The spray droplets size tends to become large if the rotational speed of the disc is reduced. The speed should not come below 4000 RPM otherwise the droplet size shall increase drastically which will affect the coverage and swath width. A set of battery can last for 8-10 hours of spraying time. But the life of battery really depends upon the quality of electric motor. Some electric motors consume more power and hence less battery life. Usually these electric motors consume 3 - 8 W of power. If rechargeable battery is used to run the motors then it should be kept fully charged.

2.4 Dusters and dust applications

The dusting powders are low concentration ready to use type, dry formulations containing 2 to 10% pesticide. The inert material or dry diluents is talc, soapstone, attapulgite, etc., and it is nontoxic. The sulphur dust is not diluted with inert material.

The advantages of pesticide dusting application are:

1. Ready to use product reduces field tasks concentrate handling and further dilution (as in case of spraying) 2. In dryland agriculture where water is scare.

But the important disadvantage is pesticide drift. The fine dust particle cause serious drift problems and the operator and field labourer are exposed to dermal and inhalation hazards, besides pesticide being carried to neighbouring field/area and causing pollution. This is the main reason why the herbicides are not formulated as Dusting Powders. Precise metering and even distribution of dusting powders in field conditions is very difficult.

The dusts are applied at 20 - 50 kg/ha. It should be noted that the application is done in highly concentrated form, as compared to high volume or low volume spraying technique. Therefore, adequate precautions must be taken in handling the dust and during the application in field. The dusters are available both manually operated and power operated models.

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2.4.1 Manually operated dusters a. Plunger duster: They are very simple, low cost machines and useful in a limited way. The field application capacity is low. They hold 200 to 400 g of dust in a chamber into which air is pushed by an adjoining piston type air pump operated by hand. The dust cloud is issued from the discharge outlet. b. Bellows type duster: This is also a simple design low cost dusting machine. A collapsible bellows pushes air into a dust hopper of 1-2 kg capacity and dust is discharged from the nozzle outlet. c. Hand rotary duster: This type of duster makes use of a fan or blower to flow large volume of air at high speed. The dust powder is fed into the stream of air and blown from the outlet tube. The fan or blower rotates at high speed by hand cranking handle, which is geared to it. The higher gear-ratio and better blower design provide easy cranking and good volume of air is emitted. The dust hoppers are generally cylindrical and are provided with agitator, feeders and dust metering mechanism. d. Power duster These are bigger machines run with the help of engine or electrical motor. Some power dusters are tractor mounted type and are driven by tractor P.T.O. The equipment is mounted on iron frame (stretcher) and can be carried by 2-3 men. The engine/motor drives a centrifugal fan usually via V- belt drive. The engine is petrol/ diesel run and 3 - 5 H.P The fan displaces 20 m3 air/min or more at 100- 250 km/hr air velocity. These dusters are good for large area treatment and suitable for application on tall trees. In this type of duster design, usually the dust powder is not rotated in the fan-case but dust powder is aspirated in the delivery channel by air blast. The dust hopper capacity is 10-20 kg and dust can be discharged at a rate of 1 to 8 kg/min. A power duster can cover about 10 ha/day. e. Knapsack duster The motorised knapsack sprayer can be converted to a duster by replacing some plastic fittings inside the hopper. Almost all mist blowers have provision of converting them from spraying unit to dusting unit. The two stroke petrol engine runs a blower fan and delivers the air through a hose pipe system. The dust is agitated and lifted by the blast of air in the hopper and it is fed into the main air hose or a long dusting hose (40-50 ft long polythene perforated hose) can also be attached to

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Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management knapsack duster. Such an attachment is very good for large area treatment in less time. The dust output can be adjusted from 0 to 1.5 kg/min. The motorised knapsack sprayer-cum-duster unit is therefore useful for both low volume spraying and dusting operation.

2.4.2. Precautions

The dusting powers are very finely divided particles which can remain air-borne for long time and can drift far distances. The fine particles can very easily enter into body system by inhalation. Therefore, the operator should wear protective clothing. He must cover his nose and mouth in order to avoid inhalation of pesticide drift.The operator should never operate against the wind direction. Also if the wind velocity is more or wind turbulence exists, the dusting application should not be done. It is better to apply the dust power in early morning hours and in late evening hours, avoid in the mid-day and afternoons.

2.4.3. Maintenance

The dry and well sieved dust power should be loose filled in hopper. It should not be hand compacted. The dust powders often absorb atmospheric moisture and clods are formed, such clods should be crushed before filling into the hopper. After the completion of the work the dust powder should be removed from the hopper carefully. The dust materials which still remain in the hopper, feeders, discharge tube should also be removed by briskly cranking and blowing action. Finally, a dry brush should be used to dust off from inside the hopper, etc. The lubricating oil should be applied on moving parts e.g., gearbox, crank handle, agitator, fan bearing, etc.

Practical (4 hrs)

Activity Group Activity The participants are briefed on various spraying equipment under different category. Task -1 (60 min.) Study and evaluation of two high volume spraying equipment – field capacity, swath width, flow rate, droplet spectrum analysis Task -2 (60 min.) Study and evaluation of two low volume spraying equipment – field capacity, swath width, flow rate, droplet spectrum analysis Task -3 (60 min.) Study and evaluation of two ultra-low volume spraying equipment – field capacity, swath width, flow rate, droplet spectrum analysis Task-4 (60 min.) Study and evaluation of two dusting equipment – field capacity, swath width, flow rate, droplet spectrum analysis

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3. Spray Nozzles and Their Classification

Hydraulic energy nozzles - Gaseous energy nozzles - Centrifugal energy nozzles - Thermal energy nozzles

No. of theory classes – 01 (1 hour)

All types of sprayers generally speaking emit pesticide solution in very fine spray form. Spraying nozzle thus is a device for emitting spray liquid, breaking it up into small droplets and throwing the droplets away from the nozzle orifice. Different designs of nozzle are used to produce appropriate droplet size spectrum. In order to break the liquid into droplets energy is needed. The spray nozzles therefore are classified as:

Hydraulic energy nozzles Gaseous energy nozzles Centrifugal energy nozzles Thermal energy nozzles

Almost all sprayers used for high volume spraying methods are fitted with hydraulic nozzles. The knapsack type low volume sprayers are generally worked with air blast nozzle or gaseous energy nozzle. The hand held battery operated sprayers also called CDA sprayers are fitted with spinning disc type nozzle which works on centrifugal energy. Thermal energy nozzle also called hot tube nozzles are used with fogging machines for ULV applications. Recently electrical energy has also been used to produce charged spray droplets for ULV application of pesticides.

3.1 Hydraulic energy nozzles

The hydraulic nozzles are most commonly used spray nozzles for pesticides application. Almost all the hydraulic sprayers use this type of nozzle. The following types of hydraulic nozzles are used for spraying pesticides: 1. Hollow cone type 2. Fan type 3. Impact type

3.1.1 Hollow cone nozzles:

This is a very popular type of hydraulic nozzle for spraying insecticides and fungicide. It produces a hollow cone pattern of spray consisting of mixture of different sizes droplets. In its simplest design this type of nozzle is made of brass metal having orifice hole drilled in it and tangential cut grooves provides swirl motion to spray liquid which breaks down into droplet when emerging from the nozzle under pressure. This simple brass nozzle is screwed onto a hand lance/ boom. There are different designs of hollow cone nozzle. Other designs of nozzles consist of a stainless steel disc with a central circular hole through which the spray emerges from a swirl chamber behind it. The disc and the swirl plate (core) are suitably fitted in the body of the nozzle which has

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3.1.2 Fan nozzle:

They are also called flat fan nozzles. The spray liquid is thrown from an orifice which is elliptical to give a flat shaped sheet of spray. These are used for band spraying. These nozzles are generally used on booms with propor distance in between and overlapping to give even distribution. The normal working pressure is about 40 psi. However these fan nozzles can also be used for herbicide application but the application is done at low pressure like 15 - 20 psi to avoid drift of fine droplets.

3.1.3 Impact nozzle:

These nozzles are also known as deflector nozzles or flood jet nozzles. In these nozzles, the spray liquid emerging from a circular hole strikes an inclined smooth face and is deflected at an angle. The liquid thus spreads as a sheet in a wide angled fan pattern. These nozzles are used for herbicide spraying and are low pressure (15 - 25 psi). The spray pattern essentially consists of coarse droplets.

3.1.4 Adjustable nozzle:

These are also called as tripple action nozzle. They are so called because of varying patterns of sprays that can be obtained by manipulating the swirl velocity of spray liquid in the eddy chamber. The hollow cone spray pattern consisting of fine spray particles, or a jet spray for orchard/ tree spraying and a medium coarse spray patterns can be obtained by simple adjustments. These nozzles are generally used with foot operated sprayers, rocking sprayers or high pressure hydraulic sprayers for spraying trees.

3.2 Gaseous energy nozzles

In this type of nozzle spray liquid is injected into a stream of high velocity air. The force of the air streches the liquid to form ligaments which ultimately break into fine spray droplets. The airstream further transports the droplets to the target. The liquid flow into the airstream is metered. Motorized knapsack sprayer or mist blower is fitted with this type of air blast nozzle. The spray droplet size depends upon the nozzle design. The positioning of liquid flow and air velocity is very important. By increasing the liquid flow rate the droplet size also increases. In larger models of sprayer’s hydraulic nozzle atomise the liquid first and then the droplets are further sheared by the air blast. Vertical nozzles also work on gaseous energy for ULV spraying.

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3.3 Centrifugal energy nozzles

If liquid is fed on fast rotating disc, then it is carried by centrifugal force to the outermost edges of the disc and spray droplets are issued. Rotating cylindering cage of fine mesh also produce fine spray if liquid is fed into it. The revolving speed of the disc or cage is very important for size of droplets. The disc has serrated teeth on the periphery which make droplet spectrum narrow. The physical properties of the spray liquid are important for droplet size besides the speed of rotation. These types of nozzles are generally used for ULV spraying and for L.V spraying methods.

3.4 Thermal energy nozzles

Fogging machines work with thermal energy nozzles, also called hot tube nozzles. Spray liquid is injected into stream of hot gases (exhaust of engine) where it vaporises due to high temperature but then it condenses when issued out of the nozzle due to outside temperature and forms fog of fine droplets. Exhaust nozzle sprayers (vehicle mounted) are used for ULV application in locust control operation. Pulse jet engine models are used for pesticide fogging for public health purposes.

3.5 Different target and optimum droplet size

Flying insects 1 - 50 µm Insects on foliage 30 - 50 µm Foliage soil (and avoidance of drift) 250- 500µm

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4. Calibration and Care of Pesticide Application Equipment Methods of calibration - Care and maintenance of plant protection No. of theory classes – 01 (1 hr) No. of practical classes – 02 (4 hrs)

4.1 Methods of calibration:

The rate of application of pesticide should be uniform over the whole of the field area. Too much application as well as too less application of pesticide dose is both undesirable.

Too much application - Wastage, crop injury, uneconomical Too less application - Poor pest control, wastage of pesticide, time and money

The pesticide distribution by any sprayer is regulated by: 1. Nozzle spray discharge rate 2. Swath width 3. Walking speed of operator

Some equipment manufacturers provide tables about use and capacity of their equipment. But it is difficult to always fully relay on such tables. As the sprayer gets old the pump and the nozzle also wear out. The performance of sprayer then changes and rate of application becomes different. The calibration of sprayer, therefore, is essential to make sure that the pesticide is applied correctly and evenly. The sprayer should be checked and calibrated frequently.

There are many methods described for calibration of sprayer. The sprayer can be calibrated theoretically and practically in the field. It is good to frequently verify the correctness of theoretical calibration with field practical calibration. A very simple and easy to remember formula is

F = SDA 10000

Where F - flow rate in L/min (This represents flow rate from all the nozzles of sprayer if they are more than one. But if there is only one nozzle, then flow rate from one nozzle only)

S - Swath width in meter D - Operator's walking speed in m/min A - Application rate in L/ha

The above formula is useful for calibration of any type of field spraying system ie. high volume, low volume, ultra-low volume, tractor mounted sprayer or aerial spraying. If any three variables in this formula are known, the value of the remaining fourth variable can be found out.

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4.2 Care and maintenance of plant protection equipment

4.2.1 General maintenance:

1. Clean outer surface with brush or cotton waste by using kerosene oil or plenty of water. 2. Oil the moving or rubbing surfaces of parts with lubricating oil (SAE 30) or grease, if needed. 3. Filter or strain the chemical solution/ fuel oil mixture while pouring into the tanks. Make the caps or lids leak-proof with gaskets. 4. Flush the equipment with clean water to wash inside parts of containers, tubes and nozzles to be free from chemicals.

4.2.2 Care and upkeep of hand sprayer & duster:

1. Dry and sieved dust should be used for dusters. 2. Grease the duster gear box once in a month. 3. Clean the duster after the work by removing all dust from the hopper. 4. Oil the cup washers and bucket washers of sprayer frequently. 5. Spray tank discharge lines and nozzles should be flushed with clean water after the day's work. 6. Lances and nozzles should not keep on the ground. Nozzle parts should be cleaned with a brush.

4.3.3 Care and upkeep of power sprayers and dusters:

1. Lubricating oil level should be checked and maintained in four stroke engines daily. 2. Mixture of engine oil and petrol in correct proportions should be used for two stroke engines, duly stirred and strained. 3. Clean the Air and Fuel filters with petrol frequently. 4. All the nuts and bolts should be tightened once in a week. 5. Check up the pressure gauges and safety valves frequently. 6. Drain the fuel tank after the day's work. 7. Stop two stroke engines by closing the petrol cock. 8. Belts should be kept tightened always, to be free from slip and slackness. 9. Keep proper inflated pressure in the tyred wheels of power sprayers. 10. Rubber tyre equipment should be rested on steel props when stationed. 11. Rubber hoses should not be bent at angles and dragged on the ground. 12. Equipment should be stored in clean, dry, cool store room.

4.2.4. Care and upkeep of pp equipment when not in use:

1. Plant Protection Equipment should be arranged properly in a store house. They should be protected from sunlight. 2. Equipment of one category should be kept at one place and not in a mixed up fashion i.e., do not dump the equipment.

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3. Attachment like discharge lines, lances, and nozzles should not be kept attached to the equipment. 4. The equipment should be cleaned with cotton waste every day and polished once in a month. 5. The rubber/ plastic delivery hose should be coiled forming a big circle instead of small spool. Otherwise the hose pipes break or crack when they are straightened. 6. All nozzles should be kept neat and clean separately. 7. The moving parts and washers are to be oiled or greased well once in a week. 8. The equipment should be tested for its normal performance once a week. Even the engines should be run for a short while. 9. The equipment in store should be classified and labelled to indicate its conditions as: i. Working condition ii. Needs servicing & repairs iii. Needs parts & repairs iv. Not serviceable 10. Rubber tires should be inflated regularly or they should be jacked and propped.

4.2.5 Care and upkeep of pp equipment when taken to field:

1. Always carry tools required for attending to field troubles. 2. Carry some spares like washers, filters, gaskets & pins to the field. 3. Carry small quantity of kerosene, petrol, engine oil, grease, cotton waste, and containers. 4. Carry the Plant Protection Equipment properly and carefully. 5. Do not drop the equipment or attachments on the ground. 6. Clean the equipment before and after work is over. 7. Flush the equipment with clean water, after work is over. 8. Oil the moving parts and apply grease on gears and in grease cups. 9. Filter the chemical liquids and fuel oil mixtures before filling.

Calibration of sprayer – Worked examples of calibration – Safety and care of equipment for spraying Practical – (4 hrs) Activity Group Activity The participants are briefed on procedure to do the calibration. They are introduced to safety gadgets and familiarized with protective gears. Task -1 (60 min.) Calibration of two high volume sprayers as per procedure. Task -2 (60 min.) Calibration of one each low volume and ultra-low sprayers as per procedure. Task -3 (60 min.) Problems on calibration using the data for various sprayers. Task-4 (60 min.) Familiarization of safety gadgets – experiencing spraying with protective gears

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IV. Pesticides for Health and Human Welfare

1. Toxicity of Pesticides and Antidotes Introduction – toxicity of pesticides – Acute toxicity – Chronic toxicity- routes of entry –Effects of toxicity – Measurements of toxicity- No-Observable- Adverse - Effect -Level (NOEL) – Symptoms of Poisoning– First Aid for pesticide Poisoning– Antidotes for Pesticide Poisoning

Number of theory classes: 2 (2 hrs.) 1.1 Introduction: Poisoning The toxicity of a pesticide is its capacity to cause injury to a living system, may be a human body, or parts of the body (such as the lungs or the respiratory system) and the ecosystem, 11` a pond, a forest and those creatures that live there. The toxicity of a pesticide depends on - 1. Dose: It is the quantity of a pesticide that a surface, plant, or animal is exposed to. 2. Time: How often the exposure occurs.

1.2. Types of Toxicity a. Acute toxicity refers to how poisonous a pesticide is to a human, animal, or plant after a single short-term exposure. A pesticide with a high acute toxicity is deadly even when a very small amount is absorbed. b. Chronic toxicity is the delayed poisonous effect from exposure to a pesticide. Chronic toxicity of pesticides concerns the general public, as well as those working directly with pesticides because of potential exposure to pesticides on/in food products, water, and the air.

1.3. Routes of Entry There are three specific ways in which pesticides may enter your body: i. Dermal Route Pesticides can be absorbed through skin. Oil or paste forms allow greater absorption than water-based pesticides. The eyes, eardrums, scalp and groin areas absorb more quickly than other areas on the body. Once they are absorbed through skin, pesticides enter the blood stream and are carried throughout the body. ii. Inhalation Route Dusts, spray mist, or fumes can be drawn into lungs as one breathes. Inhalation can occur during the mixing, fumigating or spraying etc. The larger particles tend to stay on the surface of the throat and nasal passages but smaller particles can be inhaled directly into the lungs and enter the blood stream.

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iii. Oral Route Oral ingestion can occur when hands are not properly washed before eating, swallowing by mistake or purposefully. Ingested materials can be absorbed anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract (mainly by the small intestine) and entered the blood stream and circulate throughout the body. The toxicity of a pesticide varies person to person depending on: a. Health conditions: Individuals with poor health condition are more sensitive. b. Age: youngest and oldest individuals tend to be most sensitive. c. Gender/sex: Females are more sensitive. d. Body size: the effect of a dose is closely related to body weight.

1.4. Effects of Toxicity a. Local or systemic (Both effects can occur with same pesticides.) Local effects take place at the site of contact with a material e.g. skin inflammation, irritation of the mucous membrane lining the lungs due to inhalation of toxic fumes etc. Systemic effects occur away from the original point of contact when pesticides are distributed throughout the body, or "system". b. Immediate or delayed (Both effects can occur with same materials.) Immediate toxic effects occur shortly after exposure. (e.g. a sneezing attack in response to inhaling pesticides during mixing). Delayed effects occur after some time of exposure. e.g. Tumors observed after 20 to 30 years of original exposure to a "carcinogenic" chemical. c. Reversible or irreversible Reversible effects are not permanent and can be changed or remedied. e.g. Skin rash, nausea, eye irritation, dizziness, etc. Irreversible effects are permanent and cannot be changed once they have occurred. e.g. Injury to the nervous system, birth defects, mutations, cancer etc. d. Additive, antagonistic, or synergistic In additive effect, the combined effect of two pesticides is equal to the sum of the effects of each (i.e. 2 + 2 = 4). An antagonistic effect occurs when the toxic effect of the combination of pesticides is less than what would be predicted from the individual toxicities (i.e. 2 + 2 = 3). A synergistic effect occurs when the combined toxic effect of two pesticides is much greater, or worse, than the sum of the effects of each by itself (i.e. 2 + 2 = 5). These all effects may result in: a. Reproductive effects: effects on the reproductive system b. Teratogenic effects: effects on unborn offspring (birth defects) c. Carcinogenic effects: produces cancer in living animal tissues. d. Mutagenic effects: permanent effects on genetic material that can be inherited. e. Neurotoxicity: poisoning of the nervous system, including the brain. f. Immunosuppression: blocking of natural responses of the immune system of the body.

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1.5. Measurement of Toxicity Animals like rats, rabbits, mice, guinea pigs etc. are used to test pesticide toxicity. Due to some differences between the ways human and animal body work, toxicity studies are just guidelines for estimating and comparing toxic effects of pesticides. a. Acute Toxicity Measures Experimental doses are given orally, as well as put on the eyes, skin, and in the air that the test animals breathe. The animals are then observed carefully for changes.

i. Lethal Dose Fifty (LD50): The amount of a pesticide that can kill half of the animals in a laboratory test. The smaller the LD50 value of a pesticide means it more poisonous. Measured in units as Milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg)

ii. Lethal Concentration Fifty (LC50): It is a measure of "acute inhalation toxicity" of a pesticide. The concentration of a pesticide that causes half of the animals to die is called LC50. Measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L), ppm or milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3). b. Chronic Toxicity Measures There is no standard measure for chronic toxicity studies. Often the length of the experiment is in days, months, or years and the amount of each dose is stated.

1.6. No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOEL) A level in the total diet that causes no adverse effect in treated animals when compared to untreated animals maintained under identical conditions. In animal feeding studies, the pesticide under investigation is incorporated into the daily diet and fed to animals from a very young to a very old age. These, as well as the reproductive effects studies, are designed to arrive at a NOEL. This NOEL is expressed as mg/kg of body weight/day basis. 1.7. Symptoms of Poisoning:

Improper use of pesticides may result in toxicity, which is refers to the ability of pesticide to produce adverse effects. Adverse effects may range from headaches to coma and convulsions which is identified by mild or moderate or severe symptoms of poisoning. Antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning. Table: Various degrees of Symptoms of Poisoning S.No Mild poisoning Moderate poisoning Severe poisoning 1. Headache Vomiting Convulsions 2. Nausea Blurred vision Respiratory failure 3. Dizziness Stomach cramps Loss of consciousness 4. Fatigue Rapid pulse Loss of pulse 5. Irritation of skin, eyes, Breathing difficulty, throat, nose. Constricted pupils 6. Perspiration Excessive precipitation

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7. Loss of appetite Trembling and twitching of muscles.

Table : Symptoms of Poisoning for different Groups of Pesticides S.No Pesticides Mode of Action Symptoms of poisoning 1. OPs Cholinesterase Headache, fatigue,muscle twitching, inhibition stomach cramps, unconsciousness, death 2. Carbamates Cholinesterase Running nose, chest tightness, shortness of inhibition breath, seizers paralysis and death 3. Pyrethroids Sodium channel Allergic reaction, incoordination, tremor, modulators salivation, vomiting, convulsions 4. Rodenticide Anticoagulant and Nausea, vomiting, pulmonary edema and stomachpoisoning death 5. Organo Sodium channel Tremors, headache, dizziness, nausea, chlorine modulators dermal irritation

1.8. First Aid for pesticide Poisoning:

Pesticides can enter in to the human body through different routes such as dermal (through skin), Oral (through mouth) or inhalation (through nose) and accordingly first aid should be done

a) Pesticide spilled on the skin or clothing

Immediately strip off all clothing and thoroughly wash the skin with soap and water. Some pesticides are absorbed through the skin very rapidly. Wash contaminated clothing separately to prevent contamination of other clothes. It may be best to dispose of heavily contaminated clothing.

b) Pesticide inhaled:

First, get the victim to fresh air. Have the victim lie down and loosen all clothing. Keep the victim warm, and administer first aid if needed. Contact a physician as soon as possible. c) Pesticide swallowed. i. Don’t induce vomiting. ii. Usually, it is best to void the swallowed poison fast, but never induce vomiting if the victim is unconscious or is having convulsions. iii. The words “emulsifiable concentrate” on the pesticide label are signals not to induce vomiting. iv. Never induce vomiting if the victim has swallowed a corrosive poison, a strong acid or alkali (base). The victim may experience severe pain and have extensive mouth and throat burns.

1.9. Antidotes for Pesticide Poisoning:

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a) Universal antidote: 7g of activated charcoal + 3.5g of Magnesium Oxide + 3.5g of tannic acid in half glass warm water follwed by gastric lavage. b) Specific Antidotes: Atropine 2-4 mg or 2-PAM (1-2g) IV for OP and Carbamate Poisoning. c) Administer oxime or pralidoxime @ 30mg/kg by intravenous therapy. d) Convulsions may be treated with Diazepam. e) Zinc phosphide poisoning -Morphine for the relief of abdominal pain, Soluble Vitamin K f) Fumigant poisoning – administer aminophylline for normal liver functioning, Dimercaprol injection.

Government of India has taken several measures to create awareness for proper use of pesticides by the farmers in the country. The concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) which promotes biological, cultural and mechanical methods of pest and advocates need based, judicious use of pesticides is also being promoted.

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3. Importance of Label and Labeling

Introduction – Importance of Label – Contents of label – Manner of Labelling -

Number of theory classes: 1 (1 hrs.) Number of practical classes: 1 (2hrs.)

2.1. Introduction: The most important source of information about a pesticide is the label. Manufacturers are required to provide information regarding what the pesticide is to be used for, how it can be used, how toxic it is, how to mix it, rate of application, precautions to take, re-entry times, kind of clothing and personal protective equipment needed, what the antidote is (if there is one), and the symptoms of poisoning if exposed to the pesticide. Other information about the use, storage, handling, or disposal of the pesticide may also be found on the label. 2.2 Importance of label:

Pesticide Labels are legal documents providing information of a pesticide product. The pesticide label on the container gives the user information about the product. The product label tells the purchaser and user: a) What is the kind of pesticide, brand name and common name b) Who made or supplied the product c) Registration number of insecticide d) What type and degree of hazard it presents. e) What type of formulation and active ingredient f) When is the date the insecticide expire g) What to do if adverse effects occur/antidotes.

Failure to display mandatory warning or caution on labels of pesticides product is defined as “misbranding” under Sec 3 (k) (iii) and is liable to be prosecuted for an offence under Sec 29 (1) (a) of the Insecticides Act, 1968.

2.3 Manner of labeling: The following particulars shall be either printed or written in indelible ink on the label of the innermost container of any insecticide and on the outer most covering in which the container is packed:

Name of the manufacturer (if the manufacturer is not the person in whose name the insecticide is registered under the Act, the relationship between the person in whose name the insecticide has been registered and the person who manufactures, packs or distributes or sells shall be stated) a. Name of insecticide (brand name or trade mark under which the insecticide is sold). b. Registration number of the insecticide. c. Kind and name of active and other ingredients and percentage of each. (Common name accepted by the International Standards Organization or the Indian Standards Institutions of each of the ingredients shall be given and if no common name exists, the 141

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correct chemical name which conforms most closely with the generally accepted rules of chemical nomenclature shall be given).

d. Net content of volume. (The net contents shall be exclusive of wrapper or other material. The correct statement of the net content to terms of weight, measure, number of units of activity, as the case may be, shall be given. The weight and volume shall be expressed in the metric system). e. Batch number. f. Expiry date, i.e. up to the date the insecticide shall retain its efficiency and safety. g. Antidote statement

2. The label shall be so affixed to the containers that it cannot be ordinarily removed.

3. The label shall contain in a prominent place and occupying not less than one-sixteenth of the total area of the face of the label, a square, set at an angle of 450(diamond shape). The dimension of the said square shall depend on the size of the package on which the label is to be affixed. The said square shall be divided into two equal triangles, the upper portion shall contain the symbol and signal word as specified and the lower portion shall contain the colour specified.

4. The upper portion of the square, shall contain the following symbols and warning statements— Insecticides belonging to Category I (Extremely toxic) shall contain the symbol of a skull and cross-bones and the word "POISON" printed in red. The following warning statements shall also appear on the label at appropriate place, outside the triangle, a) "Keep out of the reach of children" b) "if swallowed, or if, symptoms of poisoning occur call physician immediately"

Insecticides in Category II (highly toxic) will contain the word "POISON" printed in red and the statement "keep out of the reach of children"; shall also appear on the label at appropriate place, outside the triangle.

Insecticides in Category III (moderately toxic) shall bear the word "DANGER" and the statement "Keep out of the reach of children"; shall also appear on the label at suitable place outside the triangle.

Insecticides in Category IV (Slightly toxic) shall bear the word "CAUTION" in the lower portion of the square

5. In addition to the precautions to be undertaken the label to be affixed in the package containing insecticides which are highly inflammable shall indicate that it is inflammable or that the insecticides should be kept away from the heat or open flame and the like.

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6. The label to be affixed or attached to the package containing insecticides shall be printed in Hindi, English and in one or two regional languages in use in the areas where the said packages are likely to be stocked, sold or distributed.

7. Labelling of insecticides must not bear any unwarranted claims for the safety of the producer or its ingredients. This includes statements such as, "SAFE", "NON- POISONOUS", "NON-INJURIOUS" or "HARMLESS" with or without such qualified phrase as "when used as directed".

Practical -(2 hrs.) Activity Individual Activity Reading the Label and Leaflet Task The participants has to prepare a chart on information available on lable and leaf lets – studying safety pictograms – identifying toxicity levels of pesticides and safety precautions to be followed

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V. Pesticide Residues & Safety to Consumer

1. Definition and Concepts of Pesticide Residue

Introduction - Definition of pesticide Residue - Dissipation of pesticides -Importance of Pesticide

Residue Analysis - Objectives of the Pesticide Residue Analysis - Concept of pesticide safety-MRL - Safe waiting period - FSSAI - Regulation of Food Products for MRLs in India - Recommended Practices for Input Dealers:

Number of theory Classes: 1 (1hr.) 1. 1. Introduction

Pesticides are a broad class of bioactive compounds used in crop protection, food preservation, and human health. They differ from other chemical substances because they are spread deliberately into the environment. Presently, about 1000 active ingredients have been registered the world over, that can be grouped into more than 40 classes of chemical families. Exposure to pesticides through the most important routes of uptake (oral, dermal, and inhalation) depends on the physicochemical characteristics of the pesticide and the nature of the contact, varying with the edge, lifestyle, and working conditions. The level of pesticides in different environmental compartments—such as water, agricultural foods, and products of animal origin—has become a relevant issue. Unlike other contaminants, pesticides may affect both workers and the general population as a result of the consumption of contaminated food and water, domestic use, and proximity to agricultural settings. Information about actual human exposure to pesticides has important uses, including informing risk assessments, helping predict the potential consequences of exposures, and developing exposure criteria for regulations and other public policy guidance. Pesticide exposure can be measured through the bio-monitoring of the parent compounds and/or metabolites in such body fluids as urine, blood, serum, and saliva, among others. Contamination of food represents one of the most pervasive sources of pesticide exposure for the general population.

1. 2. Definition: The pesticide residue may be defined as the quantity of pesticide and its derivative or metabolites present in or on any agricultural produce, animal feed, food items of human beings and environment. It is usually expressed as parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb) or parts per trillion (ppt) on weight by weight basis.

Definition by WHO: "Any substance or mixture of substances in food for man or animals resulting from the use of a pesticide and includes any specified derivatives, such as degradation and conversion products, metabolites, reaction products, and impurities that are considered to be of toxicological significance."

Definition by FAO (1986): Substance(s) which remains in or on a feed or food commodity, soil, air or water following use of a pesticide. For regulatory purposes it includes the parent

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The pesticides applied on the field crops, horticultural crops and domestic pest control, do under go degradation during the course of time by many ways as follows: Runoff, Leaching, Volatilization, Microbial Degradation, Physical Degradation (Hydrolysis, Photolysis & Pyrolysis). Though all the pesticides were thoroughly tested and evaluated before approval, their residue may be present because of extensive use in agriculture to control pests & improve yields, more than 1000 different active substances are used & most of them are persistent in nature. Sometimes not applied in accordance with intended purpose, Good Agriculture Practice sometimes not respected Accidental contamination

1.3. Dissipation of pesticides Millions of tons of pesticides are applied annually; however, less than 5% of these products are estimated to reach the target organism, with the remainder being deposited on the soil and non-target organisms, as well as moving into the atmosphere and water. Dissipation of pesticides is defined as loss of pesticide residues from an environmental compartment due to degradation and transfer to another environmental compartment. The dissipation includes various processes like adsorption, transfer, breakdown and degradation.

Fig: Pesticide Transfer processes

a) Adsorption Adsorption is the binding of pesticides to soil particles. It is varies with the type of pesticide, soil, moisture, soil pH, and soil texture. Pesticides are strongly adsorbed to soils that are high in clay or organic matter and not strongly adsorbed to sandy soils. Most soil-bound pesticides are less likely to give off vapours or leach through the soil. They are also less easily taken up by plants. b) Transfer Processes Volatilization is the process of solids or liquids converting into a gas, which can move away from the initial application site. This movement is called vapour drift. Pesticide volatilization occurs most readily from sandy and wet soils. Hot, dry, or windy weather and small spray drops increase volatilization. Where recommended, incorporating the pesticide into the soil can help reduce volatilization.

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Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management c) Spray Drift is the airborne movement of spray droplets away from a treatment site during application. It is affected by spray droplet size - the smaller the droplets, the more likely they will drift, wind speed - the stronger the wind, the more pesticide spray will drift, distance between nozzle and target plant or ground - the greater the distance, the more the wind can affect the spray Drift can damage crops or can contaminate crops ready to harvest. It may also be a hazard to people, domestic animals, or pollinating insects and contaminate water in ponds, streams, and ditches and harm fish or other aquatic plants and animals. Excessive drift also reduces the pesticide applied to the target and can reduce the effectiveness of a treatment. d) Runoff is the movement of pesticides in water over a sloping surface. The pesticides are either mixed in the water or bound to eroding soil. Runoff can also occur when water is added to a field faster than it can be absorbed into the soil. Pesticides may move with runoff as compounds dissolved in the water or attached to soil particles. The amount of pesticide runoff depends on: the slope, the texture of the soil, the soil moisture content, the amount and timing of a rain-event (irrigation or rainfall), the type of pesticide used. Runoff from areas treated with pesticides can pollute streams, ponds, lakes, and wells. Pesticide residues in surface water can harm plants and animals and contaminate groundwater. Water contamination can affect livestock and crops downstream. Pesticide runoff can be reduced by using minimum tillage techniques to reduce soil erosion, grading surface to reduce slopes and leaving border vegetation and plant cover to contain runoff. Pesticide losses from runoff are greatest when it rains heavily right after spray. It reduces the chances of runoff by watching the weather forecast. e) Leaching is the movement of pesticides in water through the soil which occurs downward, upward, or sideways. The factors influencing whether pesticides will be leached into groundwater include characteristics of the soil and pesticide, and their interaction with water from a rain-event such as irrigation or rainfall. Leaching can be increased when the pesticide is water soluble, the soil is sandy, a rain-event occurs shortly after spraying and the pesticide is not strongly adsorbed to the soil. f) Absorption is the uptake of pesticides and other chemicals into plants or microorganisms. Most pesticides break down once they are absorbed. Pesticide residues may be broken down or remain inside the plant or animal and be released back into the environment when the animal dies or as the plant decays. Some pesticides stay in the soil long enough to be absorbed by plants grown in a field years later leaving residues in future crops. g) Crop Removal through harvest or grazing may remove pesticide residues h) Degradation is the process of pesticide break down after application. This may be due to some physical factors (photo degradation, Pyrolysis), chemical reactions (Hydrolysis) or broken down by microbes and plants enzymatic actions (Metabolism). This process may take anywhere from hours or days to years, depending on environmental conditions and the chemical characteristics of the pesticide. Pesticides that break down quickly generally do not persist in the environment or on the crop. However pesticides that break down too rapidly may only provide short-term control.

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Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management i) Chemical breakdown is the breakdown of pesticides by chemical reactions in the soil. The rate and type of chemical reactions depends on the binding of pesticides to the soil, soil temperatures, pH levels - many pesticides, especially the organophosphate insecticides, break down more rapidly in alkaline soils or in spray tank water with a high pH level, soil moisture j) Photo degradation is the breakdown of pesticides by sunlight which depends on the intensity and spectrum of sunlight, length of exposure, and the properties of the pesticide. Pesticides applied to foliage are more exposed to sunlight than pesticides that are incorporated into the soil. Pesticides may break down faster inside plastic-covered greenhouses than inside glass greenhouses, since glass filters out much of the ultraviolet light that degrades pesticides. Pyrolysis: Degradation of pesticides due to heat. Hydrolysis: Degradation of pesticides due to water.

1.4. Pesticide Residue Analysis It may be defined as the qualitative and quantitative analyses of the representative samples drawn from agricultural fields, market and environment for pesticides and their toxic metabolites. Though all the pesticides were thoroughly evaluated before approval, their residue may be present in the food and other environmental components. Therefore, there are significant public concerns about the usage of pesticides and presence of pesticide residues in/on food commodities and other environmental parameters. Furthermore, the report of pesticide residues also needed for regulatory requirements. 1.4.1 Importance of Pesticide Residue Analysis The analysis of pesticide residues in consumables indicates whether it is present below or above the MRL (maximum residue limit), ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) and also helps in calculating pesticides loads. In case of supervised field trial, it is done to know the dissipation pattern of the pesticide and also to establish MRL. The metabolism or degradation of the pesticides in or on plants or soil may have a major influence on the identity of the residues which need to be measured in samples taken in supervised field trials. It is often valuable to elucidate the behavior of the different components of the residue with respect to translocation, leaching or volatilization. Studies of binding to, or conjugation with, plant, animal or soil constituents provide data on the bioavailability of residues.

1.4.2. Objectives of the Pesticide Residue Analysis a. To study the kinetics of pesticide disappearance. b. To determine Maximum residue Levels (MRL) of pesticides used under the supervision adopting good agricultural practices (GAP) c. To establish waiting period or withholding period on the basis of multi-location trials. d. To screen agricultural produce drawn from a farmer’s field to judge the pesticide usage pattern and use the findings for educating or training the farmer in proper use of pesticides. e. To conduct market survey of agricultural produce on the basis of which dietary intake of pesticides can be predicted and thus assess the risk to general public on account of pesticide residues by comparing daily dietary intake of pesticides with ADI 147

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f. To study the effect of storage and various types of processing/cooking on the persistence of pesticide residues. g. To monitor agricultural produce and food commodities for pesticide residues under the f Food Safety and Standard Act, 2006. h. To monitor agricultural produce and food commodities for pesticide residues for global trade.

1.5. Pesticide Residues and Food Safety

Pesticides have been the most powerful weapon available to mankind for combating pests of agriculture and public health. These are highly regulated chemicals, but as a result of continuous use, over use and misuse or non prescriptive use, at times their residues find the place in edible parts, soil, water, animal and human tissues the world over. Thus there is a potential for the intake of such residues from contaminated food and can result in situations posing health risks to humans and other forms of the life. This can otherwise be taken as trade barriers in WTO regime. Such residues in food are not permitted unless they are proven to be safe at the highest levels of exposure anticipated based on Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and to ensure that the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of the pesticide is not exceeded. The best assurance that exposure to residues are within safe limits is obtained from dietary intake studies. 1.6. Concept of pesticide safety-MRL, Safe waiting period & FSSAI

In India, maximum exposure of pesticides to consumer has been through vegetables, fruits and animal products such as milk and milk products, meat, fish etc. The high residue content in vegetables can be attributed to the frequent pesticide application and non-compliance of the recommended waiting period. A high residues found in animal products can be attributed towards feeding of animals with contaminated feed and fodder with persistent type of pesticides like BHC, DDT etc. which accumulate in body.

The adverse effects of pesticide residues depend on the nature of the pesticide, as well as the amount and duration of exposure. Eating food with excessive pesticide residues may cause acute and/or chronic adverse health effects.

The use of pesticide might leave some residues on food crops. However, if pesticide is used in accordance with good agricultural practice, the residual level would be low and consumption of these vegetables will not affect health. Excessive pesticide residues in food may arise from the trade not observing good agricultural practice, e.g. the use of excessive pesticide and not allowing sufficient time for pesticide to decompose before harvesting. The amounts of residues found in food must be safe for consumers and must be as low as possible.

1.6.1. Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) It is the maximum concentration for a pesticide residue on crop or food commodity resulting from the use of pesticides according to good agricultural practice. The concentration is expressed in milligrams of pesticide residue per kilogram of the commodity. Good agricultural practice (GAP) in the use of pesticides is the officially recommended or authorized usage of pesticides under practical conditions at any stage of production, storage,

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Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management transport distribution and processing of food, agricultural commodities and animal feed bearing in mind the variation in requirements within or between regions, which takes into account, applied in a manner so as to leave a residue which is the smallest amount practicable and which is toxicologically acceptable. The MRLs do not directly define health, safety or risk levels for consumers and should not be confused with any estimate of consumer exposure or the evaluation of long term risk to human health.

1.6.2. Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) Acceptable daily intake of a pesticide is the daily intake which during the entire life time appears to be without appreciable risk to the health of the consumer on the basis of all the facts known at the time of evaluation of the pesticide. It is expressed in the milligrams of the chemical per kilogram of body weight. The ADI is derived from the results of long term feeding studies with laboratory animals. The intake causing no toxicological significant effect in animals when given daily over their life span is determined. 1.6.3 Food Factor The average fraction of the total diet made up by the food or class of food. First the food consumption pattern/data of different areas in a country is worked out on the basis of which an average dietary intake values are calculated.

1.6.4. No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) It is the highest dose of a substance that does not cause any detectable toxic effect in experimental animals and is usually expressed in milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day.

1.6.5. Processing Factor It is the ratio of residue level in the processed commodity to the residue level in initial commodity.

1.6.6. National Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake This is a prediction of the long term daily intake of a pesticide residue, assuming that residues of the pesticide are present at national maximum residue levels or at Codex MRLs and that an average daily consumption of food per person is represented by national food balance sheets. This is expressed in milligrams of residue per person.

1.7. Risk Assessment

A scientifically based process consisting of (i) hazard identification, (ii) hazard characterization, (iii) exposure assessment, and (iv)risk characterization. All human risk situations are a function of a hazard and exposure to that hazard. If the hazard is small and fixed than the risk will be proportional to the exposure which can be reduced to be low and occasional. When both the hazard and the exposure can be quantified then a realistic estimate can be made of the risk involved on consuming food stuffs containing some pesticide residues.

From the relationship Risk=Hazard X Exposure it can be seen that ‘Zero risk’ can be approached only if either the hazard or the exposure approach zero. Since pesticides are wide spread in worldwide food production then zero hazard or zero exposure are not possible if

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Pre Harvest Interval (also termed as with holding period or waiting period) is the time interval from the application of pesticide to harvest under good agricultural practice so as to see that the pesticide residue falls below the MRL value.

The level of food additive usage varies by country as the forms of agriculture are different in regions according to their geographical or climatical factors and hence different countries adopt their own agricultural policies and Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) and Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). However, the MRLs, fixed by CodexAlimentarius Commission are considered as standards for international trade purposes.

1.8. Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC)

In the early 1960s, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations and the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized the importance of developing international standards for the purposes of protecting public health and minimizing disruption of international food trade. Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), established by FAO and WHO in 1963, develops harmonized international food standards, guidelines and codes of practice to protect the health of the consumers and ensure fair trade practices in the food trade. The Joint Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) / World Health Organization (WHO) Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) is responsible for evaluating the safety of pesticides and estimating safety reference values (i.e. Acceptable Daily Intake, ADI) for individual pesticide.

1.9. Regulation of Food Products for MRLs in India The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has been designated as the nodal point for liaison with the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare regulates MRLs of pesticide and agrochemical in food products through the Food Safety and Standards Act (FSSA), 2006. All food products sold in India have to comply with the MRLs established in the FSSA / Food Safety Standard Regulations for all the approved insecticides and agrochemicals. The FSSAI and state appointed inspectors have the authority to test products, both basic commodity and processed food products, for adherence to the MRLs. If products are found to be non- compliant, inspectors can take punitive action against the processor/trader/ retailer. In 2005-2006, the Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture& Farmers Welfare initiated a program to monitor pesticide residues at the national level through the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Laboratories under the scheme collect and analyze samples of vegetables, fruits, spices, pulses, cereals, milk, fish, tea, honey, meat, animal feed and ground water. The results of the survey are published on the FSSAI website: Survey Results. In case of food grain, fruits, vegetables, dry fruits, tree nuts other basic commodities, the Ministry of Agriculture works through the Plant Quarantine Office at the Port to test for the presence of banned pesticides and agrochemicals.

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1.9.1. MRL Fixation procedure

Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) are a trading standard and a measure of the highest level of a pesticide residue that is legally tolerated in or on food or feed when pesticides are applied correctly. MRLs are set well below safety margins to ascertain foods produced with pesticides are suitable for consumption. MRLs ensure that consumers can trust the safety and quality of the foods they buy. Governments around the world monitor pesticide residues by testing samples. MRLs, based on residue trials set by regulators, verify if farmers have used pesticides correctly. Demonstrated consumer safety is an indispensable pre-condition for granting MRLs. Traders and importers can trust that the foods they order fulfill safety and quality requirements, thus ensuring trade and marketability of produce. If an MRL is exceeded, it is against the law so the produce cannot be sold and will be destroyed. Farmers follow good agricultural practices to ensure that potential residues are below MRLs. It is essential for farmers to comply with MRL requirements in order to sell their crops locally and for export. There are many different systems for setting MRLs around world, such as in the United States and EU, as well as provided by Codex Alimentarius internationally. In each market, an MRL is set routinely before a pesticide product is registered but not automatically in import markets. If a product is not registered in an import market, the manufacturer must ask regulators of the importing market to set an import tolerance, which ideally should be the MRL in the exporting market. Until recently, food was mainly produced, sold and consumed locally. Over the last century, the amount of food traded internationally has grown exponentially. A crop is not legally tradeable if it exceeds MRLs. There are no globally harmonized MRLs, farmers must comply with MRLs in both exporting and various importing countries. Farmers need to be well informed about MRL requirements of all their markets.

Recommended Practices for Input Dealers:

1) Use of pesticides as per the recommended doses of pesticides helps in reducing the presence of residues on crop 2) Always recommend the pesticides that are approved for usage on the crop 3) Educate the farmer on waiting periods to reduce the residue occurrence.

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2. Culinary methods for Decontamination of Pesticides

Introduction - Decontamination – Culinary methods for removal of residues.

Number of theory classes: 1 (1 hr.)

2.1 INTRODUCTION:

Pesticides have been found effective for protection and improvement of the quality and quantity of food commodities, building materials, clothing and animal health and to control certain diseases transmitted by insect vectors. One Rupee spent for pesticide leads to a profit of 3 Rupees for the farmer. Pesticides have therefore become an integral part of modern agriculture. The use of pesticides over the past five decades has helped globally to enhance and stabilize agricultural productivity. It is necessary that the waiting period or pre harvest intervals for the crops are maintained to reduce the residue load on the produce. SConsumable commodities, if suspected to have pesticide residues, can be decontaminated using culinary methods.

2.2 Decontamination No single treatment system can be universally applied for decontamination due to diversity in chemical properties of pesticides and their formulations, the quality or composition of pesticide wastes and residues. Decontamination methods may be classified as: i. Traditional ii. Physical iii. Chemical iv. Biological

2.3. Culinary methods for fruits and vegetables Pesticides when used to control pests may leave some residues on edible commodity. These residues might be above the maximum permissible limit (MRL) depending upon the chemical property of the pesticide and the time interval between the last spray and harvest. Pesticide residues are toxic, need to be removed.

2.3.1. Methods for Removal of pesticide Residue

The residues from the agricultural use of some Washing the vegetables under running water pesticides persist over a periods before completely helps in removal of pesticide residues degraded by natural processes and these residues remains in the food materials, fruits, vegetables and accumulated or contaminated into

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Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management animals, air, water and soil systems through bio magnification which leads to health hazard and environmental pollution. Indiscriminately and excessively used of pesticides throughout the globe create risk to the human health and in the environment. The persistence of a pesticide residue is a complex matter affected not only by the chemical and physical characteristics of the parent compound and its degradation products, but also by the nature of the formulation applied, the adsorbents or solvents employed. The persistence may also depend on characteristics of the host. The waxy surfaces of plants tend to localize and trap many pesticides which thereby become more resistant to removal than they would as true surface residues. Similarly, the fats in milk hold residues during the manufacture of various dairy products. Hence, the removal or to minimize pesticide residues from food commodities utilizing different processing methods is very important and challenging for food safety. Remedial measures have been suggested for the public to remove contamination at national level by Department of Agriculture & Corporation for food safety. 2.3.2. Ways & Means to minimize residues on Fruit & Vegetables before Consumption: There are several ways & means to reduce pesticide residues on fruits & vegetables before consumption, as under:- (a) Dry produce (fruits, vegetables) with a clean cloth towel or paper towel reduces residues. (b) Scrub firm fruits and vegetables such as melons, root vegetables such as carrot and tubers, like potatoes. Soft brush can be used to scrub the fruits and vegetables for five to ten seconds before

rinsing with slightly warm water. Peeling method reduces pesticide residues (c) Discard outer layer of leafy vegetables, like, cabbage, lettuce, etc before washing as they grow close to the ground where soil could be tainted. (d) Peeling reduces residues considerably. Peeling and trimming fruits such as mango, citrus, apple, pear, peach and kiwi and vegetables, like, gourds reduces pesticide residues. (e) Washing in clean running, preferably drinking water reduces pesticide residues as it has abrasive effect. (f) Washing of vegetables, like, cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, spinach and green beans with hot water containing 2 per cent common salt removes residues. (g) Carrot, okra, brinjal, cabbage and cauliflower, can be washed with 1 per cent tamarind solution. (h) Salad spinner can be used to wash and dry lettuce Dipping the vegetables in 2% salt solution or leafy greens. Colander can be used, followed removes residues by drying with a paper towel.

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(i) Don’t use any soap, detergents, chemicals, which could leave their own harmful residues. (j) Cut away damaged or bruised areas on fresh fruits and vegetables before eating/cooking. Discard any portion that appears rotten. (k) Vegetables and some of the fruits, which are consumed along with the peel, can be soaked in water for half-an-hour to one hour and rinsed a few times before use. Soaking fruits and vegetables five to ten minutes in a solution of diluted form of hydrochloric acid with four tablespoons of salt and juice of half a fresh lime and rinsing thoroughly with clean water helps in reducing residues. Use of dilute vinegar/acetic acid followed by thorough rinsing is also recommended. (l) Vegetables can be kept in boiling water just for a minute and rinsed in running thereafter to reduce pesticide residues. (m) Steaming and cooking of vegetables eliminate most of the residues that are not removable by washing or peeling. (n) Variety of fruits and vegetables helps in maintaining a balanced diet and also avoiding excessive consumption of pesticide residues from a small range of food items. (o) Juicing of fruits, like, grapes reduces the residue level. Clarification processes, such as centrifugation and filtering, further reduce the residues. (p) Highly concerned individuals may opt for fruits and vegetables grown under Certified Organic Methods. However, even organically grown fruits and vegetables cannot be guaranteed for total freedom from pesticide residues though they might help in reducing the intake of pesticide residues. They are expensive too. (q) Lemon/Baking Soda Wash: Mixture of 1 Tablespoon of lemon juice (natural disinfectant), 2 Tablespoon baking soda (neutralizes the pH level of pesticides) and 1 cup (250 ml) of water. Put the mixture in a spray-topped bottle. Spray the fruit or vegetables, leave it to for 5-10 minutes, and then rinse well. (r) Lemon/vinegar Wash: Mixture of 1 Tablespoon Lemon juice (natural disinfectant), 2 Tablespoon white vinegar (cleans the fruits and vegetables and neutralizes most pesticides) and 1 cup (250 ml) of water in a spray-topped bottle. Spray the fruits or vegetables, wipe and eat. (s) Vinegar/Salt Wash: ¼ cup vinegar (cleans the fruits and vegetables and neutralizes most pesticides) 2 tablespoon salt (draws out dirt and insects). Just fill a sink or a large bowl with water and the above ingredients (depending on the method you choose) and let the vegetables sit for about 20 minutes, then rinse or else you can fill an empty water bottle and spray onto your produce and then rinse and wipe. (t) For particularly waxy fruit and vegetables: Mixture of 1 cup (250 ml) water, ½ a cup (115 ml) vinegar, 1 tablespoon of baking soda and Dash of grapefruit seed extract. Spray onto the produce and leave for an hour before rinsing and eating. (u) Exposure to ozone gas (O3) and dipping in ozonated water helps in reduction of pesticide residues. Gaseous ozone treatment during storage degrades contemporary pesticides. Ozone sanitation method does oxidize pesticide residues. An extended wash in clean water can help further reduction in pesticide residues. Some companies have started marketing the equipment for ozone sanitation. (v) Some of the Commercial Fruit cleaners available on the market are made up of 100% natural produce – normally some form of citric acid. These claim to remove wax, pesticides and 99% bacteria. However, ammonia-based products to be avoided.

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Many research work also revealed that the removal of pesticide residues from food commodities in fruit and vegetables samples have got substantial reduction by different house hold processing methods such as washing under running tap water, washing with 2% salt solution, dipping in 2% tamarind solution and direct cooking.

Best Practices to be followed for disposal of used containers and removal of residues:

1. Insist the farmer to triple rinse the containers always. 2. Educate the farmer to crush the container after use and not to reuse the empty containers again. 3. Residues of pesticides on fruits and vegetables can be removed by tap water washing for 20 minutes or dipping the food commodity in hot water for 20 minutes. 4. Dipping the food commodity in 2 per cent salt solution for 20 minutes followed by tap water wash and dipping the food commodity in 1 per cent solution of vinegar in water for 20 minutes followed by tap water wash also reduces the residues of pesticides.

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VI. Safe Use of Pesticides and Disposal of Pesticides and their Containers Introduction – General precaution for the Usage of Pesticides– Disposal of Pesticides and their Remnants– Disposing of Empty Pesticide Containers – Post treatment considerations– Emergencies

Number of theory classes: 1 (1 hrs.) No of practical 1 (4 hrs.)

3.1 Introduction: Prospective users of pesticides must identify their pest problem and, if necessary, seek experienced advice from agricultural officials, research stations or company advisers. There may be circumstances where the use of pesticides would not be appropriate, such as where cultural or biological methods of control are more effective. Where the use of a pesticide is considered necessary, information must be obtained on: a) Recommended products, and where obtainable b) Dose rates, dilutions, timing and frequency of application c) Method(s)of application d) Precautions to be taken e) Cost per unit area

3.2 General precaution for the Usage of Pesticides:

3.2.1 Selection of pesticides a) Use pesticides when really needed. b) Use pesticides recommended by competent authorities. If several pesticides are recommended against a pest, use the least hazardous one (i.e. the chemical with least mammalian toxicity).

3.2.2. Purchase of pesticides a) Buy from a reliable and authorized dealer. b) Buy the packing of a quantity needed for a given operation. c) Make sure that the label on the container is not defaced. d) Collect the leaflet provided by the manufacturer with each pack of pesticide.

3.2.3. Safe storage a) Store pesticides in their original containers with the labels intact and legible. Never transfer them into containers used for storing food, water or liquor. b) Do not store pesticides near food, feed, medicines or source of potable water. Never store pesticides in living room or kitchen. c) Store pesticides in dry, ventilated places away from the direct sunlight and fire. d) Keep pesticides away from the reach of children, irresponsible and mentally disturbed persons and pets. Keep them in locked cupboards and inform all adult family members about their storage. e) If there is any possibility of dampness on floor or sidewalls, cover such areas with polythene sheets before storing granules, dusts and wettable powders.

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f) To rule out the possibility of cross-contamination, store herbicides separate from other groups of pesticides. g) Check periodically the stored pesticides for signs of damage and leaks. Dispose of torn and leaking packings. h) Avoid sudden entry into stores where pesticides are kept. Open windows and doors about half an hour before entering such places.

3.2.4. Precautions while using pesticides a) Before application:

Always read labels on containers before you open them. It gives important information. Make necessary calculations to estimate the amount of formulation and water required. Make sure that the pesticide-applicator is in working order. If not, get it repaired from a qualified mechanic. Check Fig: Different respirators that appropriate protective clothing is available to all operators. Ensure that clean clothes are available so that the workers change into them after pesticide application. Ensure that plenty of water, soap and towels are available at the site of operation. If there are apiaries in the neighborhood, inform their owners about your pesticide application program, so that they can take appropriate precautions. Pluck ripe fruits, vegetables and other edible plant parts before pesticide application.

Protective clothing and aids: The following basic protective equipment are a must while pesticide application: i. Chemical resistant coveralls without pockets, high neck, full sleeves with buttons at the cuffs and narrow bottoms ii. Nose mask iii. Cap iv. Goggles or plain glasses v. Gloves vi. Shoes Depending on the circumstance respirators, cartridge- filters, masks and breathing equipment may also be required. The Respiratory devices of different types of respirators such as chemical cartridge respirator, Supplied air respirator, Demand flow type respirator, Full face or half face gas masks with canister should be used. Clean protective clothing should be worn and should be washed regularly. Make sure that your shoes and gloves have been washed from inside and outside before you put them on. b) Mixing and handling of pesticides

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Mixing and preparation of pesticide dilutions should be carried out in the open or in well- ventilated places. Always stand with the wind blowing from your back while mixing the pesticides. Open the containers carefully to avoid splashing of the liquids or puffing up of the powder formulations. Special care should be taken while opening factory- sealed containers. Open bags or sacks with scissors, knife or blade. While pouring the pesticides, keep the pesticide container close to the vessel to be used for making dilution. Don't position any part of the body below the container while pouring. Never use mouth to siphon a pesticide from container. Measure and mix the quantities of pesticides and water accurately. Measure the pesticides before pouring them in dilution tank. Never pour pesticides directly from container into dilution tank. Use a long-handled stirrer to mix pesticides. Never use bare hands for this purpose. Food or beverage containers or buckets to be used later for bathing and storing drinking water should not be used for the preparation of spray fluids. Use Funnel while pouring of pesticide solution into the spray pump. Don't let the liquid splash. c) During application a) Never work alone while handling pesticides. b) Do not allow children or irresponsible persons near the site of the pesticide application. Never allow them to handle pesticides. c) Recheck the instructions for use. Never leave pesticides unattended to in the field. d) Wear clean protective clothing before handling pesticides. If clothing gets contaminated during operation, replace it immediately. e) Avoid the contamination of skin, especially of face and genitals. If body gets contaminated with a pesticide, wash immediately with soap and water. f) Never rub your eyes or face while working with pesticides. Avoid inhalation of dusts or vapors of pesticides. g) Never drink, eat, smoke or chew while working with pesticides. h) Do not keep eating materials, drinking water beverages, and tobacco or cooking utensils in the work area. i) If a sprayer has been earlier used for applying herbicides wash it thoroughly with washing soda solution (concentration about 2 g per liter) before using it for other pesticides. j) Don't mix or use pesticides on windy days. k) Keep adequate supervision on persons who have not applied pesticides earlier. l) Arrange sufficient rest periods for workers engaged in pesticide application. m) Persons handling pesticides for some time tend to take pesticide application as routine activity and ignore the necessary precautions. Such tendency should be curbed. n) In hot seasons, apply pesticides early in the morning or late in the evening. At these times, it is convenient to wear protective clothing. o) Always wear gloves while applying a granular formulation. Never apply granules if there are cuts or wounds on your hands or arms.

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Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management d) After application a) After tightly closing the container, return the unused pesticides to the store. Empty containers should be disposed of as discussed in 'disposal of empty containers'. b) Never leave pesticides in the application equipment. If some excess pesticide is left in the equipment, spray it on the barren land. Do not pour the excess fluid into irrigation canals, ponds, wells or streams. c) Wash the empty pesticide-applicator with detergent and water, and then rinse thrice with plenty of clean water. Decontaminate the drums, sticks and measuring cups, used for making dilutions, in a similar manner. Water contaminated in these processes should be disposed of over the barren land. d) Take bath with soap and plenty of clean water and change into fresh clothes. Do not stay in work-clothes after spraying. Wash clothes separately. Do not take soiled clothes home for getting them washed along with other clothes. e) Wash caps, hats, shoes, belts, goggles or spectacles worn during pesticide application. These items are often left unwashed and can pose a hazard when worn again. e) Handling Spillage:

a) Spillage should be dealt with as soon as it is discovered. For liquid formulations, cover spilled material with dry adsorbent material like clay, sand or sawdust. Remove such covering material without touching it and discard it as indicated in the item dealing with the disposal of empty containers. If' spillage occurs on clayey floor or in the field, the soil up to the depth to which liquid has percolated should be scraped and discarded. If spillage occurs on cemented floor, flush the site with detergent and water. b) Remove the spilled material of powder or granular formulations with a broom. Discard sweepings and broom as indicated in the item dealing with the disposal of empty containers.

3.3. Disposal of Pesticides and their Remnants:

The disposal of pesticide remnants resulting from the left over portion of usage, unsold/unused, excess stocks, date expired and substandard or obsolete and after the analysis for quality control, is a matter of concern and has to be taken up scientifically lest it leads to environmental contamination and pollution. The following are the ways and means for the disposal of pesticides;

3.3.1. Disposing of Unwanted Spray Mix:

Avoid mixing surplus spray by carefully calculating rates, measuring field size, and calibrating your sprayer. Extra pesticide spray mixes can be applied to another crop or site listed on the pesticide label. If no such area can be found, spray the mixture over an area on your property where it will cause no damage. Never re-spray the treated field with extra tank mix. Spraying an area twice will double the rate and may result in high residues in the crop or soil.

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3.3.2. Disposing of pesticide remnants:

1. The best way to dispose of small amounts of excess pesticides is to use them - apply them - according to the directions on the label. 2. If it cannot be used, then the same may be offered to the neighbors whether they have a similar pest control problem and can use them. 3. If large amount of pesticide is left over which can be put to use, the same may be offered to any public organization which can use the pesticide in public gardens, urban forestry or to the forest department. 4. If all the remaining pesticide cannot be properly used, check with your local solid waste management authority, environmental agency/Pollution Control Board or health department to find out whether your community has a household hazardous waste collection program or a similar program for getting rid of unwanted, leftover pesticides. These authorities can also inform you of any local requirements for pesticide waste disposal.

3.4. Disposing of Empty Pesticide Containers:

Empty pesticide containers are considered hazardous waste, by law, unless they are drained and rinsed properly. Plastic, metal and glass containers must be rinsed 3 times. The rinse water must be poured into the sprayer and applied with the pesticide. Paper and plastic bags must be rinsed once. Pressurized containers and Domestic pesticides do not need to be rinsed. a) Cleaning methodologies The cleaning methodology depends on the physico-chemical characteristics of the pesticide. Rinsing with water using the manual triple rinsing technique, pressure rinsing or integrated rinsing can be done for formulations like emulsifiable concentrates, water soluble products, water soluble solids and rinsing with solvent is required for oil and solvent based products. Triple rinsing is the method to use in the absence of ad hoc mechanical rinsing equipment. It is likely to be the most practical option in developing economies. It can be used to clean all sizes of containers but the technique is slightly different for small containers that can be shaken by hand, and large containers that are too big to shake. For triple-rinsing: 1. Remove the cap from the pesticide container and empty all the remaining 160

Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management

pesticide into the application equipment or a mix tank and drain for at least 30 seconds after the flow begins to drip. 2. Fill the container at least 25 per cent full with clean water or rinse solution and secure the pesticide container cap. 3. Shake, rotate and invert the container so that the water reaches all the inside surfaces. [For large containers, tilt container on its side and roll it back and forth, ensuring at least one complete revolution, for 30 seconds. Stand the container on its end and tip it back and forth several times. Turn the container over onto its other end and tip it back and forth several times.] 4. Either add the rinsate to the application equipment or the mix tank or store it for later use or disposal. 5. Allow the container to drain for 30 seconds or more after the flow begins to drip. 6. Repeat the procedure two more times until the container appears clean. Puncture the container to prevent its misuse. Return the container to the supplier or pesticide container recycling site or dispose it off according to label directions.

b) Disposal of Secondary packaging Clean secondary packaging, such as pallets and outer cardboard cartons, which has not come into direct contact with pesticides can be assumed to be uncontaminated. This can be disposed of as municipal waste. Material recycling and energy recovery are the disposal routes of choice but if neither option is available, the secondary packaging may be disposed of as municipal waste. The best way to dispose of empty pesticide containers is to take them to a pesticide container collection site if any. Containers taken to these sites are recycled into fence posts for agricultural use, highway guardrail posts, or used for energy.

3.5. Post treatment considerations: Some pesticides, especially the organophosphates cause toxicity when the plants treated with them recently are touched by human beings or animals. So, mark the fields where the pesticides have been applied and take steps to prevent the entry of persons or cattle into them for at least 24 hours. After pesticide application, delay using the crop as food or feed for the period recommended as the 'waiting period'.

3.6. Emergencies Accidents while using pesticides may occur in spite of taking all necessary precautions. After exposure, the symptoms of poisoning can occur immediately or after several hours. So it is important to be vigilant about the appearance of symptoms of pesticide poisoning and consult a doctor, if there is an indication of such symptoms.

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Best Practices to be followed for Safe and Judicious use of Pesticides by Input dealers: a) Be sure that the pesticide is registered for the particular use. b) Be sure that the application conditions, timing, site harvest interval etc. are complied with. c) Always be sure that the right kind of pesticide with approved uses is sold to the farmer. d) Insist the farmer to read the label or help him to read the label for the recommended doses and toxicity hazards associated with pesticide. e) Advice the farmer to use the protective equipment while applying pesticides f) Insist the farmer to follow the instructions on the manufacturer’s label pertaining to herbicide usage. g) Make the farmer aware of the environmental hazards associated with pesticide usage h) Educate the farmer to avoid contamination of water ways and sensitive plants i) In case of accidental poisoning, administer first-aid and take the victim to the hospital immediately. j) In case of poisoning cases, as the label and leaflet of pesticide contain the antidote information, it is advisable to take them to the physician to enable him to act fast.

Annexures:

Annexure VI Major uses of Insecticides Annexure VII Major uses of Fungicides Annexure VIII Major uses of Herbicides Annexure IX Major uses of bio-pesticides

Practical -(4 hrs.) Activity Study tour Visit storage godown/ The participants will be taken to pesticide manufacturer godown warehouse/godown to observe the conditions of storage of pesticides.

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Insecticides / Pesticides Registered under section 9(3) of the Insecticides Act, 1968 for use in the Country:

(As on 15/05/2019)

S.No. Name of the Pesticide 1. 2,4-D Amine salt 2. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid 3. Abamectin* 4. Acephate 5. Acetamiprid 6. Afidopyropen 7. Alachlor 8. Allethrin 9. Alphacypermethrin 10. Alphanaphthyl Acetic Acid 11. Aluminium Phosphide 12. Ametroctradin 13. Ametryn 14. Ampelomycesquisqualis 15. Anilophos 16. Atrazine 17. Aureofungin 18. Azadirachtin (Neem Products) 19. Azimsulfuron 20. Azoxystrobin 21. Bacillus sphaericus 22. Bacillus subtillus 23. Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae 24. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis 25. Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 26. Barium Carbonate 27. Beauveriabassiana 28. Benalaxyl (TIM) 29. Benalaxyl M 30. Bendiocarb 31. Benfuracarb 32. Bensulfuron Methyl 33. Bentazone 34. Beta Cyfluthrin 35. Bifenazate 36. Bifenthrin 37. Bispyribac Sodium 38. Bitertanol 39. Boscalid+ Pyraclostrobin 40. Bromadiolone 41. Buprimate (FI-WRT) 42. Buprofezin 43. Butachlor 44. Captan 45. Carbendazim 1

46. Carbofuran 47. Carbosulfan 48. Carboxin 49. Carfentrazone Ethyl 50. Carpropamid 51. Cartap Hydrochloride 52. Chlorantraniliprole 53. Chlorfenopyr 54. Chlorfluazuron 55. Chlorimuron ethyl 56. Chlormequat Chloride (CCC) 57. Chlorothalonil 58. Chlorpropham (TI) 59. Chlorpyriphos 60. Chlorpyriphos Methyl 61. Chlothianidin 62. Chromafenozide 63. Cinmethylene 64. Clodinafop-propargyl 65. Clodinafop-propargyl+Sodiumacifluorfen 66. Clomazone 67. Clothianidin 68. Copper Hydroxide 69. Copper Oxychloride 70. Copper Sulphate 71. Coumachlor 72. Coumatetralyl 73. Cuprous Oxide 74. Cyantraniliprole 75. Cyazofamid 76. Cyflumetofen 77. Cyfluthrin 78. Cyhalofop-butyl 79. Cymoxanil 80. Cypermethrin 81. Cyphenothrin 82. Cyproconazole (TI) 83. Dazomet 84. Deltamethrin (Decamethrin) 85. Diafenthiuron 86. Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane (DDT) 87. Dichloropropene and Dichloropropanemixure (DD mixure) 88. Dichlorvos (DDVP) 89. Diclofop-Methyl 90. Diclosulam 91. Dicofol 92. Difenoconazole 93. Diflubenzuron 94. Dimethoate 95. Dimethomorph 96. Dinocap 97. Dinotefuron 2

98. Dithianon 99. Diuron 100. Dodine 101. D-trans Allethrin 102. Edifenphos 103. Emamectin Benzoate 104. Epoxyconazole 105. Ethephon 106. Ethion 107. Ethiprole 108. Ethofenprox (Etofenprox) 109. Ethoxysulfuron 110. Ethylene Dichloride and Carbon Tetrachloride mixture (EDCT Mixture 3:1) 111. Etoxazole(FI) 112. Famoxadone 113. Fenamidone 114. Fenazaquin 115. Fenitrothion 116. Fenobucarb (BPMC) 117. Fenoxaprop -p-ethyl 118. Fenpropathrin 119. Fenpyroximate 120. Fenvalerate 121. Fipronil 122. Flonicamid 123. Fluazifop -p-butyl 124. Flubendiamide 125. Flucetosulfuron 126. Fluchloralin 127. Fluensulfone 47% TC (MUP) (FI) 128. Flufenacet 129. Flufenoxuron 130. Flufenzine 131. Flumioxazin 132. Fluopicolide 133. Fluopyram and its metabolite 134. Flupyradifurone* 135. Flusilazole (TI) 136. Fluthiacet methyl (TIM) 137. Fluvalinate 138. Fluxapyroxad 167 g/L + Pyraclostrobin 333g/l SC (FI -WRT) 139. Fomesafen 140. Forchlorfenuron 141. Fosetyl -Al 142. Gibberellic Acid 143. Glufosinate Ammonium 144. Glyphosate 145. Haloxyfop -R-methyl 10.55%.EC(FI) 146. Helosulfuron methyl 147. Hexaconazole 148. Hexazinone 149. Hexythiazox 3

150. Hydrogen Cyanamide 151. Imazamox 152. Imazethapyr 153. Imidacloprid 154. Imiprothrin 155. Indoxacarb 156. Indaziflam + Glyphosate ammonium (FI) 157. Iprobenfos (Kitazin) 158. Iprodione 159. Iprovalicarb 160. Isoprothiolane 161. Isoproturon 162. Kasugamycin 163. Kresoxim Methyl 164. Lambdacyhalothrin 165. Lime Sulphur 166. Lufenuron 167. Magnesium Phosphide Plates 168. Malathion 169. Mancozeb 170. Mandipropamid 171. Mepiquate Chloride 172. Meptyldiinocop 173. Mesosulfuron Methyl + Iodosulfuron Methyl Sodium 174. Metaflumizone 175. Metalaxyl 176. Metalaxyl -M 177. Metaldehyde 178. Metamitron (TIM) 179. Metarhiziumanisopliae 180. Methabenzthiazuron 181. Methomyl 182. Methoxyfenazide (FI- WRT) 183. Methyl Bromide 184. Methyl Chlorophenoxy Acetic Acid (MCPA) 185. Metiram 186. Metofluthrin 187. Metolachlor 188. Metrafenone 189. Metribuzin 190. Metsulfuron Methyl 191. Milbemectin 192. Monocrotophos 193. Myclobutanil 194. Novaluron 195. Nuclear polyhyderosis virus of Helicoverpaarmigera 196. Nuclear polyhyderosis virus of Spodopteralitura 197. Orthosulfamuron 198. Oxadiargyl 199. Oxadiazon 200. Oxathiapipron 201. Oxycarboxin 4

202. Oxydemeton -Methyl 203. Oxyfluorfen 204. Paclobutrazol 205. Paraquat dichloride 206. Penoxasulam 207. Penconazole 208. Pencycuron 209. Pendimethalin 210. Penflufen* 211. Penoxsulam 212. Permethrin 213. Phenthoate 214. Phorate 215. Phosalone 216. Phosphamidon 217. Picoxystrobin 218. Pinoxaden 219. Prallethrin 220. Pretilachlor 221. Primiphos -methyl 222. Profenophos 223. Prohexadione Calcium 224. Propamocarb hydrochloride technical 66% w/w min (Aqueous concentrate ) 225. Propanil 226. Propaquizafop 227. Propergite 228. Propetamphos 229. Propiconazole 230. Propineb 231. Propoxur 232. Pseudomonas fluorescens 233. Pymetrozin (FI), TIM 234. Pyraclostrobin 235. Pyraclostrobin+Epoxiconazole 236. Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 237. Pyrethrin (pyrethrum ) 238. Pyridaben (FI- WRT) 239. Pyridalyl 240. Pyriproxyfen (TI) 241. Pyrithiobac sodium 242. Quinalphos 243. Quizalofop ethyl 244. Quizalofop -P-tefuryl 245. S-bioallethrin 246. Sodium paranitrophinolate 247. Spinetoram 248. Spirotetramat 249. Spinosad 250. Spiromesifen 251. Streptomycin + Tetracycline 252. Sulfentrazone 253. sulfosulfuron 5

254. Sulfoxaflor 255. sulphur 256. Tebuconazole 257. Tembotrione 258. Temephos 259. Tetraconazole (FI) 260. Thiacloprid 261. Thifluzamide 262. Thiobencarb (Benthiocarb) 263. Thiocyclam Hydrogen oxalate 264. Thiodicarb 265. Thiomethoxain 266. Thiophanate -Methyl 267. Thiram 268. Tolfenpyrad (TIM) 269. Topramezone 270. Transfluthrin 271. Triacontanol 272. Triadimefon 273. Triafamone (Triafamone 20% w/w + Ethoxysulfuron 10% WG % w/w SC FI) 274. Triallate 275. Triasulfuron 276. Triazophos 277. Trichlorfon 278. Trichodermaharzianum 279. TrichodermaViride 280. Tricyclazole 281. Triflumezopyrim (TIM) 282. Trifloxistrobin 283. Trifluralin 284. Validamycin 285. Verticilliumlecanii 286. Zinc Phosphide 287. Zineb 288. Ziram

*****

(Updated on 15.05.2019)

1. PESTICIDES AND FORMULATIONS REGISTERED FOR USE IN THE COUNTRY UNDER THE INSECTIICDES ACT, 1968:

S. Name of the Pesticides Formulation registered No. of No. formulati on 1. 2 ,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid a) 2, 4-D Sodium Salt used as Tech a.i. 80% w/w min. 1 (2,4-D Sodium Amine and Ester b) 2,4-D Amine Salt 58% SL 22.5% SL 2 Salt c) 2,4-D Ethyl Ester 38% EC, 4.5% Gr., 20%WP, 3 2. Abamectin 1.9%EC, 1.9%SC 2 3. Acephate 75% SP, 95%SG 2 4. Acetamiprid 20 SP 1 5. Afidopyropen 50 g/l DC (FI-WRT) 1 6. Alachlor 50%EC, 10% Gr 2 7. Allethrin 0.5% Coil, 4% Mat, 0.5% Aer., 3.6% L, 0.2% & 0.02% 6 Coil 8. Alphacypermethrin 10% EC, 5% WP, 0.5% Chalk, 10% SC, 0.1%RTU, 0.55 8 % LLIBN, 0.667% LLIN, 0.66% W/W LLIN 9. Alphanaphthyl Acetic Acid 4.5% Sol. 1 10. Aluminium phosphide *(R) 56% Tab, 56% Powder,77.5% Gr., 6% Tab 4 11. Ampliomycesquisqualis 2.00%WP 1 12. Anilofos 30% EC, 18% EC 2 13. Ametryn 80%WG (FI) 1 14. Atrazine 50% WP 1 15. Aureofungin 46.15% SP 1 16. Azadirachtin (neem products) 25%, 10%, 0.03% EC, 0.1% EC, 0.15% EC, 5% EC, 12 0.3%EC, 15% extract concentrâtes, 1% EC, 0.1% Gr, 0.15%Gr,0.03% (300 PPM) w/w min 17. Azimsulfuron 50% DF (F.I.) 1 18. Azoxystrobin 23% SC (FI) ,23% SC( FIM) 2 19. Bacillussubtillis 2.0% AS 1 20. Bacillus thuringiensis var. 1.3% FC 1 sphaericus 21. Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae 1.3% FC 1 22. Bacillus thuringiensis var. Liquid &WP formulations, 5% AS, 12% AS, 5.0 % WP 3 1

israelensis 23. Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 5% WP, 2.5% As, 0.5% WP, 3.5% AS, 4 24. Barium Carbonate 1% P 1 25. Beauveriabassiana 1.15% WP, 1.0% WP,1.15%SC, 10% SC, 5.0% WP 5 26. Bendiocarb 80% WP 1 27. Benfuracarb 40%EC, 3.0% GR 2 28. Beta cyfluthrin 2.45% SC 1 29. Bensulfuron Methyl 60% DF(FI) 1 30. Bentazone 480 g/l SL 1

31. Bifenazate 50% WP(FI)22.6% SC(FI) 2 32. Bifenthrin 10% EC, 2.5%EC,23.4%,MUP(Imp), 8% SC(FI), 0.05% 8 MC(11 Hrs.), 10% WP,0.05%MC(8 hrs), 8% SC (FIM) 33. Bispyribac sodium 10% SC (FI), 10% w/v SC (FIM) 2 34. Bitertanol 25% WP 1 35. Bromadiolone 0.25% CB, 0.005% RB & 0.005% RB cake 3 36. Buprimate 26.7% w/w EC 1 37. Buprofezin 25% SC, 70 .0 % DF 2 38. Butachlor 50% EC, 5% Gr., 50% EW, 3 39. Captan 50% WP, 75% WP, 50% WDG 3 40. Carbendazim 25% DS, 50% WP, 46.27% SC, 5% Gr 4 41. Carbofuran 3% CG, 1 42. Carbosulfan 25% DS, 25% EC, 6% Gr. 3 43. Carboxin 75% WP 1 44. Carfentrazone-ethyl 40% EC, 40% DF(FI), 53%MUP(FI) 3

45. Carpropamid 27.8% SC 1 46. Cartap Hydrochloride 4% Gr., 50% SP, 75%SG 3 47. Chlopropham 50% HN 1 48. Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, 0.4% Gr. 2 49. Chlorfenapyr 10% SC (FI) 1 50. Chlorfenuron 10%SC(FI) 1 51. Chlorfluazuron 5% EC w/w, 5% w/v, 5.4% EC(FI)&FIM 3 52. Chlorimuron ethyl 25% WP, 1 53. Chlormequat Chloride 50% Sol. 1 54. Chlorothalonil 75% WP 1 55. Chlorpyriphos 20% EC, 10% Gr,., 1.5% DP, 50% EC, 2% RTU 5 56. Chlorpyriphos Methyl 40% EC 1 57. Chromafenozide 80% WP 1 58. Cinmethylene 10% EC 1 59. Clodinafop-propargyl (Piroxofop- 15% WP 1 propinyl)

60. Clomazone 50% EC 1 61. Clothianidin 50%WG(FI), 50% WG formulation 2 62. Copper Hydroxide 77% WP, 53.8% DF(FI) 2 63. Copper Oxychloride 50% WP, 40% Paste, 5% DP, 50 WG, 56% OP 5 64. Copper Sulphate Used as Tech98% equivalent to cooper content 25% 2 w/w min., 2.62% SC 65. Coumachlor 0.5% CB, 0.025% RB 2 66. Coumatetralyl 0.75% TP, 0.037% Bait. 2 67. Cuprous Oxide 4% DP 1 68. Cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD 1 69. Cyazofamid 34.5% SC (FI) 1 70. Cyfluthrin 10% WP, 5% EW, 2 71. Cyflumetofen 20% SC 1 72. Cyhalofop-butyl 10% EC 1 73. Cymoxonil 80% WP, 50% WP 2 74. Cypermethrin 10% EC, 25% EC, 1% Chalk, 0.1% Aquous (HH), 0.25 6 DP, (3% Smoke Generator- to be used only through Pest Control Operators and not allowed to be used 75. Cyphenothrin 5% EC, 0.15% in combination as Aer. , 7.2% VP 3 76. Dazomet Dazomet Technical (soil Sterilant GR) not permitted 1 on tea 77. Decamethrin (Deltamethrin) 2.5% Flow2.5% WP2.8% EC, 0.5% Chalk, 1.25% ULV, 10 25% Tab., 11% EC, 0.5% Tablet, 1.8% EC, 2%"w/w EW 78. Diafenthiuron 50% WP, 47.8% SC 2 79. Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane 50% WP, 75% WP 2 (DDT)*R 80. Dichloropropene and 1:1 1 Dichloropropanes mixture (DD Mixture) *(R) 81. Diclofop-methyl 28% EC 1 82. Diclosulam 84% WDG(FI) 1 83. Diclorvos (DDVP) 76% EC 1 84. Dicofol 18.5% EC 1 85. Difenoconazole 25% EC, 3% WS 2 86. Diflubenzuron 25% WP,2%Tab (FI) 2% Tab(FIM),2%Gr,(FI), 2% 5 Gr(FIM) 87. Dimethoate 30% EC 1 88. Dimethomorph 50% WP 1 89. Dinotefuran 20% SG (F.I.) 1 90. Dinocap 48% EC 1 91. Dithianon 75% WP 1 3

92. Diuron 80% WP 1 93. Dodine 65% WP, 50% flow, 40% SC 3 94. D-trans allethrin 2% Mat, 0.1% coil (8hrs), 0.1% coil (12 hr.), 0.1% 6 Coil(11hrs), 0.1% Coil (6hrs), 21.97% Mos. Mat 95. Edifenphos 50% EC 1 96. Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG (FI) & (FIM) , 1.9% EC, 0.1% Gel 3 97. Ethephon 39% SL, 10% Paste 2 98. Ethion 50% EC 1 99. Ethofenprox (Etofenprox) 10% EC 1 100. Ethoxysulfuron 10% EC, 15%WG(FI) 2 101. Ethylene Dichloride and Carbon 3:1 1 Tetrachloride mixture (EDCT mixture 3: 1) 102. Etoxazole 10%SC(FI) 1 103. Fenazaquin 10 EC 1 104. Fenitrothion*R 2% Spray, 20% OL (banned in agriculture use except 2 for locust in scheduled dessert area and public health) 105. Fenobucarb (BPMC) 50% EC 1 106. Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 10% EC, 9.3% EC,6.7%EC 3 107. Fenpropathrin 10% EC, 30% EC 2 108. Fenpyroximate 5% EC, 5% SC 2 109. Fenvalerate 0.4% DP, 20%EC 2 110. Fipronil 0.3% Gr., 5% SC, 0.05%Gel (Import)&FIM,80%WG (FI 7 & FIM), 2.92% EC, 0.6% GR, 18.87% w/w SC 111. Flonicamide 50% WG 1 112. Fluazifop-p-butyl 13.4% EC 1 113. Flubendiamide 39.35%SC,20%WG 2 114. Flucetosulfuron 10% WG (FI) 1 115. Fluchloralin 45% EC 1 116. Fluensulfone 47% MUP (FI), 2.0% GR, 2 117. Flufenacet 60% WP 1 118. Flufenoxuron 10% DC 1 119. Flumioxazin 50.0% w/w SC 1 120. Flumite 20% SC 1 121. Fluopyram 34.48% SC 1 122. Flupyradiflurone 17.9% w/w SL 1 123. Flusilazole 40% EC 1 124. Fluthiacet methyl 10.3% w/w EC (FIM) 1 125. Fluvalinate 25% EC 1 126. Fluxapyroxad 333g/l FS (FI) 1 127. Forchlorfenuron (CPPU) 0.1%, 0.12% EC (FI) 2 4

128. Fosetyl-Al 80% WP 1 129. Gibberellic Acid Tech. P, 0.186% SP, 0.001% L, 40% WSG 4 130. Glufosinate Ammonium 13.5% SL, 50.0% TK 2 131. Glyphosate 41% SL, 20.2% SL, 5%SL 3 132. Glyphosate ammonium salt 71% SG, 5%SL(FI) 2 133. GlyphosateIsopropyl amine salt 1 (IPA) 134. Halosulfuron methyl 75% WG(FI) 1 135. Haloxyfop R Methyl 10.5% EC (FI) 1 136. Hexaconazole 5% EC, 5% SC, 2% SC, 75% WG 4 137. Hexythiazox 5.45% EC 1 138. Hydrogen cyanamid 49% age, 50% SL 2 139. Imazethapyr 10% SL, 70% WG (FI) 2 140. Imidacloprid 17.8% SL, 70% WS, 48% FS, 30.5% SC, 2.5%Gel, 9 70%WG, 0.3% Gr, 0.5% RB(FI), 0.03 % w/w Gel(FI) 141. Imiprothrin 50% MUP 1 142. Indoxacarb 14.5% SC,15.8%EC 2 143. Iprobenfos (Kitazin) 48% EC, 17% Gr. 2 144. Iprodione 50% WP 1 145. Isoprothiolane 40% EC 1 146. Isoproturon 50% WP, 75% WP, 50% Flow 3 147. Kasugamycin 3% SL 1 148. Kresoxim-methyl 44.3%(500 g/l)SC 1 149. Lambda-cyhalothrin 2.43%CS ,5% EC, 10% WP, 2.5% EC, 0.5% Chalk, 8 22.8%CS(FI), 4.9%CS, 9.7% CS 150. Lime Sulphur 22% SC 1 151. Lufenuron 5.4% EC 1 152. Magnesium phosphide Plates 56%Min. Plates (FI) &FIM 2 153. Malathion 5% DP, 25% WP, 50% EC, 0 .25% Spray and 96% ULV, 7 2% Spray, 5% Spray 154. Mancozeb 75% WP, 35% SC, 75%WG 3 155. Mandipropamid 23.4% SC 1 156. Mepiquat Chloride 5%AS, 50% TK 2 157. Meptyldinocap 35.7% w/w EC 1 158. Metaflumizone 22% SC (FI) 1 159. Metalaxyl 35% WS, 40% WS 2 160. Metalaxyl – M 31.8% ES 1 161. Metaldehyde 2.5% DP 1 162. Metamitron 70%SC 1 163. Metarhiziumanisopliae 1.15 % WP, 1.0% WP, 1.5% Liquid 3 164. Methabenzthiazuron 70% WP 1 165. Methomyl 40% SP 1 5

166. Methyl bromide *(R) 99% L, 98% L 2 167. Methyl chlorophenoxy acetic acid 40% SL or 40% As 1 168. Methoxyfenazide 21.8% w/w SC (FI) 1 169. Metiram 70% WG 1 170. Metofluthrin 0.005% Mosquito coil, 5%EC, 0.32% w/w LV 3 171. Metolachlor 50% EC 1 172. Metrafenone 500g/l SC 1

173. Metribuzin 70% WP 1 174. Metsulfuron –methyl 20% WP, 20%WG(FI), 20 % WG FIM 3 175. Milbemectin 1%EC 1 176. Monocrotophos*R 36% SL, 15% w/w SG 2 177. Myclobutanil 15%SG,10%WP 2 178. Novaluron 10% EC (FI), 8.8% SC, 10% EC 3 179. NPV of Helicoverpaarmigera 0.43% AS, 2.0% AS. 0.5% AS 3 180. NPV of Spodopteralitura 0.5% AS 1 181. Orthosulfamuron 50% WG 1 182. Oxadiargyl 80% WP, 6% EC 2 183. Oxadiazon 25% EC 1 184. Oxathiapipron 10.1% w/w (FI) 1 185. Oxycarboxin 20% EC 1 186. Oxydemeton-methyl 25% EC 1 187. Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC, 0.35% Gr. 2 188. Paclobutrazol 23% SC(FI), 23% SG 2 189. Paraquat dichloride 24% SL 1 190. Penconazole 10% EC 1 191. Pencycuron 22.9% SC 1 192. Pendimethalin 30% EC, 5% Gr.,38.7%CS(FI)&FIM 4 193. Penflufen 22.43% FS, 1 194. Penoxsulam 21.7% SC(FI), 2.67% OD(FI), 50% w/w MUP, 21.7% SC 3 (FIM v/s FIT), 195. Permethrin 25% EC, 5% SG., 2% EC, LLIN 2% (FI) 4 196. Phenthoate 2% DP, 50% EC 2 197. Phorate 10% CG 1 198. Phosalone 4% DP, 35% EC 2 199. Phosphamidon 40% SL, 1 200. Picoxystrobin 22.52%SC(FI), 22.5 % w/w SC (FIM v/s FIT) 1 201. Pinoxaden 5.1% EC 1 202. Prallethrin 0.8% mat for 12 hours, 1% Mat, 0.8% L, 1.6% L, 0.5% 10 mosquito coil, 0.04% Mosquito coil, 1.2% mat, 19% w/w VP, 0.6% mat, 2.4%LV 203. Pretilachlor 50% EC, 30.7% w/w EC,37.0%EW 3

204. Primiphos-methyl 25% WP, 50% EC, 1% Spray 3 205. Profenophos 50% EC 1 206. Prohexadione calcium 10% WG (FI) 1 207. Propanil 35% EC 1 208. Propaquizafop 10% EC(FI) 1 209. Propergite 57% EC 1 210. Propetamphos 20% EC, 1% Spray 2 211. Propiconazole 25% EC 1 212. Propineb 70% WP 1 213. Propoxur 20% EC, 1% Aer., 2% Aer. 1% HH Spray, 2% Bait 5 214. Pseudomonas flouroscens 0.5%WP,1.75%WP, 1%WP,1.5 %WP, 2.0% AS, 1.5% 6 LF 215. Pymetrozine 50%WG(FI), 50% WG (FIM v/s FIT) 2 216. Pyrazosulfuron -ethyl 10% WP, 70% WDG(FI) 2 217. Pyrethrins (Pyrethrum) 0.2% DP, 2.5% EC, 0.05% Spray, 0.2% PH, 2.0% EC 5 218. Pyridaben 20% w/w WP (FI) 1 219. Pyridalyl 10% EC 1 220. Pyriproxifen 0.5% Gr(FI), 0.5% GR (FIM v/s FIT) 10%EC(FI), 10 % 3 EC (FIM) 221. Pyrithiobac Sodium 10% EC 1 222. Pyraclostrobin 20% WG (FI), 100 g/l CS(FI) 1 223. Quinalphos 1.5% DP, 25% EC, 20% AF, 5%Gr 4 224. Quizalofop ethyl 10% EC, (FI), 5% EC (FI), 15.0% EC (FIM) 3 225. Quizalofop-p-tefuryl 4.41% EC (FI) 1 226. S-Bioallethrin 2.4% mat 1 227. Sodium paranitrophenolate 1.8% SL(FI), 0.3% SL 2 228. Spinetoram 11.7% SC (FI) 1 229. Spinosad 45% SC, 2.5% SC 2 230. Spiromesifen 22.9% SC 1 231. Spirotetramat 15.31% OD 1 232. Streptomycin + Tetracycline 90: 10 SP 1 233. Sulfentrazone 39.6% SC 1 234. Sulfoxaflor 21.8% SC(FI) 21.8% SC(FI) 1 235. Sulfosulfuron 75% WG 1 236. Sulphur 85% DP, 80% WP, 40% SC, 80% WG/WDG , 55.16 SC 7 (800 gm / L)40%WP,52%SC 237. Tebuconazole 2.5% DS, 2% DS, 25.9%EC, 25% WG, 5.36% FS, 5.4% 6 (6.0%w/v) FS 238. Tembotrione 34.4% SC 1 239. Temephos 50% EC, 1% Sand Granules 2 240. Tetraconazole 3.8% EW (FI) 1 241. Thiacloprid 21.7% SC 1 7

242. Thifluzamide 24% SC 1 243. Thiobencarb(Benthiocarb) 50% EC, 10% Gr. 2 244. Thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate 50% SP, 4% Gr 2 245. Thiodicarb 75% WP 1 246. Thiomethoxam 25% WG, 70% WS, 30%FS, 75% SG, 0.01% Gel bait 5 247. Thiophanate-methyl 70% WP, 70% w/w WG 2 248. Thiram 80% WP, 40% FS,75%WS 3 249. Tolfenpyrad 15%EC 1 250. Topramizone 336 g/l SC(FI) 1 251. Transfluthrin 0.88% Liquid Vaporiser, 0.03% Mos. Coil, 20%MV 7 Gel(30 days mat tray), 1% FU, 1.2% LV, 1.6% LV, 12.0 % AE 252. Triallate 50% EC 1 253. T Triasulfuron 20%WG 1 254. Triazophos 40% EC, 20% EC, 20.0% WG 3 255. Trichlorfon 5% DP, 50% EC, 5% Gr. 3 256. Trichodermaviride 1% WP (CFU 2x106 gm/min), 0.5% WP, 5%WP , 3 257. Tricodermaharzianum 0.5% WS, 2.0% WP, 1.0% WP 3 258. Tricontanol 0.05% EC, 0.1% EW, 0.05% GR 3 259. Tricyclazole 75% WP, 70% WG 2 260. Triflumezopyrim 10% SC 1 261. Trifluralin 48% EC, ( All uses of this product shall be completely 1 banned except use in wheat). 262. Validamycin 3% L 1 263. Verticilliumlecanii 1.15% WP, 1.5% Liquid 2 264. Verticilliumchlamydosporium 1.00 WP 1 265. Zinc Phosphide 2% RB, 80% Powder, 1% Bait 3 266. Zineb 75%WP,80% WP, 27% Colloidal Suspension 3 267. Ziram 80% WP, 27% SC 2 Total 555

*R: Restricted

2. APPROVED FORMULATION OF COMBINATION PESTICIDES:

Sl. No. Combination Product Company A. INSECTICIDES

1. Acephate 50% + Bifenthrin 10% WDG M/s GSP Crop Science Ltd., Ahmedabad 2. Acephate 45% + Cypermethrin 5% DF M/s UPL Limited. 3. Acephate 25% + Fenvalerate 3% EC M/s Rallis India Ltd., Bangalore 4. Acephate 50% + Imidacloprid 1.8% SP M/s United Phosphorus Ltd. 5. Acephate 5% + Imidacloprid 1.1% SP M/s United Phosphorus Ltd. 6. Acetamiprid 0.4% + Chlorpyriphos 20% M/s Gharda Chemicals Ltd, EC Mumbai 7. Acetamiprid 1.1% + Cypermethrin M/s United Phosphorus Ltd. 5.5% w/w EC 8. Beta cyfluthrin 8.49% + Imidacloprid M/s Bayer Crop Science Ltd , 19.81% OD Mumbai 9. Bifenthrin 3% + Chlorpyriphos 30% w/w EC 10. Buprofezin15% + Acephate35% WP M/s. MakhteshimAgan Pvt. Ltd. 11. Buprofezin 20% + Acephate 50% w/w M/s Rallis India Ltd., WP Bangalore 12. Buprofezin 9.0% + Acephate 24.0% M/s Crystal Crop Protection w/w WP Pvt. Ltd., Delhi 13. Buprofezin 22.0% + Fipronil 3.0% SC M/s Insecticides India Ltd. 14. Cartap hydrochloride 50% + M/s Krishi Rasayan Exports Buprofezin 10% WP Pvt. Ltd. Chlorantraniliprole 4.3% + Abamectin 15. M/s Syngenta India Ltd., 1.7% w/w SC 16. Chlorantraniliprole 8.8% w/w + Thiamethoxam 17.5% w/w SC M/s Syngenta India Ltd.,

17. Chlorantraniliprole 9.3% + Lambda- M/s. Syngenta India Ltd., cyhalothrin 4.6% ZC 18. Chloropyriphos 16% + M/s Acco Industries Ltd., Alphacypermethrin 1% EC Mumbai 19. Chlorpyriphos 50% + Cypermethrin 5% M/s De-Nocil, Mumbai EC 20. Chlorpyriphos 35.0% + Fipronil 3.5% M/s Gharda Chemicals

w/w EC Limited 21. Cyantraniliprole 19.8% + Thiamethoxam M/s. Syngenta India Ltd., 19.8% FS 22. Cyfluthrin 0.025% + Tranfluthrin 0.04% M/s Bayer India 23. Cypermethrin 10% +Indoxacarb 10% M/s Gharda Chemicals EC Limited 24. Cypermethrin 3% + Quinalphos 20% EC M/s United Phosphorus Ltd., Mumbai 25. D-trans-allethrin 0.1% + Permethrin M/s ReckttBenckisar (I) Ltd. 0.03% +Imiprothroin 0.02% Aerosol 26. Deltamethrin 0.05% + Allethrin .04% L 27. Deltamethrin 0.75% +Endosulfan* 29.75% EC 28. Deltamethrin 1% + Triazophos 35% EC 29. Difenthiuron 40.1% + Acetamiprid M/s Insecticides India Pvt. 3.9% w/w Ltd., Delhi 30. Diflubenzuron 20%+ Deltamethrin 2%SC M/s. Chemtura Chemicals India Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 31. Emamectin benzoate 1.5% + Fipronil M/s Crystal crop Protection Pvt. 3.5% SC Ltd., Delhi 32. Emamectin benzoate 3.0% + M/s UPL Ltd., Mumbai Thiamethoxam 12.0%WG M/ s Insecticides India Ltd. 33. Endosulfan* 35% + Cypermethrin 5% M/s Excel Industries Ltd., EC Mumbai 34. Ethion 40% + Cypermethrin 5% EC M/s Rallis India Ltd., Bangalore. 35. Ethiprole 40% + Imidacloprid 40% (80% M/s Bayer Crop Science Ltd, WG) Mumbai 36. Fipronil 4% + Acetamiprid 4% w/w SC 37. Fipronil 7% + Hexythiazox 2% w/w SC M/s Coromandal international Ltd. 38. Fipronil 40% + Imidacloprid 40% WG M/s Bayer Crop Science Ltd, Mumbai 39. Fenobucarb 20% +Buprofezin 5% SE M/s Crystal crop Protection Pvt. Ltd., Delhi 40. Fipronil 4% Thiamethoxam 4% w/w SC M/s Parijat Industries (India) Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 41. Flubendiamide 4%+Buprofezin20%SC M/s. Rallis India Ltd. Bangalore 42. Hexaconazole 4.0% + Carbendazim M/s Insecticides India Ltd., 16.0% SC New Delhi 43. Imidacloprid 21% + Beta-cyfluthrin M/s Bayer Crop Science Ltd,

10.5% SC Mumbai 44. Imidacloprid 18.5% + Hexaconazole M/s Rallis India Ltd., 1.5% FS (Seed Dresser) Bangalore 45. Imidacloprid 6.0% + Lambda M/s Willowood Chemical Pvt. cyhalothrin 4.0% SL Ltd. 46. Imiprothrin 0.05% + Cypermethrin M/s Godrej Consumer 1.0% CL Products Ltd., Mumbai 47. Imiprothrin 0.07% + Cypermethrin M/s Godrej Consumer 0.20% Aerosol Products Ltd., Mumbai 48. Imiprothrin 0.1% + Cyphenothrin 0.15% 49. Indoxacarb 14.5% + Acetamiprid7.7% M/s Rallis India Ltd., SC Bangalore. 50. Isoprothiolane 28% + Fipronil 5% w/w M/s Parijat Industries (India) EC Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 51. Methyl bromide 98% + chlorpicrin 2% 52. Novaluron 5.25% + Indoxacarb 4.5% SC M/s MakhteshimAgan India Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad 53. Novaluron 5.25% + Emamectin M/s. ADAMA India Pvt. Ltd., benzoate 0.9% w/w SC 54. Phosalone 24% + Cypermethrin 5% EC M/s Aventis CropscienceLtd.. 55. Phosphamidon 40% + Imidacloprid 2% M/s United Phosphorus Ltd. SP 56. Profenofos 40% + Cypermethrin 4% EC M/s Syngenta India Limited, Pune 57. Profenofos 40% + Fenpyroximate M/s Excel Crop Care Ltd., 2.50%EC Mumbai 58. Propoxur 0.25% + Cyfluthrin 0.025% M/s Bayer India Aerosal 59. Propoxur 0.5% + Cyfluthrin 0.015% Spray 60. Propoxur 0.5% + Cyfluthrin 0.025% Spray, 61. Pyriproxyfen 10% + Bifenthrin 10% M/s Parijat Industries (India) w/w SC Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 62. Pyriproxyfen 10% + Bifenthrin 10% M/s Parijat Industries (India) w/w EC Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 63. Pyriproxyfen 5.0% + Diafenthiuron M/s GSP crop life Pvt Ltd. 25% SE 64. Pyriproxyfen 5% + Fenpropathrin 15% M/s Sumitomo Chemical India EC Pvt. Ltd. M/s Bayer CropScience Ltd., 65. Spirotetramat 11.01% w/w + Imidacloprid Mumbai 11

11.01% w/w SC (FIM)

66. Thiamethoxam 12.6% + Lambda- M/s Syngenta India Ltd. cyhalothrin 9.5% ZC 67. Thiamethoxam 1.0% w/w + M/s Syngenta India Ltd., Pune Chlorantraniliprole 0.5% w/w GR

B. FUNGICIDES 1. Ametoctradin 27% + Dimethomorph BASF India Ltd.,, Mumbai 20.27 %SC 2. Azoxystrobin 4.8% w/w + M/s Syngenta India Ltd. Chlorothalonil 40.0% w/w SC 3. Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Cyproconazole M/s Syngenta India Ltd. 7.3% w/w SC 4. Azoxystrobin 8.3%+ Mancozeb 66.7% M/s United Phosphorus Ltd., WG 5. Azoxystrobin11.5%+ Mancozeb30.0% M/s Crystal Crop Protection WG Pvt. Ltd., Delhi 6. Azoxystrobin16.7%+ Tricyclazole 33.3% M/s Crystal Crop Protection SC Pvt. Ltd., Delhi 7. Azoxystrobin 11.0%+ Tebuconazole M/s GSP Crop Science Pvt. 18.3% SC Ltd., Ahmedabad 8. Azoxystrobin 12.5%+ Tebuconazole M/s Excel Crop careltd. 12.5% SC Mumbai 9. Azoxystrobin 7.1 % + Propiconazole M/s AdamaMakhteshimLtd.. 11.9% SE (Import) 10. Benalaxyl-M 4.0% + Mancozeb 65.0% Ms Isagro (Asia ) WP Agrochemical Pvt. Ltd. 11. Benalaxyl 8.0 % + Mancozeb 65% WP M/s FMC India Ltd. 12. Boscalid 25.2+ Pyraclostrobin 12.8% WG M/s BASF India Ltd., Mumbai 13. Captan 70%+Hexaconazole5%WP 14. Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% M/s United Phosphorus Ltd., WP Mumbai 15. Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% M/s United Phosphorus Ltd., WS Mumbai 16. Carbendazim 1.92% + Mancozeb M/s United Phosphorus Ltd., 10.08% GR Mumbai 17. Carbendazim 25% + Mancozeb 50%WS M/s Indofil Industries Ltd. 18. Carbendazim 25% Flusilazole 12.5% SE M/s DhanukaAgritech Ltd. 19. Carboxin 17.5% + Thiram 17.5% FF M/s Chemchura Chemical Pvt. Ltd. 20. Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% WS M/s Crompton Specialaties 12

Asia Pacific. 21. Carfentrazone Ethyl 20% + M/s FMC India Pvt. Ltd., Sulfosulfuron 25% WG Bangalore 22. Cartap hydrochloride 4% + Fipronil M/s Willowood Chemicals 0.5% w/w CG Pvt. Ltd., 23. Copper Sulphate47.15 % + UPL Ltd. Mumbai Mancozeb30 % WDG 24. Cymoxanil 8%+Mancozeb 64% WP 25. Dimethomorph 12% + Pyraclostrobin M/s. BASF India Pvt. Ltd., 6.7% WG (FI) Mumbai 26. Famoxadone 16.6% + Cymoxanil 22.1% M/s EI Dupont India Pvt. Ltd, SC Gurgaon 27. Fenamidone 10% + Mancozeb 50% M/s Bayer Crop Science Ltd WDG(FI) 28. Fenamidone 4.44% + Fosetyl-Al M/s Bayer Crop Science Ltd 66.66% WDG(FI) 29. Fluocoplide 4.44% + Fosetyl-Al 66.66% M/s Bayer Crop Science Ltd WDG(FI) 30. Fluopicolide 5.56% w/w + Propamocarb M/s Bayer Crop Science Ltd hydrochloride 55.6% w/w SC 31. Fluopyram 17.7 % + Tebuconazole 17.7% M/s Bayer CropScience Ltd., SC Mumbai 32. Fluxapyroxad 250 g/l + Pyraclostrobin M/s BASF India Ltd., Mumbai 250 g/l SC(FI) 33. Fluxapyroxad 167 g/L + M/s BASF India Ltd., Mumbai Pyraclostrobin 333g/l SC (FI)

34. fluxapyroxad 62.5 g/l + epoxiconazole M/s BASF India Ltd., Mumbai 62.5 g/l EC 35. Hexaconazole 4% + Carbendazim 16% M/s Insecticide India Ltd. w/w SC 36. Hexaconazole 5% + Validamycin 2.5% M/s Willowood chem. Pvt ltd. SC 37. Hexaconazole 4% + Zineb 68% WP M/s Indofil Industries Ltd. 38. Improvalicarb 5.5% + Propineb 61.25% M/s Bayer Crop Science Ltd WP 39. Iprodion 25% + Carbendazim 25% WP M/s Aventis Cropscience Ltd., Mumbai 40. Kasugamycin 5% + Copper Oxychloride M/s. DhanukaAgritech Ltd. 45% WP 41. Mancozeb 40% +Azoxytrobin 7.0% M/s Coromandel w/w OS International Ltd., Telangana 42. Mandipropamid 5.0% w/w + M/s Syngenta India Limited'

Mancozeb 60.0% w/w WG ( FI) 43. Metalaxyl –M 3.3% + Chlorothalonil M/s Syngenta India Ltd., 33.1% SC 44. Metalaxyl -M 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP M/s Syngenta India Ltd, Pune 45. Metalaxyl-M 4% + Mancozeb 64% WP M/s Syngenta India Ltd. 46. Metiram 55% + Pyraclostrobin 5% WG M/s BASF India Ltd. (FI) 47. Metiram 44% + Dimethomorph 9% M/s BASF India Ltd. w/w WG (FI) 48. Penflufen l3.28% w/w + Trifloxystrobin M/s Bayer Cpyriproamrop 13.28 w/w FS Science Ltd 49. Picoxystrobin 6.78 %+ Tricyclazole M/s E.I. Dupont India private 20.33% SC Ltd, 50. Picoxystrobin 7.05 % +Propiconazole M/s E.I. Dupont India private 11.71%SC Ltd, 51. Propiconazole 10.7% + Tricyclazole M/s Syngenta India Ltd, Pune 34.2% SE 52. Propiconazole 13.9% + Difenoconazole M/s Syngenta India Ltd. 13.9% EC 53. Propineb 54.2%+ Tricyclazole 15.0% M/s Coromandel WP International Ltd., Telangana 54. Pyroclostrobin 133g/l+ Epoxiconazole M/s BASF India Ltd. 50 g/l (w/v) SE(FI) 55. Pyrithiobac Sodium 6% + Quizalofop M/s Godrej Agrovet Ltd., Ethyl 4% w/w EC Mumbai 56. Quizalofop ethyl 10% EC + M/s. DhanukaAgritech Ltd., Chlorimuron ethyl 25% WP + New Delhi Surfactant (0.2) Twin pack 57. Quizalofop ethyl 4% + Pyrithiobac M/s Godrej Agrovet Ltd., sodium 6.0% w/w EC Mumbai 58. Streptomycin + Tetracycline (90+10) M/s Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd., Mumbai 59. Tebuconazole 6.7% + Captan 26.9% w/w M/s. ADAMA India Pvt. Ltd., SC 60. Tebuconazole 10% + Sulphur 65% WG M/s Excel Crop Care Ltd., Mumbai 61. Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin M/s Bayer Crop Science Ltd., 25% WG (FI) Mumbai 62. Thiophanate Methyl 450 M/s. B ASF India Ltd. g/L+Pyroclostrobin 50 g/L FS (FI) 63. Triafamone 20% w/w + Ethoxysulfuron M/s Bayer Crop Science Ltd., 10% WG % w/w SC 390 RC Mumbai 64. Tricyclazole 45% + Hexaconazole 10% M/s Indofil Industries Ltd. 14

WG 65. Tricyclazole 18.0 w/w + Tebuconazole M/s Dow Agroscience India 14.4% w/w SC pvt ltd., Mumbai 66. Tricyclazole 18% + Mancozeb 62% WP M/s Indofil Industries Ltd.

C. HERBICIDES 1. Anilofos 24% + 2, 4-D 32% EC M/s Aventis Cropscience Ltd., Mumbai 2. Bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + Pretilachlor M/s NagarjunaAgrichem 6% Gr 3. Carfentrazone-ethyl 20% + M/s FMC India Pvt. Ltd., sulfosulfuron 25% WG

4. Carfentrazone ethyl 0.43% + Glyphosate M/s FMC India PVt. Ltd., 30.82% w/w EW Bangalore

5. Clodinafoppropargyl 9% + Metribuzin M/s. Crystal Plant Protection 20% WP P. Ltd. 6. Clodinafop-propargyl 15% + M/s United Phosphorus Ltd. Metsulfuran methyl 1% WP 7. Clodinafop-propargyl 16.5% + Sodium M/s United Phosphorus Ltd. acifluorfen 8%WP 8. Clomazone 20% + 2,4-diethyl ester M/s FMC India Pvt. Ltd. 30% EC 9. Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 7.77%+ M/s Bayer Crop Science Ltd, Metribuzin 13.6% EC Mumbai 10. Fluxapyzoxad 62.5% g/L + M/s BASF India Ltd., Mumbai Epoxyconazole 62.5% g/L EC 11. Fomesafen 11.1% w/w + Fluazifop-p-butyl 11.1% w/w SL M/s Syngenta India Ltd., Pune

12. Hexazinone 13.2% + Diuron 46.8% M/s EI Dupont India Pvt. Ltd., WP(FI) Gurgaon 13. Imazamox 35% + Imazethapyr 35% M/s BASF India Ltd., Mumbai WG(FI) 14. Imazethapyr 2%+Pendimethalin 30%EC M/s. BASF India Ltd. Mumbai 15. Indaziflam 1.65% + Glyphosate- M/s Bayer Crop Science Ltd., Isopropyl ammonium 44.63% SC (FI) Thane 16. Metsulfuron Methyl 10% + carfentrazone M/s E. I. DuPont India Pvt. ethyl 40% DF Ltd. Gurgaon

17. Mesosulfuron-methyl 3% + M/s Bayer Crop Science Ltd Idosulfuron-methyl sodium 0.6% WG

(FI) 18. Metfulfuron Methyl 10% + M/s E.I. Dupont India Ltd., Chlorimuron Ethyl 10% WP Gurgaon. 19. Metribuzin 42% + Clodinafoppropargyl M/s United Phosphorus Ltd. 12% + WG 20. Oxyfluorfen 2.5% + Isopropyl amine M/s. ADAMA India Pvt. Ltd., salt of Glyphosate 41% SC 21. Penoxsulam 0.97% w/w + Butachlor M/s Dow Agroscience India 38.87% w/w SE pvt ltd., Mumbai 22. Penoxsulam 1.02% + Cyhalofop butyl M/s Dow Agroscience India 5.1 % OD pvt ltd., Mumbai 23. Pretilachlor 6% + Pyrazosulfuron ethyl M/s United Phosphorus Ltd., 0.15% GR 24. Propaquizafop 5% + Oxyfluorofen 12% M/s. Adama India Pvt. Ltd., EC 25. Propaquizafop 2.5% + Imazethayper M/s ADAMA India Pvt. Ltd., 3.75% w/w ME Hyderabad

26. Sodium Aceflourofen 16.5% + M/s United Phosphorus Ltd., Clodinafop-propargyl 8% EC (FI) 27. Sulfosulfuron 75% + Metsulfuron 5% M/s United Phosphorus Ltd., WDG D. INSECTICIDE + FUNGICIDE 1. Flubendiamide 3.5% + Hexaconzole M/s Rallis India Ltd., 5% WG 2. Imidacloprid 18.5% + Hexaconzole M/s Rallis India Ltd., 1.5% FS

Total Formulation Registered : 717

ANNEXURE-III

LIST OF PESTICIDES WHICH ARE BANNED, REFUSED REGISTRATION AND RESTRICTED FOR USE IN THE COUNTRY As on 19.03.2019

ANNEXURE-III

I. PESTICIDES / FORMULATIONS BANNED IN INDIA

Pesticides Banned for manufacture, import and use . 1. Aldicarb (vide S.O. 682 (E) dated 17th July 2001) 2. Aldrin 3. Benzene Hexachloride 4. Benomyl (vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018) 5. Calcium Cyanide 6. Carbaryl (vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018) 7. Chlorbenzilate (vide S.O. 682 (E) dated 17th July 2001) 8. Chlordane 9. Chlorofenvinphos 10. Copper Acetoarsenite 11. Diazinon (vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018) 12. Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) (vide S.O. 569 (E) dated 25th July 1989) 13. Dieldrin (vide S.O. 682 (E) dated 17th July 2001) 14. Endosulfron (vide ad-Interim order of the Supreme Court of India in the Writ Petition (Civil) No. 213 of 2011 dated 13th May, 2011 and finally A. disposed of dated 10th January, 2017) 15. Endrin 16. Ethyl Mercury Chloride 17. Ethyl Parathion 18. Ethylene Dibromide (EDB) (vide S.O. 682 (E) dated 17th July 2001) 19. Fenarimol (vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018) 20. Fenthion (vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018) 21. Heptachlor 22. Lindane (Gamma-HCH) 23. Linuron (vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018) 24. Maleic Hydrazide (vide S.O. 682 (E) dated 17th July 2001) 25. Menazon 26. Methoxy Ethyl Mercury Chloride (vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018) 27. Methyl Parathion (vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018) 28. Metoxuron 29. Nitrofen ANNEXURE-III

30. Paraquat Dimethyl Sulphate 31. Pentachloro Nitrobenzene (PCNB) (vide S.O. 569 (E) dated 25th July 1989) 32. Pentachlorophenol 33. Phenyl Mercury Acetate 34. Sodium Cyanide ( banned for Insecticidal purpose only vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018)* 35. Sodium Methane Arsonate 36. Tetradifon 37 Thiometon (vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018) 38. Toxaphene(Camphechlor) (vide S.O. 569 (E) dated 25th July 1989) 39. Tridemorph (vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018) 40. Trichloro acetic acid (TCA) (vide S.O. 682 (E) dated 17th July 2001) Pesticide formulations banned for import, manufacture and use 1. Carbofuron 50% SP (vide S.O. 678 (E) dated 17th July 2001)

B. 2. Methomyl 12.5% L 3. Methomyl 24% formulation 4. Phosphamidon 85% SL C. Pesticide / Pesticide formulations banned for use but continued to manufacture for export 1. Captafol 80% Powder (vide S.O. 679 (E) dated 17th July 2001) 2. Nicotin Sulfate Pesticides Withdrawn (Withdrawal may become inoperative as soon as required complete data as per the guidelines is generated and submitted by the Pesticides Industry to the Government and accepted by the Registration Committee. (S.O 915(E) dated 15th Jun,2006) 1. Dalapon 2. Ferbam 3. Formothion D. 4. Nickel Chloride 5. Paradichlorobenzene (PDCB) 6. Simazine 7. Sirmate (S.O. 2485 (E) dated 24th September 2014)

8. Warfarin (vide S.O. 915 (E) dated 15th June 2006)

* Regulation to be continued in the extant manner for non-insecticidal uses.

ANNEXURE-III

II. PESTICIDES REFUSED REGISTRATION

S.No. Name of Pesticides

1. 2,4, 5-T

2. Ammonium Sulphamate 3. Azinphos Ethyl 4. Azinphos Methyl 5. Binapacryl 6. Calcium Arsenate 7. Carbophenothion 8. Chinomethionate (Morestan) 9. Dicrotophos 10. EPN 11. Fentin Acetate 12. Fentin Hydroxide 13. Lead Arsenate 14. Leptophos (Phosvel) 15. Mephosfolan 16. Mevinphos (Phosdrin) 17. Thiodemeton / Disulfoton 18. Vamidothion

ANNEXURE-III

III. PESTICIDES RESTRICTED FOR USE IN THE COUNTRY

Details of Restrictions S.No. Name of Pesticides

The Pest Control Operations with Aluminium Phosphide may be undertaken only by Govt./Govt. undertakings / Govt. Organizations / pest control operators under the strict supervision of Govt. Experts or experts whose expertise is approved by the Plant Protection Advisor to Govt. of India except 1Aluminium Phosphide 15 % 12 g tablet and 2Aluminum Phosphide 6 % tablet. [RC decision circular F No. 1. Aluminium Phosphide 14-11(2)-CIR-II (Vol. II) dated 21-09-1984 and G.S.R. 371(E) dated 20th may 1999]. 1Decision of 282nd RC held on 02-11-2007 and, 2Decision of 326th RC held on 15-02-2012.

The production, marketing and use of Aluminium Phosphide tube packs with a capacity of 10 and 20 tablets of 3 g each of Aluminium Phosphide are banned completely. (S.O.677 (E) dated 17thJuly, 2001) The use of Captafol as foliar spray is banned. Captafol shall be used only as seed dresser. (S.O.569 (E) dated 25thJuly, 1989)

2. Captafol The manufacture of Captafol 80 % powder for dry seed treatment (DS) is banned for use in the country except manufacture for export. (S.O.679 (E) dated 17thJuly, 2001)

Cypermethrin 3 % Smoke Generator is to be used only through Pest Control Operators and not allowed to be used by the General Public. [Order 3. Cypermethrin of Hon,ble High Court of Delhi in WP(C) 10052 of 2009 dated 1407-2009 and LPA-429/2009 dated 08-09-2009] The use of Dazomet is not permitted on Tea. 4. Dazomet (S.O.3006 (E) dated 31st Dec, 2008) ANNEXURE-III

The use of DDT for the domestic Public Health Programme is restricted up to 10,000 Metric Tonnes per annum, except in case of any major outbreak of epidemic. M/s Hindustan Insecticides Ltd., the sole manufacturer of DDT in the country may manufactureDDT for export to other countries for use in vector control for public health purpose. The export of DDT to Parties and State non-Parties shall be strictly in accordance with the paragraph 2(b) article 3 of the Stockholm Dichloro Diphenyl 5. Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants Trichloroethane (DDT) (POPs). (S.O.295 (E) dated 8th March, 2006)

Use of DDT in Agriculture is withdrawn. In very special circumstances warranting the use of DDT for plant protection work, the state or central Govt. may purchase it directly from M/s Hindustan Insecticides Ltd. to be used under expert Governmental supervision. (S.O.378 (E) dated 26thMay, 1989) The use of Fenitrothion is banned in Agriculture except for locust control in scheduled desert area 6. Fenitrothion and public health. (S.O.706 (E) dated 03rdMay, 2007)

Methyl Bromide may be used only by Govt./Govt. undertakings/Govt. Organizations / Pest control operators under the strict supervision of Govt. 7. Methyl Bromide Experts or Experts whose expertise is approved by the Plant Protection Advisor to Govt. of India. [G.S.R.371 (E) dated 20thMay, 1999 and earlier RC decision] Monocrotophos is banned for use on vegetables. 8. Monocrotophos (S.O.1482 (E) dated 10thOct, 2005)

(vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018)

(i) The Registration, import, manufacture, formulation, transport, sell and its all uses except use in wheat shall be prohibited and completely banned from date of publication of 9. Trifluralin this Order. (ii) (ii) A cautionary statement has to be incorporated in the label and leaflet that it is toxic to aquatic organism, hence should not be used near water bodies, aquaculture or pisciculture area.

ANNEXURE-III

IV. PESTICIDES WHICH SHALL BE PHASED OUT VIDE GAZETTE NOTIFICATION NO. S.O. 3951 (E).

S. Name of the Insecticides to be phase out by 31st December, 2020 No. pesticide 1 Alachlor (i) No new certificate of registration to manufacture shall be issued after publication of this Order. (ii) No person shall import, manufacture or formulate Alachlor with effect from the 1st January, 2019. (iii) The use of Alachlor shall be completely banned with effect from the 31st December, 2020. (iv) It is toxic to aquatic organism, hence a cautionary statement should be incorporatedon label and leaflets “ toxic to aquatic organism hence should not be used near water bodies, aquaculture or pisciculture area. 2 Dichlorovos (i) No new certificate of registration to manufacture shall be issued after publication of this Order. (ii) No person shall import, manufacture or formulate dichlorvos with effect from the January, 2019. (iii) The use of dichlorvos shall be completely banned with effect from the 31st December, 2020. (iv) It is very toxic to aquatic organism, hence a cautionary statement should be incorporated on label and leaflets that it is toxic to aquatic organism, hence should not be used near water bodies, aquaculture or pisciculture area. (v) A warning may be incorporated in the label and leaflet stating that this product is toxic to honey bees so do not spray during active honey bees foraging period of the day. 3 Phorate (i) No new certificate of registration to manufacture shall be issued after publication of this Order. (ii) No person shall import, manufacture or formulate Phorate with effect from the 1st January, 2019. (iii) The use of Phorate shall be completely banned with effect from the 31st December, 2020. (iv) It is very toxic to aquatic organism, hence a cautionary statement should be incorporated on label and leaflets that it is toxic to aquatic organism, hence should not be used near water bodies, aquaculture or pisciculture area. (v) A warning may be incorporated in the label and leaflet stating that this product is toxic to honey bees so do not spray during active honey bees foraging period of the day. (vi) A cautionary statement should incorporate in label and leaflet that this product is toxic to birds. ANNEXURE-III

4 Phosphamidon (i) No new certificate of registration to manufacture shall be issued after publication of this Order. (ii) No person shall import, manufacture or formulate Phosphamidon with effect from the 1st January, 2019. (iii) The use of Phosphamidon shall be completely banned with effect from the 31st December, 2020. (iv) It is very toxic to aquatic organism, hence a cautionary statement should be incorporated on label and leaflets that it is toxic to aquatic organism, hence should not be used near water bodies, aquaculture or pisciculture area. (v) A warning may be incorporated in the label and leaflet stating that this product is toxic to honey bees so do not spray during active honey bees foraging period of the day. (vi) A cautionary statement should incorporate in label and leaflet that this product is toxic to birds. 5 Triazophos (i) No new certificate of registration to manufacture shall be issued after publication of this Order. (ii) No person shall import, manufacture or formulate Triazophos with effect from the 1 st January, 2019. (iii) The use of Triazophos shall be completely banned with effect from the 31st December, 2020. (iv) It is very toxic to aquatic organism, hence a cautionary statement should be incorporated on label and leaflets that it is toxic to aquatic organism, hence should not be used near water bodies, aquaculture or pisciculture area. (v) A warning may be incorporated in the label and leaflet stating that this product is toxic to honey bees so do not spray during active honey bees foraging period of the day (vi) A cautionary statement should incorporate in label and leaflet that this product is toxic to birds 6 Trichlorfon (i) No new certificate of registration to manufacture shall be issued after publication of this Order. (ii) No person shall import, manufacture or formulate Trichlorfon with effect from the 1 st January, 2019. (iii) The use Trichlorfon shall be completely banned with effect from the 31st December, 2020. (iv) It is very toxic to aquatic organism, hence a cautionary statement should be incorporated on label and leaflets that it is toxic to aquatic organism, hence should not be used near water bodies, aquaculture or pisciculture area. (v) A cautionary statement should incorporate in label and leaflet that this product is toxic to birds.

ANNEXURE-IV

LIST OF REGISTERED PESTICIDES FOR HOUSE HOLD USE FOR BUILDINGS AND FOR PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAM FOR USE IN THE COUNTRY AS ON 20.10.2015 ANNEXURE-IV

A. INSECTICIDES APPROVED BY THE REGISTRATION COMMITTEE TO CONTROL HOUSEHOLD PESTS IN HOUSES UNDER THE INSECTICIDES ACT, 1968 S.N Name of the Pesticide Formulation o. 1. Allethrin 0.2% Coil, 0.5% Coil, 4% Mat, 3.6% Liquid Vaporizer, 0.5% Aerosol 2. Alphacypermethrin 0.5% chalk, 0.1% RTU, 5% WP 3. Beta Cyfluthrin 2.45% SC 4. Bifenthrin 0.05% Mosquito Coil 5. Cyfluthrin 5% EW, 10% WP 6. Cyfluthrin 0.025% + Aerosol Transfluthrin 0.04% water based Aerosol 7. Cypermethrin 3% Smoke generator, 1% chalk, 0.1% Aqueous 8. Cypermethrin 0.11% + Aerosol Pyrethrin 0.2% Aerosol 9. Cyphenothrin 5% EC 10. Cyphenothrin 0.3% + d- Aerosol allethrin 0.2% Aerosol 11. Deltamethrin 0.5% chalk, 1.25% ULV, 2.5% Flow, 0.5% tablet bait, 1% RTU 12. Deltamethrin 0.02% + Allethrin 0.13% Aerosol 13. Deltamethrin 0.05% + Allethrin 0.04% LV 14. Deltamethrin 2.5% + Allethrin (to be used only by pest control 2.0% Liquid Concentrate operators, Government establishments, Government agencies for large scale disinfections) 15. Diazinon 25% Micro Encapsulation 16. Diazinon 0.5% + Pyrethrum 0.1% Spray 17. Diflubenzuron 2% GR, 2% Tablet, 25% WP 18. d-trans allethrin 2% Mat, 0.1% Coil 19. Fenitrothion 2% Spray, 20% OL 20. Fenthion 2% Spray 21. Fipronil 0.05% Gel 22. Forchlorfenuzon (CPPU) 0.1% Liquid 23. Imidacloprid 2.15% Gel 24. Imiprothrin 0.1% + Cyphenothrin 0.13% Aerosol 25. Lambda cyhalothrin 10% WP, 0.5% Chalk, 2.43% CS (Impregnated Bed Nets for vector control) 26. Lindane 0.05% + Pyrethrin ANNEXURE-IV

0.05% Spray 27. Malathion 2% Spray, 5% Spray 28. Malathion 1% + Pyrethrum 0.05% Spray 29. Metofluthrin 0.005% M.coil (6 Hrs.) 30. Permethrin 5% SG 31. Pirimiphosmethyl 1% Spray 32. Prallethrin 0.05% Coil, 0.04% Coil, 0.5% Mat, 0.8% Mat, 1% red Mat, 1.2% Mat, 1.6% liquid Vaporizer, 0.8% Liquid Vaporizer, 19% VP, 2.4% LV 33. Propetamphos 1% Spray 34. Propoxur 20% EC, 1% Spray, 2% Aerosol, 2% Bait 35. Propoxur 0.5% + Cyfluthrin 0.025% Spray 36. Propoxur 0.75% + Cyfluthrin 0.025% Aerosol 37. Propoxur 1% + Cyfluthrin 0.025% Aerosol 38. Pyrethrin 0.02% + Lindane 0.02% + Piperonyl butoxide 0.5% Spray 39. Pyrethrin 0.02% + Lindane 0.5% + Piperonyl butoxide 0.02% Spray 40. Pyrethrin 0.02% + Malathion 0.05% + Piperonyl butoxide 0.5% Aerosol 41. Pyrethrin 0.05% + Malathion 1% 42. Pyrethrin 0.05% + Piperonyl butoxide 0.50% Spray 43. Pyrethrum 0.2% Aerosol 44. S-Bioallethrin 2.4% Mat 45. Transfluthrin 0.88% Liquid, 20% MV Gel(30 days mat tray), 1.6% LV, 1.2 % LV

B. INSECTICIDES APPROVED BY THE REGISTRATION COMMITTEE FOR PROTECTING BUILDINGS FROM TERMITES

S.N Insecticide Dosage o. 1. Bifenthrin 2.5% EC 20 ml in 1 liter water

2. Chlorpyriphos 50% EC , 20% EC 50 ml in 5 liter water

3. Ethion 50% EC 50 ml in 5 liter water ANNEXURE-IV

4. Imidacloprid 30.50% SC 10.5 ml in 5 liter water

C. INSECTICIDES APPROVED BY THE REGISTRATION COMMITTEE TO CONTROL TERMITES IN AGRICULTURAL CROPS UNDER THE INSECTICIDES ACT, 1968

Sl.N Insecticide Formulation o. 1 Chlorpyriphos 20 EC 2. Endosulfan 35 EC, 4% DP 3. Imidacloprid 17.8% SL 4. Clothianidin 50% WDG

D. INSECTICIDES APPROVED BY THE REGISTRATION COMMITTEE FOR THE CONTROL OF STORED GRAIN PESTS UNDER THE INSECTICIDES ACT, 1968 S.No Insecticide Formulation . 1. *Aluminium Phosphide 56% m/m 2. *Aluminium Phosphide 15% Tablet, 6% Tablet 3. Alluminium Phosphide 77.5% GR. 4. Deltamethrin 2.5% WP 5. *Methyl Bromide Technical Technical

6. Methyl Bromide 98% + Chloropicrin 2% w/w Fumigant 7. Ethylene dichloride + Carbon Tetrachloride (3:1)

(*To be used by Govt. approved agencies under expert supervision only)

E. INSECTICIDES AND THEIR FORMULATIONS APPROVED BY THE REGISTRATION COMMITTEE FOR RODENT CONTROL IN FIELD AND HOUSE/GODOWN UNDER THE INSECTICIDES ACT, 1968

Sl. Insecticide Formulation No. 1. Bromadiolone 0.005% RB, 0.25%CB 2. Coumatetralyl 0.0375% Bait 3. Warfarin 0.5% (HH),0.025%w/w 4. Zinc Phosphide Technical, 2%RB 5. Barium carbonate 10-20% Tech. mixed with bait

F. BIOPESTICIDES APPROVED FOR MOSQUITO CONTROL UNDER PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMME. ANNEXURE-IV

Sl. Name of bio Habitat Mosquito Dosage No. pesticide and species and formulation stage 1. Bacillus Paddy fields, Anopheles 10 lit in 500 Thuringie Ponds, Pools larvae ltr nsis var. water/ha Israelensi Drains, Cesspits, Culex larvae 5 lit in 500 ltr s Casuarina pits, water/ha Serotype H-14 Disused wells (AS) Tree holes, Aedes larvae 10 lit in 500 Disused tyres ltr water/ha 2. Bacillus Clean water, Anopheles 1-2 lit/ha Thuringiensis var. Cement tanks larvae Israelensis Polluted water, Culex larvae 2-4 lit/ha Serotype H-14 12 Cesspits, Cement AS tanks, Stagnant and flowing drains 3. Bacillus Drains, Cesspits, Anopheles 112 lit in Sphaericus 1593 Cesspools, Paddy and Culex 1120 lit M serotype H-5a fields, Ponds larvae water/ha 5b 1.3 FC Cesuarian pits, Anopheles 112 lit in Unused wells, and 1120 ltr Unused overhead Culex larvae water/ha tanks, Domestic wells (not for drinking purpose) 4. Bacillus Water surface of Anopheles 0.5 g/m2 Thuringiensis var. any habitat and Culex Israelensis strain larvae 164, Serotype H- 14 (WP) 5. Bacillus River bed pool, Anopheles 0.5 g/m2 Thuringiensis Cement tanks, and Culex sub sp. Pokhars, Small larvae Israelensis 5% kaccha or cement WP, serotype H- tanks with low 14 walls, Pits and ditches, Paddy fields, Semi polluted pits, Ornamental fountains, Flood prone polluted cesspits and ditches, Drains with polluted stagnant or flowing very slowly ANNEXURE-IV

Septic tanks Anopheles 1.0 g/m2 and Culex larvae

G. INSECTICIDES APPROVED FOR MOSQUITO CONTROL UNDER PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMME.

Sl. Name of Habitat Stage Dosage N Insecticide of the Active Formulation o. and mosqui Ingredie formulation toe nt 1. Alpha Public health Adult 25-40 0.5-0.8 g in Cypermethrin use-out door mg/m2 20 ml 5% WP water/m2 In houses – in Adult 25-40 0.5-0.8 g in door mg/m2 20 ml water/m2 2. Bifenthrin 10% Indoor spray Adult 25 mg/m2 0.250 g in 20 WP ml water/m2 3. Chlorpyrifos Public health use Adult 500 1.25 ml in 50 Methyl 40% EC -in human mg/m2 ml water/m2 dwellings 4. Cyfluthrin 10% Public health use Adult 25 mg/m2 0.25 g in 20 WP ml water/m2 In houses by Adult 20 mg/m2 0.20 g in 50 spray ml water/m2 Cyfluthrin 5% In houses by Adult 0.02 g/m2 0.4 ml in 50 EW spray ml water/m2 Impregnation of Adult 50 mg/m2 1 ml/m2 bed nets 5. Deltamethrin Outdoor Adult 0.5 g/ha 50 ml in 10 1.25% ULV application litre diesel Thermal fogging oil/ha Outdoor Adult 0.5 g/ha 50 ml in 0.5 application litre diesel ULV application oil/ha Indoor Adult 2.0 200 ml in 250 application g/1000 ml diesel (To be used by m3 oil/1000 m3 pest control operators, municipalities, Govt./semi Govt. institutions/agen cies, army etc.) Deltamethrin For public health Adult 12.5 - 25 500-1000 mg 2.5% WP purpose mg/m2 in 30 – 50 ml water/m2 ANNEXURE-IV

Deltamethrin Impregnation of Adult 25 mg/m2 1 ml/m2 bed 2.5% Flow polyesters, net nylon and cotton bed nets In houses, Adult 25 mg/m2 1 ml in 100 factories, ml water/m2 offices, market places, hospitals, hotels, cattle sheds etc. Deltamethrin For public health 55 mg/m2 (0.0 018% w/w) purpose {for a period of 3 years u/s 9(3)} Deltamethrin Impregnation of Adult 25 mg 1 tablet (1 g) 25% Tablet polyester, nylon per m2 or and cotton bed bed net ½ Tablet (2 g) nets / 10 m2 6. DDT 50% WP In houses by Adult 1-2 g/m2 2-4 g/m2 spray 7. Diflubenzuron Clear surface Larvae 25-50 100-200 g/ha 25% water g /ha WP Polluted surface Larvae 50-100 200-400 g/ha water g /ha Sewage pits, Larvae 1 mg/litre 4 mg/lit water soakpits, latrines, septic tanks Diflubenzuron Water bodies, Larvae 1.25-3.0 2% Cess pits, Drains GR & disused wells & pots. 8. Fenthion 2% G Banks of lakes, Larvae 100 gm 5 kg for ponds, ditches, for surface up to drains, marshes, surface 10 cm depth swamps, up to 10 and 25 kg for stagnant water, cm depth surface up to septic tanks, rice and 500 50 cm depth/ fields gm for ha surface up to 50 cm depth/ha 9. Lambdacyhalot Public health use Adult 15-30 mg 150-300 mg hrin 10% WP -outdoor /m2 in 20 ml water/m2 In houses by Adult 20 mg/m2 200 mg in 20 spray ml water/m2 ANNEXURE-IV

11 Malathion 25% In houses by Adult 2.0 8.0 g in 100 . WP spray gm/m2 ml water/m2 (To be used by Govt. Departments for public health under National Malaria Eradication Programme) 12 Primiphos Mosquitoes Larvae 12.5 g/ha 25 ml/ha in . methyl 50% EC breeding surface 225 litre water Primiphos In houses by Adult 0.5 g/100 50 ml/100 m3 methyl 1% spray m3 spray 13 Propoxur 20% In houses by Adult 200 g in 1 litre in 40 . EC spray 40 litre litre water (To be used by water Government, Semi- Government Departments only) 14 Temephos 50% Open water, Larvae 27.5- 55-112.5 . EC Swamps, 56.25 ml/ha Marshes with g/ha low organic contents Heavily polluted Larvae 27.5- 55-112.5 water with high 56.25 ml/ha organic content g/ha or vegetative Consult local cover authorities (higher dose will be required) Small area Larvae 0.1 g/m2 1 tsp in 1 treatment gallon water/25m2 (equivalent to 0.2 ml in 150 ml water/m2) Lakes, Ponds, Larvae 20 – 64.5 40 – 129 Swamps, Drains, g/ha ml/ha Ditches and other mosquitoes breeding area ANNEXURE-IV

Temephos 1% Standing water, Larvae 50-100 5 – 10 kg/ha SG Shallow ponds, g/ha Lakes, Pools and Woodland Tidal waters, Larvae 100-200 10 – 20 kg/ha Swamps, g/ha Marshes Drains, Cesspits Larvae 200-500 20 – 50 kg/ha g/ha ANNEXURE-V

ANNEXURE-V

REVISED FORMS AND FORMATS AS PER THE AMENDED INSECTICIDE RULES,1971

(CONCERNED TO PESTICIDE DEALERS) ANNEXURE-V

Appendix A REGISTER OF DATE EXPIRED PESTICIDES [See sub-rule (a) of rule 10A]

Sl. Name of Batch Date of Date of Name of Stocks Invoice Quantity Quantity How was No. Insecticides No. manufac expiry manufacturer Received from number sold balance the Technical ture and the quantity and date (give unit (Give balance with min purity/ received vide details) unit quantity formulation (give unit details) which details) disposed type and % received of? active ingredient

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Signature of the dealer with date and seal

Verified with the record and found that the above information is correct.

Place: Date ANNEXURE-V

Appendix B REGISTER FOR SALE/DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTICIDES (TECHNICAL AND FORMULATION) (INCLUDING INSECTICIDES USED IN COMMERCIAL PEST CONTROL OPERATIONS) (RECORD TO BE MAINTAIMAINTAINED INSECTICIDES WISE) [See sub rule (2) of rule 15] Particulars of the Insecticides: Registration number: Month and year:

e i h o

d t c d d Quantity (metric tons) r

i m i . n n o s c o h . d a i t a

r s

t e d f w u e e

c e v e t r b r i t e t e e i a d r e e a r s u d . r . d i c t d u d n

b d

t r u s v I i e d y , a i

t c r r e r e d e ) e i t e c d e d d v a e b v / c i s s p f a i h s t b e n r m i f n e k t x t u m e n u a

e o d r c m u a

e i c u f / n u o d l b l S.N h a e e u i n e t e o a f b d n e a r

r i c l

r a w n

o m v t t r b o m p

m o n i h c

y t e

s s p i a m h l s u e c a i s e f m l i s

r l R i t t i n s g p

c d o o t u e e

a / a a a y u , p e D c e o h h e t r / t B e d i B D o u t i e R l e h t e

w d r v m t r s t l f o

( a d b

e h n

f s o o f y t r

e o m t S o P i e

c u y u m t i e e n q n o t m n o

a l a h a v a m l i a n u D N w I B q N ANNEXURE-V

Signature Company’s seal Verified with the record and found that the above information is correct. Signature with date and seal of the Insecticides Inspector ANNEXURE-V

FORM III (On Letterhead of the Licensing Officer) LICENCE TO MANUFACTURE INSECTICIDES [See sub-rule (3) of rule 9] Or LICENCE TO SELL, STOCK OR EXHIBIT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTE INSECTICIDES, [See sub-rules (4) of rule 10] Or STOCK AND USE OF INSECTICIDES FOR COMMERCIAL PEST CONTROL OPERATIONS [See sub-rules (3A) of rule 10] (Separate licence to be issued for manufacture/sale, stock etc. / pest control operations)

1. License Number ______License to manufacture / sell, stock or exhibit for sale or distribute Insecticides(s) / carrying out commercialpest control operations in the premises situated at ______(Complete address alongwith PIN Code) is granted to M/s (Name, Complete Address, e-mail etc.,) ______as specified hereunder: -

Sl. No. Particulars Number of Date of grant Validity of of the Insecticides Certificate of of Licence, Registration Licence wherever applicable 1 2 3 4 5

2. The Insecticides(s) shall be manufactured / sell, stock or exhibit for sale or distribute Insecticides/commercialpest control operations under the direction and supervision of the following expert staff: a) For manufacture: Name(s) and designation of the expert staff (Insecticides wise, if any); and b) For sale / stock / pest control operations: Name and designation of the expert staff 3. The licence is subject to such conditions as may be specified in the rules for the time being in force underthe Insecticides Act, 1968 as well as the conditions on the certificate of registration and others as stated below.

Signature of the Licensing Officer Seal

CONDITIONS 1. This licence shall be displayed in the prominent place in the premises for which the licence is being issued and shall be produced for inspection as and when required by an Insecticides Inspector, licensing officer or any other officer authorised by the Government in this regard. 2. Any change in the name of the expert staff, named in the licence, shall forthwith be reported to the licensing officer. ANNEXURE-V

3. The licensee shall scrupulously comply with each and every condition of registration of the Insecticides(s), failing which the licence is liable to be cancelled. 4. No Insecticides shall be sold or exhibited for sale or distributed or issued for use in commercial pest control operations except in packages approved by the Registration Committee from time to time. 5. If the licensee wants to manufacture / sell, stock or exhibit for sale or distribute / stock and use for commercial pest control operations, any additional Insecticides, he may apply to the licensing officer for addition in the licence for each such Insecticides on payment of the prescribed fee. 6. For pest control operations an application for the renewal of the licence shall be made as laid down in subrule (3A) of rule 10 of the Insecticides Rules, 1971. 7. The licensee shall comply with the provisions of the Insecticides Act, 1968, and the rules made there under for the time being in force. 8. The licence also authorizes the storage and stocking of Insecticides(s) manufactured at the licensed premises, in the factory premises for sale by way of wholesale dealing by the licensee. 9. The licensee shall maintain the record of ‘date expired Insecticides’ separately in the format as per Appendix A. 10. The licensee shall maintain the record of sale /distribution of Insecticides in the format as per Appendix B and shall submit monthly return to the Licensing Officer. 11. The licensee shall maintain the stock register for technical and formulated products separately as per Appendix C1 and C2, respectively. (For manufacturer only) 12. The licensee shall submit the monthly return for technical grade and formulated Insecticides separately as per Appendix D1 and D2, respectively. ( For manufacturer only) 13. The licensee shall maintain a record of periodical medical examination of persons engaged in connection with Insecticides as per Appendix E. 14. All the registers are to be kept under secured custody by the Licensee and shall be provided for scrutiny any time to the Insecticides Inspector, Licensing Officer or any other officer authorised by the Central Government and / or the State Government. 15. Any other condition(s) as specified by the licensing officer.

Signature of the licensing officer ANNEXURE-V ANNEXURE-V

FORM IV REPORT OF INSECTICIDES ANALYST [See sub rule (3) of rule 24] Part-A Coding Portion* l. Name of the Insecticides Inspector from whom the sample has been received: 2. Serial number and date of Insecticides Inspector’s memorandum. 3.Particulars of sample: a) Name of technical grade Insecticides(s) Purported to be contained in the sample along with nominal content and type of preparation; b) Batch number. c) Date of manufacture. d) Date of expiry. (e) Date of receipt of sample in the laboratory: 4. Number or mark of identification of the sample assigned by the Insecticides inspector. 5. Packaging of the sample; a) Whether securely packed fastened and sealed. Whether the seal was on outer cover alone. c) Whether the seal was on the sample alone. d) Whether the seal was on both outer cover and the sample. e) Whether the seal was intact and unbroken. f) Whether the seal on sample and outer cover. As the case may be tallied with the specimen seal. g) Describe in general the packaging of the sample in the parcel. h) Whether the sample was found fit for analysis. 6. The above detailed sample was given Laboratory Code Number:

Signature of the Coding Officer *To be filled and signed by a notified Insecticides Analyst Laboratory In-Charge functioning as Coding Officer. Part B Analysis Portion. 7. Laboratory Code Number for sample. S.No. Test Requirement Result a) Active ingredient Enclose graphs if applicable. b) other tests i) ii)

8. Protocols of the tests applied. a) For active ingredient b) If published Bureau of Indian standards Number ANNEXURE-V

c) If not method approved by the Registration Committee d) For other tests. 9. Tests/analysis of the sample completed on: Remarks: 1. In view of the results of the tests/analysis of the sample with respect to protocols thereof, the sample is declared as ……………………………………….. 2. Photocopies of chromatograms/spectra as applicable as per protocols of test applied for standard and the sample are attached hereto.

Signature of Insecticides Analyst Seal Verification

I certify that I have analysed/caused to be analysed the aforementioned sample and declare the result of analysis to be above. Signed the ……………….day of ………………..20……..

Signature of the Insecticides Analyst Seal ANNEXURE-V

V(A): FORM OF ORDER “NOT TO DISPOSE OF ANY STOCK” [See rule 30]

Whereas, I have reason(s) to believe that the stock of following Insecticides, which is in your possession, is being stocked, for distribution, sale or exhibited for sale and used in contravention of the provisions of section ______of Insecticides Act, 1968 and/or ______of the Insecticides Rules, 1971: -

Sl. No. Name of Manufactu Batch Date of Stock Remar the red by Numbe manufa quantity ks Insectici r cture as on des with and date complet date (indicate e of units details expiry also) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I hereby require you under clause (d) of sub-section (1) of section 21 of the Insecticides Act, 1968 to stop the distribution, sales or exhibiting for sale and use of the said stock for a period of days from this______day of ______month of the year 20_____.

Insecticides Inspector Seal ANNEXURE-V

V (B): FORM OF RECEIPT FOR THE SEIZED INSECTICIDES [See rule 32]

The stock of the Insecticides(s) detailed below has this day ______of the month ______of year 20____ been seized by me under the provisions of clause (d) of sub- section (1) of section 21 of the Insecticides Act, 1968, from the premises of M/s______situated at …………………………………………………………………………………………… Sl. Name of the Manufac Batch Date of Stock Remarks No. Insecticides tured by Number manufac quantity (Mentio with ture and as on n complete date date page/foli Details like of expiry (indicate o purity, type units number of also) of formulation, the etc. stock register) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I have appended my signatures with date and seal on the page/folio number ______of the stock register of Insecticides and taken a copy thereof for record.

Date: Insecticides Inspector Seal ANNEXURE-V

V(C): INTIMATION TO PERSON/LICENSEE FROM WHOM SAMPLE IS TAKEN [See rule 33] To M/s. ______. PIN : ______I have this ______day of month ______year 20____ taken from the premises of M/s______(Sale/ stock/ distribution License number ______dated ______) situated at ______, a samples of the Insecticides specified below for the purposes of test or analysis: 1. Common name of the Insecticides: (mention complete details, like type of formulation) 2. Trade name, if any: 3. Manufactured by: 4. Registration number: 5. Marketed by: 6. Manufacturing License No. 7. Batch number: 8. Date of manufacture: 9. Date of expiry: 10. Stock before sampling: (Mention units) 11. Quantity of the sample taken: (Mention units) 12. Stock after sampling: (Mention units) 13. Folio/page number of stock register: 14. Any other relevant information:

Date: Insecticides Inspector Seal

1. Signature of witness: ______(Date, name and address) 2. Signature of witness: ______(Date, name and address)

Received one sealed portion of sample along with a copy of this Form.

Signature of the person from whom the sample is taken With date and seal ANNEXURE-VI

ANNEXURE-VI

MAJOR USES OF PESTICIDES (Registered under the Insecticides Act, 1968)

AS ON 31.05.2018

I N S E C T I C I D E S

1. Insecticides registered for agriculture use (Page No. 2 to 51). 2. Insecticides combination registered for agriculture use (Page No. 52 to 58). 3. Insecticides registered for Public Health use (Page No. 59 to 64). 4. Insecticides registered for Household use (Page No. 65 to 75).

1 ANNEXURE-VI

A PP RO V E D U S E S OF R E G I S TE R E D INSECTICIDES

Ag r i c u l t u r a l u s e ( AS ON 31.05.2018)

Abamectin 1.9%(w/w) EC Crop Common name of Dosage / ha Waiting the pest a.i (gm) Formulation Dilution in Period (gm/ml) Water (Liter) (days) Rose (Ornamental) Red Spider Mites 0.00048- 0.025-0.050 500 3 (Tetranychus urticae) 0.00096 % % Grapes Mites 0.014/L 0.75 ml/L 500-1000 3 water ACEPHATE 75% SP Cotton Jassids 292 390 500-1000 15 Boll Worms 584 780 500-1000 Safflower Aphids 584 780 500-1000 15 Rice Stem Borer, Leaf Folder, 500-750 666-1000 300-500 15 Plant Hoppers, Green Leaf Hopper.

ACEPHATE 95% SG Rice Yellow stem borer, Leaf 562.5 592 500 30 Folder, Brown Plant Hopper

ACETAMIPRID 20% SP Cotton Aphids, Jassids 10 50 500-600 15 Whiteflies 20 100 Cabbage Aphids 15 75 500-600 7 Okra Aphids 15 75 500-600 3 Chilli Thrips 10-20 50-100 500-600 3 Rice BPH 10-20 50-100 500-600 7

ALPHACYPERMETHRIN 10% EC Cotton Boll Worms 15-25 165-280 600-1000 7

ALPHACYPERMETHRIN 10% SC Cotton Boll Worms 25-30 250-300 500-1000 10

2 ANNEXURE-VI

ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE 56% 3 g tab, 10g pouch Name of Common name of Dose Exposure Aeration Waiting Commodity the pest Period period Stored Whole Rice Weevil (S.o) 3 tablets Minimum One hour of Partial Cereals and Lesser Grain Borer, Khapra (3gm) Per ton 5 Days (S.o.) aeration in case non- Seed Grains Beetle (T.g), OR 7 Days polyethylene packed 150 (T.g.) commodities allowed Millet, Pulses Rust Red Flour Beetle, by 6-8 hrs of full 3 Dry Fruits, Nuts Saw Toothed Grain gm/100m aeration. For Spices & Oil Beetle , Caddle Beetle, Drug OR polyethylene packed Seeds Store Beetle , Cigarette 10 gm Pouch commodities minimum Per aeration period is Beetle , Pulse Beetle 48hrs. The waiting ton of period for the release Commodity of stock is 48hrs in OR both the cases. 3 150 gm/100 m . Recommendation for bag stock 15 days.

Mild Products : Long Headed Floor 3 tablets/10 5 days Aeration is waiting Deoiled Cakes, Beetle, Coffee Borer, Dried (gm) per ton or Period 7 days to be 3 Rice Bran Flour, Gra Fruit Beetle, 225 gm/100m checked PH3 detector Animal & Poultry Flat Grain Beetle, strips. Food Carpet Beetle Split Pulses (Dal) & other Processed Food Empty Godowns Rice Moth, Almond 14 tablets/1000 72 hrs Aeration Period 24 & Sheds Moth, Mites, Fruit Fly, Cu ft. or 150 hrs detectors trips or 3 Granary Weevil, gm/ 100m or 4 phosphine detect tubes Caddle or Flour worm, Red pouch 10 gms should be used in the Flour Beetle, Indian Meal each/1000 premises to signal Moth, Larger cabinet CFT & or 150 safety of atmosphere. 3 Moth,Wheat Kernel Damage gm/100m in the field Cockroach.

Rodents Rodents 1 Tablet/Burrow - - Burrows

3 ANNEXURE-VI

ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE 15%, 12g tablet Stored whole cereals Rice weevil, Rust red 1 tablet (12G) Non polythene 7-14 and seed grains. flower beetle per ton or 600 Packed commodities: 3 100 m Partial-1 hour. Full-(6-8) hour. Polythene Packed commodities: Minimum 48 hrs.

Millets, pulses, dry Lesser Grain Borer, 3 5 900 g/100 m fruits, nuts, spices & Khapra Beetle, Saw oilseeds (Air tight Toothed Grain Beetle , cover or godowns) Rice Moth, Almond Moth Milled products: De- Rust red flower beetle 3 tablets / ton 48 hrs 5 oiled cakes, rice bran Flour suji meals and Saw Toothed Grain 3 48 hrs 3 900 g/100 m Crushed grain Beetle , Rice Moth, (animal & poultry Almond Moth, long feed) split headed flour beetle pulses (dals) & mites Other processed All insect pests. 14 tablets 48 hrs 3 food and Empty /1000 tons or 24 hrs 3 Godowns & Sheds 600 g/1000m (under air tight condition)

ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE 6% tablet Crop & Non-Crop Field rodents 0.72 g One tablet of 12 gm - Area a.i/Burrow /Burrow

ALUMINIUM PHOSPHIDE 77.5% GR Commodity Insect Dose/m3 Exposure Waiting Period Period Stored Grain Red rust Flour beetle, 3.35 gm 7 days 24hours Lesser grain borer, Rice Weevil, Khapra beetle AZADIRACHTIN 0.15% W/W MIN. NEEM SEED KERNEL BASED E.C.

4 ANNEXURE-VI

Cotton White fly, Bollworm - 2500 – 5000 500-1000 5 Rice Thrips, Stem borer, Brown - 1500 – 500 5 Plant hopper, 2500 Leaf folder

AZADIRACHTIN 0.3% (3000 PPM) MIN. NEEM SEED KERNEL BASED E.C. Cotton American bollworm - 4000 1000 5

AZADIRACHTIN 1% MIN. E.C. NEEM BASED. Tea Thrips - 4000-5000 450 1 Red Spider mites - 4000-5000 600 1

AZADIRACHTIN 1% (10000 PPM) MIN. NEEM BASED E.C. CONTAINING Tomato Fruit borer - 1000-1500 500 3 (Helicoverpa armigera) Brinjal Fruit and Shoot - 1000-1500 500 3 borer (Leucinodes orbonalis)

AZADIRACHTIN 0.03% MIN. NEEM OIL BASED E.C. CONTAINING Cotton Bollworm - 2500-5000 500 5 (H. Armigera), Aphids 2500-5000 500 5 Rice Leaf roller, - 2000 1000 5 Stem borer, BPH

AZADIRACHTIN 0.03% (300 PPM) NEEM OIL BASED WSP CONTAINING Bengal Pod Borer - 7 Gram (Helicoverpa armigera) Red Gram Pod Borer - 2500-5000 500-1000 7 (Melangromyza sp) Cotton Aphids, Jassids, - 2500-5000 500-1000 7 White Flies, Bollworms, Okra Fruit borer, - 2500-5000 500-1000 7 White flies Leaf Hopper 5 ANNEXURE-VI

Brinjal Shoot & Fruit - 2500-5000 500-1000 7 borer, beetles Cabbage Aphids, DBM, - 2500-5000 500-1000 7 Cabbage worm, Cabbage looper Jute Semi looper, - 2500-5000 500-1000 7 Hairy caterpillar

AZADIRACHTIN 5% W/W MIN. NEEM EXTRACT CONCENTRATES Tea Caterpillar, Pink mite - 200 400 5 Red Spider mites, Thrips Tobacco Tobacco caterpillar, - 200 400 5 Aphids Rice Brown Plant Hopper, - 200 400 5 Leaf Folder, Stem Borer Cotton White Fly, Leaf - 375 750 5 Hoppers, H.armigera, Aphids Cauliflower Spodoptera, - 200 400 5 Diamond back moth, Aphids Bhindi Leafhopper, - 200 400 5 whitefly, Aphid, Pod Borer Tomato Aphids, Whitefly, - 200 400 5 Fruit borer

BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. GALLERIAE Cabbage & Diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella) - 06-1.0 500 Cauliflower Tomato Fruit borer (H. armigera) - 1.0-1.5 500 Bhindi Fruit borer (Earias spp.) - 1.0-1.5 500 Chillies Fruit borer (spodoptera litura) - 1.5-2.0 1000 Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) - 2.0-2.5 1000 Rice Leaf folder - 1.0-3.0 1000 (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)

6 ANNEXURE-VI

BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS-K Cotton Bollworm - 750-1000 750-1000 Nil

BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SEROVAR KURSTAKI (3A, 3B, 3C) 5% WP Cotton American Bollworm 25.00-50.00 500-1000 500-1000 - Spotted Bollworm 37.50-50.00 750-100 500-1000 Red gram Pod Borer 50.00-62.50 1000-1250 500-1000 - Cabbage Diamond back moth 25.00-50.00 500-1000 500-1000 -

BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. KURSTAKI, SEROTYPE H-39, 3B, STRAIN Z-52 BIO-TECH. INTERNATIONAL Cotton Bollworms, Spodoptera 0.75-1.0 kg. 500-750 - Rice Stem borer & Leaf folder 1.50 kg. 500-750 - Gram Heliothis 0.75 kg. 500-750 Pigeon Pea Heliothis 0.75 kg. 500-750 - Soybean Spodoptera, Heliothis, 0.75 kg. 500-750 Spilosoma, Semilooper, Leaf miner Tobacco Spodoptera, Heliothis 1.50-2.00 kg. 500-750 - Castor Hairy caterpillar, Ahea janata1.00 kg. 500-750

Teak Defoliator (Hyblaea pured) 0.25-0.50% Sol. As required. Skeletonizer (Eutectona machaeralis)

BARIUM CARBONATE Places Pest Dose a.i. Godowns, Residential Premises Rats, Mice, & Field 10-20% Technical material to Public halls rodents be mixed with bait

BETA CYFLUTHRIN 2.45% SC Crop Common a.i (gm) Formulation Dilution Interval between name of the in Water last application to pest (Liter) harvest (days) Cotton Bollworm 12.5-18.75 500-750 500-1000 20

BEAUVERIA BASSIANA 1.15% W.P. Cotton Bollworm - 2000 400 - Rice Leaf folder - 2.5kg/hac 750-850 - + 7 ANNEXURE-VI

BEAUVERIA BASSIANA 1% WP STRAIN NO: NBRI – 9947 Chick pea Pod borer - 3 kg. 500 -

BEAUVERIA BASSIANA 10% SC Cabbage DBM 1-1.5 - 500-750 -

INTERNATIONAL PANAACEA LTD. STRAIN NO. IPL/BB/MI/01 Okra Fruit borer / - 3.75-5.0 kg 400-500 - spotted bollworm

BENFURACARB 3% GR Rice Stem borer, Leaf 1000 33000 20 folder, BPH

BENFURACARB 40% EC Red gram Pod borer 1000 2500 500 20

BIFENAZATE 50% WP Rose Two Spotted Mite 375 750 3000 Not applicable (Tetranychusurticae)

BIFENAZATE 22.6% SC Rose Two Spotted Mite 120 500 2000 Not applicable (Tetranychusurticae)

BIFENTHRIN 10% EC Cotton Bollworm 80 800 500 15 White Fly Rice Stem borer, leaf 50 500 500 21 folder & Green leaf hopper Sugarcane Termites 100 1000 500 10 months

BIFENTHRIN 2.5% EC

(1) Pre and post construction: Bifenthrin 2.5%EC shall be applied at 0.05% a.i. conc. i.e. 20.0ml formulated 8 ANNEXURE-VI product diluted in 1 liter of water for the control of termites in building during pre and post construction. Treatment should be as per IS 6313 (Part- 2):2001 for pre construction chemical treatment and IS 6313 (Part-3): 2001 for post construction treatment of the existing building. (2) Recommendation for use of control of Wood borer (Powder Post Beetle) in plywood, veneer and wood:

Use Method of application Dosage (a.i.) Dilution Plywood Glue Line Poisoning 10g/ meter3 of wood 400ml formulation per meter3 of wood Dipping 0.025% Solution Mix 1 lit of formulation in 99 lit of water to make 0.025% Solution Veneer Dipping 0.025% Solution Mix 1 lit of formulation in 99 lit of water to make 0.025% Solution Wood Dipping/brushing 0.025% Solution Mix 1 lit of formulation in 99 lit of water to make 0.025% Solution

BIFENTHRIN 8%SC Tea Red Spider mite, 40 500 400 11 Tea mosquito bug Apple Mites 60 7.5ml/lit 10 lit/tree 21

BROMADIOLONE 0.25% CB Paddy Field Rat, Large Bandicota 0.005 Indian house rat, Indian Field Wheat , Gram Fmioeulds e,Rat, Indian house rat 0.005 Groundnut, Field Rat, Large bandicota 0.005 Sugarcane Coconut/ Indian house rat 0.005 Bamboo Residential Field Rat, Large bandicota 0.005 premises Poultry Farm Indian House rat House mouse 0.005

BROMADIOLONE 0.005% RB Paddy Field Rat, Large Bandicota Indian 0.005 house rat Wheat Indian Field mouse Field Rat 0.005 9 ANNEXURE-VI

Gram Indian house rat, Field Rat, Indian 0.005 Groundnut, Fhoieulsde R ratt, Large bandicota 0.005 Sugarcane Coconut/ Indian house rat, Field Rat 0.005 Bamboo Large bandicota Residential Indian House rat, House mouse, 0.005 premises Poultry Indian house rat House mouse Large 0.005 Farm bandicota

BUPROFEZIN 25% SC Cotton White Fly Aphids 250 1000 500-750 20 Jassids, Thrips Chilies Yellow Mite 75-150 300-600 500-750 5 Mango Hoppers 0.025%to 1-2 ml/liter 5-15 liter 20 0.05% of water per tree Grapes Mealy bugs 250-375 1000-1500 500-1000 7 Rice BPH, GLH,WBPH 200 800 400-500 20

BUPROFEZIN 70% DF Okra Jassids 200 286 500 5

CARBARYL 5% D.P. Paddy Leaf roller/folder 1250 25000 - Brown plant hopper, 1000 20000 15 Cotton Spotted bollworm 1000 20000 8 American bollworm Pink Bollworm Sorghum EJaassrhieadsd A miphdgeids 1000 20000 8 Bhindi Jassid 1000 20000 8 Cabbage Cabbage borer 600 20000 8 Cauliflower Cabbage borer 600 12000 8

CARBARYL 10% D.P. Paddy Blue Jassid, Case worm 2500 25000 - -

10 ANNEXURE-VI

Sorghum Aphid, 2500 25000 - 41 Earhead caterpillar 2000 20000 40 Tur Plume moth, Pod fly 2000 20000 - Cotton Aphid, American 2500 25000 21 bollworm, Stem weevil Thrips Sesamum Til leaf roller 2500 25000 - Bhindi Fruit borer, Jassids 2500 25000 - Cabbage Diamond back moth 2500 25000 - Army worm

CARBARYL 4% G.R. Maize Stem borer 250 6250 0 -

CARBARYL 50% WP Maize Shoot fly 750 1500 500-1000 40 Stem Borer 700 1400 500-1000 40 Paddy Brown Plant Hopper, 1000 2000 500-1000 - Stem Borer Green Leaf Hopper 750 1500 500-1000 - Cotton Aphids, Jassids, Thrips, 1000 2000 500-1000 22 Leaf Roller, Spotted Bollworm, Pink Bollworm, American Bollworm Jute Semi Looper 1000 2000 500 22 Sorghum Hoppers, Aphids, 1000 2000 500-1000 41 Stem Borer Shoot fly 750 1500 500-1000 20 Tomato Fruit Borer 1000 2000 500-1000 8 Chillies Thrips 1000 2000 500-1000 - Brinjal Fruit Borer, Jassids 1000 2000 500-1000 5 Bhindi Fruit Borer 1000 2000 500-1000 3 Cauliflower Cabbage borer 800 1600 500-1000 8 Cabbage Cabbage Borer 800 1600 500-1000 5 Wheat Army worm 1000 2000 500 -

CARBARYL 85% W.P. Maize Stem borer 1500 1764 500-1000

11 ANNEXURE-VI

Paddy Green leaf hopper, 500 588 500-1000 Jassids Cotton Pink bollworm, 1200 1411 500-1000 Spotted bollworm, Thrips, White fly

CARBOFURAN 3% CG Barley Aphid 1000 33300 Jassids 1250 41600 Cyst nematode 1000 33300 Bajra Shoot fly 1500 50000 Sorghum Shoot fly, 1000 33300 Stem borer 250 8300 Jute Nematodes 1000 33300 Groundnut Pod borer 1500 50000 White grub 1000 33300 French bean White grub 700 23300 Potato Aphid, 500 16600 Jassids 1000 33300 Tomato White fly 1200 40000 Apple Woolly aphid 5/tree 166/tree Citrus Nematode 360 12000 Leaf miner 1500 50000 Maize Stem borer 1000 33300 Shoot fly 1000 33300 Thrips 1000 33300 Paddy Brown plant hopper 750 25000 Gall midge, Stem 750 25000 borer, GLH, Hispa 750 25000 Nematodes 1500 50000 Mustard Mustard leaf miner 2000 66600 White fly 1000 33300 Soybean Root knot nematode 1500 50000 Sugarcane Top borer 2000 66600 Bhindi Jassids 1000 33300 Chillies Aphid , Thrips 1000 33300

12 ANNEXURE-VI

Cabbage Nematode 1000 50000 Wheat Ear cockle nematode 3000 10000 Cereal cyst nematode 2000 66600 Brinjal Root knot nematode 2000 66600 Reniform nematode 2000 66600 Banana Rhizome weevil 1 g/ suckers 33g/sucker Aphid 50g/suckers 166g/sucker Nematode 1.5g/suckers 50g/suckers Peach Leaf curl aphid 1000 33300 Mandarins Soft greens scale 0.4g/plant 13.3g/plant French bean White grubs 750 23300 Grey & Stem weevil 1000 33300 Pea Shoot fly & Aphid 1000 Tea Cock chafer grub 0.3g/plant 33.10g/plant

CARBOSULFAN 6% G Rice Stem borer Gall midge 1000 16700 37 Green leaf hopper Leaf folder

CARBOSULFAN 25% EC Rice Green leaf hopper 200-250 800-1000 500-1000 14 White plant hopper Brown plant hopper Gall midge Stem borer Chilli Leaf folder 200-250 800-1000 500-1000 14 White aphid 200-250 800-1000 500-1000 8

CARBOSULFAN 25% DS Cotton Jassid, Aphids and 15 gm/kg 60gm/kg Not -- Thrips Seed. seed required

CARTAP HYDROCHLORIDE 4% GRANULES

13 ANNEXURE-VI

Rice Stem borer, 750 18750 -- -- Leaf folder, 750-1000 18750-25000 Whorl Maggot 750-1000 18750-25000

CARTAP HYDROCHLORIDE 50% SP Rice Stem borer, 500 1000 500 – 1000 -- Leaf folder

CARTAP HYDROCHLORIDE 75% SG Rice Yellow Stem borer, 318.75-375 425-500 250-500 35-89 Leaf folder

CHLORANTRANILIPROLE 18.5% SC Rice Stem borer and leaf folder 30 150 500 47 Cabbage Diamond back moth 10 50 500 3 Cotton American bollworm 30 150 500 9 Spotted bollworm Tobacco caterpillar Sugarcane Termite 100-125 500-625 1000 Early shoot borer 75 375 1000 208 Top borer 75 375 1000 Tomato Fruit borer 30 150 500 3 Chilli Fruit borer 30 150 500 3 Brinjal Shoot & Fruit borer 40 200 500-750 22 Pigeon pea Pod borer 30 150 500-750 29 Soybean Green Semi looper, 30 150 500-750 22 Stem fly, Girdle beetle Bengal gram Pod borers 25 125 500 11 Black gram Pod borers 20 100 500 20 Bitter gourd Fruit borers & Caterpillars 20-25 100-125 500 7 Okra Fruit Borer 25 125 500 5

CHLORANTRANILIPROLE 0.4% GR Rice Yellow Stem 40 10 000 --- 53 borer and leaf folder Sugarcane Early shoot borer, 75 18.75 - 147 top borer

14 ANNEXURE-VI

CHLORFENAPYR 10% SC Cabbage Diamond back moth 75-100 750-1000 500 7 (Plutella xylostella) Chilli Mites (Polyphagotarsonemus latus) 75-100 750-1000 500 5

CHLORFLUAZURON 5.4% EC 5.4%Cabbage EC (W/W)Diamond back moth, Tobacco leaf 75 1500 500 7 eating caterpillar Cotton American bollworm, Tobacco leaf 75-100 1500-2000 500 10 eating caterpillar

CHLORPYRIFOS 10% G Rice Stem borer, Leaf 1000 10000 30 Roller, Gall midge

CHLORPYRIFOS 20% EC Paddy Hispa 250 1250 500-1000 Leaf roller 375 1875 500-1000 Gall midge, Stem borer 250 1250 500-1000 Whorl maggot 250 1250 500-1000 Beans Pod borer , Black bug 600 3000 500-1000 Gram Cut worm 500 2500 500-1000 Sugarcane Black bug 150 750 500-1000 Early shoot & stalk borer 250-300 1250-1500 500-1000 Pyrilla 300 1500 500-1000 Cotton Aphid, Bollworm , 250 1250 500-1000 White fly, Cut worm 750 3750 Mustard Aphid 100 500 500-1000 Brinjal Shoot & fruit borer 200 1000 500-1000 Cabbage Diamond back moth 400 2000 500-1000 Onion Root grub 1000 5000 500-1000 Apple Aphid 0.05% 3750-5000 1500-2000 Ber Leaf hopper 0.03% 2250-3000 1500-2000 Citrus Black citrus, Aphid 0.02% 1500-2000 1500-2000 Tobacco Ground beetle 350 1750 500-1000

T e r m i t e c o n t r o l A) Non cropped area: 1) Building (Pre & Post construction treatment @ 1 % a . i.) 15 ANNEXURE-VI

2) Forestry @ 1 % a . i. B) Cropped area: Wheat: 3 – 4 ml/kg seed Barley: 4 – 6ml/kg seed Gram: 15-30ml/kg seed S o i l t r e a t m e n t Wheat: 2-3 lit./ha. Sugarcane: 6.25lit/ha CHLORPYRIFOS 50% EC Rice Stem borer, Leaf roller 375-400 750-800 500-1000 15 Cotton Bollworms 500-600 1000-1200 500-1000 30

For non- agricultural use: - For protecting building from termite attack at pre and posts Construction stages, apply Chlorpyriphos 50% EC @ 0.5% and 1.0% concentration.

CHLORPYRIFOS 1.5% DP Paddy Stem borer 375 25000 7 Green leaf hopper Brown plant hopper Leaf folder, Gall midge Grass hopper Bengal gram Helicoverpa armigera 375 25000 7

CHROMAFENOZIDE 80% WP Paddy Leaf folder, 75-100 94-125 500 32 Stem borer

CLOTHIANIDIN 50% WDG Rice Brown plant hopper 10-12 20-24 500 12 Cotton Jassids 15-20 30-40 500 20 White fly 20-25 40-50 500 20 Cotton Jassids, Aphids, Thrips 100-125 200-250 1000 76 (Soil drench) & White Fly Sugarcane (Soil Termite 125 250 1000 310 drench) Tea Mosquito Bug 60 120 500 5 (Helopeltis theiovora)

COUMATETRALYL 0.75% W/W

16 ANNEXURE-VI

Indoor or Rats (rattus rattus) 1 mg 2.5 per spot outdoor R. norvegicus Bandicota per spot bengalensis, B. Indica, Tetra indica, Meriones hurrianae Indoor Mice 1 2.5

COUMATETRALYL 0.0375% BAIT Indoor or Rats (rattus rattus), 1 mg 2.5 per spot outdoor R. norvegicus, Bandicota per spot bengalensis, B. Indica, Tetra Indica, meriones hurrianae) Indoor Mice 1 2.5

CYANTRANILIPROLE 10.26% OD Grapes Thrips- Scirtothrips 70 700 1000 5 dorsalis Flea beetle- Scelodonta strigicollis Pomegranate Thrips – Scirtothrips 75 (0.0075%) 750 (0.075%) 1000 5 dorsalis Whitefly-Pomegranate Siphoninus butterfly - 90 (0.009%) 900 (0.09%) phillyreae Aphids- Aphis punicae Cabbage Cabbage Aphid- 60 600 500 5 Brevicoryne brassicae Mustard Aphid- Lipaphis erysimi Diamond back moth- Plutella xylostella Tobacco caterpillar- Spodoptera litura Chilli Thrips- Scirtothrips 60 600 500 3 dorsalis Fruit borer- Helicovepra armigera Tobacco caterpillar- Spodoptera litura

17 ANNEXURE-VI

Tomato Leaf miner – Liriomyza 90 900 500 3 trifolii Aphids – Aphis gossypii Thrips- Thrips tabaci White fly – Bemesia tabaci Fruit borer – Helicovepra armigera Gherkins Leaf miner – Liriomyza 90 900 500 5 trifolii Red pumpkin beetle - Aulacophora foveicollis Aphids- Aphis gossypii Thrips- Thrips palmi White fly - Bemesia tabaci Pumpkin caterpillar – Diaphania indica Fruit fly- Bactrocera cucurbitae

CYFLUMETOFEN 20% SC Tea Red spider mite 125-150 625-750 400-500 5

CYPERMETHRIN 0.25% DP Brinjal Fruit & shoot borer 50-60 20000-24000 3

CYPERMETHRIN 10% EC Cotton Spotted bollworm 50-70 550-760 150-1000 7 American bollworm 50-70 550-760 150-1000 7 Pink bollworm 50-70 550-760 150-1000 7 Cabbage Diamond backmoth 60-70 650-760 100-400 7 Okra Fruit borer 50-70 550-760 150-400 3 Brinjal Fruit & shoot borer 50-70 550-760 150-400 3 Wheat Shoot fly 50 550 500-800 14 Sunflower Bihar hairy caterpillar 60-70 650-760 500-700 14

CYPERMETHRIN 25% EC Cotton Bollworms, 40-70 160-280 400-800 - Jassids, Thrips 20-30 80-120 200-300 - Bhindi Shoot & fruit borer 37-50 150-200 500 3 Jassids 37-50 150-200 500 3 Brinjal Shoot & fruit borer 37-50 150-200 500 1 Jassids, Epilachna grub

18 ANNEXURE-VI

DAZOMET TECHNICAL Tobacco Root-knot nematode, 30-40 30-40 nursery Stunt nematode, Reniform nematode Tomato Root-knot nematode 30-40 30-40 nursery Floriculture Root-knot nematode 30-40 30-40 (Carnation & Gerbera)

DELTAMETHRIN 11% W/W EC Cotton Bollworms 12.5 125 400-600 30 Rice Stem borer, Leaf folder 15 150 500 13 Green leaf hopper, Whorl maggot Tea Tea Thrips 10.0 100 400 15

DELTAMETHRIN 25% TABLET Cotton Bollworms 12.5 50 400-600 30

DELTAMETHRIN 1.8% EC Cotton Bollworms 12.5 781 400-600 30 sucking insects 10.0 625 400-600 Rice Stem borer, 10 – 12.5 625 -780 500 7 Leaf folder

DELTAMETHRIN 2.5% WP Wheat & Rice Rice weevil, 30 1200 1 litre/30 m2 (Grain & seed in Leaser grain borer, stacks) Khapra beetle, Red flour beetle, Saw toothed grain beetle, Rice moth, Almond moth

Walls, ceilings As above 30 1200 1.5-2.5 litre. floors of godowns /50m2

19 ANNEXURE-VI

Public health Mosquito 625-1250 25000- 50000

DELTAMETHRIN 2.8% EC Cotton Bollworm, 12.5 500 400-600 - Sucking Insects 10.0 400 400-600 Tea Thrips, Caterpillar, 3-4 120-150 400-600 3 Leaf roller, 10 400 400-600 3 Lopper 2.5-3.75 100-150 400-600 3 Bhindi Shoot & fruit borer 10-15 400-600 400-600 1 Jassid 10 400 400-600 1 Groundnut Leaf miner 12.5 500 400-600 3 Mango Hoppers 0.03-0.05% 0.33to As per spray 1 0.5ml/lit field requirement Chilli Fruit borer 10-12.5 400-500 400-600 5 Brinjal Shoot & Fruit Borer 10-12.5 400-500 500 3 Red Gram Pod Borer & Pod Fly 12.5 500 500 10

D.D. MIXTURE Used against nematodes

DICHLORVOS 76% EC Paddy BPH 375 470 500-1000 Wheat Cautte wrpoirllmar/ Army worm Le500 627 500-1000 Castor Hairy caterpillar 625 783 500-1000 Groundnut Red hairy caterpillar 375-750 470-940 500-1000 Mustard Painted bug 500 627 500-1000 Sunflower Caterpillar 500 627 500-1000 Cucurbit RCeadb bpaugem plookinp ebree tle 500 627 500-1000 Cashew Apple borer 0.05% 940-1253 1500-2000

DICOFOL 18.5% EC Tea Red spider mite, 230 1250 250 15-20 Scarlet mite , Pink mite, Purple mite, Yellow mite Okra Red Spider mite 250-500 1350-2700 500-1000 15-20

20 ANNEXURE-VI

Citrus Red Spider mite 0.05% 2700-4050 1000-5000 15-20 Litchi Red Spider mite 0.05% 2700-4050 1000-5000 15-20 Cotton Red Spider mite 500-1000 2700-5400 500-1000 15-20 Brinjal Yellow mite 500-1000 2700-5400 500-1000 15-20 Bottle & Bitter Red Spider mite 250-500 1350-2700 500-1000 15-20 gourd

DIAFENTHIURON 47.8 % SC Cotton Whiteflies, Aphids, 239 500 500 30 Thrips, Jassids

DIAFENTHIURON 50% WP Cotton Whiteflies, Aphids, Thrips,300 600 500-1000 21 Jassids Cabbage Diamond Back Moth 300 600 500-750 7 Chilli Mites 300 600 500-750 3 Brinjal Whitefly 300 600 500-750 3 Cardamom Thrips, Capsule borer 400 800 1000 7 Citrus Mites 1.0 g/l 2.0 g/l 2-3 liter/hec. 30

DIFLUBENZURON 25% WP Cotton Tobacco Caterpillar, 75-87.5 300-350 500-1000 Bollworms 75 300 500-1000

DIMETHOATE 30% EC Bajra Milky weed bug 180-200 594-660 500-1000 Maize Stem borer 200 660 500-1000 Shoot fly 350 1155 500-1000 Sorghum Midge 500 1650 500-1000 Castor Jassids, Mites 250 825 500-1000 Semi looper 350 1155 500-1000 Mustard Leaf minor, Aphid , 200 660 500-1000 Sawfly Safflower Aphid 200 660 500-1000 Bhindi Aphid 700 2310 500-1000 Leaf hopper, Jassid 600 1980 500-1000 Brinjal Shoot borer 200 660 500-1000 Cabbage & Aphid , Painted bug 200 660 500-1000 Cauliflower Mustard aphid Chillies Mite 300 990 500-1000 21 ANNEXURE-VI

Onion Thrips 200 660 500-1000 Potato Thrips 200 660 500-1000 Tomato Aphids 200 660 500-1000 White fly 300 990 500-1000 Apple Stem borer 0.03% 1485-1980 1500-2000 Apricot Aphid 0.03% 1485-1980 1500-2000 Banana Aphid, Lace wing bug 0.03% 1485-1980 1500-2000 Citrus Black citrus aphid 0.03% 1485-1980 1500-2000 Fig Fig jassid 0.03% 1485-1980 1500-2000 Mealy bug 0.03% 2475-3300 1500-2000 Mango Hopper 0.05% 2475-3300 1500-2000 Rose Scale 750 2475 500-1000 Thrips 400 1320 500-1000

DINOTEFURAN 20% SG Rice Brown plant hopper 30-40 150-200 500 21 Cotton White Fly, Jassids, Aphids & 25-30 125-150 500 15 Thrips

EMAMECTIN BENZOATE 5% SG Cotton Boll worms 9.5-11.0 190-220 500 10 Okra Fruit & Shoot Borer 6.75-8.5 135-170 500 5 Cabbage DBM 7.5-10 150-200 500 3 Chilli Fruit borer, Thrips & 10 200 500 3 Mites Brinjal Fruit and Shoot borer 10 200 500 3 Red gram Pod borer 11.0 220 500-750 14 Chickpea Pod borer 11.0 220 500 14 Grapes Thrips 11 220 500-1000 5 Tea Tea loopers 10.0 200 500 1

EMAMECTIN BENZOATE 1.9% EC Cotton Boll worms 11.0 580 500 15

*ENDOSULFAN 2% DP Arhar Pod borer 500 25000 8 Gram Pod borer 500 25000 40 Bhindi Fruit & shoot borer 500 25000 4 Brinjal Fruit & shoot 500 25000 7 Endosulfan*:- Endosulfan has been banned by the Supreme Court of India w.e.f. 13-05-2011 for production, use & sale, all over India, till further orders vide ad-Interim order in the Writ Petition (Civil) No. 213 of 2011. 22 ANNEXURE-VI

*ENDOSULFAN 35%EC Cotton Jassids, Aphid , 210 600 500-1000 70 Thrips , White fly, 280 800 500-1000 70 Leaf roller 350-420 1000-1200 500-1000 70 Jute Bihar hairy caterpillar, 140-175 400-500 500-1000 21 Yellow mites 175 500 500-1000 21 Paddy White jassid 175 500 500-1000 21 Stem borer 210 600 500-1000 21 Gall midge 210 600 500-1000 21 Rice Hispa 175 500 500-1000 21 Maize Aphid 175 500 500-1000 21 Stem borer 140 400 500-1000 21 Pink borer 210 600 500-1000 21 Wheat Aphid 175 500 500-1000 21 Termite 175 500 500-1000 21 Pink borer 210 600 500-1000 21 Gram Aphid 175 500 500-1000 40 Caterpillar 210 600 500-1000 40 Mustard Aphid 175 500 500-1000 21 Gall midge 263 750 500-1000 21 Bhindi Aphid 140 400 500-1000 21 Chillies Aphid 140 400 500-1000 21 Tea Aphid, Catterpillars 288-350 750-1000 375-500 7 Mealy bugs, Scale insects Thrips, Fush worm,Thrips , Helicoverpa 285-350 814.28-100 500-1000 Mango Hopper 0.05% 1429 1000 7 Fruit fly 0.2% 5414 1000 7 Termite 438-656 1250-1875 1000 - Ground nut Jassid, Hairy Caterpillar, 350-437 1000-1249 500-1000 21 Semilooper 420-525 1200-1500 500-1000 21 Endosulfan*:- Endosulfan has been banned by the Supreme Court of India w.e.f. 13-05-2011 for production, use & sale, all over India, till further orders vide ad-Interim order in the Writ Petition (Civil) No. 213 of 2011.

*ENDOSULFAN 4% DP Cotton Jassids, Aphid, 210 5250 21 Thrips, White flies, 280 7000 21 Leaf roller, Pink Boll 350-420 8750-10500 21 worm Jute Bihar hairy caterpillar , 140-175 3500-4400 21 Yellow mites, 175 4400 21

23 ANNEXURE-VI

Paddy White Jassid, 175 5250 21 Stem borer, Gall midge, 210 5250 21 Rice Hispa

Maize Aphid, 140-175 3500-4400 21 Stem borer, Pink borer, 140-210 3500-5250 21 Wheat Aphid, 140-175210 3500-44005250 21 Termite, Pink borer 140-210 3500-5250 21 Gram Aphid, 140-175 3500-4400 21 Caterpillar, 140-210 3500-5250 21 Peas semilooper 175 4400 21 Mustard Aphid, 140-175 3500-4400 21 Gall midge 175 4400 21 Groundnut Aphids, 140-175 3500-4400 21 Bhindi Aphids,Jassids 140-175 3500-4400 21 Onion Aphids, Jassids 140-175 3500-4400 21 Chillies Aphids Jassids 140-175 3500-4400 21 Potatoes Aphids / Jassids 140-175 3500-4400 21

Endosulfan*:- Endosulfan has been banned by the Supreme Court of India w.e.f. 13-05-2011 for production, use & sale, all over India, till further orders vide ad-Interim order in the Writ Petition (Civil) No. 213 of 2011.

ETHION 50% EC Tea Red spider mites, 250 500 500-1000 03 purple mites & yellow mite, thrips & scale Cotton White fly, 750-1000 1500-2000 500-1000 - Bollworms 1000 2000 500-1000 25 Chilli Mites & thrips 750-1000 1500-2000 500-1000 05 Gram Pod borer 500-750 1000-1500 500-1000 21 Pigeon pea Pod borer 500-750 1000-1500 500-1000 21 Soybean Girdle beetle & stem fly 750 1500 500-1000 30

ETHOFENOPROX 10%EC Rice BPH, Stem borer, 50-75 500-750 500 15 Leaf folder ,Gall midge, Whorl maggot, GLH, WBPH

24 ANNEXURE-VI

ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE + CARBON TETRACHLORIDE 3:1 Crop Common Cond. Weight of Exposure Conc. Aeration/ name of the pest vol. period In air Waiting (ppm) Stored Rice weevil, Air 300- 48-72 hr. 10 ppm Partial aeration whole Lesser grain Borer, tight cover 400gm/m3 for cover For at least 1 hr. cereals Khapra Beetle, (230-307 fumigation followed by 24 hr. Millets Rust red flour ml) complete aeration waiting beetle, Pulses & period of 24 hr Pulse beetle, Dried fruit Beetle

Godown -do- -do- 150 gm/ 7 days -do- Partial aeration fumigation m3 for at least 1 hr. followed by 24 hr. complete aeration waiting period of 24 hr.

ETOXAZOLE 10% SC Brinjal Red Spider Mite 40 400 400-500 5 Tea -do 40 400 400 5

FENAZAQUIN 10% EC Tea Red spider mite, Pink 100 1000 400-600 7 Mite, Purple mite Scarlet mite 125 1250 400-600 7 Chilli Yellow mite 125 1250 400-600 10 Apple Red spider mite and 40 400 1000 30 two spotted mite Okra Red spider mite 125 1250 500 7 Brinjal Red spider mite 125 1250 500 7 Tomato Two spotted 125 1250 500 7 spider mite

25 ANNEXURE-VI

FENOBUCARB (BPMC) 50% EC Rice Brown Plant Hopper, 250-750 500-1500 500 30 Green Leaf Hopper

FENPROPATHRIN 10% EC Cotton Pink boll worm, 75-100 750-1000 750-1000 14 Spotted boll worm American boll worm

FENPROPATHRIN 30% EC Cotton Pink boll worm 75-100 250-340 750-1000 14 Spotted boll worm American boll worm White fly Chilli Thrips, Whitefly, Mites 75-100 250-340 750-1000 7 Brinjal Whitefly, Shoot and 75-100 250-340 750-1000 10 Fruit borer, Mites Okra Whitefly, Shoot and 75-100 250-340 750-1000 7 Fruit borer, Mites Tea Mites 50-60 165-200 400-500 7 Paddy Yellow Stem borer, Leaf 100 333 500 30 folder

FENPYROXIMATE 5% EC Tea Red spider mite, Pink 15-30 300-600 400-500 7 Mite, Purple mite Chilli Yellow mite 15-30 300-600 300-500 7 Coconut Eriophyde mite 0.5gm/.tree 10ml/lit. As required (Root feeding) 0.056 – 0.75 – 1ml/ 0.075gm/tree lit.

FENVALERATE 20% EC Cauliflower Diamond back moth , 60-75 300-375 600-750 7 American boll worm, Aphids, Jassids

26 ANNEXURE-VI

Cotton Boll worm, 75-100 375-500 700-900 7 Aphids, Jassids, Thrips 25-40 125-200 250-400 7 Brinjal Shoot & fruit borer 75-100 375-500 600-800 5 Aphids 75-100 375-500 600-800 5 Okra Shoot & fruit borer 60-75 300-375 600-750 7 Jassids 60-75 300-375 600-750 7

FENVALERATE 2% CONC. Cotton Spotted & Spiny, 80-100 4000-5000 Pink American/ Egyptian boll worm

FENVALERATE 0.4% DP Cotton Spotted Bollworm 80-100 20000-25000 - 7 Pink bollworm 80-100 20000-25000 - 7

FIPRONIL 5% SC Rice Stem borer, Brown 50-75 1000-1500 500 32 plant hopper, Green leaf hopper, Rice leaf hopper, Rice gall midge, Whorl maggot, White backed plant hopper Cabbage Diamond back moth 40-50 800-1000 500 7 Chillies Thrips, Aphids, 40-50 800-1000 500 7 Fruit borers Sugarcane Early shoot borer & 75-100 1500-2000 500 9 months root borer Cotton Aphid, Jassid, Thrips, 75-100 1500-2000 500 6 White fly Boll worms 100 2000 500 7

Fipronil 18.87% w/w SC Cotton Thrips 75 375 375 -500 21

FIPRONIL 2.92% EC

27 ANNEXURE-VI

Pre- Termite 0.25% 100 1 IS:6313-2001 constructio (Part-2) n (Building) Post- Termite 0.25% 100 1 IS:6313-2001 constructio (Part-3) n (Building)

FIPRONIL 0.3% GR Rice Stem borer, Brown 50-75 16670- 25000 32 plant hopper, Green leaf hopper Rice leaf hopper, Rice gall midge, Whorl maggot, Sugarcane EWahrliyte s bhacootke bdo prelarnt 75-100 25000- 9 Root borer 33300 Wheat Termites 0.06 20 kg - 91

Fipronil 0.6% w/w GR Rice Stem borer & Leaf 60 10 65 - folder

FIPRONIL 80%WG Rice Stem borer, Leaf folder 40-50 50 – 62.5 375 -500 19 Grapes Thrips 40-50 50-62.5 750-1000 10 Onion Thrips 60 75 500 15 Cabbage Diamond Back Moth 75 93.75 500 15

FLONICAMID 50% WG Rice Brown plant hopper, 75 150 500 36 white backed plant hopper, Green leaf hopper Cotton Aphids, Jassids, 75 150 500 25 Thrips & Whiteflies

28 ANNEXURE-VI

FLUBENDIAMIDE 20% WG Rice Stem borer, Leaf borer 25 125 500 30 Cotton American bollworm 50 250 500 30 Tomato Fruit borer 48 100 375-500 5 Cabbage Diamond back moth 18.24 37.5-50 375-500 7 Tea Semilooper 30 150 400 7 Chilli Fruit borer 50 – 60 250-300 500 5

FLUBENDIAMIDE 39.35% M/M SC Rice Stem borer, Leaf folder 24 50 375-500 40 Cotton Bollworms 48-60 100-125 375-500 25 (American & Spotted bollworm) Pigeon pea Pod borer 48 100 500 10 Black gram Fruit borer 48 100 500 11 Chilli Fruit borer 48-60 100-125 500 7 Tomato Fruit borer 48 100 375-500 5 Cabbage Diamond moth back 18.24 37.5-50 375-500 7 Soybean Defoliators 72 150 500 17 (Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura and Semilooper)

FLUFENOXURON 10% DC Rose Mites 50 500 500-1000 6

FLUMITE 20% SC / FLUFENZINE 20%SC Brinjal Mite 80-100 400-500 500-1000 5 Tea Pink mite, Purple mite 80-100 400-500 500-1000 7 Red spider 100-120 500-600 500-1000 7

Fluopyram 34.48 % w/w SC

29 ANNEXURE-VI

Tomato Root Knot Nematode 250 625 1000 5 (Meloidogyne (2 application) (2 application) OR OR incognita) 500 1250 (Single application) (Single application)

Flupyradifurone 17.09% w/w SL Okra Jassids & Whitefly 250 1250 500 3

FLUVALINATE 25% EC Cotton Aphids, Jassids, 50-100 200-400 500-1000 7 Red cotton bug, Bollworm 50-100 200-400 500-1000 7

HEXYTHIAZOX 5.45% W/W EC Tea Scarlet mite, 15-25 300-500 400/ha 5 Red spider mite Chilli Yellow mites 15-25 300-500 625/ha 3 Apple European Red Mite 0.002% 0.04% 10ltr./tree 15

IMIDACLOPRIDE 70% WG Cotton Jassids, Aphids, Thrips 21 – 24.5 30 – 35 375 – 500 7 Rice Brown Plant Hoppers, 21 – 24.5 30 – 35 300 – 375 7 White Backed Plant Hoppers Okra Jassids, Aphids, Thrips 21 – 24.5 30 – 35 375 – 500 3 Cucumber Aphids & Jassids 24.5 35.0 500 5

IMIDACLOPRID 48% FS PER 100KG SEED Cotton Aphids, Whitefly, Jassid 300 – 540 500 – 900 NR Thrips

30 ANNEXURE-VI

Okra Jassid, Aphid 300 – 540 500– 900 Sunflower Jassid, Whitefly 300 – 540 500 – 900 Sorghum Shoot fly 720 1200 Pearl millet Shoot fly and termites 720 1200 Soybean Jassids 75 125 - - Maize Shoot fly 0.6 1.0 - - Rice Thrips 0.15 0.25 - -

IMIDACLOPRID 70% WS PER 100KG SEED Cotton Aphids, Whitefly, 350 – 700 500 – 1000 NR Jassids, Thrips Okra Jassid, Aphid 350 – 700 500 – 1000 Chillies Jassid, Aphid, Thrips 700 – 1050 1000 – 1500 Sunflower Jassid, Whitefly 490 700 Sugarcane Termite 70 – 105 100 – 150 Sorghum Shoot fly 700 1000 Pearl millet Termites and shoot fly 700 1000 Mustard Mustard sawfly & 490 700 painted bug

IMIDACLOPRID 30.5% M/M SC Cotton Aphid, Jassids, Thrips 21-26.25 60-75 500 – 750 26

Rice Brown plant hopper, 21-26.25 60-75 500-750 37 White backed plant hopper For non- agricultural use:- For protecting building from termite attack at pre and post Construction stages, apply Imidacloprid 30.5% m/m SC @ 0.075% a.i. concentration.

IMIDACLOPRID 17.8% SL Cotton Aphid, Whitefly, Jassid 20 – 25 100 – 125 500 – 700 40 Thrips Paddy BPH, WBPH, GLH 20 – 25 100 – 125 500 – 700 40 Chilly Jassid, Aphid, Thrips 25 – 50 125-250 500-700 40 Sugarcane Termite 70 350 1875 45

31 ANNEXURE-VI

Mango Hopper 0.4 – 0.8 2-4 ml/tree 10 litre 45 g/tree Sunflower Jassid, Thrips, Whitefly 20 100 500 30 Okra Aphid, Jassid, Thrips 20 100 500 3 Citrus Leaf miner, 10 50 Depending on 15 psylla size of tree & Protection equipment use Groundnut Aphid , Jassid 20-25 100-125 500 40 Tomato Whitefly 30-35 150-175 500 3 Grapes Flea bettle 0.06-0.08 300-400 1000 32

IMIDACLOPRID 0.3% GR Paddy Stem borer 0.045 15.0 kg - 26

INDOXACARB 14.5% SC Cotton Bollworm 75 500 600-1000 16 Cabbage Diamond back moth 30-40 200-266 400-750 7 Chillies Fruit borer 50-60 333-400 300-600 5 Tomato Fruit borer 60-75 400-500 300-600 5 Pigeonpea Pod borer complex 50-60 353-400 500-1000 15

INDOXACARB 15.8% EC Cotton Bollworm 75 500 500-1000 14 Cabbage Diamond back moth 40 266 500-1000 5 Pigeon pea Pod borer complex 50 333 500-700 12 Rice Leaf folder, Piller, Green 30 200 500 14 semilooper, stem fly Soybean Tobacco caterpillar, 30 333 500 31 Green semilooper, stem fly

LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN 4.9% CS Cotton Bollworms 25.0 500 500 21 Paddy Stem borer, Leaf folder 12.5 250 500 15 Brinjal Shoot & fruit borer 15 300 500 5 Okra Fruit borer 15 300 500 5 Tomato Fruit borer 15 300 500 5

32 ANNEXURE-VI

Grapes Thrips & Flea beetle 12.5 250 500-1000 7 Chilli Thrips & pod borer 25 500 500 5 Soybean Stemfly & Semilooper 15.0 300 500 31

LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN 2.5% EC Cotton Bollworms, Jassids, 15-25 600-1000 400-600 21 Thrips Rice Leaf folder, Stem borer 12.5 500 400-600 15 GLH, Gall midge, Hispa, Thrips

LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN 5% EC Cotton Bollworms, Jassids, 15-25 300-500 400-600 21 Thrips Rice Leaf folder, stem Borer, 12.5 250 400-600 15 GLH, Gall Midge, Hispa,Thrips Brinjal Shoot & fruit borer 15 300 400-600 4 Tomato Fruit borer 15 300 400-600 4 Chilli Thrips , mite, pod borer 15 300 400-600 5 Pigeon pea Pod borer, pod fly 20-25 400-500 400-600 15 Onion Thrips 15 300 300-400 5 Bhindi Jassids , shoot borer 15 300 300-400 4 Chickpea Pod borer 25 500 300-400 6 Groundnut Thrips, leaf Hopper, 10-15 200-300 400-500 10 leaf miner Mango Hoppers 0.0025- 0.5-1.0 7 0.005% ml/l of water

LUFENURON 5.4% EC Cabbage Diamond backmoth 30 600 500 14 Cauliflower Diamond backmoth 30 600 500 5 Pigeon pea Pod borer, podfly 30 600 500-1000 65 Cotton American bollworm 30 600 500-750 48 Black gram Pod borer 30 600 500 10 Chilli Fruit borer 30 600 500 5 Magnesium Phosphide Degesch plates Recommended for fumigation of un-manufactured tobacco for export, as per importing Country requirement. 33 ANNEXURE-VI

MALATHION 5% DP Paddy Rice Hispa 1250 25000 - - Sorghum Earhead midge 1000 20000 - At 90% emergence of ear head

MALATHION 50% EC Paddy Rice Hispa 575 1150 500-1000 Sorghum Earhead midge 500 1000 500-1000 Pea Pod borer 750 1500 500-1000 Soybean Leaf weevil 750 1500 500-1000 Castor Jassids 750 1500 500-1000 Semi looper 1000 2000 500-1000 Sunflower White fly 500 1000 500-1000 Bhindi Aphid 500 1000 500-1000 Jassids, 625 1250 500-1000 Spotted Boll Worm 750 1500 500-1000 Brinjal Mites 750 1500 500-1000 Cabbage Mustard aphid 750 1500 500-1000 Cauliflower Head borer 750 1500 500-1000 Radish Stem borer 750 1500 500-1000 Turnip Tobacco caterpillar 600 1200 500-1000 Tomato White fly 750 1500 500-1000 Apple Sanjose scale, 0.05% 1500-2000 1500-2000 Wooly aphid Mango Mealy scale, 0.075% 2250-3000 1500-2000 Mango hooper Grape Beetle 500 1000 1500-2000

METAFLUMIZONE 22% SC Cabbage Diamond back moth 165-220 750-1000 500 3

METALDEHYDE Crop Name of pests Dose Citrus, Rubber, Paddy, Tea, Snails, Slugs, Giant African Available in ready to Vegetables Snails use 2.5% Dust.

METHOMYL 40% SP Cotton Bollworm 300-450 750-1125 500-1000 10 Pigeon Pea Pod borers 300-450 750-1125 500-1000 7 34 ANNEXURE-VI

Tomato Pod borers 300-450 750-1125 500-1000 5/6 Chilli Pod borers & Thrips 300-400 750-1125 500-1000 5/6 Groundnut Spodoptera litura 300-350 750-850 500 7 Grapes Mealy bug 500 1250 500-1000 10

METHYL BROMIDE 98% W/W Stored Whole Rice Weevil (S.O) Air tight 24 6-8 hours As when Cereals and Lesser Grain Bore, cover gms/m3 waiting residues not to Seed ,Millet, Khapra Beetle (T.g), Period 24 hrs. exceed 25 ppm Pulses Rust Red Flour Beetle, Saw Drug Store Beetle , Mild Products : Khapra Beetle (T.g), Air tight 24 -32 12-24 As when Flour, Rust Red Flour cover gms/m3 hours waiting residues not to Beetle, lesser grain Period 72 hrs. exceed 25 ppm borer

Dry Fruits, Nuts Rust Red Flour Air tight 24 -32 24 hrs waiting As when Spices & Oil Beetle cover gms/m3 Period 72 hrs residues not to Seeds exceed 25 ppm

METHYL PARATHION 2% DP Paddy Ear Head Caterpillar, 500 25000 - At infestation Leaf roller , Post flowering Ear head bug ear head stage Cotton Aphid 300 15000 - At infestation Leaf hopper, Thrips 500 25000 Black gram Pod borer 500 25000 - At infestation Green gram Pod borer 500 25000 Mustard Sawfly, Aphids 300 15000

METHYL PARATHION 50% EC

35 ANNEXURE-VI

Paddy Gall midge, 750 1500 500-1000 - Green leaf hopper, 500 1000 500-1000 - Hispa, Leaf roller, 250 500 500-1000 Stem borer & 400 800 500-1000 - Whorl maggot 500 1000 500-1000 - - Wheat Cutworm 300 600 500-1000 - Cotton Aphid 500 1000 500-1000 - Leaf hopper 250 500 500-1000 - Thrips 500 1000 500-1000 -

MILBEMECTIN 1% EC Rose Two spotted 4.5 450 1000 5 spider mite Chilli Yellow /white mite 3.25 325 500 7

MONOCROTOPHOS 15% SG Cotton Aphids, Jassids, 200 1333 500-1000 58 Thrips & Whiteflies

MONOCROTOPHOS 36% SL Paddy BPH 500 1250 500-1000 - GLH 250 625 500-1000 - Leaf roller/folder 250 625 500-1000 - Yellow stem borer 500 1250 500-1000 - Maize Shoot fly 250 625 500-1000 - Black gram Pod borer 250 625 500-1000 Green gram Pod borer 175 437 500-1000 Pea Leaf minor 400 1000 500-1000 Red gram Plume mouth 250 625 500-1000 Pod borer 500 1250 500-1000 Pod fly 250 625 500-1000 Sugarcane Shoot borer 600-800 1500-2250 500-1000 Mealy bug 600 1500 500-1000 Pyrilla 200 500 500-1000 Scale Insect 600 1500 500-1000 Stalk borer 750 1875 500-1000

36 ANNEXURE-VI

Cotton Bollworms 450-800 1125-2250 500-1000 Aphid, Leaf 175 437 500-1000 Hopper, 175 437 500-1000 Grey weevil, 500 1250 500-1000 Thrips 175 437 500-1000 White fly 150 375 500-1000 Citrus Black aphids 0.040% 1500-2000 500-2000 10 lit./trees Mite 0.025% 937-1250 500-2000 10 lit./trees Mango Bug mite 0.040% 1500-2000 500-2000 10 lit./trees Gall maker 0.04% 1500-2000 500-2000 20 lit./trees Hopper, 0.04% 1500-2000 500-2000 20 lit./trees Mealy bug 0.04% 1500-2000 500-2000 20 lit./trees Shoot borer 0.04% 1500-2000 500-2000 20 lit./trees Coconut Black headed 3.5 -7gm 8.75-17.5ml Lower dose Caterpillar per tree per tree to be applied on plants below 9 years & highe Or more than 9 years of age. Coffee Green bug 625 1562 500-1000 Cardamom Thrips 375 937 500-1000

NOVALURON 10% EC Cotton American Bollworm 100 1000 500-1000 40 Cabbage Diamond back moth 75 750 500-1000 5 Tomato Fruit borer 75 750 500-1000 1-3 Chilli Fruit borer, 33.5 375 500 3 Tobacco Caterpillar Bengal gram Pod borer 75 750 500 7

NOVALURON 8.8% SC Cotton American boll worm, 100 1000 500-1000 20 Tobacco caterpillar

NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS OF HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA 0.43% AS Cotton Helicoverpa armigera 2700 400-600 - Tomato Helicoverpa armigera 1500 400-600 -

NPV OF HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA 2.0% AS

37 ANNEXURE-VI

Pigeon pea Pod borer 250-500 500-750 - Chick pea Pod borer 250-500 500-750 - Tomato Fruit borer 250-500 500 -

NPV OF HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA 2.0% AS STRAIN NO. GBS/HNPV -01 (A) GANESH BIO-CONTROL SYSTEM

Pigeon pea Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) 250-500 ml 500-750 - Gram Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) 250-500 ml 500-750 - (B) BIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL STRAIN NO. BIL/HV-9

Pigeon pea Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) 250-500 ml 500-750 - Chick pea Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) 250-500 ml 500-750 - Tomato Fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera) 250-500 ml 500 -

(a) INDORE BIO-TECH INPUT & RESEARCH STRAIN NO. IBL-17268

Pigeon pea Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) 250-500 ml 500-750 - Chick pea Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) 500-1000 ml 500-750 - NPV OF HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA 0.43% AS STRAIN NO. BIL/HV-9

Cotton Helicoverpa armigera 2700 ml 400-600 - Tomato Helicoverpa armigera 1500 ml 400-600 -

NPV OF SPODOPTERA LITURA 0.5%AS Tobacco Spodoptera litura 1500 400-600 -

NPV OF HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA 0.5%AS Chick pea Pod borer 250 500 -

OXYDEMETON – METHYL 25% EC

38 ANNEXURE-VI

Paddy Blue leaf hopper 125 500 500-1000 White leaf hopper 250 1000 500-1000 Maize Shoot fly 250 1000 500-1000 Sorghum Shoot fly 250 1000 500-1000 Cotton Aphid, Jassid/ 300 1200 500-1000 leaf hopper Ground nut Aphid/ Leaf minor 250 1000 500-1000 Mustard Aphid 250 1000 500-1000 Sesamum Leaf hopper 300 1200 500-1000 Bhindi White fly 250 1000 500-1000 Jassid/ Leaf beetle 400 1600 500-1000 Chilli Aphid 400 1600 500-1000 Mites 500 2000 500-1000 Thrips 250 1000 500-1000 Onion Thrips 300 1200 500-1000 Tomato White fly 250 1000 500-1000 Potato Aphids 250 1000 500-1000 Apple Sanjose scale 0.07% 4200-5600 1500-2000 Wooly Aphid 0.025% 1500-2000 1500-2000 Banana Tingyi bug 0.025% 1500-2000 1500-2000 Aphids 0.05% 3000-4000 1500-2000 Mango Hoppers 0.025% 1500-2000 1500-2000 Peaches Leaf curl aphids 0.025% 1500-2000 1500-2000 Coffee Green bug 625 2500 500-1000 Leaf minor 1000 4000 500-1000 Tobacco White fly/Aphids 250 1000 500-1000

PERMETHRIN 25% EC Cotton Bollworms, 100-125 400-500 500-1000 -

PAECILOMYCES LILACINUS 1.15% WP Brinjal Root Knot 3kg 500kg Organic - - Nematode Manure/organic Fertilizer

PHENTHOATE 2% DP

39 ANNEXURE-VI

Sorghum Red spider mite, 400 20000 - 90% Pink mite, Purple emergence of mite, Scarlet mite earhead Safflower Aphid 400 20000 - -

PHENTHOATE 50% EC Paddy Rice case worm 500 1000 500-1000 - Ground nut Leaf Webber 500 1000 500-1000 -

PHORATE 10% CG Bajra Shoot fly 3000 30000 - - White grub 2500 25000 Barley Aphid 1000 10000 Maize Shoot fly 3000 30000 Stem borer 1000 10000 Paddy Gall fly, Hispa, Leaf 1000 10000 - hopper , Plant hopper, Stem borer , Root weevil 750 7500 Sorghum Shoot fly, Aphids 1875 18750 - - White grub 2500 25000 Wheat Shoot fly 1875 18750 - - Black gram Stem fly, White fly 1000 10000 - - Green gram Stem fly 1000 10000 Jassids 1500 15000 Pigeon pea Jassids 1500 15000 Stem fly 1000 10000 Soybean Stem fly 1500 15000 Sugarcane Top borer 3000 30000 White grub 2500 25000 Cotton Aphid, Jassids, Thrips, 1000 10000 White fly Groundnut Aphid, Leaf minor 1500 15000 White grub 2500 25000

40 ANNEXURE-VI

Mustard Mustard aphid, 1000 10000 Painted bug 1500 15000 Seasamum Jassids, White fly 1000 10000 Brinjal Aphid, Jassids, 1500 15000 Lace wing bug, Red spider mite Thrips 1000 10000 Cauliflower Aphid 2000 20000 Chillies Aphid , Mite, Thrips 1000 10000 Potato Aphid 1000 10000 Tomato White fly 1500 15000 Apple Woolly aphid 10- 15/ 100-150gm/ plant plant Banana Aphid 2.5 -1.25/ 25 -12.5/ plant plant Citrus Leaf minor 1500 15000

PHOSALONE 35% EC Barely Aphid 500 1428 500-1000

Sorghum Ear head midge 400 1143 500-1000 Jute Red spider mite 350 1000 500-1000 Brinjal Fruit borer 500 1428 500-1000 Cabbage Aphid 500 1428 500-1000 Tomato Fruit borer 450 1285 500-1000 Tea Aphid, Pink mite 360 1028 500-1000 Purple mite 360 1028 500-1000

PHOSALONE 4% DP Sorghum Earhead midge, 1000 25000 -- --

PHOSPHAMIDON 40% SL Paddy Stem borer, Leaf borer, 500 1250 500 30 Green leaf hopper, 350 875 500 Brown plant hopper, 350 875 500 White backed plant 350 875 500 hopper

41 ANNEXURE-VI

Brinjal Jassid, Aphid, 250-300 625-750 500 10 White fly

PROFENOFOS 50% EC Cotton Bollworm, 750-1000 1500-2000 500-1000 15 Jassids, Aphids, Thrips, 500 1000 500-1000 15 Whiteflies Soybean Semi looper & 500 1000 500 40 Girdle beetle

PROPARGITE 57% EC Tea Red spider mite, 430-612 750-1250 400 7 Pink mite, Purple mite, Scarlet mite Chillies Mite 850 1500 500-625 7 Apple European red Mite, 2.85-5.7 5-10 ml/tree 10 lit/tree 9 Two spotted mite /tree Brinjal Two spotted spider 570 1000 400 6 mite

PYMETROZINE 50% WG Paddy Brown Plant Hopper 150 300 500 19

Pyriproxyfen 10% EC Cotton Whitefly 100 1000 500 31 Cotton Whitefly 50-60 500-700 500 50 Chilli Whitefly, Aphids 50 500 300 7

PYRIDALYL 10% EC Cotton Bollworms 75-100 750-1000 500-750 7 Okra Fruit & shoot borer 50-75 500-750 500-750 3 Cabbage Diamond back moth 50-75 500-750 500-750 3

QUINALPHOS 25% GEL Chillies Aphid, 250 1000 500-1000 Paddy Brown plant Hopper, 250 1000 500-1000 Leaf roller, Stem borer, Hispa 42 ANNEXURE-VI

QUINALPHOS 5% GRANULE Sorghum Stem borer 750 15000 - Paddy Gall midge, Stem borer 250 5000 -

QUINALPHOS 20% AF Rice Brown plant hopper , 250-300 1250-1500 750-1000 40 Green leaf hopper, Leaf folder, Stem borer Okra Shoot/Fruit borer 250-300 1250-1500 750-1000 7 Cotton Bollworms, 350-500 1750-2500 750-1000 7 American bollworm, Pink Bollworm , Spotted bollworm Tomato Fruit borer 300-350 1500-1750 750-1000 7 Tea Hopper caterpillar 0.05% 1000 400 7 Tur Pod borer 500 2500 750-1000 30 Groundnut Spodoptera 250-375 1250-1775 750-1000 30

QUINALPHOS 25% EC Paddy Brown plant hopper, 375 1500 500-1000 40 Hispa/bune beetle, 500 2000 500-1000 40 Leaf roller, 250 1000 500-1000 40 Stem borer 325 1300 500-1000 40 Sorghum Mite, Shoot fly 375 1500 500-1000 Wheat Aphid 250 1000 500-1000 Ear head Caterpillar , 400 1600 500-1000 Mite 400 1600 500-1000 Bengal gram Pod borer 250 1000 500-1000 Black gram Bihar hairy 375 1500 500-1000 Caterpillar French bean Stem fly 250 1000 500-1000 Red gram Pod borer, Pod fly 350 1400 500-1000 30 Soybean Leaf weevil 250 1000 500-1000 Jute Leaf roller 375 1500 500-1000 Semi looper 375 1500 500-1000 Yellow mite 375 1500 500-1000

43 ANNEXURE-VI

Groundnut Leaf Hopper 350 1400 500-1000 30 Leaf miner 250 1000 500-1000 30 Thrips 350 1400 500-1000 30 Mustard Sawfly 300 1200 500-1000 Sesamum Leaf webber 500 2000 500-1000 Jassids 500 2000 500-1000 Bhindi Fruit borer 200 800 500-1000 Leaf hopper 250 1000 500-1000 Mite 250 1000 500-1000 Cauliflower Stem borer 500 2000 500-1000 Chillies Aphid 250 1000 500-1000 Mite 375 1500 500-1000 Tomato Fruit borer 250 1000 500-1000 Apple Wooly Aphid 0.05% 3000-4000 500-1000 Banana Tingid bug 0.05% 3000-4000 500-1000 Citrus Scale 0.07% 4200-5600 500-1000 Citrus butterfly 0.025% 1500-2000 500-1000 Pomegranate Scales 0.08% 4800-6400 500-1000 Cardamom Thrips 0.03% 600-1200 500-1000 30

Tea Thrips 190 760 500-1000 7

QUINALPHOS 1.5% DP Sorghum Earhead bug, 375 25000 At milk stage Earhead midge 400 26600 Paddy Brown plant hopper 300 20000 40 Gram Pod borer 350 23300 At pod formation Red gram Pod borer 350 23300 30 Soybean Leaf weevil 250 16600 French bean Stem fly 300 20000 Cotton Aphid, Jassids, Thrips, 300 20000 From square Bollworm 450 30000 formation Ground nut Thrips, Jassids 350 23300 onwards 30 Red hairy Caterpillar 375 25000 30 Safflower Aphid 300 20000 Chillies Aphid 300 20000

44 ANNEXURE-VI

SODIUM CYANIDE Places Name of pest Dose Agriculture land & Grain storage Rats, & Soil insects -

SPINETORAM 11.7 % SC Cotton Thrips, 50 420 500-1000 30 Tobacco caterpillar 50-56 420-470 500-1000 Spotted boll worm 50-56 420-470 500-1000 Soybean Tobacco caterpillar 54 450 500-625 30 Chillies Thrips, 56-60 470-500 400-500 7 Fruit borer 56-60 470-500 400-500 Tobacco caterpillar 56-60 470-500 400-500

SPINOSAD 45.0% SC Cotton American bollworm 75-100 165-220 500 10 Chillies Fruit borer, Thrips 73 160 500 3 Red gram Pod borer 56-73 125-162 800-1000 47

SPINOSAD 2.5% SC Cabbage & Diamond back moth 15.0-17.5 600-700 500 3 Cauliflower

SPIROMESIFEN 22.9% SC Brinjal Red spider mite 96 400 500 5 Cotton White fly & mite 144 600 500 10 Apple European Red Mite & 72(0.03%) 300 1000 30 Red Spider mite Chilli Chilli Yellow Mite 96 400 500 -750 7 Tea Red Spider mite 96 400 400 7 Okra Red spider mite 96-120 400-500 500 3 Tomato Whiteflies & Mites 150 625 500 3 Cotton White fly & mite 144 600 500 10

Spirotetramat 15.31% w/w OD Chilli Thrips & Aphids 60 400 500 5

THIACLOPRID 21.7% SC Cotton Aphid, Thrips, Jassid 24 – 30 100 – 125 500 52

45 ANNEXURE-VI

Whitefly 120 – 144 500 – 600 500 52 Paddy Stem borer 120 500 500 30 Chilli Thrips 54-72 225-300 500 5 Tea Mosquito bug 90 375 400 7 Brinjal Shoot & fruit borer 180 750 500 5 Soybean Girdle beetle 180 750 500 17 Apple Thrips 0.01- 0.04-0.05% As per size of 30 0.012% tree

THIOCYCLAM HYDROGEN OXALATE Rice Stem borer,Leaf folder 500 1000 500 30

THIODICARB 75% WP Cabbage Diamond back moth 750 to 1000 1000 to 1330 500 7 Cotton Bollworms 750 1000 500 30 Brinjal Shoot & Fruit borer 470 to 750 625 to 1000 500 6 Chilli Fruit borer 470 to 750 626 to 1000 500 6 Black gram Pod borer 468-562 625-750 375-500 17 (Helicoverpa spp.) & (Maruca spp.) Pigeon Pea Pod Borer 470-750 625-1000 500 30

THIAMETHOXAM 30% FS Cotton Aphid, whiteflies, Jassids 3 10.0 This is used as Sorghum Shoot fly 3 10.0 seed dresser Wheat Termites 1 3.3 Soybean Shoot fly 3.0 10.0 Chilli Thrips 2.1 7.0 Okra Jassids 1.7 5.7 Maize Stem Fly 2.4 8.0 Sunflower Jassids, Thrips 3.0 10.0

46 ANNEXURE-VI

THIAMETHOXAM 70% WS Cotton Aphid, Thrips 300 430 Use as seed dresser whiteflies, Jassids at the time of sowing Okra Aphids, Jassids 200 286 Tomato Aphids & Thrips 420 600 Sunflower Jassids & Thrips 280 400 Wheat Termites & Aphids 121 175 Maize Shoot fly & Aphids 245 350 Rice Thrips & Green Leaf 105 150 Hopper

THIAMETHOXAM 75% w/w SG Groundnut Termites 94 125 500-1000 57

Sugarcane Termites & Early shoot 120 160 500-1000 230 borer Rice Green Leaf Hopper & 113 150 Dissolve in 500ml 60 Brown Plant Hopper Water and mix With 20 Kg sand/ha.

Cotton Jassids & Thrips 94 125 50-100ml/plant 109

THIAMETHOXAM 25% WG Rice Stem borer, Gall midge, 25 100 500-750 14 Leaf folder, WBPH, BPH, GLH, Thrips Cotton Jassid, Aphid, Thrips 25 100 500-750 21 White flies 50 200 500-750 21 Okra Jassid, Aphid,White flies 25 100 500-1000 5 Mango Hoppers 25 100 1000 30 Wheat Aphid 12.5 50 500 21 Mustard Aphid 12.5-25.0 50-100 500-1000 21 Tomato White flies 50 200 500 5 Brinjal White flies 50 200 500 3 Tea Mosquito bug 25 100 400-500 7

47 ANNEXURE-VI

Potato Aphids -foliar application 25 100 500 77 -Soil drench 50 200 400-500 77 Citrus Psylla 25 100 1000 20 Rice- Green Leaf Hopper, 500 2000 250 ml/sq. mtr 86 Nursery Thrips & Whorl Maggot (Soil Drenching)

THIOMETON 25%EC Brinjal Aphid & Jassid 250 1000 750-1000 - Fruit and Shoot borer

TOLFENPYRAD 15% EC Cabbage Diamond Back moth, 150 1000 500 5 Aphids Okra Aphids, Jassids, Thrips 150 1000 500 3 and white fly

TRICHLORFON 5% GR Crop Common Name of the Pest (Dosage per hectare) Active ingredient (gm%) Castor Pod borer 2000 gm. Groundnut Red hairy caterpillar 500 gm. Wheat Army worm, Cut worm 750 gm. Vegetables Fruit and shoot borer 500 gm. (Brinjal, cabbage, Diamond back moth 500 gm. cauliflower, cucurbits, Tobacco caterpillar 750 gm. tomato) Red pumpkin beetle 500 gm.

TRICHLORFON 5% DUST Castor Pod borer 2000 gm. Groundnut Red hairy Caterpillar 500 gm. Wheat Army worm, Cut worm 750 gm. Vegetables (Brinjal, Fruit and shoot borer 500 gm. cabbage, cauliflower, Diamond back moth 500 gm. cucurbits, tomato) Tobacco caterpillar 750 gm. Red pumpkin beetle 500 gm.

48 ANNEXURE-VI

TRICHLORFON 50% EC Castor Pod borer 2000 gm. Groundnut Red hairy caterpillar 500 gm. Wheat Army worm, Cut worm 750 gm. Vegetables (Brinjal, cabbage, Fruit and shoot borer 500 gm. cauliflower, cucurbits, Diamond back moth 500 gm. tomato) Tobacco caterpillar 750 gm. Red pumpkin beetle 500 gm.

TRIAZOPHOS 20% EC Rice Stem Borer, Leaf Folder, 250-500 1250-2500 500 40 Hispa, Green leaf hopper, Brown plant hopper, White backed plant hopper

Triazophos 20% WG Rice Stem Borer, Leaf Folder, 300 1500 500 18 Hispa, Brown plant hopper

TRIAZOPHOS 40% EC Cotton Bollworms (Pink 600-800 1500-2000 500-1000 21 and spotted), whitefly Rice Stem Borer, Rice Hispa, 250-500 625-1250 500-1000 40 Leaf Folder, Green leaf hoppe Brown plant hopper, White backed plant hopper. Soybean Stem borer, Girdle beetle, 250 625 500 30 Leaf miners

VERTICILLIUM LECANII 1.15%WP Cotton White flies 2500 500 litres of water - (formulated) Citrus Mealy bug 2.5kg 500-550L -

ZINC PHOSPHIDE 80 % Powder 49 ANNEXURE-VI

Crop Pest organism Dosage Technical For rodent control in (Rattus rattus, Bandicota 1.5-2.5% active Mix 10 g of Zinc phosphide with Field and residential bengalensis, Rattus ingredient in bait 10g of edible oil and then mix premises meltade , tatera indica, Meriones with 380g of food material. Keep ( To be used under the hurrianae, 10g of poisoned bait at each supervision of trained Mus platythrix, Mus points. personal) musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Mus booduga,

CO M B I NA TI ON P RODUCT

Acephate 50% + Bifenthrin 10 % WDG Cotton Leaf hopper 400+80 800 500-750 20 Thrips, Bollworms

Acephate 25% w/w + Fenvalerate 3% w/w EC Crop Common name Dosage per hectare Waiting of the pest a.i. (g) Formulation Dilution period in (ml) (Litre) days Cotton American bollworm 500+60 2000 500 15 Sucking Insects 500+60 2000 500 15

50 ANNEXURE-VI

Acephate 50% + Imidacloprid 1.8% SP Cotton Aphid ,Jassids, Thrips, 518 1000 500 40 White flies, Bollworms

Acetamiprid 0.4% + Chlorpyriphos 20% EC Paddy Stem borer, Brown Plant 10+500 2.5 500-800 10 Hopper(BPH), White Backed Plant Hopper (WBPH)

Acetamiprid 1.1% + Cypermethrin 5.5% EC Cotton Aphids,Jassids,Thrips 10+50 1000 400-1000 30days Bollworms

Betacyfluthrin 8.49% + Imidacloprid 19.81% OD Brinjal Aphids, Jassids 15.75+36.75 – 175-200 500 7 shoot & fruit borer 18 + 42

Buprofezin 9% + Acephate 24% w/w WP Rice Brown Plant Hopper 54+ 144 600 500 20

Buprofezin 15% + Acephate 35% w/w WP Paddy BPH, WBPH 187.5+ 437.5 1250 500 20

Buprofezin 20% + Acephate 50% w/w WP Paddy Stem Borer, Leaf Folder Buprofezin-200 1000 500 20 & Brown Plant Hopper & Acephate-500

Buprofezin 22% + Fipronil 3% SC Rice Brown Plant Hopper 110 + 15 500 400 - 500 32

Cypermethrin 10% + Indoxacarb 10% w/w SC

51 ANNEXURE-VI

Cotton Jassids, Thrips and 50+50 500 400-1000 7 Ballworm

Cypermethrin 3% + Quinalphos 20% EC Brinjal Shoot & Fruit borer 350-400 500-600 7 Cotton Americal bollworm 1000-1250 500-600 15 Spotted bollworm Jassids

Chlorpyrifos 50% + Cypermethrin 5%EC Cotton Aphid, Jassids, Thrips, 500+50 1000 500-1000 15 Whitefly, Spodoptera litura, Spotted bollworm, Pink Bollworm, American bollworm Rice Stem borer, Leaf folder 312+32 to 625-750 500-700 15 375+38

Chlorpyriphos 16% + Alphacypermethrin 1% Cotton Spotted bollworm 425 2500 500-750 15 Pink Bollworm , American bollworm

Deltamethrin 0.72% w/w + Buprofezin 5.65% w/w EC Rice Brown plant 0.78+62.5 – 1250+1500 500 30 Hopper, 0.94+75.0 Leaf folder

Deltamethrin 1% + Trizophos 35%EC Cotton Spotted 10+350- 1000-1250 600-1000 21 Bollworm, 12.5+450 Pink Bollworm, American bollworm, White flies

52 ANNEXURE-VI

Brinjal Shoot & Fruit 10+350- 1000-1250 500 3 Borer, Jassids, 12.5+450 Aphid, Epllachna beetle

Emamectin Benzoate 1.5% + Fipronil 3.5% SC Re-entry period after each application (Hrs) Chilli Thrips & Fruit borer (7.50+17.50) - 500-750 500 3 48 (11.25+26.25)

Ethion 40% + Cypermethrin 5% w/w EC Cotton American 400+50 1000 500 15 bollworm

Ethiprole 40 + Imidacloprid 40%WG Rice BPH 37.5+37.5 93.75 375 15 WBPH 50+50 125 375 *Endosulfan 35% + Cypermethrin 5% EC Cotton Bollworms 875 + 125 2500 500-1000 15

Fenobucarb 20% + Buprofezin 5% w/w SE Paddy BPH 400+100 2000 500 30 GLH

Flubendiamide 4% + Buprofezin 20% w/w SC Paddy Yellow stem borer, Leaf 35+175 175+700 500 30 Folder, BPH

Flubendiamide 3.5% + Hexaconazole 5% w/w WG Paddy Stem borer, Leaf folder 35+50 1000 500 20

53 ANNEXURE-VI

Flubendiamide 19.92% w/w+ Thiacloprid 19.92% w/w Chilli Thrips 48+48-60+60 200-250 500 5 Fruit borer

Fipronil 40% + Imidacloprid 40% WG Sugarcane White grub (Holotrichia 175+175- 437.5-500 1000-1250 296 consanguinea) 200+200

Fipronil 4% + Acetamiprid 4% W/W Cotton Aphid, Jassids & White 40+40 1000 500 30 fly

Fipronil 4% + Thiamethoxam 4% w/w SC Rice Brown Plant Hopper, 44+44 1100 500 45 Green Leaf Hopper & White Backed Plant Hopper

Imidacloprid 18.5% + Hexaconazole 1.5% FS Groundnut Termites, Thrips, Imidacloprid : 37 200 Jassids, Root grubs, & Collar rot, Stem rot, Hexaconazole : 3 Tikka leaf spot & Rust

Not This is used as Applicable seed dresser Wheat Termites, Aphids, Imidacloprid : 37 200 Smut & Rust & Hexaconazole : 3

Imidacloprid 6% + Lambdacyhalothrin 4% SL

54 ANNEXURE-VI

Paddy Stem borer, Hispa, 18+12 300 500 10 Plant Hopper & Gandhi Bug

Indoxacarb 14.5% + Acetamiprid 7.7% w/w SC Cotton Jassids, White 88.8-111 400-500 500 30 flies & Bollworm Chillies Thrips, & 88.8-111 400-500 500 5 Fruit borer

Novaluron 5.25% + Indoxacarb 4.5% SC Tomato Fruit borer & 43.31 + 37.13 825-875 500 5 leaf eating caterpillar - 45.94 + 39.38

Phosphamidon 40% + Imidacloprid 2% SP Paddy Brown plant hopper, 252-294 600-700 750 22 Green leaf hopper, Stem borer

Profenofos 40% + Cypermethrin 4% EC Cotton Bollworm complex 440-660 1000-1500 500-1000 14

Profenofos 40% + Fenpyroxymate 2.5%w/w EC Chilli Thrips, Mites & Borer 0.4+0.025 1000 500 7

Pyriproxyfen 5% EC + Fenpropathrin 15% EC Cotton Whitefly, Bollworms 25+75 – 37.5 500-750 500-750 14 +112.5 Brinjal Whitefly, shoot and fruit25+75 – 37.5 500-750 500-750 7 borer +112.5 Okra Whitefly, fruit borer 25+75 – 37.5 500-750 500-750 7 +112.5 Chilli Whitefly, fruit borer 25+75 – 37.5 500-750 500-750 7 +112.5

Pyriproxyfen 5% EC + Fenpropathrin 15% EC Cotton Whitefly 60+60 600 500 19

Pyriproxyfen 10% + Bifenthrin10 % w/wEC 55 ANNEXURE-VI

Cotton Whitefly 60+60 600 500 19

Spirotetramat 11.01% w/w + Imidacloprid 11.01% w/w SC Okra Red Spider Mites 60+60 500 500 3 Brinjal Whitefly & 60+60 500 500 5 Red Spider Mites

Thiamethoxam 12.6% + Lambda cyhalothrin 9.5%ZC: Cotton Jassids, Aphids & 44 200 500 26 Thrips and Bollworm Maize Aphid,Shootfly, 27.5 125 500 42 Stem borer Groundnut Leaf hopper 27.5 150 500 28 Leaf eating caterpillar Soybean Stem fly,Semilooper 27.5 125 500 48 Girdle beetle Chilli Thrips, Fruit borer 33 150 500 3

Tea Tea Mosquito bug, 33 150 400 1 Thrips & Semilooper Tomato Thrips, Whiteflies & 27.5 125 500 5 Fruit borer

Acetamiprid 0.4%+Chlorpyriphos 20% EC Paddy Stem Borer, BPH & 10+500 2.5 500-800 10 WBPH

Cypermethrin 10% + Indoxacarb 10%SC: Cotton Jassids, Thrips & 50+50 500 400-1000 7 Bollworm

Chlorantraniliprole 9.3% + Lambda Cyhalothrin 4.6% ZC:

56 ANNEXURE-VI

Pigeon pea Pod borer 30.0 200 500 18

Cotton 20 Bollworms complex 37.5 250 500

Chlorantraniliprole 0.5 % w/w + Thiamethoxam 1.0 % w/w GR: Rice Stem borer 30+60 6Kg/ha. - 60 days Leaf Folder Brown Plant Hopper Green Leaf Hopper

Chlorantraniliprole 8.8% w/w + Thiamethoxam 17.5 % w/w SC: Application Application method time Tomato Leaf Miner, 150 500 Soil drench 50-100 8-10 days 36 days LWhitefly & ( Single ml/plant after eFruit borer application) transplanting a

Pu b lic h eal t h u se

ALPHACYPERMETHRIN 5 % WP Pest Hebitat a.i. (mg/m2) Formulation (gm) Dilution

(Ltr.) Adult 25 (2 cycles Dilute 250 gm of 250 Mosquito application to repeat Alphacypermethrin after 3 month) 5 % WP in 10 litre of water to cover500 sq m area. 57 ANNEXURE-VI

40 ( single cycle Dilute 250 gm of 400 application) Alphacypermethrin 5 % WP in 10 litre of water to cover500 sq m area. ALPHACYPERMETHRIN Impregnated long lasting nets 0.667% w/w (200 mg/m2) (For Import only) Ready to use Impregnated Bed Net To control mosquitoes under Public Health

AZADIRACHTIN 0.15% EC Pest Hebitat a.i. (gm) Formulation (gm) Surface

Mosquito Stagnant water, drainage, 1 .0 1 .0 10.7 m2 larvae water puddle, iron 5.0 5.0 53.6 m2 containers, machinery 933.3 933.3 1 hectare scraps, iron box, iron tanks, plastic scraps, pit.

BACILLUS SPHAERICUS 1593 M SERO TYPE H 59 5B Anophles sp. For Drains, Cesspits 112 1 ltr/10 ltr of water - Culex sp. Cesspools, paddy fields, ponds. Camsuarina pits, unused wells, unused overhead tanks, Domestic wells (Not for drinking requirements)

BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS var. Israelensis 0.5%WP Mosquito spp. Anopheles,Culex 0.75mg/m2 - 200 - andAedes (Habitate-CEMENT Tank,Coolers,Drains,pool pits,Highly polluted underground tanks,Container Drums and Tyres.)

BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS var. Israelensis 5%WP.

58 ANNEXURE-VI

Mosquito spp. Anopheles,Culex and 0.75g/m2 7.50kg/ha.. 200 L - Aedes (Habitate-CEMENT Tank,Coolers,Drains,pool pits - Highly polluted 1.00g/m2 10.00 kg/ha. 200 L water(underground tanks,Container Drums and Tyres.)

BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS var. Israelensis WP. Name of insect Dosage/ha Interval between application a.i. (gm) Formulation (Kg.) Anopheles and Culex sp. (larvae) 2 – 5 Kg/ha 2-4 weeks

BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR-ESRAELENSIS , Serotype H-14 (VECTOBAC 12 AS) Potency 1200 ITU / MG (VCRC Serotype H-14 strain Culex Drains, Cesspits Casuarina 5.0 litres. 1 liter in 100 lts of water pits, Disused wells Anopheles Paddy fields, Ponds, pools 10.0 litres. 1 liter in 50 lts of water Aedes Tree holes, disused tyres 10.0 litres. 1 liter in 50 lts of water Culex Drains, Cesspits Casuarina 5.0 litres. 1 liter in 100 lts of water pits, Disused wells

BIFENTHRIN 10%WP Pests a.i (mg/m2) Formulation Dilution in Water (Litre) (gm)/500 m2 Adult 25 (2 rounds 125 Dilute 125 gm of Bifenthrin Mosquito of spraying 3 months 10% WP in 10 liters of water to cover 500m2 apart area.

Bti 12% AS (Vectobac) Anopheles sp. Clean water, cement tanks 1-2 ltrs. Culex sp. Polluted water, cess pits, cement tanks, 2-4 ltrs. stagnant and flowing drains

CHLORPYRIPHOS METHYL 40% EC -- Used to control of adult vector mosquitoes 59 ANNEXURE-VI

CYFLUTHRIN 10% WP Common Dosage 2 name of pest a.i mg .m Formulation Dilution (gm) Under public 25 ( 2 cycles 250 Dilute 250 gm of Cyfluthrin 10 Health Application to be WP in 10 litres of water to cover programme Repeated after 3mths. 500 m2 area. 40 (single cycles application) 400 (Adult Dilute 400 gm of Cyfluthrin 10 mosquitoes) WP in 10 litres of water to

cover 500 m2 area.

DDT 50%WP Insects a.i. gm/m Adult mosquitoes 1-2gm

DELTAMETHRIN 0.15% + Pipro0nyl 0.55% Insects a.i. gm/m Adult Mosquitoes control under Public Health mosquitoes

DELTAMETHRIN 1.25% W/W OR 1.0% W/V Insect Method of application Dosage per hectare a.i. (gm) Formulation Dilution in diesel (ml) Oil (Litre) Adult Thermal fogging 0.5 50 10 Mosquitoes Ultra low volume application 0.5 50 0.5

DELTAMETHRIN 2.5 % WP Insect Method of application Dosage per hectare a.i. (gm) Formulation Dilution in diesel (ml) Oil (Litre) Adult For public health purpose 625-1250 mg/50 25-50 g/50 1.5-2.5 Ltr./50 sqm Mosquitoes only sq.m sq.m

DELTAMETHRIN IMPREGNATED BED NET 55MG/M2 (For Import only)

60 ANNEXURE-VI

Ready to use insecticide Impregnated Bed Mosquitoes control under Public Health net

DIFLUBENZURON 2% GR. Name of the Habitat Dosage/ha (Kg) Waiting period Minsoecsqtu piteos t Water bodies (Cess pits, 1.25 – 3.0 - larvae Drains, & Disused wells and pools)

FENITROTHION 40% WP Common name of pest a.i (gm) Formulation Dilution in water (litres) Mosquitoes & files 400 1000 80

FENTHION 82.5% EC Name of pest Dosage per hectare a.i. (gms) Formulation (ml) Dilution in water (litres) Mosquitoes 95 115 200 (surface : up to 10 cm depth) larvae 412 500 200 (surface : up to 0.5 Meter depth) Adult 124 150 200 mosquitoes 124 150 200 Flies

FENTHION 2% GR Mosquito Banks of lakes, ponds, 100 5.0 Upto 10 cm depth. Larvae ditches, marshes, swamps, stagnant water, septic tank 500 25 Upto 0.5 mtr depth & rice field.

LAMBDA CYHALOTHRIN 10%WP 3 Pest Use Dosage 500m floor area a.i. (gm) Formulation Dilution in water (Litre) gm) Mosquitoes For public health only 7.5-15 75-150 10

MALATHION 25% WP Crop Common Dosage / sq. m Waiting Period

61 ANNEXURE-VI

name of the a.i (gm) Formulation Dilution in (days) pest (gm) Water (Liter) - Adult 2 per sq. m 8 per sq. m 100 Repeat after 6-8 mosquitoes weeks

NOVALURON 10%EC Place of Insect Dosages Application a.i. (gm) Formulation Waiting Period (ml) Clean surface An. Stephensi An.Aegypti 30 0.03ml/m2 -- water Polluted Culex quinquefasciatusand 60 0.06ml/m2 -- Surface water An.Subpictus

PYRIPROXYFEN 0.5% GR. Breeding habitats Dosage/ha Interval a.i. (gm) Formulation(Kg.) between application

Clean water/ domestic 10 (0.01ppm) 2.00 8 weeks containers Polluted/ Peri-domestic 20 (0.02ppm) 4.00 8 weeks breeding habitat

PIRIMIPHOS METHYL 50%EC Location Name of the p Dosage Waiting period Mosquito breeding surface Mosquito 25ml/ha - larvae

TEMEPHOS 50% EC Regime of application Common name Dosage per hectare Waiting of pest a.i. (g) Formulation period (ml) (days) Mosquito larval treatment area Mosquitoes 37.5-125 75-250 200 ponds, swamps, drainage larvae ditches, canals and other Breeding areas.

62 ANNEXURE-VI

Household Insecticides

ALPHAMETHRIN 0.1 w/w (RTU) Common name of pest Dose /sq. m- a.i (mg) Formulation (ml) Cockroaches, Adult mosquitoes, 25-50 25 - 50 Adult houseflies

ALPHACYPERMETHRIN 0.5% Chalk Ready to use household insecticides To control cockroaches.

ALLETHRIN 0.5% Coil Ready to use household insecticides Used to control of house hold flying insect like houseflies and mosquitoes

ALLETHRIN 0.5% Mosquito Coil Ready to use household insecticides To control of adult mosquitoes

63 ANNEXURE-VI

ALLETHRIN 0.2% Coil Adult Mosquitoes Ready to use household insecticide. To control of mosquito.

ALLETHRIN 0.5% Coil Adult Mosquitoes Ready to use household insecticide. To control of mosquito.

ALLETHRIN 4% Mat Adult Mosquitoes Ready to use household insecticide. To control of mosquito.

ALLETHRIN 5% Aerosol Ready to use household insecticide. To control of mosquito.

ALLETHRIN 3.6% LV Ready to use household insecticide. To control of mosquito.

BIFENTHRIN 0.05% Mosquito coil (8 hours Min.) Ready to use household insecticide. Used to control adult mosquitoes.

CYFLUTHRIN 10% WP Common name of Dosage pest a.i in mg Formulation gms / Use /sq. m. sq.m. Adult mosquitoes 25 0.250 for each spray 100 gm of Cyfluthrin 10% WP Cockroaches house 20 0.200 to be diluted in 8 liters of potable water 40 gm Flies & Mosquitoes of Cyfluthrin 10%WP to be diluted in 10% (in house) litres. Water.

CYFLUTHRIN 10% WP Common name Dosage of pest a.i mg .m2 Formulation (gm) Dilution

For house hold use 25-40 250-400 Dilute 250-400 gm of Cyfluthrin 10% WP in 10 Cockroach Housefly litres of water to cover 500 m2 area. Mosquitoes

CHLORPYRIPHOS 2% w/w Ready to use household insecticides Used for protecting wood from the attack of termites & borers.

CHLORPYRIPHOS METHYL 40% EC 64 ANNEXURE-VI

Used to control adult mosquitoes

CYPHENOTHRIN 7.2% W/W VP (For use by pest control operator only) Common name of pest American Cockroaches & German Cockroaches To control of American Cockroaches & German Cockroaches (In house) CYPERMETHRIN 3% Smoke Generator Ready to use household insecticide. To control Cockroaches in house, hotels & warehouse.

CYPERMETHRIN 1.0% Dust Ready to use household insecticide. To control Cockroaches in house.

CYPERMETHRIN 1% Chalk Ready to use household insecticide. To control Cockroaches in house.

CYFLUTHRIN 5% EW Ready to use Cockroaches, House flies, 50 ml diluted solution/ mosquitoes, in-house. m2 Bed net impregnation 8 ml. 1.0

CYFLUTHRIN 0.025% + TRANSFLUTHRIN 0.04% Aerosol Ready to use Used for controlling /repelling Mosquitoes. Houseflies & cockroaches in homes.

DELTAMETHRIN 2.5% Flow Name of insect pestType of use Dosage /m2 area of bed net a.i. Formulation Adult Mosquitoes For impregnation of polyester , 25 mg 1 ml nylon and cotton bed net

DELTAMETHRIN 2.5% WP Name of insect pestHabitate Dosage /m2 area of bed net a.i. Formulation Dilution in water

65 ANNEXURE-VI

Lesser grain borer (Grain and seeds in stacks) 30 mg/sq.m 1.2 g/sq.m 1 ltr.for 30 Rice moth,Saw sq.m toothed grain beetle,Red flour beetle, Khapra beetleAlmond moth (Grain and seeds in stacks) 30 mg/sq.m 1.2 g/sq.m 1 ltr.for 30 Rice weevil sq.m Walls,ceilings & floor of 30 mg/sq.m 1.2 g/sq.m 1 ltr.for 30 Rice weevil godowns sq.m

DIFLUBENZURON 2% Tablets Name of pest Habitat Dosage Dilution in water Mosquitoes Larvae Unused Coolers 0.5-1.0 ppm ½ -1 Tablet in 40 lit. water

DIFLUBENZURON 20%+ DELTAMETHRIN 2% SC Name of the insect Habitat Dosage/ha (Kg) Waiting period pest House fly maggot Poultry Manure and kitchen 1.50-2.00 ml/ltr. - garbage Water (5 litre of water / 10 sq.m Area)

Diflubenzuron 25% WP Name of pest Habitat Dosage Dilution in water Mosquitoes Larvae Clean surface water, 25-50 gm a i /ha Polluted surface water 50-100gm a i /ha Sewage pits, soak pits, latrines, 1 mg a i / liter. septic tanks. House fly maggots In poultry manure Garbage, 5.0 gm/10 sq m 5 liters water/10 sq m. control Filth & dumping areas

DELTAMETHRIN 0.05% + Allethrin 0.04% w/w Common name Dosage per hectare of house hold insect a.i. (g) Formulation (ml) Cockroaches, 12.5-25 25-50 House flies, Mosquitoes

DIAZINON 0.5% m/m+ PYRETHRUM 0.1% m/m

66 ANNEXURE-VI

Insects Dosage ml/ sq. m Cockroach, Housefly 25-50

DELTAMETHRIN 2.5% + D-TRANS ALLETHRIN 2% w/w EC Insects Dosage per sq. meter a.i. (mg) Qty. of soln. (ml) Cockroach, Houseflies, Mosquitoes 12.5-25 + 10-20 25-50

DELTAMETHRIN 0.02% w/w + ALLETHRIN 0.13% w/w Ready to use Tto control cockroaches, mosquitoes and flies.

DELTAMETHRIN 0.5% w/w Chalk Ready to use household insecticide To control Cockroaches, ants and bedbugs.

D-Trans Allethrin 0.1% w/w + Permethrin 0.03% w/w + Imiprothrin 0.02% w/w Aerosol (All Insect Killer Aerosol) Ready to use To control cockroaches, mosquitoes and house flies.

DELTAMETHRIN 1%RTU Ready to use household insecticide. To control Cockroaches in house. One litre of insect control of paints sufficient for an area of 22 sq. meter. Two coats of insect control paint are recommended giving 18 hours of drying between the coats.

DIAZINON 25% Micro Encapsulation House Hold Insecticide Recommended for use for control of Cockroaches, houseflies and mosquitoes in houses. To control Cockroaches in house.

D-TRANS ALLETHRIN 2% Mosquito Mat Ready to use household insecticide. To control Adult Mosquitoes in house.

D-TRANS ALLETHRIN 0.1% w/w Mosquito Coil Ready to use household insecticide. To control and repel of Adult Mosquitoes in the house.

67 ANNEXURE-VI

D- ALLETHRIN 21.97 % w/w Mos. Mat. Used to control Adult Mosquitoes Open Area like Park, Garden and Farm Houses etc only.

Emamectin Benzoate 0.1% w/w Gel Bait Common name Gram a.i. Formulation Application Usage s of Insect/Pest Dose Dose American 0.001 g a.i. 1 .0 gram of Place "Ready to Use Gel Bait" (RB) for use as spot or Cockroach per square gel bait per cracks and crevices treatment in residential (Periplaneta meter square meter institutional, commercial and industrial areas e.g. americana) (2 - 5 spots) application at or near harbourage or aggregation areas, such as corners, areas where cockroaches forage or German 0.001 g a.i. 1.0 gram of crack and crevices, holes, hidden surfaces, any other Cockroach per square gel bait per places where cockroaches are typically known to hide (Blattella meter square meter etsc. for the control of cockroaches. germanica) (1 - 2 spots)

FENTHION 2% Spray Ready to use household insecticide. To control of Cockroaches, Bed bugs, Flies & Mosquitoes.

FENITROTHION 20% OL Pest a.i. (gm) Formulation Instruction for use (ml) Bedbug (Cimex 2.0 10.0 Take 10 ml of BILFOL 20 and dilute in spp) 200 ml of kerosene. Apply spot spray thoroughly in all bed bug infested areas like charpoy furniture etc. taking care that the spray is the directed into cracks and crevices where bedbugs are hiding. 200 ml of spray wash will approx cover 10m2 it can also be applied with a brush where ever bedbugs occur.

FIPRONIL 0.03% & 0.5%Gel Ready to use household insecticide. Used to control of German & American Cockroaches.

IMIPROTHRIN 0.1% + CYPHENOTHRIN 0.13% w/w Ready to use Used for controlling cockroaches in homes.

IMIPROTHRIN 0.7% w/w + CYPERMETHRIN 0.2% w/w aerosol Ready to use household insecticides Used against Cockroaches.

68 ANNEXURE-VI

IMIPROTHRIN 0.05% + CYPERMETHRIN 1.0% CL Ready to use Used for controlling cockroaches in houses.

Imidacloprid 0.03% w/w Gel Species Recommended Dose Pharaoh ant (Monomorium pharaonis) Low infestation level (one spot of 200 mg/m2 of infested area). Small black ant (Monomorium indicum) Moderate to high infestation level (one spot of 300 mg/m2 of Crazy ant (Paratrechina longicomis) infested area). Ghost ant (Tapinoma melanocephelum)  Scoring of ant activity will be done based on the following: Low activity=1-50 ants passing from a given point in the time period of one minute. Medium activity=51-200 ants passing from a given point in the time period of one minute. High activity= 201 ants passing from a given point in the time period of one minute.

IMIDACLOPRID 2.15% w/w GEL Ready to use household insecticide. Used to control of German & American Cockroaches.

IMIDACLOPRID 21%w/w + Beta Cyfluthrin 10.5 % w/w SC Name of Insect pests Places Dosage American Cockroaches Private Houses,Factories,Offices,Market Diluter 4 ml of Imidacloprid & places,Restaurants,Hotels,Shopes,Ships, 21%w/w + Beta Cyfluthrin German Cockroaches Hospital etc. 10.5 % w/w SC with 1 L of water. Apply 50 ml of this solution to spray per square meter area or apply 1 L of this solution to cover 20 square meter area

LAMBDA CYHALOTHRIN 0.5% Chalk Ready to use household insecticides Used to control Cockroaches.

LAMBDA CYHALOTHRIN 2.43% CS Purpose and target pest Dosage per sq. m of netting a.i. (mg) Concentration of Quantity of spray spray fluid fluid (ml) Impregnation of bed nets to 10.0 0.05% 800-1000 (depending prevent attack from mosquitoes on the type of the net)

LAMBDA CYHALOTHRIN 2.43% CS Common name of pest Dosage 69 ANNEXURE-VI

a.i. Formulation Adult mosquitoes 20-30 mg/m2 10-15 ml/litres of water to cover 50m2 area Adult House flies

Cockroaches

LAMBDA CYHALOTHRIN 2.43% CS

Target insect Dosage

Mg a.i./m2 Method of application

Non porous surfaces- Mosquitoes House flies & Cockroaches

Porous surfaces – Mosquitoes House flies & Cockroaches 12.5

25 Mix 20 ml of product in 1 liter of water & spray the solution uniformly @ 25 ml /m2 on non porous & @ 50 ml /m2 on porous surfaces.

LAMBDA CYHALOTHRIN 2.43% CS Name of pest Dosage per sq. m a.i. (mg) 70 ANNEXURE-VI

Formulation (ml) Dilution in water Cockroaches 50 1.0 Dissolve 500 ml of formulated material in 10 litre water to cover 500 square meter area. Housefly , Adult mosquitoes 0.2 0.004 Dissolve 4 ml of formulated material in 20 litre water to cover 1000 square meter area. Indoor Name of pest Dosage per sq. m

a.i. (mg) Formulation (ml) Dilution in water Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti 0.5 0.01 Dissolve 5 ml of formulated material in kerosene to cover 500 square meter area. Outdoor Name of pest Dosage per sq. m

a.i. (mg) Formulation (ml) Dilution in water Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti 3.5 71 ANNEXURE-VI

70 Dissolve 70 ml Formulation in kerosene to cover 1 hectare Area.

MALATHION 2% House Hold Spray Ready to use To control of Bed, Bugs, Flies, Ants, Mosquitoes, Gnats, Moths, Cockroaches in houses.

METOFLUTHRIN 0.005% (Mosquito Coil)-Min. 7 Hrs. Burning time Ready to use household insecticide. To control of mosquitoes in houses.

PERMETHRIN 2% w/w (Olyset@Net) for Import only Ready to use household insecticides For control of mosquitoes both indoors and outdoors. After unpacking and before using the new bed net, keep it in and open place for 12 hrs away from the sunlight. PROTEAMPHOS 1% Spray Ready to use household To control of Cockroaches, Bed bugs, Flies, fleas, Insecticide. Mosquitoes & silverfish.

PROPOXUR 0.75% + CYFLUTHRIN 0.025% Aerosol Ready to use household insecticide. Cockroaches , Mosquitoes & houseflies

PROPOXUR 20% EC Common name of pest a.i (gm) Formulation Dilution in water (ml) (litres) Flying insect- Mosquitoes, files, 200 1000 40 cockroaches , bed bugs, flase , ticks crickets , woodlice , mite, silver fish, spider ants etc.

PIRIMIPHOS METHYL 1% spray Location Pest Dosage Explosure period (min. hrs.) Spot spray in houses Cockroache 100 ml/1m2 1 s , bed bugs, flea etc. Space spray in houses Mosquitoes, 50 ml/100m3 1 houseflies

72 ANNEXURE-VI

PYRETHRIN 0.05% + MALATHION 1% Insects Used to control of Cockroaches, Mosquitoes, Flies

PROPOXURE 2% Bait Ready to use household insecticides Used to control of cockroaches and flies.

PYRETHRIN 0.2% w/w Ready to use household insecticide. To control of cockroaches, houseflies & mosquito.

PROPOXURE 1% Spray Ready to use household insecticide. Used to control of cockroaches and house flies, adult mosquitoes.

PRALLETHRIN 1% w/w Red Mosquitoes Mat Ready to use household insecticide. Used to control of adult mosquitoes.

PRALLETHRIN 0.04% Coils (Min.11Hrs) (label expansion) Ready to use household insecticide. Used to control mosquitoes in Houses

PRALLETHRIN 0.04% Coils (Min.6Hrs) (label expansion) Ready to use household insecticide. Used to control mosquitoes in Houses

PRALLETHRIN 0.8% w/w Red Mosquitoes Mat Ready to use household insecticide. Used to control of Mosquitoes.

PRALLETHRIN 0.5% w/w Mosquitoes Coil Ready to use household insecticide. Used to control of adult mosquitoes.

PRALLETHRIN 1.2% Mat Ready to use household insecticide. Used to control of adult mosquitoes.

PRALLETHRIN 0.04% w/w Mosquito Coil Ready to use household insecticide. Used to control of adult mosquitoes.

PRALLETHRIN 19% w/w VP Ready to use household insecticide. Used to control of adult mosquitoes.

PRALLETHRIN 2.4% w/w Liquid Ready to use household insecticide. Used to control of Mosquitoes.

73 ANNEXURE-VI

S – BIOALLETHRIN 2.4% Mosquitoes Mat Ready to use household insecticide. Used to control of adult mosquitoes.

THIAMETHOXAM 0.01 %W/W GEL BAIT Common Name of Dose Formulation Application/Usage the Insect/Pest g.a.i. Dose Black Carpenter Ants0.0001g.a.i. 1.0 gram of gel Locate the ant trails or location where ants are most (Camponotus spp.) per spot bait per active. (2-4 spots spot Place”Ready to Use Gel Bait” (RB) for controlling per square (2-4 spots per ants for use as spot or cracks and crevices treatment meter) square meter) in residential, Institutional, commercial and industrial areas e.g. application at or near harbourage or aggregation areas, such as corners areas where ants forage or crack and crevices, holes, hidden surfaces any other places where ants are typically known to hide. ZINC PHOSPHIDE 1% bait (Household Product) To be ready to use household To control Rats insecticide

TRANSFLUTHRIN 0.88% & 1.6% Liquid Vaporizer Ready to use household insecticide. Used to control of adult mosquitoes and house fly.

TRANSFLUTHRIN 1.6% Liquid Vaporizer (For 30 Nights (25 ml) Ready to use household insecticide. Used to control of adult mosquitoes.

TRANSFLUTHRIN 20% w/w MV Gel Ready to use household insecticide. Used to control of Mosquitoes in the house.

TRANSFLUTHRIN 0.03% w/w Mosquito Coil Ready to use household insecticide. Used for controlling / repelling of Mosquitoes in the house.

TRANSFLUTHRIN 1% EU (Smoke generator) Use / recommendation It is used for controlling/repelling adult mosquitoes in the houses (Effective for 6 hrs.)

TRANSFLUTHRIN 1.2% Liquid Vaporizer ( For 60 Nights (45 ml) & 90 nights (67ml.) Ready to use household insecticide. Used to control of adult mosquitoes. TRANSFLUTHRIN 12% AE

74 ANNEXURE-VI

Ready to use household insecticide. Used to controlling/ repelling of adult mosquitoes in the houses ( effective for 12 hours)

75 An"pr"u.al{ll-

Government of India Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage Central Insecticide Board & Registration Committee N.H.-IV, Faridabad-121001

MAJORUSES OFPESTICIDES Registered under the InsecticidesAct,l968

rIP TO 31.05.201E

FUNGICIDES

Disclaimer: The document has been compiled on the basis of available information for guidance and not for legal purposes. Fungicides single product formulations uses: Page 01 to 30 Fungicides combination uses: Page 31 to 43

1, Funeicides

cmp Common name Dosage per ha Waiting ofthe a.i' (c) Formulation Dilution in period from disease (glml)lVo water(L) last application to harvest(in days)

Grapes Downy mildew l25gn, 500 ml 500-750 7 Powdery mildew chilli Fruit rot l25gm 500 ml 500-750 5 Powdery mildew Mango Anthracnose 0.025% 0.r% 100mV 100 lit 5 Powdery mildew of water depending on the size ofthe tree canopy Tomato Early& 125grt 500m1 500 3 Late blight Potato Late Blight 125 gn 500 ml s00 12

Cucumber Downey mildew 125 gm 500 500 5 Powdery mildew

Cumin Blight & 115 gm. 500 500 28 Powdery mildew ffiM w@Ee M Wheat Loose smut l grn 2gm lkgof seed Groundnut -Er€:ETikka leafspot 112.5 gm 225gnt 750

Tobacco Frogeye spot 112.5 gm 2259m 750 Grapes Powdery mildew 15Ogm 300gm 62s-700

Anthracnose 15Ogm 300gm 62s-700 7

Beans Powdery mildew l00gm 2009m 600 Anthracnose 1009m 200gm 600 Cucurbits Powderymildew 100grn 200grn 600

2 At."rtP*:S

Anthracnose 100gn 200gm 600

Chilies Powdery mildew 100gm 200grr 600 Fruit rot l00gm 200gm 600 Leafspot l00gm 2009m 600 Brinjal Powdery mildew 100gm 20Ogrn 600 Sugar beat Leafspot l00gm 2009n 600 2t Peas Powdery mildew l00gm 200gln 600 2 rEErffi={;E i,l in reGi Groundnut Rust 2509m 1000gtn 500 30 Tikka 250grn 1000gn s00 30 Wheat Karnal bunt 5609m 2240gn 750

Chillies Fruit rot 750gm 1500grn 500 5 (Anthracnose) Potato Early blight 750gm l500gm 500 2t &Late blight ffi8f;::..:l.:.- Apple Scab l25Ogn 2.5k9 750-1000

Cherrv Brown rot 125Ogm 2.5kg 750-1000

Grapes Downey mildew 125 Ogn 2.Skg 750-1000

Potato Early blight 1250grn 2.Skg 750-1000

Late blight 125Ogn 2.5k9 750-1000

Tomato Early blight l25Ogrn 2.Skg 750-1000

Late blight l25Ogm 2.5kg 750-1000

Applei Scab Fly speck 0.l2Yor* 1667gm 15-20** 8 Bitter rot Cherry Brown rot 0.12o/o** 1667gn l5-20++ NA

Grape Downy mildew l25Ogn 16679n 1000 E

Cabbage/ Damping off 0.25o/o 2500gm 1000 NA Cauliflower, (Nursery) Soil drench Tomato, In the nursery 3 Brinjal, Chillies, Beans, Omamental Potato Early blight 1250gn 1667gn 1000 E late blight l250grr 1667gn 1000 8 Tomato Early blight 1250gn 1667gn 1000 6

Late blight 1250gm 1667gn 1000 6

Chillies Early blight l25Ogm 1667 gn 1000 8 Fruit rot l500grn 2000gln 1000 8

Citrus Brown rot 0.25*+ 2500grn l5-20+r' NA

Scab 0.12++ 1667gn l5-20** NA

Rose Blackspot l25Ogn 1667 1000 NA

Paddy kafspot 750gm 1000gn 7s0 NA ffiffi l Chillies Damping off l5-25 gm 20-30gnr I (soil drench) (soil drench) per kgs Per kg seed seed Cabbage Damping off 15-25gm 20-30gm I (soil drench) per kg seed Per kg seed Tomato Damping off 15-25 gm 20-3Ogm I (soil drench) per kg seed Per kg seed Tobacco Damping off 15-25 gm 20-3Ogm I (soil drench) per kg seed Per kg seed

Paddy Brown leaf spot 0.62kg 12.5 kg

); ( rJ l.i'i,: Grape Powdery 0.0460/o 0.17oor100 As required 30 mildew or 46 g /100 mU lit water l0OlitWater Mango Powdery 0.046% 0.17oor100 As required 15 mildew or 46 9/100 mUl00litW lit water ater

4 Ar*.,

Paddy B last 125-250 gn 250-500gm 7soL Sheath blight lgm/ kg 2 gm/ kg (lhr/10 kg seed) (wet slurry seed seed (seed treatment) treatmen0 Aerial phase 125-250 gm 250-500gm 750

Wheat Loose smut I gm/kg 2glkg seed (lltr/I0 kg seed) (wet slurry seed (seed treatment) treatment before sowing) Barley Loose smut I gmlkg 2 grnJkg ( I hrll0 kg seed) (wet slurry (seed treatment) Treatment before sowing) Tapioca Set rot 0.5gn lgn I

Cotton Leafspot 125 250 750

Jute Seedling I gm/kg 2gmlkg (l hr/lOkg (wet sluny i blight seed seed seed) (seed treatment) treatment) Groundnut Tikka leaf 112.5 grn 225gra 750 Spot Sugar beet Leafspot l00gm 2009rl 400 Powdery 1009m 2009m 400 mildew Peas Powdery l25glr:, 250gm 600 Cluster mildew Beans Powdery 17Sgm 3509n 750 mildew Cucurbits Powdery mildew 1509m 30Ogm 600

Anthracnose I 50gm 3009m 600 Brinjal Leafspot l5Ogm 300gm 600 Fruit rot 15Ogm 3009n 600 Apples Scab 1.259m 2.59n lOpertree

Grapes Anthracnose l50gm 300gnr 600 Walnut Downy leaf 1.5grr, 3gn l0perhee spot Rose Powdery mildew 0.5gn l gnr 2

5 l0pertree Ber Powdery mildew 5gn lOgn , N/A nly onetime Flag smut 1.5 -1.875 2-2.5 grol kg Wheat treatnent gm/ kg seed seed ed uired N/A ly onetime Loose smut 1.5 - 1.875 2-2.5 treatnent gnr/ kg seed gm/kg seed uired ly onetime Bunt 1.5 - 1.875 2-2.5 N/A ed treatnent gm/ kg seed gm/ kg seed uired 1-) \ N/A ly onetime Loose smut 1.5 - 1.875 Barley ed treatsnent gm/ kg seed gm/ kg seed uired 1-1 < N/A nly onetime Covered 1.5 - 1.875 ed treatnent smut gm/ kg seed gm/ kg seed uired N/A/ nly onetime Angular 1.5 - 1.875 2-2.5 Cotton eed treatnent leafspot gml kg seed gml kg seed uired

'/, o.l% 300-500 Rice Blast 0.03% depending upon croP stage

;l i 0.E75-1.50 600-800 14 Groundnut Tikka 0.66 - 0.863 gm gm 600-t00 l4 Rust 0.66 - 0.863 0.875-1.50 gm gm 0.875-1.250 600-800 l4 Potato Early& 0.66 - 0.937 late blight gm gm ,.; 0.24o/oor As required 30 Grape Downy o.t2% mildew or120 2409/l00lt. depending g/100h. water upon PP water equipment As required l0 Mango Anthracnose 0.12o/o 0.24Yoor or120 2409/l00lt. depending g/100lt. water up on PP water ul ment

6 Citrus Leaf Spot t.25 2.5 750-1000 Canker 1.25 2.5 75G.1000 Chillies Leaf Spot t.25 2.5 750-1000 FruitRot t.25 2.5 750-1000 Betel Foot Rot 1.25 2.5 750-1000 Leaf Spot 1.25 2.5 750-1000 Banana Fruit Rot 1.25 2.5 750-1000 Leaf Spot 1.25 2.5 750-1000 Coffee Black Rot 1.87-3.75 3.75-5.5 750-1000 Rust 1.87-3.75 3.75-5.5 750-1000 Potato Early Blight 1.25 2.5 750-1000 Late Blight 1.25 2.5 750-1000

Tobacco Downy Mildew 1.25 2.5 750-1000 Black Sank 1.25 2.5 750-1000 Frog eye leaf 1.25 2.5 750-1000 Tomato Early Blight t.25 2.5 750-1000 Late Blight \.25 2.5 750-1000 Leaf Spot 1.25 2.5 750-1000 Grapes Downy Mildew 1.25 )< 750-1000 Coconut Bud Rot 2.5 7s0-r000

Potato Late blight #525 1500 500 22

Grape Downy mildew 525 1500 500 t2

False smut 525 1500 500 10

Paddy Bacterial leaf 525 1500 500 10 blight chilli Anthracnose 350 1500 62 22

Rice False smut - 525 1500 35 l0 Bacterial leaf blight

7 i. ll 2000grn 750 Rice False smut l000grn

0.24Yoor As required 15 Grapes Downey 0.12o/o ing mildew 2409rn1100 depend Liter water upon the crop \ stage and u -ment used

, t,t r' ..i '.i 200m1 500 27 Potato Late blight 8og 200m1 500 3-5 Tomato Late blight 8og 200m1 500 7 Grapes Downy mildew 8og

,.1, ' !i'il.! I il ir-'rj l1 :,,:l 1 200 g /100 l0-20 ml water / This is used as Wheat Loose smut 6.0 s/100 seed dresser A k seed seed seed

5%or required t4 Apple Scab 0.004% 0.01 l5mUl00 lit epending upon the I o14 g/1001t. .water ize ofthe plant and I water lant protection u ment used 0.05%or50 s00-1000 25 Rice Sheath 0.0125o/o per ,{ blight or mVl00lt. or as 12.sslt00k water he size of plant .l water 500 15 chilli D ie-back 0.0125o/o 0.05%or50 .t Fruit rot or mU100lt. 12.sgll00 water ,{ It. water 0.05% 500 l5 Cumin Blisht 0.0125% (Alternaria or .l burnsii) or ,.1 12.s 50 ml/100 lit. Powdery mildew s1100 (Erysiphae lit. water water. I tt o.t% 500 20 Onion Purple blotch 0.025o/o I (Alternaria Poni) or or 25 g/100 lit 100 ml/100 lit. I water water.

8 =====i- 25gl100ltr. or water 100 mUl00 lit. water. Grape Anthracnose 0.007 5Yo or 0.03Yo or 500 42 Powdery mildew 7.5 g/l00lit 30ml/l00lit of water water

Grapes Downy 5009m l000gn 750L 25 mildew @lasmoparaviti cola Potato Late blight 5009m 10009n 750L 16 (Phlophthora infestans) iillt.1, 'eii' Mango Powdery mildew 2.49n 5gm 10

Rose Powdery mildew 0.968m 2ml l0litwater

Apple Scab l350gn 1800gns 2400L l4-21

Altenaria leaf 0.05 0.075 10 ltr. / tree 2l blight/Blotch Apple Premature leaf 0.05 0.075 10 ltr./ tee 21 fal I

Apple Scab 0.05% 0.075o/o l0 21

.,1

Paddy Blast 250-300 500-600 750-1000 21 Brown leaf spot 250-300 500-600 750-1000 21

Apple Scab 0.005o/o (5 ! 0.04% 10lts./ 30 100 lts of (40mV 100 lts tree water) of water)

9 .#'

24 Rice Sheath Blight l20g allln 300m1/ha 500 chilli Powdery Mildew 40-60 g 100-150 500 5 a.lll:e mVha

to Sufficient N.A (Seed coat the seeds Sorghum Anthracnose 0.33 1.0 mVkg seed Dresser) uniform

gm 750-1000 30 Grapes Downey mildew 1120- 1600 1400- 2000

750-1000 90 Cardamom Azhukal 1800- 2250-3000 2400gm gm Disease and ,1 Damping off

7 Chillies Powdery 60gn 3.0L 500 .l mildew& Fruit rot 500 2t Potato Early blight& 60gm 3.0L Late blight -,1 00-750 t4 Grapes Powdery mildew 30-60 l.s-3.0L gm depending upon crop canopy I

As required 30 Apple Scab 0.0025% 0.05% (5OmV100lt) ,.1 40 Rice Blast 5Ogm 1000 ml 500 ,.] Sheath bl 30 Groundnut Tikka leaf spot 75gn 1500 ml 500 required 30 Mango Powdery mildew 0.005% 0.1% As (ssll00 lit) (100mU100 h) required 30 Soybean Rust 0.005% 0.l%oor As 5 100 lit 100mY100 lit with power Tea Blister blight 1Ogn 200m1 70-90 sprayefs 7 175-200 with Sack ta Powdery mildew 25-50gm 500-1000m1 500 Grapes t4

10 Mango Powdery 0.01% 0.2Yoor As required mildew (10 y100 lt (200mV100 lt depending on size water) water) of tree and plant 27 protection ul t used. Rice Sheath blight 0.01% 0.2o/an As required (10 yl00lr (200mV100 lt nding on water) water) ize oftree and 40 lant protection ul ent used Grapes Powdery mildew 25-50 gn s00-1000 500 14

Hexaconazole 75 7o WG

Paddy Sheath blight & 50 66.7 500 30 Sheath rot

n')l-lir !{! Rapeseed Altenaria blight 1.125Kg - 2.25k9-3kg 7s0-1000 50 Mustard 1.5 k

Rice Sheath blight I . l25kg 2.25kg 750 35 Tomato Earl bli ht 0.75k 1.5 500 l5 Grapes AnthBcnose 0.5-1.0 kg 1.0-2.Okg 500 20

Rice Blast 300 750 500-1000 60 iif.r::l l' Rice Blast 30-50 gm 1000-1500 ml 750-1000 30 0.030% 0.050% ;tr'; 'i'.1. Rice Blast, 0.10o/o 0.20ohor As required l5 Sheath Blight or100 200mlin depending gram in 200litof upon crop stage l00lit water and p lant Of water protection u ment used Chilly Fruit rot /dieback 0.10o/o 0.2iYoor As required 3 orl00 200mlin depend ing gram in 200litof upon crop stage l00lit water and plant Of water protection u nt used 11 Tomato Early blight 0.10o/o 0.2lYoor As required 5 or100 200mlin depending glam in 200h. of upon crop stage 100lit. water and plant of water protection equiDment used Potato Early blight 0.10% 0.20o/oor As required 48 or100 20Omlin depending gram in 200litof uPon crop stage 100lit. water and plant I of water protection equipment used Onion Purple blotch 0.10o/o 0.20o/oor As required 63 orl00 200mlin depend ing gram in 200h. of upon crop staSe l00lit. water and plant of water protection equipment used Pomegranate Anthracnose 0.10% 0.20Yoor As required l0 orl00 200mlin depending glam in 200h. of upon crop 100lit. water and p of water protection ul ent used Grape Anthracnose 0.10% 0.2|Voot As required l5 orl00 gram 2OOmlin depending upon in 200litof water crop stage and 100lit of plant protection water equipment used

t ffiebEili#r:s'@{FnsuffiE ,.i Paddy Blast 30 Sheath Blight 250gm 500 ml 500

mildew 300-350 Grapes Powdery 600-700m1 500 07 Downe mildew Chillies Powdery mildew 250 s00 500 1 Fruit rot , die baclq twig blight

Soybean Rust 250 500 500 43

Potato Early blight & 250 500 500 23

t2 tarrtEr -

Cotton Leaf spot 250 500 500 26 Grey mildew

Wheat Rust 250 500 500 34 Leafblight lN4'alze Turcicum leaf blight 250 500 s00 25 Rust

Apple Scale This liquid is used at one per cent in conventional 2o/opre and 1%o Powdery mildew sprayers: Doses 2-5 lit/ha post blossom

Bean Rust This liquid is used at one per cent in conventional sprayers: Doses 2-5 lit/ha Cherry Leafspot This liquid is used at one per cent in conventional Ihree sprayers: lpplications: after Doses 2-5 lit/ha petal fall 2 week later & after harvest Grape Powdery mildew This liquid is used at one per cent in conventional Feb followed sprayers: by two dustings Doses 2-5 lit/ha in summer Peach Leafcurl This liquid is used at one per cent in conventional Only Brown rot sprayers: application Powdery mildew Doses 2-5 liUha before the petal swell. Three pre- harvest applications

Pear Blackspot This liquid is used at one per cent in conventional At white bud, sprayers: Doses 2-5 lit/ha Petal fall.

Plum Blackspot This liquid is used at one per cent in conventional Delayed sprayers: Doses 2-5 lit/ha dormant spray

Rose Powdery mildew This liquid is used at one per cent in conventional Delayed sprayers: Doses 2-5 lit/ha dormant spray

13 ,]

Tomato Early blight& 0.17 5o/o 0.5%o1500 500Lt 10 Late blight or 175 gm/100[t. Water or gn/100 water as required Lt. water depending upon crop stage and equipment used ffiig,trlj* tECr,-' Tomato Early Blight 750gn l000gn 50ol-it 5-6 {! ffiffi Wheat Brown& 7.125-1.5 1.5-2kg 7501t black rust ke Blight 1.125-1.5 l.s-2kg 750Lt kg Maize Leaf blight 1.125- 1 .5 1.5-2kg 750Lt kg Downy mildew l .125- I .5 1.5-2kg 750Lt ks Paddy Blast 1.125- 1.5 1.5-2kg 75OLt ke Jowar Leafspot 1. r25- 1 .5 1.5-2kg 750Lt kg Potato Late blight 1.125-1.5 1.5-2kg 750Lt ke Early 1.125- 1.5 1.5-2kg 750Lt blight kg Tomato Late blight 1.125-1.5 1.5-2kE 750Lt ke Buckeye rot 1.125-1.5 1.5-2kg 750Lt kg Leafspot 1.125- I .5 1.5-2kg 750Lt kg Chilies Damping off ) )\o 3g (soil drench) lLt Fruit rot 1.125- 1.5-2kg 750Lt 1.5ke Ripe rot 1.125 -1.5 1.5-2kg 750L1 kg Leafspot 1.125 -1.5 1.5-2kg 750Lt ke Onion Leaf blight 1.12s-1.5 1.5-2kg 750Lt Tapioca kafspot 1.1 25 1.5-2kg 75OLt 1.5ke t4 Caulit-lower Collar rot 2-259m Jgm lLt Leafspot L125-1.5kg 1.5-2kg 750Lt Groundnut Tikka disease& t.125- 1.5-2ks 7501t rust l.5ke Collar rot 18.75 to 25 to 30/ l0 kg 0.1 (water slurry) Leaf spot 22.s0t t0 seed kg seed

Grapes Angular leafspot 1 25 1.5-2kg 750Lt 5kg Downy mildew 1.125- 1.5-2kg 750Lt l.5kg Anthracnose 1.125- 1.5-2kg 7501t l.5ks Guava Fruit rot 15g 2og l0/tree Lt Banana Cigar end rot t.t25-1.5 1.5-2kg l000Lt kg Tip rot I .125-1.5 1.5-2kg l000Lt kg S igatoka 1.125- l .5 1.5-2kg 1000Lt leafspot ks Apple Scab& ))\o 3 0gm/tree l0lVtree sooty blotch ltree Gimin Blight 1.125-1.5 1.5-2kg 50OLt ke

Grapes Downy mildew 0.2 mUlit 0.8 mVlit 500-1000 5

Potato Late blight 0.2 mUlit 0.8 mlflit 500-750 40

Tomato Late blight 0.02%o or 0.08% or 500 5 0.2mIL 0.8m/L

Maize Downey mildew .76 dke 2.4 mVkg seed seed Mustard Downey Mildew t. 1 I 3.5 and White rust This is chiIi Damping Off ).64 2.0 used as a Tomato Damping Off ).64 2.0 seed dresser Pearl millet Downey mildew 0.7 g/kg seed 2.0 mVkg seed Sorghum Downey mildew 0.7 g/kg seed 2.0 ml/kg seed Sunflower Downey mildew 0.7 g/kg seed 2.0 mUkg seed

15 -5: lllaize Sorghum Slurry 7009/100 0.75- 3%-4months downy mildew seed Kg seed 1.0/l00kg seed Depending on t Sugarcane treatment variety downy mildew with240gl Phillippine 100 kg downy mildew seed Browny stripe down mildew Bajra Downy S lurry 600s/100 0.7s- 3-3%months mildew seed Kg seed 1.0/l00kg seed Depending on treatment the variety with 2009100 seed Sorghum Downy Slurry seed 6009/100 0.75- 3%-4months mildew treatment Kg seed 1.0/l00kg seed Depending ona with the variety 200y100 seed Sunflower Downy Slurry seed 600g/100 0.75- 3%-4months Mildew. treatment Kg seed 1.0/100kg seed Depending on t\ with var iety 200e1100 seed Mustard White rust Sluny seed 6009n/100 0.7s- 3 %-4months ^ treatment Kg seed 1.0/100kg Depending on the with seed variety ^ 2009/100 seed il Tomato Ahernaria l75Ogm 2500grn 500-750It 6 blight (Altemaria solan Groundnut Tikka l400grn 20009n 00-75olt. 16 (Cercosporaspp.)

ir;i:r !i r l'

Grape Powdery Mildew 125 250 750 22

16 Sugarcane Whip smut 0.025g 0.415g l00ml Period of seed lkg seed /kg seed heatment 3- 5minute Potato Tuber 0.025 0.4lsg^g 100 ml Period of seed g/kg seed seed treatment 3-5 minute

iitr ir. Apple Scab 0.004% 0.04% 10 lit/ tee 2t Grape Powdery 0.004% 0.04% 500 lit/ha 15 mildew Chilies Powdery mildew 0.004% 0.o4% 500lit/ha 03 Leafspot Dieback

Potato Late blight 20 200 500 22 days

Grapes Downey mildew 40 400 1000 5 days ,{ffi ffi Grapes Powdery 0.005% 5OmV100Lt Depending up on 30 mildew o15 water the requirement (Unicinula gml I 00 necator) Lt. water Apple Scab 0.005% 50mVl00Lt. l0Lt. 30 (Venturia or5 gm water water per tree inaeqalis) /100 lit water Mango Powdery 0.005% 5OmUl00Lt. Iol-t. 30 mildew (Odium or5 water water p€r tre€ mangiferae) gm/I00 Lt. water Pulses Powdery 0.005% 50mU100Lt. 500LVha 30 (Black mildew or5 water Gram (Erpiphe gm/100 /Green polygoni) Lt. water Cram)

77 tubers Potato Black Scurf 0.02 0.083 83 800 kg seed (Rhictonia of potato are I the solani) dipped in A :cf solutions of fungicide for l0 ,| minutes. Tubers after treatment are dried in shade and then sown. {

Rice Sheath 150- 600-750m1 500Lt. blight l87.5gn

500 Rice Rice blast 150 600 t2

Grape Downey 100 400 750-1000 Mildew, 7 I Powdery Mildew I

30 Wheat Karnal bunt l25gm 500gm 750 (Neovossia ,l indica) Leaf rust / Brown l25gn 500gm 750 30 Rust (Puccinia ,.1 recondite F.sp. trtlc r Stem rust 125grn 5009m 750 30 (B.graminis -l f.sp. tritici) Stripe rust l25gm 5009m 750 30 /Yellow Rust (P. ^] striiformis) 30 Rice Sheath blight l25gm 500gm 750 (Rhizoctonia ,al solani f.sesakii) Groundnut Early leaf spot 125gm 50Ogm 750 l5 (Cercospora arachidicola) -l Late leaf spot l25gm 500gm 750 l5 C. rata

18 Rust l25gn 500gm 750 l5 (Puccinia arachid is) Tea Blister blight 31.25- 125-250gn t75-250 7 62.50 Soyabean Rust 1259m 500grn 500 26 Cotton Altemaria leaf l25gm 500gm 500 23 s [.]. .'tr,

Paddy Sheath blight 0.045 0.1 500 23 Blast

Apple Scab 0.21%oor 0.30%or300 As 30 210 gram/l00Lt. required g/l00Lt. water depending upon water ,,{fi size of the tree and plant protection ment used PoTHganate Leaf and 0.21o/oor 0.30%oor300 As 10 fiuit spots 210 gram/l00Lt. required g100Lt. water depending upon water size ofthe tree and plant Protection ment used Potato Early& 0.21o/oor 0.30%or300 As l5 late Blight 210 gram/100Lt. required g/l00Lt. water depending upon water crop stage and plant protection u used chilri Dieback 0.35Yoor 0.5oloor500 As r0 350 gram/l00Lt required g/l00Lt. water depending upon water crop stage and plant protection u used Tomato Buckeye 0.2lYoor 0.307oor300 As 10 rot 210 grar/l00Lt. required gl00Lt. water depending upon water st and 19 plant protection equipment used

0.30%or300 As 40 Grapes Downy 0.2lYoor Mildew 210 granr/l00Lt. required I g/l00Lt. water depending upon crop stage and I water plant protection I nt used 1500to2000 g Use 500 Rice Brown leaf l05Oto lit respray spot 1400 g volume/ t hectare

375-500gm 500 3 Tomato Early blight 75-100 gm 375-500 500 26 Soybean Frog eye leaf 75-100 ,l spot (cercosPora)& l Alternaria leaf s ot 500 500 14 Cotton Alternaria Leaf 100 bli ht 500 s00 29 Groundnut Tikka disease 100

1000 500 18 Paddy Blast Disease 100

Spray Apple Fte blight Streptocleline2 5to50 ppm solution at2ho3OYo bloom. It is advisable to spray trees every3to4 daYs during Blossomtime

20 Beans Halo blight Spray Streptoc)e line l0 Oto 150 ppm solution thrice at interval of 7 days .For prevention apply first sprayl0 days after emergence of leaf. Citrus Citrus Spray

canker Streptocyc I ine 50 to 100 ppm so lutio n repeatedly at an interval of l5to20 days after the appearance ofnew growth. Cover the foliage and young fruits tully. Potato Blackleg Seeds and soft roq tr€atment: bacterial brown Prior to wilt or ring or planting the bangle soak potato disease of seed tubers potato in streptocyc line4 Oto100 ppm solution for half an hour. Spray: Two to three sprays of40 to50ppm solution at an interval of2Odays. First spray 3Odays after planting.

2t Tobacco Wildtue Spray Streptocpline 40tol00 ppm ,.t solution at two leaf ,1 stage ofthe ,.1 plant. Repeated .1 application at an interval ..t of 7 days is necessary till ,.1 the plants get ,.1 established interfrled. Tomato Bacterial Spray leafspot seedlings with I streptoc)a line 40to100 ppm ,.] solution in I seed beds and fields after the ..1 appearance of fllst true leaves -.1 two sprays of streptocyc line ,one before transp lant ing and another after are effective for controlling the disease. Paddy Bacterial Seeds Leaf blight treatmcnt: Prepare strepto cyc I ine 40 ppm solution and soak seeds forl2hours at room temperature before sowing Seedlin 22 treatment! Dip the seeding in streptocpline 40to I 00 ppm solution. The antibiotic will be absorbed through the injured roots and penetrate the vascular bundles insides the seedlings. Spray: Spray streptocycline 100to l50ppm solution at early root stage. Second spray, if necessary be fore grain set. Tea Blister It is fungal Blight disease and can b€ controlled by spraying 40gmswith 350 to 420 grns copper oxphloride (50% Wet table power) in 67 liters of water per hectare with air blast sprayer, covering two rows on either side.

23 750-1000 Cotton Mites 1.50-2.00 3.75-5.00kg Ke .{ 750-1000 Beans Powdery mildew 2.25-3.00 5.65-7.5Okg ..t kg 1000 Cumin Powdery mildew 1.40Kg 3.5Okg 1000 Grapes Powdery mildew 1.22kg 3.00kg 750-1000 Groundnut Tikka Leaf spot 2.25-3.00 kg 5.65-7.5Okg ,.1

1000 Mango Powdery mildew 1.50-2.00Kg 3.7s-5.00kg

1000 Opium Powdery mildew l.16kg 3.00kg 7s0-1000 Peas Powdery mildew 2.25-3.00kg 5.65-7.5Okg

1000 Roses Powdery mildew 1.50-2.0OKg 3.75-5.00kg &Red Spider Mite 750-1000 Sorghum Mites 0.75-1.00kg 2.00-2.50kg

750-1000 Tea Pink& Purple 1.00-2.00kg 2.50-5.00kg Mites

400 Tea Red Spider mites 1.04Kg 2.00Lt

400 Pea Powdery mildew 1.04Kg 2.00Lt

chilli Powdery mildew 1.04Kg 2.00Lt 400 ffi As 10 Grapes Powdery 0.1650/o 0.30%or300 mildew or165 mV100Lt. required s/100Lt. water water 10 Mango Powdery 0.165% 0.30%or300 As mildew or165 mVl00Lt. required g/l00Lt. water water

24 n .ir'iJIli...-; Apple Powdery mildew 2-4kg 2.5-5.0Kg 750-1000 Grapes Powdery mildew 2-4kg 2.5-5.0Ke 750-1000 Groundnut Tikka I-eaf spot 2-4kg 2.5-5.OKg 750-1000 Co*p"q Powdery mildew 2.5kg 3.l3Kg 750-1000 Moonpy'Urad Pea Rust 2.5k9 3.13Kg 750-1000 Sorghum Grain smut 2.4-3.2 34glkg seed lLtl1Okg g/kg seed seed Chillies & Powderymildew 25k9 3.l3Kg 750-1000 Oka Mango Powdery mildew 2.Skg 3.l3Kg 750-1000 Citrus Powdery mildew 2.5kg 3.l3Kg 750-1000 Tea Red spider mite 0.8kg 1kg 200 Pink& Purple 0.8Kg lKg 200 mite Sffit?-jgtr=;ir:i.-. 't 15i:+l*.i a,JnF;t

27 Groundnut Collar rot 37.59n 50gm I 7-r0 Wheat Flag smut 18.8-22.5 25-30gm 1 7-10 gm ,.1 Karnal bunt 18.8-22.5 25-30grn 1 7-r0 gm 1 Barley Leaf stripe 18.E-22.5 25-3Ogm I 7-10 gm Maize Seedling 18.8-22.5 25-30gm I 7-10 blight gm Sorghum Loose smut t8.8-22.5 25-30gn I 7-10 gm

Seed ling 18.8-22.5 25-30gm I 7-10 blight gm Potato Scab t8.E-22.5 25-30gn I 7-10 gm Rice& Seed bom t8.8-22.5 25-309n 1 7-10 cotton d isease

Wheat Bunt of Wheat 0.025% 0.500kg 750 25

Powdery mildew 65- 135 0.260-0.520 750 25 sm Pea Rust, 0.025o/o 0.100% 750 25 Powderymildew Grapes Powdery mildew 0.0025o/o 0.010% 750 25

Paddy Blast 225- 300- 500 30^ 300 400gm

',.1 i:' '.'' ffiffi Rice Sheath Blight 60gm 2000gn 750 Theres houldbe noresidues ^ on grains andstraw ofpaddyl4l ays A beforethe harvest.

28 Jowar Red leaf spot 1.125- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt 1.5KG Leafspot 1.125- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt I.5KG 1.t2s- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lr Leaf blight 1.5KG Paddy Blast 1.125- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt I.5KG Wheat Rust 1.125- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt Blieht I.5KG Maize Leaf BIight 1.125- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt 1.5KG Ragi Blast 1.12s- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt (Baira) 1.5KG Tobacco Leafspot 1.125- 1.s-2KG 750-1000 Lt I.5KG Onion Downy 1.125- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt mildew 1.5KG Blight r.125- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt t I.5 KG Potato 1B Early blight 1.125- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt I.5KG Late blight 1.t25- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt 1.5KG Tomato Early blight 1.12s- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt I.5KG Late blight 1.t25- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt 1.5KG Greenleaf 1.125- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt mound I.5KG Chillies Fruit rot 1.125- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt 1.5KG l,eafspot 1.t25- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt I.5KG Brinjal Blight 1.125- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt I.5KG Cucurbits Downy mildew 1.125- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt 1.5KG Anthracnose t.125- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt I.5KG Leafspot 1.125- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt I.5KG Cauliflower Leafspot 1.125- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt 29 I.5KG Cumin Early blight 1.125- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt 1.5KG I Apple Scab 1.125- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt 1.5KG Black rot 1.125- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt I.5KG Citrus Greasy spot 1.125- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt I.5KG Cherries Leafspot 1.125- 1.5-2KG 750- 1000 Lt I.5KG Grapes Downy mildew t.t25- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 Lt I.5KG Guava Fruit rot 1.r25- 1.5-2KG 750-1000 k ffi1.5KG Grape Downy mildew 1.2- 1.5-2.Okg 750-1000 1.6 kg Anthracnose 1.2- 1.5-2.0kg 750-1000 1.6 I ks Apple scab 1.2- 1.5-2.Okg 750-1000 21 1.6 ke Potato Early blight t.2- 1.5-2.Okg 750-1000 3 1.6 ke Tornato Early blight 1.2- 1.5-2.Okg 750-1000 3 1.6 kg .l

30 [tt*er.,r^erStr

Combination tr'unpicides

Crop Common Dosage Dosage/Ia Dilution Waiting name of the Per ha (Formulation) Period disease (a.i.)

.' ,..,, :. :. 1i reffi Leaf spot downy Watermelo 1.344 mildew and powdery 3.0 500 5 n mildew (0.tM+|.2)

Leaf spot, downy 1.344 Cucumber mildew and 3.0 500 3 powdery mildew (0.144+1.2)

1.344 Leaf spot, downy Cauliflower 3.0 500 3 mildew (0.144+1.2)

:.': a ''*.f,ab;tyttifriii le 7 So/o'ivlw Rust, Powdery Wheat : 0.26 I 500 50 Mildew

Downy mildew, Maize Turcicum leaf 0.26 1 500 52 blight, Rust ffiffi \i ,i, Grape Downey Mildew 420-525 800-l00ftnl 750 34 Cucurbits Downey Mildew 420-525 800-l000ml 500 03 Late 420-525 800-l000ml 500 32 Potato Blight ..:,,.: -.:,"i:l'r , ...,,.,: r.,il ir !ri f'r, i | ),--',1,1'

Rus! Powdery 0.26 I 500 50 Wheat Mildew

Downy mildew, Maize Turcicum leaf 0.26 I 500 52 blight, Rust

i,, ..'l.it.,;, a:i )i ,i: ti, chilti Anthracnose & 0.03o/o or 0.3 0.1% or 1 ml / lL 500 5 Powdery Mildew Liter water

31 0.03% or 0.3 gtL 0.1% or 1 ml / Tomato Early blight & s00 5 Late blight Liter water

0.03o/o or 0.3 glL 0.1% or I ml / Paddy Blast & sheath 500 31 blieht Liter water

0.03% or 0.3 glL 0.1% or I ml / Maize Blight & Downey 500 26 Mildew Liter water

0.03% or 0.3 glL 0.1Yo or I ml I Wheat Rust & Powdery s00 35 mildew Liter water

t\1,i ilrli

Grape Powdery mildew 124.5+1000 1500 Leaf spot, 500 7 Anthracnose chilli Powdery mildew 124.5+1000 1500 Downy mildew s00 7 Anthracnose

Onion Post-harvest Fluopyram 75+ 375 500 30 days disease(Black Tebuconazole 75 mold and neck rot) I ffi ffiffi 43 ffiEffiRice Sheath Bli t 37.5+62.5 ffi500 500 chilli Fruit rot 72.12 600-700 500-750 7 Powdery mildew I Die back I fuce Sheath Blight 82.5+137.25 750 500

7 Onion Purple blotch 82.5+137.25 750 500

Scab, powdery mildew& premature 1.0 8-12 l0 Apple leaf fall 0.11+0.183 t

3Z ,., .r,,..ti.r,,... : :,_.:.;,-:!,t:rii..! . r;i- I .: ijr :rn.f,. .r.. chilli Powdery mildew & 0.1+0.1 (0.2) 0.800 500 5 fruit rot

..:;:tti', : i,.i l' :.,-: ., t:i, ii- ','. '-

Cucumber Downy mildew 200+t625 2500 500 5

;!, I :.;j -: Grape Downey Mildew& t90-228 s00-600 750-1000 34 Powdery mildew

C ap.tatl 0o/o+ Hexaconazole5 7o WP Fruit rot 5 Chillies 375-750 500-1000 500 (Anthracnose) 2t Early blight Potato 375-750 500- 1000 500 &Iate blight Powdery mildew Black 562.5 750 500 20 "E Rust

Paddy Blas! sheath blight 240+1260 12.5 Broadcasting 46

o/o+ Ca rben d azi m 12 lNI.atcot*b63 YoWP Groundnut Leafspot, blast 375gnr 500grn 5001t. 11

Paddy Blast 563gm 750grn 750h 57 Potato Early blight , late 210+l 102.5 blight , black scruff Tea Blister blight , grey (1 s0+787.5) - 1250-1500 250-500 7 blight , red rust , (1 80+945) die-back , black rot Grape Downey mildew, 0.tt% 0.15% As required powdery mildew, depending on anthracnose crop canopy Mango Powdery mildew 0.11% 0.15% As required 7 and anthracnose depending on

33 crop canopy

NA Groundnut Tikka leaf spot, 1.88 2.5 collar rot and dry (Seed root treatsnen D

l,:,-;il,j, I ,,r .r:. Groundnut Collar rot (7.5+15.0) To This is (8.75+17.5) (for used as Dry root rot 30-35 0.1 Tikka leaf spot l0 kg seed) seed treatment

This is Potato Late blight (1.5 + 3.0) To 6-7 2 Black scurf (1.75 + 3.5) (for used as l0 kg seed) seed treatment

Paddy Brown Spot 7.5+15 30-35 NA NA Seedling Blast to8.75+17.5 Sheath Blight Wheat Loose smut 7.5+15 to 30-3s NA NA 8.75+17.5 ' i.' ,i 54 Paddy Sheath blight 300-360 800-960 500 24 Groundnut Stem rot , Early leaf 240-300 640-800 500 spot, Late leaf spot

a Wheat Loose smut 8.75 to l0.5gm 25 to 30gm l00ml Being seed treatment fungicide ,no I waiting period is t required I t

34 Wheat Ioose srnut and 2.25 3.0gm/Kg 0 About3 other seed borne and gm/Kg seed seed Month early soil bome diseases Soybean Collar rot, 2.25 3.0gm/Kg 0 About3 Charcoal rot and gm/Kg seed seed Month other seedling diseases Cotton Root rot, 2.5 gn/Kg 3.sgrn/Kg 0 About3 Bacterial bight seed seed Months Groundnut Collar rot, Seed rot, 2.25gml 3gm/Kg seed 0 About3 Root rot, Stem rot Kg seed Months Pigeon pea Seed rot, Root 3gm/ng 4gmlKg seed 0 About3 rot, Stem rot, seed Months Fusarium wilt Potato Black scurf 1.87gm/Kg seed 2.5grn|Kg 0 About3 seed Months . i .i,::,-, i i. li . r. ;, Grape Anthracnose, 2357.5+1500 5000 750- 10 Powdery Mildew 1000 & Downy mildew Depen ding on croP c

Grapes Downy mildew 1080-lzl40 I l50G-2000em 500-1000. l0days Potato Late blight 1080gm 1500gn 500-750 lOdays

Tomato Late blight l080gn l500gnr 500-750 10days

Cucumber Downy mildew l080gn l500gn 500-600 l0days

Citrus Gummosis (Foot Rot) I E0 g/100L of 250 g/100L of 10l/nee;50 ml 82 days (Phtophthora water + l8 g/L watrr + 25 glL (linseed tee palmivora) of water of of water of oil) oil linseed oil linseed E Grape Downy mildew 280 5 1500 750- 1000 34

35 il Lj::nii ffi;J-E gg4gE )1 Grapes Downy mildew 210 500 500-750 40 Potato Late blight 2t0 500 500 J Tomato Early and Late 210 500 s00 Blisht Gherkin Downy mildew 210 500 500-750 3

,;. H ffi ffiffi Grape Downy mildew 8E.8+ 1334 - 2000-2500 500-750 lt 90days 111.0+ 1667.5 gm ,i Potato Late blight 125+625- 1250-1500 -' 500lt. 30 150+750 gm

Grapes Downy 150+750 grn 1500gn 500-750 85 mildew Gherkin Downy 150+750 gln 1500gm 375-500 5 mildew ffi Chickpea Pod borer 22.50+15 250 s00 7 beetle, l8+12- Cucumber 200-250 500 5 Cucumber fruit fly 22.50+15

Grape Downy mildew 99.9 + 1500 to 2.25-2.5 7501i 40 11 l+ 1667 (22s0- 25009n)

Grape Powdery mildew Fluopyraml l2.5 562.5 750-1000 l0 and Anthracnose +Tebconazolel 12.5

Onion Post-harvest Fluopyram 75+ 375 500 30 disease(Black Tebuconazole 75 mold and neck rot)

.;t I i lJ ii. r!: ir:; i[ r: !i, j t i.,.-.-t.. 1_{r n!: ri,,l

Rice Sheath blight 7E.12-93.75 62s-750 500 33

36 :.rj i:rl Grape Powdery Mildew 100 200 1000 l0

Fluxapyroxad 167 gl + Pyraclostrobin 333 gfl SC

Cotton Altenaria leaf 150 300 500 27

Groundnut Tikka 150 300 500 20

Soybean Frog eye leaf spot 150 300 s00 45

Powdery mildew chilli 100-125 200 -250 500 7 Anthracnose

Early blight 10 Tomato Septoria leaf 100-125 200 -250 500 spot

Cucumberi" Powdery mildew 100-125 200 - 250 500 10

Mango * Powderv mildew 75 - 100 150 - 200 r000 38 ffi Sheath bligh! Paddy (30+120) 750 400 - 500 40 And Blast

;ii r l: r':: r'i i t t,::, ll _:.tt

Paddy Blast & Sheath 50+25 1000 500 22 blight

Paddy Sheath Blight, (40+680)- 1000-1250 500 34 Brown Spot. (5Gt850)gm Blast , Grain discoloration

Tea Black Rot , Grey 25+425 gm 625 250-500 7 blighl Blister Blight

37 :

Groundnut Collar rot, Stem 37:3 200 NA Seed rot, Tikka leaf Dresser spot, Rust t Wheat Smut, Rust 37:3 200 NA Seed Dresser

Termites, Thdps, Jassids Root grubs, collar Imidacloprid:37 This is Not Groundnut rot & 200 used as applicable Stem rot Hexaconazo[e: 3 seed h Tikka leaf spot dresser Rust Termites, Not wheat Aphids Imidacloprid:37 applicable Smut & 200 Rust Hexaconazole: 3

Rice Sheath Blight 250gm 500gm 5001t 30 Blast :.:: Anthracnose, Grapes 37s 750 400 1000 37 days Bacterial leaf spot -

;,. :. j.rlIiJr !,rl{{,,{:il,t-i:, i, it,,rrl ii: ii l:tt.:

Crroundnut Tikka leaf spot, 1.E8 2.5 collar rot, dry root rot

'i,,.t Tomato Early Blight & 6009+105g 1500 g 500 L 5 li t bli t

Grapes Downy mildew 0.17% 0.25% 500-1000 tt. 8days

Potato Late blight 0.17%oor 0.25% 500-1000 24 1700 gm or It. 2500 B lack Phtophthora 0.l1Yoot 0.25o/o 2k.lvne 2l pepper Foot rot l700gm or As foliar 25O0grn sprayo13 It./vine as soil

38 drench Mustard Downy mildew 0.1'lYoor 0.25%o or 1000tt. 60 & White rust l700gm 2500gnr chilli Damping Off 0.20% 0.3% 2.0Vm2 53 , ffiffiffi Potato Late blight 0.O73Yo 0.2% 500 34

Tomato Early and Late 0.073% 0.2% 500 5 blight @ EreF Grapes Downy 2000gor 2500gor 500It. Not less mildew 0.4o/o 0.5% thanT weeks Tobacco Damping 3600gor 5000gor 5000lt Not less Nursery off 0.072% 0.1% thanT weeks Leaf blight/ 1440gor 2000gor 1000lt. Not less Black Shank 0.14% 0.2% thanT (Soil drench at weeks sowingandspraya a0 =:l days after sowing) Potato Late blight 1800gn 2500gmor l000lt. Not less or0.18Y" 0.25o/o thanT weeks Mustard White rust and l800gm or0.l8% 2500gnor 1000It Not less Altemaria blight 0.5% than8 weeks Black Phtophthora foot 1.8 2.59n/vine 2h./vne Not less Pepper rot g.a.i/vine or0.125Yio (sprayng) than21 or0.09/o 5h./vine weeks (soil drenchine) Pearl mi[[et Downy mildew l440gm 2000gnor 500lt. Not less or0.28Yo 0.4% than7 weeks !l i',';,.:ti ..iifi i Tomato Early blight 900- 10s0 1500-1750 500 5 Late blight 900- 1050 1500-t 750 500 l5 Potato Grape Downy Mildew 900-1050 1500-1750 750 34 chilli Anthracnose 900-1050 1500-1750 750 5 Onion Purple Blotch 900-1050 1500-1750 750 l6 39 750 45 Cotton Alternaria leaf 900-1050 1500-1750 100s/100L 1750 l2 Apple Premature leaf fall 17Slglha disease & Altenaria leaf sPot and bli t 1500-1750 500 18 Green gram Cercospora leaf 900-150 spot

1500-1750 500 42 Ground nut Tikka disease 900-1050

1500-1750 500 67 Pomegranate Fruit spot 900-1050

500 20 Cumin Altemaria blight & 900- 1050 1500-1750 powdery mildew

1500-1750 500 l8 Black gram Leafspot disease 900-1050

1500-1750 500 05 Cucumber Downy mildew 900- 1050 disease

1500-1750 500 85 Banana Sigatoka leaf sPot 900-1050 disease

,. i: l 12.32+12.32- Seed and seedling 80 - 100 Groundnut Rot Disease 15.4+ 15.4

and Seed 12.32+12.32- Rot 80 100 Soybean seedling 15.4+ 15.4 - Disease l ti:). Hi i Paddy Sheath blight @hizoctonia solani) False smut 1000 500 24 (Ustilaginoidea 200 virens) Dirty Panicle

Yellow Rust Wheat <) (Puccinia 200 1000 500

40 ln^h€x,,.t -B-

striiformis sp. tritici) f Paddy Leaf Blast & 300 1000 500 29 Neck Blast

, .t ri..,1: I iri ".1,ri11:. Paddy Sheath blight, 0.02Yo - 0.03o/o (0.07-0.1v.) 500 46 d icle 0.7-l.0m14 t_ I 'i( 280 gm a.i Sheath blight (Propiconazole)

Paddy 66.5 gn a.i + 625 500 32

Blast Tricyclazole 213.5 gm a.i

Ground nut Tikka 114.37-r37.2s 625-700 s00 2t Wheat Yellow rust r37.25 750 500 47

Coffee Rust ofCoffee 137.25 750 750 37

Contol of Soybean Cercospora leaf 137.25 750 500 27 spot

Cumin Altemaria blight 137.25 750 500 ')')

Fruit spot Pomeganate 900-1050 1500-l 750 500 67 disease

Sigatoka leaf Banana 900-1050 1500-1750 500 85 spot disease

137.25

Maize Leaf blight 750 500 48

47 l

'1," '.1 .l Ll irnJl L\

5 chiIi Powdery 937 .50(r2s+812.s) 1250 500 mildew& Fruit rot

1250 500 26 Soybean Leaf spot & Pod 937.50(l2s+812.5) blight

il .i;; 1ir !,il llitlirt.r'r rr l' rl : ti !. Rice Sheath blight, 375-500 2l Leaf, Neck Blast, 169 + 50 200 Glume discoloration d icle 350400 500 35 Rice False smut and Brown leaf s ot s00 3 Tomato Early blight t7S+87.5 350 300 500 19 Black gram Cercospora leaf 150+75 s Spray fluid as 30 Apple Premature leaf 0.03% 0.04%(40slr0 fall, powderY 0 lit water) required on size mildew depending of tree 175 1000 34 1 Grapes Powdery mildew 87.5+43.75 500 5 chilli Powdery mildew, t25+62.5 250 Anthracnose, Altemaria leaf ot 300 300-500 40 wheat Yellow rust, 150+75 mildew 0.075%-- Spray fluid as 15 Mango powdery mildew, 0.0560/o -- required Anthracnose, 0 .o7 50/0(56 .25- 0.lo/o(75- 75gll00lit water) l00s/l00lit depending on size water of tree 300 500 28 cotton Altemaria leaf I 50+75 t 300 750 20 Banana Sigatoka leaf sPot 175+87.5 300 1000 ll coffee Rust 150+75 300 500 l0 Onion Purple blotch 150+75

42 frr.n.*,*rE

ll ,, lr ri.{itl r,\: (rr ! i tit, 30 500 NA Oka Post emergent l5 dam ln off 20-25 Sufficient to coat NA Seedling rot 10-12.5 Soybean the seeds uniform 20-25 Sufticient to coat NA Stem rot r0-12.5 Groundnut the seeds uniforml 20 Sufftcient to coat NA for Black scruff t0 Potato the seeds tuber unl !"j ij M 500 500 123 raaav Blast and Sheath 225+50 I bli k* Sheath blight, 360 Blast, false smut 1000 mVha 44 Rice and grain (200+160) Discoloration

+Waming:WhenusedasafoliarsprayonRedDeliciousvarietyofapples.Thisproductmay cause resetting. to the concentration of a.i. in spray solution and ** In case of fruit trees the values given pertain volume of spray solution required per tree'

41 ANNEXURE-VIII

ANNEXURE-VIII

Major Uses of Pesticides (Registered under the Insecticides Act, 1968)

UP TO 31.05.2018

HERBICIDES

1. Herbicides products approved uses : Page 2 to 32

2. Herbicides combinations approved uses : Page 33 to 40

1 ANNEXURE-VIII

APPROVED USES OF REGISTERED HERBICIDES

HERBICIDES

Herbicide name & Weed species Dosage /ha Dilution Waiting approved Crops a.i. Formulati In Water period / (gm/ Kg) on in (gm/ (Litres) PHI ml /Kg/ between ltr) last applicati on & harvest (days) Alachlor 50% EC Digera arvensis Cotton Echinochloa colonum, 2-2.5 kg 4-5 ltrs. 250-500 210-240 Eragrostis major Euphorbia hirta Phyllanthus niruri Portulaca oleracea Trianthema portulacastrum Flaveria australasica Gynandropsis pentaphylla

Maize Echinochloa colonum, 2.5 kg 5 ltrs. 250-500 90 Euphorbia hirta Eleusine indica Amaranths viridis Digitaria spp. 2.5 kg 5 ltrs. 250-500 120-150 Echinochloa spp. Groundnut Euphorbia hirta Phyllanthus niruri Portulaca oleracea Trianthema portulacastrum

Acanthosermum hispidum 1.5-2.5 kg 3-5 ltrs. 250-500 120-150 Flaveria australasica

2 ANNEXURE-VIII Amaranthus viridis Soybean Cleome viscose 2.5 kg 5 ltrs. 250-500 Cyperus iria Dactyloctenium aegyptium Echinochloa spp. Eleusine indiaca Setaria glauca Alachlor 10% GR Cotton Dactyloctenium 2.0-2.5 Kg 20-25 Kg - - aegyptium

Maize / Digitaria spp., 1.5-2.5 Kg 15-25 Kg - - Groundnut / Echinochloa spp., Soybean Chenopodium album Anilofos 30% EC Echinochloa crusgalli Transplanted paddy Echinochloa colonum 0.3-0.45 kg 1-1.5 ltrs. 375-500 30 Cyperus difformis, Cyperus iria, Eclipta alba Ischaemum rugosum Fimbristylis sp. Marsilea quadrifoliata Anilofos 18% EC Echinochloa crusgalli Transplanted Paddy Echinochloa colonum 0.30-0.45 kg 1.66-2.5 kg 500-600 - Cyperus difformis, Cyperus iria, Eclipta alba Ischaemum rugosum Fimbristylis sp. Anilophos 2 % G Echinochloa crusgalli Transplanted rice Echinochloa colonum 0.4-0.5 Kg 20-25 Kg - 30 Ischaemum rugosum Cyperus iria, Cyperus difformis, Fimbristylis sp.

Atrazine 50% WP

3 ANNEXURE-VIII Maize Trianthama monogyna 0.5-1.0 kg 1-2 kg 500-700 - Digera arvensis, Echinochloa spp Eleusine Spp. Xantheium strumarium Brachiaria sp, Digitaria sp, Amaranthus viridis, Cleome viscose, Polygonum spp. Azimsulfuron 50% DF Enchinochloa colonum, E. crusgalli, Cyperus spp., Fimbristylis miliacea, Ludwigia Rice (Transplanted) parviflora, Eclipta alba, 35 70 300 59 Bergia capensis, Marsilea quadrifoliata, Ammania baccifera, Sphenoclea zeylanica

Enchinochloa colonum, E. crusgalli, Cyperus spp., Fimbristylis miliacea, Ludwigia Rice (Direct Seeded) parviflora, Eclipta alba, Bergia capensis, 35 70 300 59 Marsilea quadrifoliata, Ammania baccifera, Sphenoclea zeylanica

Bensulfuron Methyl 60% DF Transplanted Rice. Marsilea quadrifoliata 60 gm 100 gm 300 ltrs 88 days Pre-em (3 DAT) Eclipta alba, Ammania baccifera ,Ludwigia parviflora ,Sphenoclea Zeylenica , Monochoria vaginalis , Alternanthera sessillis Cyperus iria , Cyperus difformis , Fimbristylis miliacea, Scirpus royeli

4 ANNEXURE-VIII Transplated Rice Ammania baccifera 60gm 100 gm 300 ltrs. 71 (post-em 20 DAT) Cyperus differmis Cyperus iria Eclipta alba Fimbristylis miliacca Ludwigia parviflora Marsilea quadrifoliata Monochoria vaginalis Alternanthera sessillis Scirpus royeli Sphenoclea zeylenica Bentazone 480 g/l SL Soybean Cyperus rotundus 960 2000 500 62 Achalipha indica (Early POE: 2-3 leaf Commelina bengalansis stage of weeds) Echinocloa colanum Echinocloa crusgalli Transplanted rice Cyperus rotundus 960 2000 500 71 Cyperus diformis (Early POE: 2-3 leaf Ludwigia sps. stage of weeds) Eclipla alba Echinocloa colanum Echinocloa crusgali Bispyribac Sodium 10% SC Rice (Nursary) Echinochloa crusgalli 20 gm 200 ml. 300 ltrs. - (10-12 DAS) Echinochloa colonum

Ischaemum rugosum 20-25 gm 200-250 ml 300 ltrs. 78 Rice Cyperus difformis, (Transplanted) Cyperus iria , (10-14 DAP)

Fimbristylis miliacea , Rice (Direct seeded) Eclipta alba , Ludwigia 20-25 gm 200-250 ml 300 ltrs. 78 (10-15 DAS) parviflora, Monochoria vaginalis, ,Alternanthera philoxeroides , Sphenoclcea zeylenica

Butachlor 50% EC

5 ANNEXURE-VIII Cyperus difformis 1.25-2.00kg 2.5-4 ltrs 250-500 90-120 Paddy (transplanted) Cyperus iria Echinochloa crusgalli, Echinochloa colonum, Eleusine indica, Eclipta alba, Fimbristylis miliacea, Ludwigia parviflora, Sphenoclea zeylanica

Butachlor 5% GR

Transplanted Rice Echinochloa Crusagalli 1.25 -1.87 25.00 – - 90 - 105 Digitaria sanguinalis Kg 37.50 Kg Setaria spp., Commelina benghalensis, Fimbristylis milliacea, Cyperus iria, Eleusine indica, Panicum spp., Echinochloa Colonum, Eclipta alba, Cyperus Defformis, ludwigia paviflora. Butachlor 50 % EW Echinochloa colonum Transplanted Rice Echinochloa crusgalli, Cyperus difformis 1.25-1.5 Kg 2.5-3.0 2.50-500 - Cyperus iria Eclipta alba, Fimbristylis miliacea Ludwigia parviflora, Sphenoclea zeylanica Monochoria vaginalis

Carfentrazone ethyl 40% DF Wheat Chenopodium album, 20gm 50 gm. 400 80 (25-35 DAS) Melilotus Indica, Melilotus alba, Medicago denticulata, Lathyrus aphaca, Analgalis arvensis, Vicia sativa Circium arvense Rumex sp, Malwa sp.

6 ANNEXURE-VIII Direct seeded Rice Ludwigia parviflora 25 62.50 300 102 (10-15 DAS) Digera arevensis Phyllanthus niruri Spilanthes sp, Eclipta alba Cyperus sp. Chlorimuron Ethyl 25% WP + Surfactant Cyperus rotundus 9 gm 36 gm. 300 ltrs. 45 Soybean Commelina + non- (3-15DAS) benghalensis ionic Celosia argentea surfactant Digera arvensis 0.2 % Cucumis trigonus (Iso-octyl Cyprus iria, phenoxyl- Parthenium poloxetha hysterophorus, nol 12.5 Acalypha indica, %) Phyllanthus niruri, Trianthema portulacashurm, Caesulia auxillaris Echinochloa crusgalli, Rice Eclipta alba, 6gm 24 gm. 500-600 60 (transplanted) Commelina (5-10 DAT) benghalensis, Chenopodium album, Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa colonum Cinmethylin 10% EC Transplanted Rice Cyperus iria Fimbristylis 75-100 gm 0.75-1.0 500-700 110 milacea Monochoria ltrs. vaginalis Commelina Benghalensis Echinocloa crusgalli Marsilea minuta Clodinafop- propargyl 15%WP Phalaris minor 60gm 400 gm. 375-400 110 Wheat (Canary grass)

Clomazone 50%EC Soybean Digiteria sp. 0.75-1.00Kg 1.5-2.0 500-600 90 Echinochloa sp. Ltrs. Parthenium hysterophorus Commelina sp.

7 ANNEXURE-VIII

Transplanted Rice Echinochloa crusgalli 0.4 - 0.5kg 0.8-1.0 ltr 500-750 90 Echinochloa colonum Cyperus difformis Cyperus iria, Ludwigia parviflora ,Eclipta alba

Sugarcane Enchinochloa colonum 0.75-1.00 kg 1.5-2.0 500 Lit 296 Brachiaria repens a.i./ha ltr/ha Dactylotenium aegyptium Trianthema portulacastrum

Cyhalofop Butyl 10% EC

(Echinochloa spp.) 75-80 gm 0.75- 500-600 90 Rice (Directed Barnyard grass 0.80ltr seeded)

2,4-D Dimethyl Amine salt 58% SL Maize Trianthema monogyna, 0.5 kg 0.86 400-500 50-60 Amaranthus sp., Tribulus terristeris, Boerhaavia diffusa, Euphorbia hirta, Portulaca oleracea, Cyperus sp.

Chenopodium album, 0.5-0.75 kg 0.86-1.29 500-600 - Wheat Fumaria parviflora, Melillotus alba , Vicia sative , Asphodelus tenuifolius , Convolvulus arvensi;s .

Cyperus iria, Digera 1.8 kg 3.1 500-600 - Sorghum arvensis, Convolvulus arvensis, Trianthema sp., Tridax procumbens, Euphorbia hirta, Phyllanthus niruri. Potato Chenopodium album, 2.0 kg 3.44 400 - Asphodelus tenuifolius, Anagalis arvensis, Convolvulus arvensis, Cyperus iria, Portulaca oleracea.

8 ANNEXURE-VIII Sugarcane Cyperus iria 3.5 6.3 500 - Digitaria sp. Dactylactenium aegyptium Digera arvensis Portulaca oleracea Commelina benghalensis Convolvulus arvensis

Eichhornia crassipes. 0.5-1.0 kg 0.86-1.72 600-700 15-20 Aquatic Weeds Non crop area Parthenium 2.65 kg 4.56 300-400 15-20 hysterophorus,

Cyperus rotundus 2.5 kg 4.30 300-400 - 2,4-D Sodium salt Technical (having 2,4-D acid 80 % w/w) (Earlier Registered as 80%WP) Euphorbia spp. Citrus Convolvulus arvensis 1.00-2.5 kg 1.25-3.2 kg 600 >6 Coronopus didymus months Amaranthus viridis Oxalis corniculata Tribulus terrestris Fumaria parviflora Sonchus arvensis Grapes Convolvulus spp. 2.0 2.5 500 > 90 days Tridax procumbens

Amaranthus viridis, 1.00 Kg. 1.25 500 120(Pre- Maize Trianthema em) portulacastrum 90(post- Phyllanthus niruri., em) Euphobia geniculata, Amaranthus spinosus. Cleome chelidonii, Lagasca mollis

Sugarcane Boerhaavia diffusa 2.0-2.6 2.5-3.25 600-900 300 Chenopodium album Tribulus terristris Portulaca oleracea Xanthium spp. Convolvulus arvensis Amaranthus spinosus Digera arvensis Celosia argentina. Leucas aspera, 0.5-0.84 kg. 0.625-1.0 500 90 Wheat Chenopodium album,Vicia sativa, 9 ANNEXURE-VIII Argemone maxicana, Fimbristylis miliacea, Anagalis arvensis, Amaranthus spinosus. Aquatic Weeds Boerhaavia hispada, 1.5 kg 1.85. 600-1000 Eichhornia crassipes. -

Parthenium 2.5-6.0 kg. 3.2-7.5 600-1000 - Non crop land hysterophorus, Cyperus rotundus, 4-8 Kg 5-10 500-600 -

Solanum elaeagnifolium 1.8 kg 2.25 500-600 -

2,4-D Ethyl Ester 38 % EC (having 2,4-D acid 34 % w/w) Trianthema monogyna , 0.9 kg 2.65 ltr 400-450 50-60 Maize Amaranthus sp. , Portulaca oleracea., Tribulus terristris, Boerhaavia diffusa, Euphorbia hirta ,Cyperus sp. Cyperus iria, Striga sp. 1.0 kg 2.94 425 - Sorghum Digera arvensis, Convolvulus arvensis, Trianthema sp., Tridax procumbens, Euphorbia hirta, Phyllanthus niruri.

Transplanted Echinochloa colonum, 0.85 kg 2.5 400 - Paddy Echinochloa crusgalli.

Wheat Chenopodium album, 0.45-0.75 kg 1.32-2.2 450-500 - Asphodelus tenuifolius, Fumaria parviflora Melilotus alba. Spergula arvensis Sugarcane Cyperus iria, Digitaria 1.2 to 1.8 3.53- 5.29 500 300-330 sp., Dactyloctenium, Aegyptiana, Digera arevensis, Portuluca oleeracea, Commelina benghalensis, amaranthus sp., Convolvulus arvensis Aquatic Weeds Eichhornia crassipes 2.5 kg 7.5 700-1000 -

2,4-D Ethyl Ester 4.5 % GR (having 2,4-D acid 4 % w/w) 10 ANNEXURE-VIII Echinochloa Coloum 1.0 kg - Transplanted Rice E. Crusgalli 25 kg - Panium ischaemum Cynodon dactylon (germinating) Cyperus rotundus (germinating) Cyperus iria C. difformis Ludwigia parviflora Monochoria Vaginalis Marsilea quadrifoliata Cyanotis cucutata Eclipta alba Ammania baccifera

Diclofop Methyl 28% EC Wheat Avena fatua, Phalaris 0.7-1.0 kg 2.5-3.5 ltr 500 90 minor

Diuron 80% WP Amaranthus spp, Cotton Chenopodium album, 0.75-1.5 kg 1-2.2Kg. 625 - Convolvulas arvensis Setaria glauca, Digitaria sp, Portulaca oleracea, Xanthium strumerium, Anagallis arvensis, Asphodelus temifolius, Euphorbia sp, Visia sativa Paspalum conjugatum, Cyperus iria, Commelina 1.60 kg 2 kg. 625 - Banana benghalensis, Digitaria sp,Amaranthus spp,Dactyloctenium,Chlo ris barbata,Eragrostis zeylenica, Rubber Grasses & Non grasses 1.6-3.2 kg 2-4kg. 625 -

Cyperus iria, 0.8 kg 1.0 kg. 600 - Maize Echinochloa spp, Digitaria spp, Chenopodium album, Eleusine sp, Amaranthus sp, Phyllanthus niruri

Cyperus iria,Tribulus 2-4.0kg 2.5-5.0kg 600 -

11 ANNEXURE-VIII Citrus Terristris,Digera (sweet orange) arvensis, Commelina nudiflora,Cocumis trigonus.. Cyperus iria, 1.6-3.2kg 2.0-4.0 kg. 600 - Portulaca racea, Sugarcane Echinochloa rusgalli, Cynotis spp, Amaranthus spp, Convonvulus spp’ Digitaria spp. Grapes Cleome viscose, 1.6kg 2.0 kg. 625 - Chenopodium album. Cyperus iria, Euphorbia hirta, Alternanthera echinata, Amaranthus spp, Argemone maxicana, Ipomoea spp, Xanthium strumerium, Fumeria parviflora, Asphodelus tenuifolius, Medicago denticulata, Eleusine aegyptia.

Diclosulam 84% WDG Soybean Cyperus spp, Commilena 22-26gm 26.2-30.9 500 60 benghalensis, Euphorbia geniculata, Digera Time of arvensis, Acylipha spp, application Echinochlo colona 0-3 DAS

Ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG Fimbristylis miliacea Transplanted Rice. Cyperus iria ,Cyperus 12.5-15gm 83.3- 500 110 difformis, Scirpus 100gm sp.,Eclypta alba, Marsilea quadrifoliata, Ammania baccifera, Monochoria vaginallis , Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 9.3% w/w EC (9% w/v)

12 ANNEXURE-VIII Soybean Echinochloa colonum, 100gm. 1111 ml. 250-300 100 Echinochloa crusgalli, (15-20 Digitaria sp, DAS) Eleusine indica, Setaria sp, Brachiaria sp.

Rice Echinochloa crusgalli, 56.25 gm 625 ml. 300-375 70 (transplaned) Echinochloa colona (10-15 DAT)

Blackgram Echinochloa crusgalli, 56.25-67.5 g 625-750ml. 375-500 43 Echinochloa colona (15-20 Digitaria sp. DAS) Dactylocteneum Aegyptium Echinochloa sp. Cotton Eluesine indica 67.5 g 750ml. 375-500 87 Dactylocteneum (20 -25 Aegyptium DAS) Eragrostit minor

Onion Echinochloa colonum 78.75 875 375 10 Dactyloctenium aegyptium

Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 10% EC

Wheat Phalaris minor 100-120gm 1.0-1.20 250-300 110 kg.

Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 6.7% w/w EC Rice (Transplanted Echinochloa sp. 56.6-60.38g 812.5-875 375-500 61 & Direct Seeded)

Fluazifop-p-butyl 13.4% EC Echinochloa colonum, Soybean Echinolchloa crusgalli, 125-250 g 1000-2000 500 90 Eleusine indica, Cyanodon dactylon, Dactyloctenium Aegyptium, Digitaria sp., Setaria sp.

13 ANNEXURE-VIII Flucetosulfuron 10% WG Echinochloa colonum Rice Echinolchloa crusgalli 25 250 500 90 (Transplanted) Digitaria sanguinalis Paspalum discichum Paspalum scrobitulatum Leersia hexandra Panicum repens Setaria glauca Dinebra retroflexa Cyprus difformis Cyprus iria Fimbristylis miliaceae Alternanthera philoxeroides Alternanthera sessilis Marsilea quadrifolia Ammania baccifera Eclipta alba Eclipta prostrate Monochoria vaginalis Lindernia ciliate Ludwigia parviflora Sphenoclea zeylanica Commelina diffusa Cyanotis axillaris Fluchloralin 45% EC Cotton Acanthospermum 0.9-1.2kg 2.0-2.68 500-800 180 hispidum, ltrs. Cleome viscosa, Datura sp. Trianthema monogyna Tridax procumbens, Cynodon dactylon (germinating) Amaranthus spp., Portulaca spp, Achyranthus aspera, Euphorbia hirta, Cenchrus cathorticus, Digitaria sanguinalis, Eleusine sp, Panicum sp, Lagasca mollis, Gynandropsis pentaphylla, Achalypha indica

14 ANNEXURE-VIII Soybean Eragrostis sp., 1.0-1.5kg. 2.22-3.33 500-800 120-150 Boerhaavia hispada, Cyperus compestris, Flufenacet 60% DF Paddy Echinochloa crusgalli 120 gm 200 gm 500 90-110 (Transplanted) Echinochloa colonum Cyperus iria

Flumioxazin 50% SC Commelina Soybean benghalensis, Digera arvensis, 125 g.a.i/ha 250ml/ha 500 110 Euphorbia spp., Phyllannthus niruri, Echinochloa crusgalli Runnex spp., Medicago denticulate, Wheat Coronopus didymus, 125 g.a.i/ha 250 ml/ha 500 137 Chenopodium album, Phalaris minor, Avena fatua Glufosinate Ammonium 13.5% SL (15% w/v) Panicum repens, Tea Borreria 0.375-0.500 2.5-3.3 375-500 15 hispida,Imperata cylindrical, Digitaria sanguinalis,Commelina benghalensis, Ageratum conyzoides, Eleusine indica,Paspalum conjugatum

Echinochloa sp. Cotton Cynodon dactylon 375-450 2.5-3.0 500 96 Cyperus rotundus Digitaria marginata Dactylocteneum aegyptium

15 ANNEXURE-VIII

Glyphosate 20.2% SL IPA salt Non Crop area Phyllanthus niruri, 0.82-1.23 kg 4.1-6.15 400-500 N/A Ageratum conyzoides, Parthenium hysterophorus, Sorghum halepense, Amaranthus spinosus, Alternanthera sessilis, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa colonum, Trianthema portalucastrum

Glyphosate Ammonium salt 20 % SL Non Crop area Cynodon dactylon 4.52-6.79g 20-30ml/lit 300-600 - Commelina benghalensis a.i./litre Panicum spp. Dactyloctenium aegyptium Eragrostis major Poa anua Cyperus rotundus Parthenium hysterophorous Acalypha indica Digeria arvensis Phyllanthus niruri Euphorbia geniculate Corchorus actangularis Saccharum spontenium Eleusine indica Imperata cylindrical Ageratum conzoides Glyphosate 41% SL IPA Salt Arundinella bengalensis 0.820- 2.0-3.0 450 21 Tea Axonopus compressus 1.230kg. Cynodon dactylon Imperata cylindrical Kalm grass Paspalum scrobiculatum Polygonum perfoliatum

Soghum helepense and Non-cropped area other dicot & monocot 0.820- 2.0-3.0 500 - weeds in general 1.230kg.

16 ANNEXURE-VIII

Glyphosate 54% SL (IPA Salt) Ageratum conyzoides Alternenthera sessilis Non Crop Area Commilina spp 1.8 kg 3.33 ltrs. 400-500 - Cyperus spp Echinochloa sp. Eclipta alba Iscaemum rogosum Setaria spp Glyphosate Ammonium Salt 5% SL Tea Ageratum conyzoides 1.5 kg. 30 ltrs. 500 7 days Biden pilosa Boreria latifolia Cynodon dactylon Cyperus rotundus Digitaria sanguinalis Euphorbia spp. Imperata cylendrica Paspalum conjugatum Non Crop area Cynodon dactylon Cyprus rotundus 2 kg. 40 ltrs. 500 - Digera arvensis Digitaria sanguinalis Eragrostis minor Euphorbia spp. Parthenium hysterophorus Tribulus terrestris Xantrhium stremerium Glyphosate 71% SG (Ammonium Salt) Tea & Non Crop Acalypha indica area Ageratum conyzoides 2.13 kg 3.0 kg. 500 7 Cychorium intybus Digera arvensis Cynondon dactylon Cyperus rotunedus Digitaria sanguinalis Eragrostis spp. Ipomea digitarea Paspalum conjugatum Sida aculata Halosulfuron Methyl 75% WG

17 ANNEXURE-VIII Sugarcane Cyperus rotundus 60-67.5 80-90 375 294

Maize Cyperus rotundus 67.5 90 375 45 Cyperus iria Bottle gourd Cyperus rotundus 67.5 90 375 46 Cyperus iria Haloxyfop R Methyl 10.5% w/w EC

Soybean Brachiaria sp. 108-135 1000-1250 500 60 Digitaria sanguinalis Dinebra arabica Echinochloa sp. Eleusine indica Eragrostis sp. Pnicum isochmi Imazethapyr 10% SL

Cyperus difformis 100 gm 1.0 Ltr. 500-600 75 Soybean Echinochloa colonum E. crusgalli Euphorbia hirta Croton sperrsifeorus, Digera arvensis, Commelina Benghalensis Cyperus difformis Groundnut Commelina 100-150 gm 1.0-1.5 ltrs. 500-700 90 benghalensis, Trianthema portulacasturm, Eragrostis pilosa

Imazethapyr 10% SL + Surfactant

Echinochloa colonum 75.100 gm+ 750-1000 375 72 Soybean Brachiaria mutica, MSO ml+ MSO Euphorbia hirta adjuvant @ adjuvant @ (1-2 Leaf stage of Commelina benghalensis 2ml/l of 2ml/l of weeds or 7-14 days Dinebra arabica, water water after sowing) Digitaria spp.,

18 ANNEXURE-VIII Echinochloa colonum 100-150 1000-1500 Groundnut Euphorbia hirta gm+ MSO ml+ MSO 375 102 Commelina benghalensis adjuvant @ adjuvant @ (1-2 Leaf stage of Digera arvensis, 2ml/l of 2ml/l of weeds or 7-14 days Amaranthus viridis, water water after sowing) Physalis minima.

Imazethapyr 70% WG + Surfactant

Cyperus routandus 70 g/ha + 100 g/ha + 500 56 Soybean Echinochloa spp. Surfactant Surfactant Dinebra arabica (Cyspread) (Cyspread) (2-3 leaf stage of Digera spp., @ @ weeds) Brachiaria mutica, 1.5ml/Litre 1.5ml/Litre+ Commelina benghalensis + Ammonium Commelina communis Ammonium Sulphate @ 2 Euphorbia geneculata Sulphate @ g/lit of Water Cyanotis axiallaris 2 g/lit of Water

Isoproturon 50% WP Phalaris minor 1.0kg 2.0 750 - Wheat Avena fatua Poa annua Isoproturon 75% WP Phalaris minor Wheat Avena fatua 1.0kg 1.33 kg. 750 60 days Poa annua Linuron 50% WP

Anagallis arvensis, Pea Chenopodium album, 0.625-1.0 kg 1.25-2.0 500 80-90 Chenopodium murale, Portulaca oleracea, Mielilotus indica, Melilotus alba, Medicago denticulata Fumeria parviflora, Echinochloa crusgalli, Poa annua. MCPA, Amine salt 40% WSC

19 ANNEXURE-VIII Cyperus rotundus Transplanted Rice Impmoea reptans 0.8-2.0 kg 2-5 400-600 Ammania baccifera Lippia nodiflora Alternanthera sp. Ludwigia parviflora Marsilea quadrifoliata

Chenopodium album, Wheat Asphodelus tenuifolius 1.0 kg 2.5 300-600 Fumaria parviflora Carthamus oxyacantha Launea sp., Pluchia lanceolata, Melilotus indica, Vicia hirsuta, Lathyrus aphaca, Medicago denticulata, M. lupulina, Spergula arvensis, Argemone maxicana, Phyllathus niruri. Metamifop 10% EC

Barnyard grass 100 g.a.i 1000 ml 350 87 Direct seeded Rice (Echinocloa spp), Sacchiolepis Dactyloctenium, Digiteria, panicum

Metamitron 70% SC a) 2-3 leaf a)2-3 leaf Sedges & Grasses Sugarbeet stage of stage of Cynodon dactylon weed – 0.7 weed – Cyperus rotundus kg a.i/ha, 1kg/ha, Dactyloctenium b) 4-6 leaf b) 4-6 leaf aegyptium stage of stage of Broad Leaves 500 90 weed – 1.4 weed – 2 Convolvulus arvensis kg a.i/ha, kg/ha, Chenopodium album c) 8-10 leaf c) 8-10 leaf Parthenium stage of stage of hysterophorus weed – 1.4 weed – 2 Digera arvensis kg a.i/ha kg/ha Methabenzthiazuron 70% WP

20 ANNEXURE-VIII Phalaris minor, Wheat Avena fatua, Avena 1.05-1.4kg 1.5-2.0 kg. 700-1000 100 (PE –2DAS) ludoviciana,Poa annua,

Polypogom monspliensis, Wheat Anagallis arvensis, (Post –EM 30 DAS) Chenopodium album 1.05-1.75kg 2.0-2.5 kg. 700-1000 100

Wheat Phalaris minor, (Early POE.16-18 Avena fatua, 0.7-0.87 kg 1.0-1.25 700-1000 100 DAS) Avena ludoviciana, kg. Chenopodium album

Metolachlor 50% EC Echinochloa colonum 1.0 kg 2.0 ltrs. 600-750 - S loybean Eleusine indica Digitaria sp. Dactyloctonium aegyptium Panicum sp. Cyperus sp. Amaranthus viridis Metribuzin 70% WP Digitaria spp. Cyperus esculentus 0.35-0.525 0.5-0.75kg. 750-1000 30 Soybean Cyperus campestiris kg Borreria spp. Eragrostis spp.

Phalaris minor Medium 0.25 kg 500-750 120 Wheat Chenopodium album soil-0.175kg Melilotus spp. Heavy soil 0.30 kg. -0.21kg

Metsulfuron Methyl 20% WP Chenopodium album, 4 gm 20 gm 500-600 80 Melilotus indica, + Wheat Lathyrus aphaca, Surfactant Anagallis arvensis, (Iso-Octyl Vicia sativa, Phenoxyl- Cirsium arvense. Poloxetha nol 12.5%)@ 500 ml/ha Rice Cyperus rotundus, (transplanted) Spheanochlea spp., 4 gm. 20 gm. 500-600 60 Fimbristylis sp. 21 ANNEXURE-VIII Ludwigia parviflora Marsilea quadrifoliata

Cyperus esculentus, Sugarcane Amaranthus viridis, 6 30 500-600 346 Portulaca oleracea, (Add non -ionic Parthenium surfactant hysterophorus, Iso-octyl- Trianthema sp., phenoxyl -poloxethano Cleome viscosa, l 12.5% @ Solanum sp., 2ml per liter Commelina of spray volume benghalensis, Euphorbia (0.2%) sp., Digeria sp.

Metsulfuron Methyl 20% WG Chenopodium album 4 gm. 20 gm. 500-600 76 Wheat Melilotus indioca + Melilotus alba Surfactant Lathyrus aphaca (Iso-Octyl Anagalis arvensis Phenoxyl- Vicia sativa Poloxetha Rumex denticulate nol 12.5%) Convolvulus arvensis @0.2% Meedicago denticulate Monochoria vaginalis Transplanted Rice Ludwigia parviflora 4 gm 20 gm. 500-600 71 Ludwigia adscendens + Marselea quadrifoliata Surfactant Eclipta alba (Iso-Octyl Oxalis minima Phenoxyl- Dapatorium juncecum Poloxetha Commelina benghalensis nol 12.5%) Ammania baccifera @0.2% Sphenoclea zeylanica Caesulia axillaries.

Orthosulfamuron 50% WG

22 ANNEXURE-VIII Transplanted Rice Echinocloa spp. (Paddy) (Barnyard grass) 60-75 150 500 65 Cyperus spp. (Nut grass) 3 DAT Scirpus spp. Ludwigia parviflora (water crest) Fimbristylis spp. (Hoora grass) Rotala spp.

Oxadiargyl 80% WP

Transplanted Rice Echinochloa crusgalli 100 125 500 97 E. Colonum, Cyperus iria, C. difformis, Eclipta alba, Ludwigia quadrifoliata Sunflower Echinochloa colonum 240 300 500 81 Dactyloctenium aegyptium Oxadiargyl 6%EC Transplanted Rice Echinochloa crusgalli 100gm 1.66 ltrs 500 97 Echinochloa colonum, Cumin Cyperus iria, cyperus 60-75gm 1.0-1.25 500 87 difformis, Eclipta alba ltrs. Ludwigia quadrifoliata Chenopodium album Remex sp., Melilotus indica, Asphodelus tenuifolius

Mustard Chenopodium album, 90 1500 500 35 Melilotus sp Oxadiazon 25% EC

Echinochloa crusgalli E. colonum Cyperus iria C. Transplanted Rice difformis Marsilea 0.5kg 2.0 ltrs. 500 - quadrifoliata, Eclipta alba, Ludwigia sp.

Oxyflourfen 0.35% GR

23 ANNEXURE-VIII Rice (Direct sown Echinochloa sp. Cyperus 100-150 gm 30-40 kg. - - puddled or difformis Transplanted) Cyperus iria Eclipta alba Ludwigia parviflora Fimbristlylis miliacia, Marsilea spp

Oxyflourfen 23.5% EC Rice (Direct sown as Echinochloa sp. Cyperus pre-emergence) iria, Eclipta alba, 150-240 gm 650-1000 500 -

Tea Digiteria, Imperata, 150-250 650-1000 500-750 15 days Paspalum, Borreria gm hispida, Chenopodium album, 100-200 gm 425-850 500-750 - Onion Amaranthus viridis,

Potato Chenopodium ,Coronpus 100-200 gm 425-850 500-750 - Trianthema, Cyperus, Heliotropium Groundnut Echinochloa colonum 100-200 gm 425-850 500-750 - Digitaria arginata

Pendimethalin 30% EC Phalaris minor, - Wheat Chenopodium album, Light soil- 3.3 ltr. 500-700 Melilotus alba, 1.0 kg, Portulaca oleracea, Medium 4.2 500-700 Anagallis arvensis, soil-1.25 kg, 5.0 500-700 Fumaria parviflora, Heavy soil- Poa annua 1.5 kg Rice (Transplanted Echinochloa colona, Light to &direct sown Upland) E. crusgalli, Heavy soil 3.3 –5 Ltrs. 500-700 Fimbristylis miliacea, 1-1.5kg Marselia quadrifoliata, Alternanthera sessilis, Ammonia baccifera, Ludwigra parviflora, Eclipta alba, Cyperus difformis Echinochloa spp. Cotton Euphorbia hirta 0.75-1.25kg 2.5-4.165 500-700 150 Amarnanthus ltrs viridisPortulaca oleraceaTrianthema spp. Eleusine indica

24 ANNEXURE-VIII

Echinochloa spp., Soybean Euphorbia spp., 110 Amarnanthus viridis, 0.75-1.0kg 2.5-3.3 ltrs. 500-700 Portulaca oleracea, Trianthema spp., Eleusine indica

Pigeon pea Digitaria sanguinalis 0.7 – 1.00 2.5 – 3.33 500 133 Digera arvensis Amaranthus sp. Euphorbia hirta Trianthema sp. Cyperus sp. Eragrostis sp.

Pendimethalin 5 % G Echinochloa colona, Rice (Transplanted E. crusgalli, 1.0-1.5 kg 20-30 kg - - & Direct sown Fimbristylis miliacea, puddled) Marselia quadrifoliata, Alternanthera sessilis, Ammonia baccifera, Ludwigra parviflora, Eclipta alba, Cyperus difformis

Pendimethalin 38.7% CS Soybean Echinochloa colonum Dinebra arabuica 580.5- 1500-1750 500 40 Digitaria sanguinalis 677.25gm Bracharia mutica Dactyloctinum aegyptium Portulaca oleracea Amaranthus viridis Euphorbia geniculata Cleome viscose

25 ANNEXURE-VIII Cotton Panicum repens, 580.5- 1500-1750 500 101 Digitaria sanguinalis, 677.25gm Brachiaria mutica (Grasses), Pennisetum purpureum, Cyperus rotundus (sedge), Lantana camjara, Portulaca oleracea, Eclipta prostrate, Commelina benghalensis (Broad leaves weeds) Chilli Panicum repens, 580.5- 1500-1750 500 98 Digitaria sanguinalis, 677.25gm Elusine indica, Dinebra arabiaca, Echinochloa colonum, Portulaca oleracea, Commelina benghalensis, Aramthus blitum, Chenopodium album Onion Echinochloa colonum, 580.50- 1500-1750 500 104 Cyperus rotundus(Sedge) 677.25gm Cynodon dactylon Dinebra Arabic Euphor beageneculata Commelina bengalensis (Broad Leave weeds)

Pinoxaden 5.1% EC Phalaris minor (Canary 40-45 g 800-900 ml 225-300 90 Wheat grass) Avena ludoviciana (Wild 30-35 DAS oat) Penoxsulam 21.7 % SC

Rice (Transplanted) Ammania bacifera, 22.5 to 25 93.7 to 60 Cyperus difformis, (pre- 104.2 Echinochloa colonum, emergence Echinochloa crusgalli, 0-5 DAT) Cyperus iria, Fimbristylis miliacea, 20 to 22.5 83.3 to Ludwigia spp. (post- 93.7 Monochoria spp. emergence Sphenecelea zeylanica, 10-12 DAT) Penoxsulam 2.67% OD

26 ANNEXURE-VIII Rice Grasses Echinochloa Colona (Transplan Echinochloa Crusagalli ted Rice) Sedges Cyperus difformis 22.5-25 900-1000 300-500 60 ml/ha Broad Caesulia axillaris Leaved Weeds Pretilachlor 37%EW Echinochloa crusgalli 0.60-0.75 kg 1.5-1.875 500 90 Transplanted Rice Echinochloa colonum ltrs. Cyperus difformis Cyperus iria Digitaria sanguinalis Fimbristylis miliacae Eclipta alba Ludwigia parviflora Monochoria vaginalis

Pretilachlor 30.7% EC (Direct seeded rice Echinochloa crusgalli 0.45- 1.5-2.0 ltr. 500 110 under puddled Echinochloa colonum 0.60kg. condition) Cyperus difformis Cyperus iria Pretilachlor 50% EC Echinochloa crusgalli Transplanted Rice Echiniochloa colonum 0.50-0.75 1.0-1.5 ltrs. 500-700 75-90 Cyperus difformis kg. Cyperus iria Fimbristylis miliacae Eclipta alba Ludwigia parviflora Monochoria vaginalis Leptochloa chinensis Panicum repens

Propaquizafop 10% EC Echinochloa colonum, Soybean Soybean Echinochola crusgalli, 50-75 g 500-750 500-750 21 Digiteria sanguinalis, Dactyloctenium eigyptium, Eleucine indica

27 ANNEXURE-VIII Blackgram Echinochloa colonum, 75-100 g 750-1000 500-750 21 Echinochola crusgalli, Digiteria sanguinalis, Dactyloctenium eigyptium, Eleucine indica Onion Echinochloa colonum, 62.5 625 500 7 Digiteria sanguinalis, Dactyloctenium eigyptium, Phalaris minor Paraquat dichloride 24% SL Tea Imperata 0.2-1.0 kg 0.8-4.25 ltr 200-400 Not (Post-emergence directed Setaria sp., Commelina (For season Necessar inter row application at 2-3 long weed leaf stage of weeds) benghalensis, Boerraria control, use y hispida, Paspalum 2.5-5.0 ltr for conjugatum, initial (For season- application. long weed For subsequent control, repeat spot muse 2.5 to application use 5 lit for 1 litre) initial application. For subsequent repeat spot application use 1 lite) Potato Chenopodium sp. 0.5 kg 2.0 ltr. 500 100 (Post-emergence overall / Angallis arvensis inter-row application at 5- 10 % emergence) Trianthema monogyna Cyperus rotundus Fumeria parviflora

Cotton (Post-emergence directed Digera arvensis, 0.3-0.5 kg 1.25-2.0 500 150-180 inter row application at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds) Cyperus iria, Trianthema monogyna, Corchorus spp., Leucas aspera, Euphorbia spp.

Digitaria sp., Eragrostis Rubber sp., Fimbristylis sp. 0.3-0.6 kg 1.5-2.5 600 N.A. (Post-emergence directed inter row application at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds)

28 ANNEXURE-VIII Coffee Digitaria marginata, 250 1.0 400 N.A. paspalum Conjugatum, Ageratum, Conyzides, Borreria hispida, Euphorbia hirta, Commelina benghalensis, Eleusine indica Rice Echinochloa crusgalli, 0.3-0.8 kg 1.25-3.5 500 N.A. [pre-plant (minimum Cyperus iria, tillage) before Ageratum conyzides, sowing/transplanting for controlling standing weeds] Commelina benghalensis, Marsilea quadriofoliata, Brachiaria mutica

Wheat Grassy & Broad leaf 1.0 kg 4.25 ltrs 500 120-150 [pre-plant ( minimum weeds tillage) before sowing]

Maize Cyperus rotundus, [pre-plant (minimum Commelina 0.2-0.5 kg 0.8-2.0 ltrs 500 90-120 tillage) before sowing] benghalensis, Trianthema monogyna, Amaranthus sp., Echinochloa sp Maize Cyperus iria, (Post-emergence directed Cyperus rotundus, 0.8-2.0 ltrs 500 90-120 inter row application at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds) Commelina benghalensis 0.2-0.5 kg Amaranthus sp. Echinochloa sp Trianthema monogyna

Grapes Cyperus rotundus (Post-emergence directed Cynodon dactylon 0.5 kg. 2.0ltrs. 500 90 inter row application at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds) Convolvulus sp. Portulaca sp. Tridax sp. Apple Rosa moschata (Post-emergence directed Rosa eglantaria 0.75 kg 3.25 ltrs 700-1000 N.A. inter row application at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds) Rubus ellipticus

29 ANNEXURE-VIII Aquatic weed control

Water ways Eichhornia crassipes 1000 4.25 600-1000 N.A Canals, Hydrilla 1000 4.25 600 Ponds Typha latifolia 1000-2000 4.25-8.5 600-1000 Etc Pyrazosulfuron Ethyl 10% WP

Cyperus Iria, 10-15 g 100-150 500-600 95 Cyperus difformis, Transplanted Rice Fimbristylis miliacea, Monochoria vaginalis, Ludwigia parviflora Pyrithiobac Sodium 10% EC Cotton (Gossypium) Trianthema Spp Amaranthus Spp 62.5-75 gm 625-750 500 160 Chenopodium Spp Digera Spp Celosia argentia Pyrozosalfuron Ethyl 70% WDG

Transplanted Rice Echinicloa spp, 21g - - 43 Cyparus rotundus, Ludwigia parviflora

Quizalofop-ethyl 5% EC

Echinochloa crusgalli Soybean E. colomum 37.5-50 gm. 0.75-1.0 500-600 95 Eragrostis sp.

Echinolchloa crusgalli, Cotton Echinochloa colonum, 50.5 1000 500 94 Dinebra retroflexa Digiteria marginata

Echinochloa colonum, Groundnut Dinebra retroflexa 37.5-50.0 750-1000 500 89 Dactyloctenium sp. Black gram Eleusine indica, 37.5-50.0 750-1000 500 52 Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Digitaria sanguinalis, Eragrostis sp., Paspalidium sp., Echinochloa sp., 30 ANNEXURE-VIII Dinebra ratroflexa

Onion Digitaria sp., 37.5-50.0 750-1000 375-450 7 Eleusine indicia, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Eragrostis sp., Quizalofop-ethyl 10% EC Soyabean Love grass (eragrosts 375-45.0 375-450 300-500 69-103 ipilosa),Crab grass (digitaria sanguinalis/ wild finger/ Makra grass Viper grass, Barnyard grass, sanwa/Samel, Brown top millet Quizalofop –p-tefuryl 4.41% EC Soybean Echinochloa spp. Dinebra arabica 30-40 gm 750-1000 400 30 Digitaria sanguinalis ml Cynodon dactylon Hemarthria compressa Eleusine indica Sulfentrazone 39.6% w/w SC Soybean Acalypha sp. 360 750 500 88 Commelina sp. Digera sp. Cyprus sp. Echinochloa sp. Brachiaria sp. Dinebra sp. Sulfosulfuron 75% WG Phalaris minor 25 gm 33.3 gm 200-250 110 Wheat Chenopodium sp. + Cationic Melilotus alba surfactant 1250ml/ha Tembotrione 34.4% SC Maize Trianthema 120g 286ml 500L 55 portulacastrum, Echinochloa sp. Bracheria sp.

31 ANNEXURE-VIII Triallate 50% EC Wheat Avena fatua 1.25 kg 2.5 kg. 250-500 150

Triasulfuron 20% WS (H) Wheat Chenopodium album, 20 100 500 81 Anagallis arvensis, Medilotus alba, Rumex spp, Medicago denticulata, Fumeria pomiflora, Cronopus didymus, Spergula arvensis Malvela perviflora

Topramezone 336 g/l w/v SC

Maize Elusine indica, 25.2 to 33.6 g 75 to 100 ml 375 83 Digitaria sanguinalis, a.i./ha + + MSO Dactyloctenium MSO adjuvant @ aegyptium, adjuvant @ 2 2 ml/l of ml/l of water Water Echinocloa spp., Chloris barbata, Parthenium hysterophorus, Digera arvensis, Amaranthus viridis, Physalis minima, Alternanthera sessilis, Convolvulus arvensis, Celotia argentea.

32 ANNEXURE-VIII

HERBICIDE COMBINATIONS

Anilofos 24% +2,4-D ethyl Ester 32% EC Transplanted rice Echinochloa crusgalli (0.24+ 1-1.5 ltrs. 300 90 Echinochloa colonum 0.32) to Ischaemum rugosum (0.36 + Fimbristylis miliacea 0.48) kg Bensulfuron methyl 0.6%+Pretilachlor 6% GR Echinochloa crusgalli, 60 + 600 gm 10 kg N.A. 88 Echinochloa colonum, Cynodon dactylon Transplanted Rice Cyperus iria, Cyperus difformis, Cyperus rotundus, Fimbristylis miliacea, Ludwigia parviflora, Marselia quadrifolia, Enhydra fluctuans, Sphenoclea zeylanica, Eclipta alba, Ammania baccifera.

Carfentrazone ethyl 0.43% + Glyphosate 30.82% EW

33 ANNEXURE-VIII Tea Ageratum conyzoides 12.90 3000 500 7 Bidenspilosa +924.60 Borreria sp. Crassocephalumcr epidioides Cynadon sp. Cyperous sp. Digitaria sp. Eleusine indica Mimosa sp. Mltracarpus villosus Oxalis sp. Non-cropped area Ageratum conyzoides 12.90 3000 500 -- Axonopus sp. +924.60 Brachiaria sp. Commelina sp. Cynodon dactylon Cyperous sp. Digitaria sp. Eleusine indica Imperata cylendrica Lantana camera Parthenium sp.

Carfentrazone ethyl 20% + Sulfosulfuron 25% WG

Wheat Phalaris minor 20+25 100 300 110 Avena ludoviciana Chenopodium album +750 ml Medilotus alba Surfactant Rumex spp

Clodinafop Propargyl 15% + Metsulfuron Methyl 1% WP Phalaris minor, Avena fatua, Wheat Chenopodium album, 60+4 400 375 100 Melilotus sp., (Add Fumaria parviflora, 1250 ml Vicia sativa, surfactant Rumex sp., at the Anagallis arvensis, time of Coronopus didymus, sparying) Lathyrus sp., Convolvulus arvensis

Clodinafop propargyl 9% + Metribuzin 20% WP (W/W)

34 ANNEXURE-VIII Wheat Phalaris minor 54+120 600 300 120 Chenopodium album, Melilotus sp Vicia sativa, Rumex sp Medicago sp Cronopus didymus Dinebra vetroflexa

Clomazone 20%+2,4-D EE 30% EC

Echinochloa colonum, Echinochloa crusgalli, 0.250-0.375 1.25 ltrs. 500 100-110 Cyperus iria, Cyperus Kg Transplanted Rice difformis,Eclipta alba,Leptochloa chinensis,Panicum repens,Fimbristylis miliacea,Marsilea quadrifoliata, Ludwigia parviflora.

Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 7.77% w/w + Metribuzin 13.6% w/w EC

Phalaris minor (Little seed canary grass) Wheat Chenopodium album 100+175 1250 375 110 (Lambs quarter) Lathyrus aphaca (Meadow Pea) Rumes Sp. (Golden dock) Melilotus spp.(Sweet clover) Avena ludoviciana.

Fluazifop-p-butyl 11.1% w/w + Fomesafen 11.1% w/w SL

Echinochloa colona 250 1000 500 71 Soybean Digitaria sp Eleusine indica Dactyloctenium aegyptium Brachiaria reptans Commelina benghalensis Digera arvensis Trianthema sp. Phyllanthus niruri

35 ANNEXURE-VIII Aclypha indica Dinebra arbica

Groundnut Echinochloa colona 250 1000 500 82 Digitaria sp. Eleusine indica Dactyloctenium aegyptium Commelina benghalensis Eluropus villosus Indigofera glandulosa Chloris barbata Trianthema sp. Digera arvensis Cleome viscose Phyllanthus niruri Amaranthus virdis Cyperus sp.

Hexazinone 13.2% + Diuron 46.8 % WP

Sugarcane Enchinochloa colonum Dactylotenium 1200 gm 2 Kg 500 282-306 aegyptium (264+936) Trianthema monogyna Amaranthus virdis Ipomea spp Cyperus rotundus Cyperus esculentus Setaria spp Parthenium hysterophorus Euphorbia hirta

Indaziflam 1.65% w/w (2%w/v) + Glyphosate Isopropylammonium 44.63% w/w (40%w/v) SC

36 ANNEXURE-VIII Tea Ageratum sp. 50+1000 2500 500 L 14 days Borreria sp. to to Eleusine indica 70 + 1400 3500 ml/ha g.a.i/ha

Imazethapyr 35% + Imazamox 35% WG

Soybean Echinochloa Colonum, 70 g a.i/ha 100 g MSO 375-500 56 Dinebra Arabica, + MSO Aadjuvant Digitaria sanguinalis, Adjuvant @ 2ml/l of Brachiaria mutica @ 2 ml/l of water Commelina benghalensis water Euphorbia hirta

Groundnut Echinochloa Colonum, 70 g a.i/ha 100 g MSO 375-500 83 Digira arvensis, + MSO Aadjuvant Commelina benghalensis Adjuvant @ 2ml/l of Euphorbia hirta @ 2 ml/l of water Amaranthus viridis water Physalis minima

Mesoulfuron Methyl 3% + Iodosulfuron Methyl Sodium 0.6% WG

Phalaris minor (12+2.4 gm) 400 ml. 400-500 96 Wheat Medicago denticulata + Chenopodium album Surfactant Melilotus sp. (Genopol Rumex sp. LRO Anagallis arvensis fluid) @ Coronopus didymus 500 ml/ha Lathyrus aphaca Fumaria parviflora

Metsulfuron Methyl 10% + Chlorimuron ethyl 10% WP

Cyperus iria, Transplanted Rice Cyperus difformis, 4gm 20 gm. 300 90 (Pre-emergence Fimbristlylis miliaceae, application-3 DAT Eclipta alba, Ludwigia parviflora, Cyanotis axillaries, Monocoria vaginalis, Marsilea quadrifoliata,

Metsulfuron Methyl 10% + Carfentrazone ethyl 40% DF

37 ANNEXURE-VIII Rumex dentatus Wheat Rumex spinosus 25 50 300 100 Medicago denticulate Malva parviflora Lathyrus aphaca Chenopodium album Melilotus alba Melilotus indica Anagallis arvensis Solanum nigrum Vicia sativa Convolvulus arvensis Oxyflurofen 2.5% + Glyphosate ( Isopropyl amime salt )41% SC( w/w)

Tea Ageratrum Conyzoids 50+820 2000 500L/ha. 14 Cyperous sp Borreriabispida Pospalumcon jugatum Digitaria ciliaris

Pendimethalin 30%+ Imazethapyr 2% EC

Echinocloa crusgalli Soybean Digera arvensis (750+50) 2.5-3.0 ltrs 500-600 90 Commelina to (900+60) benghalensis, gm Amaranthus viridis Portulaca oleracea

Penoxsulam 0.97% w/w + Butachlor 38.8% w/w SE

Echinochloa colonum, 820 g.a.i/ha 2000ml/ha 750 60 Transplanted Rice Echinochloa crusgalli, Cyperus iria, Cyperus difformis, Marsilia quadrifoliata, Alternanthera spp.

Penoxsulam 1.02 % + Cyhalofop-butyl 5.1% OD

38 ANNEXURE-VIII Rice Echinochloa colona 120-135 2000-2250 300-500 60 (Direct seeded Rice) Echinochloa crusgalli Leptochloa chinesis Eleusine indica Alternanthera sessilis Caesulia axillaris Cyperus spp Rice Echinochloa colona 120-135 2000-2250 300-500 60 (Transplanted Rice) Echinochloa crusgalli Leptochloa chinesis Caesulia axillaris Cyperus difformis Cyperus spp

Pretilachlor 6% + pyrazosulfuron Ethyl 0.15%(H)

Paddy Grassy weeds, Broad 600+15 10 - 83 Leave, Sedges

Pretilachlor 6.0% +Pyrazosulfuron Ethyl 0.15% GR

Transplanted Paddy Echinochloa Colonum 600 10 - 83 Echinochloa Crusagalli Ludwigia paviflora, Elipta alba, Leptochola chinensis, Monochoria vaginalis, Cyperus difformis, Cyperus iria, Fimbristylis miliaceae

Propaquizafop 2.5% + Imazethapyer 3.75% w/w ME

39 ANNEXURE-VIII Soybean Grassy weeds: 50+75 2000 500 80 Dactyloctnium aegyptium Echinocloa colonum Eleusine indica Digitaria sanguinalis BLW: Commelina Benghalensis Euphorbia hirta Digera arvensis Amaranthus viridis

Pyrithiobac Sodium 6% EC w/w+ Quizalofop-ethyl 4% EC w/w MEC

Trianthema spp (60+40) Cotton Digera spp 1.0-1.25 500 160 Celosia argentia to Ltr/ha Dinebra retroflexa Digitaria marginata (75+50) g.a.i/ha

Sulfosulfuran 75%+ Metsulfuron Methyl 5%WG

Wheat Phalaris minor, Chenopodium sp., (30+2) 40 gm 250-500 110 Medicago denticulata, + Coronopos dedymus, surfactant Rumex spp. 1250 Melilotus alba, ml/ha Anagallis arvensis

Sodium Aceflourofen 16.5% + Clodinafop Propargyl 8% EC

40 ANNEXURE-VIII Acalypha indica, 80 + 165 1000 500 61 Soybean aegyptium, Alternanthera v philoxeroides, Amaranthus spp., Celosia argentea, Cleome viscose, Commelina benghalinsis, Dactyloctanium Digera arvensis, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa spp., Eleusine indica, Euphorbia spp., Parthenium spp., Phyllanthus niruri, Physalis minima, Stellaria media Trianthema monogyna

****

41 ANNEXURE-IX

ANNEXURE-IX

MAJOR USES OF BIOPESTICIDES (Registered under the Insecticides Act, 1968)

UP TO- 31.05.2018

A. Major uses of Bio-fungicides : Page 2-15 B. Major uses of Bio-insecticides : Page 16-28 C. Public health use : Page 29-31

1 ANNEXURE-IX A. Major uses of Bio-fungicides :

Crop Common Dosage per ha Waiting name of the disease a.i. (g) Form Dilution in water(L) period ulatio from last n applicati (g/ml)/ on to % harvest(in days)

Neem oil based EC containingAzadirachtin0.030% (300 ppm) Bhindi Powdery mildew 2-2.5 500 3 Pseudomonas fluorescens1.75% WP (In house isolated Strain Accession No. MTCC 5176) Wheat Loose smut 5 g/kg Mix the required quantity seed of seeds with the required quantity of Pseudomonas (Seed fluorescens 1.75% WP treatment formulation and ensure ) uniform coating. Shade dry and sow the seeds. - 5 g/litre Dissolve 5 kg of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Foliar 1.75% WP in 1000 litres of spray) water and spray

Bacillus subtilis 1.50% L.F (T Stanes Bs-1 Strain MTCC 25072)

Sigatoka (caused by Lit/ha Banana 5 lit/ha Foliar spray Mycosphaerella musicola) 750

Pseudomonas fluorescens 2.0% AS (Strain No. IPL/PS-01, Accession No. MTCC 5727,)

Seedling Root Dip Treatment: mix 10ml of Pseudomonas Paddy Bacterial leaf blight 10ml/litr fluorescens2.0% AS. In (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) e one litre of water and dip of water the paddy seedling root for Nil 30 minutes before transplanting followed by foliar application after 40- 45 days of transplantation.

Foliar spray: suspend 1.87 to 2.50 litre of Bacterial leaf blight Pseudomonas (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) 2 ANNEXURE-IX Paddy fluorescens2.0% AS.in 500 litre of water and spray uniformly after 40-45 days of transplantation over one 1.87- hectare land 2-3 spray are 2.50 required depending upon litre/hect the disease incidence at are interval of 10-12 days using a hand operated Nil Knapsack sprayer or power sprayer fitted with a hollow cone nozzle. Bacillus subtilis2.0% A.S (Strain No. IPL/BS-09, Accession No. MTCC 5728,) Seedling Root Dip Treatment:

10ml/litr mix 10ml of Bacillus e subtilis 2.0% A.S In one of water litre of water and dip the paddy seedling root for 30 Nil minutes before Paddy Bacterial leaf blight(Xanthomonas transplanting followed by oryzae pv. oryzae) foliar application. Foliar spray: suspend 1.87 to 2.50 litre of Bacillus subtilis 2.0% A.S.in 500 litre of water and spray uniformly after 40-45 days of transplantation over one hectare land 2-3 spray are required depending upon Nil the disease incidence at 1.87- interval of 10-12 days 2.50 using a hand operated litre/hect Knapsack sprayer or are power sprayer fitted with a hollow cone nozzle. Pseudomonas fluorescens 2.0% AS (Strain No. IPL/PS-01, Accession No. MTCC 5727,)

Seedling Root Dip Treatment: Bacterial leaf blight mix 10ml of Pseudomonas (Xanthomonas 10ml/litre fluorescens2.0% AS. In one litre of Paddy oryzae Pv. oryzae) of water water and dip the paddy seedling root for 30 minutes before transplanting followed by foliar Nil application after 40-45 days of transplantation. 3 ANNEXURE-IX

Foliar spray: suspend 1.87 to 2.50 litre of Pseudomonas fluorescens2.0% AS.in 500 litre of water and spray uniformly after 40- 45 days of transplantation over one hectare land 2-3 spray are required 1.87-2.50 depending upon the disease litre/hectare incidence at interval of 10-12 days using a hand operated Knapsack sprayer or power sprayer fitted with a hollow cone nozzle. Nil Pseudomonas fluorescens 0.5% WP (TNAU Strain Accession No. ITCC BE 0005)

Groundn Late leaf spot 10 g/kg Seed treatment - ut seed Mix the required quantity of seeds with the required quantity of Pseudomonas fluorescens 0.5% WP formulation and ensure uniform coating. Shade dry and sow the seeds.

Soil treatment : 1 kg of Pseudomonas fluorescens 0.5% WP spread uniformly over 1 hectare of land (foliar spray @ 2%) 1 kg/hectare

Rice Leaf and neck blast 10 gm / Seed treatment: Nil (Pyriculariaoryzae) kg seed Mix required quantity of the seeds with the required quantity of Pseudomonas fluorescens 0.5% WP

1 kg/ha Soil treatment:

Broadcast 1 kg Pseudomonas fluorescens 0.5% WP by mixing with 2.5 kg organic manure in one ha area

4 ANNEXURE-IX 1 kg/ha Foliar spray:

Spray Pseudomonas fluorescens 0.5% WP @ 1 kg/ha

Chili Damping off (Pythium 10 g/kg Seed treatment Nil seedling aphanidermatum) seed s Mix required quantity of the seeds with the required quantity of Pseudomonas fluorescens 0.5% WP and ensure uniform coating, shade dry and sow.

Tomato Wilt 10 gm/kg Seed treatment Nil of seeds (FusariumoxysporumF Mix required quantity of the .sp) seeds with the required quantity of Pseudomonas fluorescens0.5% WP and ensure uniform coating, shade dry and sow

2.5 Soil Treatment- - kg/hectare 2.5 kg of Pseudomonas fluorescens 0.5% wp. Spread uniformly over a hectare of land

Pseudomonas fluorescens 1.5% WP (BIL-331 Accession No. MTCC5866) Paddy Bacterial Leaf blight 5gm/kg of Seed treatment :- Make a this paste of NIL (Xanthomonas oryzae) seed required quantity of Pseudomonas fluorescence 1.5 % WP with min. volume of water and coat the seed uniformly , shades dry the seeds just before showing. Blast (Pyriculariaoryzae) 2.5 kg Soil treatment:- Mix 2.5 kg of /hectare Pseudomonas fluorescens 1.5% WP with Leaf spot 50kg FYM or and broadcast uniformly (Helminthosporiumory over hectare of land 30days after planting. zae)

Pseudomonas fluorescens 1.0% WP (IPL/PS-01 Accession No. MTCC5727)

5 ANNEXURE-IX Tomato Wilt (Fusarium 5gm/kg of Seed Treatment:- Make a thin paste of NIL Oxyporam) seed required quantity of Pseudomonas fluorescens 1.0% WP with the minimum volume of water & coat the seed uniformly , shade dry the seed just before sowing. Soil Treatment:- Mix 2.5kg of Pseudomonas fluorescens 1.0% WP with Damping Off 2.5kg/hectare 62.5 kg FYN and broadcast uniformly (Pythium over a hectare of land. aphandidermatum) Seedling Root Dip Treatment:- Mix 10 Root rot (Rhizoctonia gm of Pseudomonas fluorescens 1.0% spp.) 10gm/litres WP in one litre of water and dip the of water tomato seedling root rot for minutes. Pseudomonas fluorescens 1.0% WP (Strain No. IIHR-PF-2 Accession No. ITCCB0034) Tomato Wilt (Fusarium Treat the seed with Pseudomonas fluorescens1% WP @ 20 gm/kg Oxysporum) of seeds & treat the nursery beds with the Pseudomonas fluorescens1% WP @ 50gm/sq.m and apply Pseudomonas fluorescens1% WP @ 5kg/ha enriched FYM*@5tons /hectare to the soil before transplanting. Brinjal Wilt (Fusarium -do- solani)

Carrot Root rot (Sclerotium Treat the seed with Pseudomonas fluorescens1% WP @ 20gm/kg rolfsi) of seeds and apply Pseudomonas fluorescens1% WP @ 5kg/ha enriched FYM*@ 5tons/hectare to the soil before sowing. Okra Wilt (Fusarium Oxysporum ) -do-

Pseudomonas fluorescens 1.5% AS ( Strain Accession No. MTCC - 2539) Groundn Late leaf spot 10 ml/kg seed Seed treatment: ut Mix the required quantity of seeds with the required of Pseudomonas fluorescens 1.5% AS and ensure uniform coating. Shade dry and sow the seeds.

1 Litre/ Soil treatment : Nil

6 ANNEXURE-IX hectare 1 Litre of Pseudomonas fluorescens 1.5% AS spread uniformly over 1 hectare of land (foliar spray @ 0.2%

Trichoderma harzianum 0. 50% WS Cardamo Capsule rot 100 Soil treatment: - m (Phytophthora meadii) gm /plant Apply 100 gm (Soil product/ plant treatment) along with neem cake (0.5 kg/ plant) and 5 kg FYM/ plant Trichoderma harzianum 1.0% WP(Strain No. IIHR-TH-2 Accessions No. ITCC6888) Tomato Wilt (Fusarium Treat the seed with Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP @ 20 gm/kg Oxysporum) of seeds & treat the nursery beds with the Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP @ 50gm/sq.m and apply Trichoderma Harzianum 1% WP @ 5kg/ha enriched FYM*@5tons /hectare to the soil before transplanting.

Brinjal Wilt (Fusarium solani) Treat the seed with Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP @ 20 gm/kg of seeds & treat the nursery beds with the Trichoderma harzianum1% WP @ 50gm/sy.m and apply Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP @ 5kg/ha enriched FYM*@5tons /hectare to the soil before transplanting.

Carrot Root rot (Sclerotium Treat the seed with Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP @ 20gm/kg of rolfsi) seeds and apply Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP @ 5kg/ha enriched FYM*@ 5tons/hectare to the soil before sowing.

Okra Wilt (Fusarium Treat the seed with Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP @ 20gm/kg of Oxysporum ) seeds and apply Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP @ 5kg/ha enriched FYM*@ 5tons/hectare to the soil before sowing.

Trichoderma harzianum 2.0% WP Maize Root rot 20 gm Seed treatment: - /kg seed Make a thin paste of Fusarium wilt required quantity of (Fusarium Trichoderma harzianum 2% moniliforme) WP with minimum volume of water and coat the seeds uniformly, shade dry the seeds just before sowing.

7 ANNEXURE-IX Trichodermaviride 1% WP

Pigeon Wilt, root rot 8 gm /kg Seed treatment Nil pea seed Soil treatment Nil 5.0 kg/ha Pulses Root rot 4g/kg of - - - (Cowpea seed , mung bean, urdbean)

Chilli Damping off -do- - - -

Trichodermaviride 1% WP (TNAU Strain Accession No. ITCC 6914)

Cowpea Root Rot 5 gm /kg Seed treatment: Nil seed Make a fresh slury of required quantity of Trichodermaviride 1.0% WP with minimum volume of water and coat the seeds niformly, shade dry the seeds just before sowing.

2.5 kg/ha Soil treatment : Mix 2.5 kg of Trichodermaviride 1.0% WP with 62.5 kg FYM and broadcast uniformly over a hectare of land and irrigate the field immediately

Chili Damping off (Pythium 4 g/kg Seed treatment Nil seedling aphanidermatum) seed s Mix required quantity of the seeds with the required quantity of Trichoderma viride 1% WP and ensure uniform coating shade dry and sow

8 ANNEXURE-IX Urd Root rot 4 g/kg Seed treatment:-Mix Nil bean (Macrophomina seed required quantity of the phaseolina) seeds with the required quantity of Trichoderma viride 1% WP and ensure uniform coating shade dry and sow

Pigeon Root rot 4 g/kg Seed treatment :-Mix Nil Pea (Macrophomina seed required quantity of the phaseolina) seeds with the required quantity of Trichoderma viride 1% WP and ensure uniform coating shade dry and sow

Trichoderma viride 1% WP (Strain T-14 in house isolate of M/s Indore Biotech Inputs & Research (P) Ltd., Indore) Chickpea Wilt (Fusarium 5 gm /kg Seed treatment: oxysporum) seed Make slurry of required quantity of Trichoderma viride 1.0% WP with minimum volume of water & coat the seeds uniformly, shade dry the seeds just before sowing Root Rot 5.0 kg/ha Soil treatment : - (Rhizoctonia Mix 5.0 kg of Trichoderma solani & viride 1.0% WP in 100 kg Sclerotium rolfsii) FYM and broadcast over a hectare land mix well with soil and irrigate the field immediately.

Paddy Sheath blight 5-10 Foliar spray: (Rhizoctonia gm/litre Mix 2.5 kg of Trichoderma solani) of water viride 1.0% WP in 500 litres of water. Spray three times at 15 days interval uniformly over one hectare land 30 days after planting

Trichodermaviride 1.5% WP (Strain No. IIHR-TV-5, Accession No. ITCC 6889)

9 ANNEXURE-IX Tomato Wilt (Fusarium Treat the seed with Trichoderma viride 1.5% WP @ 20 gm/kg of Oxysporum) seeds & treat the nursery beds with the Trichoderma viride 1.5% WP @ 50gm/sy.m and apply Trichoderma viride 1.5% WP @ 5kg/ha enriched FYM*@5tons /hectare to the soil before transplanting.

Brinjal Wilt (Fusarium Treat the seed with Trichoderma viride 1.5% WP @ 20 gm/kg of solani) seeds & treat the nursery beds with the Trichoderma viride 1.5% WP @ 50gm/sy.m and apply Trichoderma viride 1.5% WP @ 5kg/ha enriched FYM*@5tons /hectare to the soil before transplanting.

Carrot Root rot Treat the seed with Trichoderma viride 1.5% WP @ 20gm/kg of (Sclerotium seeds and apply Trichoderma viride 1.5% WP @ 5kg/ha enriched rolfsi) FYM*@ 5tons/hectare to the soil before sowing.

Okra Wilt (Fusarium Treat the seed with Trichoderma viride 1.5% WP @ 20gm/kg of Oxysporum ) seeds and apply Trichoderma viride 1.5% WP @ 5kg/ha enriched FYM*@ 5tons/hectare to the soil before sowing.

Trichoderma viride 1% WP

Cauliflower Stalk rot – 4 gm /kg Seed treatment: - Sclerotina seed Make a thin paste of required sclerotiorum quantity of Trichoderma viride 1.0% WP with minimum volume of water and coat the seeds uniformly, shade dry the seeds just before sowing

2.50 Soil treatment : kg/ha Mix 2.5 kg of Trichoderma viride 1.0% WP with 62.5 kg FYM and broadcast Uniformly over a hectare of land and irrigate the field immediately

10 ANNEXURE-IX Brinjal Root Rot/ Wilt/ 5 gm/kg Seed treatment: Damping off seeds Make a thin paste of required quantity of Trichoderma viride Rhizoctonia 1.0% WP with minimum bataticola, volume of water and coat the Sclerotium rolfsii, seeds uniformly, shade dry the Fusarium seeds just before sowing oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani

Root Rot/ Wilt/ 250 Nursery Treatment: Damping off gm/50 Mix 250 gm of Trichoderma litre of viride 1.0% WP in 50 litre of Rhizoctoniabatati water/ water and drench the soil in cola, 400 sq. 400 sq. mt. area Sclerotiumrolfsii, mt. Seedling Root dip treatment: Fusariumoxyspor Mix 10 gm of Trichoderma um, Rhizoctonia viride 1.0% WP in one litre of solani water and dip the Brinjal seedling root for 15 minutes 2.5 kg/ Soil treatment : hectare Mix 2.5 kg of Trichoderma viride 1.0% WP with 62.5 kg FYM and broadcast uniformly over a hectare of land and irrigate the field immediately Cabbage Root rot/Collar 10 gm/ Seedling Root dip treatment: rot Rhizoctonia litre water Mix 10 gm of Trichoderma solani viride 1.0% WP in one litre of water and dip the Cabbage seedling root for 30 minutes 2.5 kg/ Soil treatment : hectare Mix 2.5 kg of Trichoderma viride 1.0% WP with 62.5 kg FYM and broadcast uniformly over a hectare of land and irrigate the field immediately Trichoderma viride 1% WP

11 ANNEXURE-IX Tomato Seedling wilt 9 g/kg Seed treatment - Fusarium seed Mix 9 kg of the product per kg oxysporum seed. Root zone application

Mix thoroughly 2.5 kg of the Damping off 2.5 kg product in 150 kg of compost Pythium or farmyard manure and apply aphanideramatu this mixture in the field after mRhizoctonia sowing/ transplanting of crops solani

Bengal gram Seedling wilt 9 g/kg Seed Treatment:-Mix 9 kg of - Fusarium seed the product per kg seed. oxysporum Root zone application Damping off Mix thoroughly 2.5kg of the Pythium 2.5 kg product in 150 kg of compost aphanideramatu or farmyard manure and apply mRhizoctonia this mixture in the field after solani sowing/ transplanting crops

Trichoderma viride1% WP

Sunflower Seed rot 6 g/kg Seed treatment Scletotiumrolfsii seed Mix required quantity of the seeds with the required quantity of product in rice gruel, ensure uniform coating, shade dry and sow Root rot Soil treatment Mix with 30-60 kg of Sclerotiumrolfsii 1.25-2.5 compost/ farmyard manure kg/ha and spread uniformly over 1 hectare of land Trichoderma viride 1% WP (TNAU Strain Accession no. ITCC 6914)

Cowpea Wilt (Fusarium 4 gm/kg (Seed treatment) oxysporum) seed Mix required quantity of the seeds with the required quantity of Trichoderma viride 1% WP and ensure uniform coating, shade dry and sow. Pigeon Pea Root rot 4 gm/kg Seed treatment) (Macrophomina Mix required quantity of the 12 ANNEXURE-IX Phaseolina) seed seeds with the required quantity of Trichoderma viride 1% WP and ensure uniform coating, shade dry and sow Urd Bean Root rot 4 gm/kg Seed treatment) (Macrophomina seed Mix required quantity of the Phaseolina) seeds with the required quantity of Trichoderma viride 1% WP and ensure uniform coating, shade dry and sow

Pseudomonas fluorescens 1.5% AS ( Strain Accession No. MTCC - 2539)

Groundnut Late leaf spot 10 ml/kg Seed treatment: Nil seed Mix the required quantity of seeds with the required of Pseudomonas fluorescens 1.5% AS and ensure uniform coating. Shade dry and sow the seeds.

Soil treatment : 1 Litre/ 1 Litre of Pseudomonas hectare fluorescens 1.5% AS spread uniformly over 1 hectare of land (foliar spray @ 0.2%) Bacillus subtilis 1.50% L.F (T Stanes Bs-1 Strain MTCC 25072)

Banana Sigatoka (caused 5 lit/ha Foliar spray Lit/h by a Mycosphaerella musicola) 750

Trichoderma viride 5% SC (Strain Accession No. ITCC 7111.)

13 ANNEXURE-IX Chilli Damping off 2 ml/kg Seed Treatment: Nil Seed (Nursery ) (pythiumaphanid Mix required quantity of the ermatum) seeds with the required quantity of Trichoderma viride 5% SC.

Ensure uniform coating, shade dry and sow

Pseudomonas fluorescens 2.0% AS (Strain No. IPL/PS-01, Accession No. MTCC 5727,)

Seedling Root Dip Treatment: mix 10ml of Pseudomonas fluorescens2.0% AS.In 10ml/litre one litre of water and dip the paddy Paddy Bacterial leaf of water seedling root for 30 minutes before blight transplanting followed by foliar application after 40-45 days of transplantation. (Xanthomonasor yzaepv. oryzae) 1.87-2.50 Foliar spray: suspend 1.87 to 2.50 litre of litre/hectare Pseudomonas fluorescens2.0% AS.in 500 Nil litre of water and spray uniformly after 40- 45 days of transplantation over one hectare land 2-3 spray are required depending upon the disease incidence at interval of 10-12 days using a hand operated Knapsack sprayer or power sprayer fitted with a hollow cone nozzle.

Bacillus subtilis 2.0% A.S (Strain No. IPL/BS-09, Accession No. MTCC 5728,)

14 ANNEXURE-IX Paddy Bacterial leaf blight 10ml/litre Seedling Root Dip Treatment: (Xanthomonas oryzaepv. oryzae) of water mix 10ml of Bacillus subtilis 2.0% A.S In one litre of water and dip the paddy seedling root for 30 minutes before Nil transplanting followed by foliar application.

Foliar spray: Bacterial leaf blight 1.87-2.50 litre/hectare suspend 1.87 to 2.50 litre of Bacillus (Xanthomonas subtilis 2.0% A.S.in 500 litre of water and oryzaepv. oryzae) spray uniformly after 40-45 days of transplantation over one hectare land 2-3 spray are required depending upon the Nil disease incidence at interval of 10-12 days using a hand operated Knapsack sprayer or power sprayer fitted with a hollow cone nozzle.

Trichoderma harzianum 2.0% A.S. (Strain No. IPL/VT/102, Accession No. ITCC 6893,)

Seedling Root Dip Treatment:

Bakane 30ml/litre mix 30ml of Trichoderma harzianum 2.0% A.S. In one litre of water and dip Paddy (Foot rot) of water the paddy seedling root for 30 minutes before transplanting followed by Soil treatment. (Fusarium Nil moniliforme) Soil treatment. Mix 2.5 litre of Trichoderma harzianum2.0% A.S. with 100 kg of properly decomposed FYM and broadcast 2.5 litre/ uniformly over a hectare of land prior to hectare transplanting.

B. Bio-Insecticides: 16-28

15 ANNEXURE-IX Ampelomyces quisqualis 2.0% WP, Strain No. MTCC-5683) (CFU Count: 2 x 106 g/min.) Name of Name of Insect Dose / ha Dilution in Waiting Crop (Formulation) water period (Days) (Litre)/ha Bhindi Powdery mildew (Erysiphe 2.5 kg 500 liters - cichoracearum)

Azadirachtin 0.15% W/W Min. Neem Seed Kernel Based E.C. Name of Name of Insect Formulation Dilution in Waiting Crop (ml) water period (Days) (Litre) White fly 2500-5000 ml 500-1000 lit 5 Cotton Bollworm 2500-5000 500-1000 lit 5 Thrips, Stem borer, Brown 1500 to 2500 ml 500 5 Rice Plant hopper, Leaf folder

Azadirachtin 0.3% (3000 PPM) Min. Neem Seed Kernel Based E.C.

Cotton American bollworm 4000 1000 5

Azadirachtin 1% Min. E.C. Neem based.

Tea Thrips 400-500 450 1 Red Spider mites 400-500 600 1

Azadirachtin 1% (10000 ppm) Min. Neem Based E.C. Containing

Tomato Fruit borer 1000-1500 500 3 (Helicoverpa armigera) Brinjal Fruit and Shoot 1000-1500 500 3 borer (Leucinodes orbonalis)

Azadirachtin 0.03% Min. Neem Oil Based E.C. Containing Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa 2500-5000 500 5 Armigera), Aphids 2500-5000 500 5 Rice Leaf roller, Stem 2000 1000 5 borer, BPH

Azadirachtin 0.03% (300 ppm) Neem Oil Based WSP Containing

16 ANNEXURE-IX Bengal Pod Borer 2500-5000 500-1000 7 Gram (Heliothis) Red Gram Pod Borer 2500-5000 500-1000 7 (Melangromyze) Cotton Aphids 2500-5000 500-1000 7 Jassids, White Flies, Bollworms, Okra Fruit borer, 2500-5000 500-1000 7 White flies, Leaf Hopper Brinjal Shoot & Fruit 2500-5000 500-1000 7 borer, beetles Cabbage Aphids,DBM, 2500-5000 500-1000 7 Cabbage - worm, Cabbage - looper Jute Semi looper, 2500-5000 500-1000 7 Hairy caterpillar

Azadirachtin 5% w/w Min. Neem Extract Concentrate Containing Tea Caterpillar, 200 400 5 Pink mite, 200 400 5 Red Spider mites, 200 400 5 Thrips 200 400 5 Tobacco Tobacco caterpillar, 200 400 5 Aphids 200 400 5 Rice Brown Plant 200 400 5 Hopper, Leaf 200 400 5 Folder, Stem Borer 200 400 5 Cotton White Fly, 375 750 5 Leaf hoppers 375 750 5 Heliothis, Aphids 375 750 5 Cauliflower Spodoptera, 200 400 5 Bhindi LDeiamfhoonppd ebrac, k moth, 200 400 5 whitefly, Aphid, Pod Borer 200 400 5 Tomato Aphids, Whitefly, 200 400 5 Fruit borer

17 ANNEXURE-IX Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae 1593 M sero type H 59 5b, 1.3% flowable concentrate Potency 1500 IU/mg Name of the Name of the Insect Formulation Dilution in Crop (liter) water Diamond back moth (Litre) Cabbage & (Plutella xylostella) - Cauliflower 0.6-1.0 500 Tomato Fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera) 1.0-1.5 500 Bhindi Fruit borer (Earias spp.) 1.0-1.5 500 Chilliies Fruit borer (spodoptera 1.5-2.0 1000 litura) Cotton Bollworm (Heliothis 2.0-2.5 1000 armigera) Rice Leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis 1.0-3.0 1000 medinalis)

Bacillus thuringiensis Serovar Kurstaki (3a, 3b, 3c) 5% WP Potency 55000 su (spodoptra unit based) (5x107 spore/mg) Cotton American Bollworm 25.00-50.00 500-1000 500-1000 -

Spotted Bollworm 37.50-50.00 750-100 500-1000 -

Red Pod Borer 50.00-62.50 1000-1250 500-1000 - gram

Cabbage Diamond back moth 25.00-50.00 500-1000 500-1000 -

Bacillus thuriengiensis var Kurstaki 0.5% WP serotype 3a, 3b, 3c, Strain DOR Bt-1, Potency 9000 IU/mg min. U/s 9(3b) Crop Common name of Formulation (kg) Dilution of water (lit.) Pest Caster Caster Semilooper 0.25 250-300 (Achaeae janata)

Bacillus thuriengiensis var Kurstaki 0.5% WP serotype 3a, 3b, 3c, Strain DOR Bt-1 NAIMCC- B-01118, Potency 13329 IU/mg min. U/s 9(3b) Crop Common name of Formulation (kg) Dilution of water (lit.) Pest Pigon Pea Bollworm 1-1.25 1000 (Helicoverpa armigera)

18 ANNEXURE-IX Bacillus thuriengiensis var Kurstaki 0.5% WP serotype 3a, 3b, 3c, Strain DOR Bt-1, Potency 9000 IU/mg min. U/s 9(3b) Crop Common name of Formulation (kg) Dilution of water (lit.) Pest Caster Caster Semilooper 0.25- 0.375 250 (Achaeae janata)

Bacillus thuriengiensis var Kurstaki 0.5% WP serotype 3a, 3b, 3c, Strain DOR Bt-1, Potency 16000 IU/mg min. Crop Common name of Formulation (kg) Dilution of water (lit.) Pest Chickpea Chick pea podborer 2.0 500 (Helicoverpa armigera)

Bacillus thuriengiensis var Kurstaki 2.5% AS.(Spicbio-Btk AS) Crop Common name of Formulation (Lit.) Dilution of water (lit.) Pest Gram Grampod borer 1.0-1.5 500 (Helicoverpa armigera)

Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki, Serotype H-3a, 3b, Strain Z-52 Potency:- 3000 IU/mg min - on Gypsy moth 32000 IU/mg min – Trichoplusia vi 50000 IU/mg min – H.armigera 55000 IU/mg min – Spodptera exiqua

Cotton Bollworms, Spodoptera - 0.75-1.0 kg. 500-750 -

Rice Stem borer & Leaf folder - 1.50 kg. 500-750 -

Gram Heliothis - 0.75 kg. 500-750

Pigeon Pea Heliothis - 0.75 kg. 500-750 -

Soyabean Spodoptera, Heliothis, 0.75 kg. 500-750 Spilosoma, Semilooper, Leaf miner

Tobacco Spodoptera, Heliothis - 1.50-2.00 kg. 500-750 -

19 ANNEXURE-IX Castor Hairy caterpillar, Ahea - 1.00 kg. 500-750 janata

Teak Dfoliater (Hyblaea pured), - 0.25-0.50% As required. Skeletonizer (Eutectona Sol. machaeralis

Bacillus thuriengiensis var Kurstaki Strain HD-1, serotype 3a, 3b, 3.5% ES for Import & repack.Potency17600 IU/mg

Crop Common name of Formulation (ml/ha) Dilution of water (lit.) Pest Cotton Bollworm 750-1000 750-1000

Bacillus thuriengiensis Var Kurstaki Serotype 3a, 3b, SA II WG Potency:- 53000 SU/mg, 32000 IU/mg

Cabbage, Cauliflower Diamond back moth 0.5 kg/ha 500.700 ha

Beauveria bassiana 1.15% W.P. Cotton Bollworm 400 gm/ha 750-1000 lit/hac

Beauveria bassiana 1.15% W.P. (1x108 /gm min) Strain BB-ICAR-RJP Accession No – MCC 1022 Rice Rice leaf folder (Cnaphalocrosis 2.5 750-850 L/Ha - medinalis) kg/ha

Beauveria bassiana 1.15% W.P. (Strain : BB – 5372, own R & D Isolate) Crop Common name Dosages (Kg) per Hectare Waiting period between of Pest Formulation Dilution of water last application & (ml/ha) (lit.) harvest (Days) Rice Rice leaf folder 2.5 kg/ha 600-750 L/Ha -- (Cnaphalocrosis medinalis)

Beauveria bassiana 1.15% W.P. (1x108 /gm min) Strain ICAR, Research Complex, Umiam, Meghalaya, Accession No – NAIMCC-F-03045

20 ANNEXURE-IX Rice Rice leaf folder (Cnaphalocrosis 2.5 750-850 L/Ha - medinalis) kg/ha

Beauveria bassiana 1.15% W.P. (1x108 /gm min) Accession No – NAIMCC-F-03045 Strain No. NBAIM, MAU. Rice Rice leaf folder (Cnaphalocrosis 2.5 750 L/Ha - medinalis) kg/ha

Beauveria bassiana 1.15% W.P. (1x108 /spores/ml) Strain BCRL, Accession No – BCRL Bbpx- 6892

Cabbage Diamond back moth (Plutella 1.1.5 500-750 Apply using any NA xylostella) litre/ litre/ha of type of sprayer Ha water (high, low or formula ultra low tion volume) which gives good coverage

Beauveria bassiana 1% WP Strain No: NBRI – 9947 (1x108 CFU/gm min)

Chick pea Pod borer - 3 kg. 500 L/Ha - (Helicoverpa armigera)

Beauveria bassiana 1% WP (1x109 CFU/gm min) Strain No. IPL/BB/MI/01

Okra Fruit borer / spotted - 3.75-5.0 kg 400-500 L/Ha - bollworm

Beauveria bassiana 1% WP (1x108 CFU/gm min) Strain No. SVBPU/CSP/Bb-10, Accession No. ITCC-7520

Chick pea Pod borer - 3.0 kg/ha 500 l/ha - (Helicoverpa armigera)

21 ANNEXURE-IX Beauveria bassiana 5% WP (1x108 CFU/gm min) Strain IARI, Accession No. ITCC-7353

Cabbage Diamond back moth 2.0 kg. 500litre/ha - - (Plutella xylostella) of water

Beauveria bassiana 5% SC Strain : NBAII , Bangalore , Accession No. ITCC-7102, (Strain Isolated by Project Directorate of Bio-logical control, Bangalore)

Crop Common Name of Dosage per hectare Waiting period from the Pest last spray to harvest Formulation (ml) Dilution in (days) water (ltr.) Tomato Fruit borer 500 500 - (Helicoverpa armigera)

Metarhizium Anisopliae 1.15% WP (1x108 CFU/gm min) Accession No. MTCC – 5173 Crop Name of the Pest Dosage per hectare Waiting period

Rice Brown plant hopper 2.5 kgs 500 Liters of ----- (BPH) (Nilapavata water lungens) (Formulated)

Metarhizium Anisopliae 1.0% WP (1x108 CFU/gm min) Strain No. IPL/KC/44 (Own R & D Isolate), Accession No. 6895. Crop Name of the Pest Dosage per Dilution in Waiting period kg/hectare Water (Liter)/ha

Brinjal Shoot & Fruit borer 2.5-5.0 500-750 ----- (Leucinodes orbonalis)

Pseudomonas fluorescens 1.0% WP (Strain No. IIHR-PF-2, Accession No. ITCC- B0034)

22 ANNEXURE-IX Tomato Root-Knot nematodes Treat the seed with Pseudomonas fluorescens 1% WP @ 20 (Meloidogyne spp.) gm/kg of seeds & treat the nursery beds with the Pseudomonas fluorescens 1% WP @ 50gm/sq.m and apply Pseudomonas fluorescens 1% WP @ 5kg/ha enriched FYM* @ 5 tons /hectare to the soil before transplanting.

Brinjal Root-Knot nematodes Treat the seed with Pseudomonas fluorescens 1% WP @ 20 (Meloidogyne spp.) gm/kg of seeds & treat the nursery beds with the Pseudomonas fluorescens 1% WP @ 50gm/sq.m and apply Pseudomonas fluorescens 1% WP (@ 5kg/ha) enriched FYM* @ 5 tons /hectare to the soil before transplanting.

Carrot Root-Knot nematodes Treat the seed with Pseudomonas fluorescens 1% WP @ 20 (Meloidogyne spp.) gm/kg of seeds & treat the nursery beds with the Pseudomonas fluorescens 1% WP @ 50gm/sq.m and apply Pseudomonas fluorescens 1% WP (@ 5kg/ha) enriched FYM* @ 5 tons /hectare to the soil before transplanting.

Okra Root-Knot nematodes Treat the seed with Pseudomonas fluorescens 1% WP @ 20 (Meloidogyne spp.) gm/kg of seeds & treat the nursery beds with the Pseudomonas fluorescens 1% WP @ 50gm/sq.m and apply Pseudomonas fluorescens 1% WP @ 5kg/ha enriched FYM* @ 5 tons /hectare to the soil before transplanting.

Trichoderma harzianum 1.0% WP (Strain No. IIHR-TH-2 Accessions No. ITCC 6888) Tomato Root-Knot nematodes Treat the seeds with Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP @ 20 (Meloidogyne incognita) gm/kg of seeds & nursery beds with the Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP @ 50gm/sq.m and also apply Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP (@ 5kg/ha) enriched FYM* @ 5 tons /hectare to the soil before transplanting. Root-Knot nematodes Brinjal Treat the seeds with Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP @ 20 (Meloidogyne incognita) gm/kg of seeds & nursery beds with the Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP @ 50gm/sq.m and also apply Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP (@ 5kg/ha) enriched FYM* @ 5 tons /hectare to the soil before transplanting.

Carrot Root-Knot nematodes Treat the seeds with Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP @ 20 (Meloidogyne incognita) gm/kg of seeds and apply Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP (@ 5kg/ha) enriched FYM* @ 5 tons /hectare to the soil before sowing.

Okra Root-Knot nematodes Treat the seeds with Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP @ 20

23 ANNEXURE-IX (Meloidogyne incognita) gm/kg of seeds and apply Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP (@ 5kg/ha) enriched FYM* @ 5 tons /hectare to the soil before sowing. Trichoderma harzianum 1.5% WP (Strain No. IIHR-TV-5 Accessions No. ITCC 6889) Tomato Root-Knot nematodes Treat the seed with Trichoderma harzianum 1.5% WP @ (Meloidogyne incognita) 20 gm/kg of seeds & treat the nursery beds with the Trichoderma harzianum 1.5% WP @ 50gm/sq.m and also apply Trichoderma harzianum 1.5% WP @ 5kg/ha enriched FYM* @ 5 tons /hectare to the soil before transplanting.

Brinjal Root-Knot nematodes Treat the seed with Trichoderma harzianum 1.5% WP @ (Meloidogyne incognita) 20 gm/kg of seeds & treat the nursery beds with the Trichoderma harzianum 1.5% WP @ 50gm/sq.m and also apply Trichoderma harzianum 1.5% WP @ 5kg/ha enriched FYM* @ 5 tons /hectare to the soil before transplanting.

Carrot Root-Knot nematodes Treat the seed with Trichoderma harzianum 1.5% WP @ (Meloidogyne incognita) 20 gm/kg of seeds & treat the nursery beds with the Trichoderma harzianum 1.5% WP @ 50gm/sq.m and also apply Trichoderma harzianum 1.5% WP @ 5kg/ha enriched FYM* @ 5 tons /hectare to the soil before transplanting.

Okra Root-Knot nematodes Treat the seed with Trichoderma harzianum 1.5% WP @ (Meloidogyne incognita) 20 gm/kg of seeds & treat the nursery beds with the Trichoderma harzianum 1.5% WP @ 50gm/sq.m and also apply Trichoderma harzianum 1.5% WP @ 5kg/ha enriched FYM* @ 5 tons /hectare to the soil before transplanting.

Trichoderma viride 1.5% WP (Strain No. IIHR-TV-5 Accessions No. ITCC 6889) Tomato Root-Knot nematodes Treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride l.5 % W.P. @ 20 (Meloidogyne incognita) gm/kg of seeds & nursery beds with the Trichoderma viride l.5 % W.P. @ 50 gm/sq.m. and also apply Trichoderma viride 1.5% W.P. (@ 5kg/hectare) enriched FYM* @ 5 tons/hectare to the soil before transplanting.

Brinjal Root-Knot nematodes Treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride l.5 % W.P. @ 20 (Meloidogyne incognita) gm/kg of seeds & nursery beds with rhe Trichoderma viride l.5 % W.P. @ 50 gm/sq.m. and also apply Trichoderma

24 ANNEXURE-IX viride 1.5% W.P. (@ 5kg/hectare) enriched FYM* @ 5 tons/hectare to the soil before transplanting.

Carrot Root-Knot nematodes Treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride l.5 % W P @ 20 (Meloidogyne incognita) gm/kg of seeds and apply Trichoderma viride 1.5% W.P. (@ 5kg/hectare) enriched FYM* @ 5 tons/hectare to the soil before Planting'.

Okra Root-Knot nematodes Treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride l.5 % W P @ 20 (Meloidogyne incognita) gm/kg of seeds and apply Trichoderma viride 1.5% W.P. (@ 5kg/hectare) enriched FYM* @ 5 tons/hectare to the soil before Planting'.

Verticillium Chlamydosporium 1% WP (2x106 CFU/gm min) Strain – IIHR-VC-3 Acession No – ITCC-6898 . Tomato Root Knot Treat the seeds with Verticillium chlamydosporium 1% WP @ 20 gm/kg nematodes of seeds & nursery beds with the Verticillium chlamydosporium 1% WP (Meloidogyne @ 50 gm/sq.m and also apply Verticillium chlamydosporium 1% WP @ incongita.) 5 kg/ha enriched FYM* @ 5 tons/ha to the soil before transplanting.

Brinjal Root Knot Treat the seeds with Verticillium chlamydosporium 1% WP @ 20 gm/kg nematodes of seeds & nursery beds with the Verticillium chlamydosporium 1% WP (Meloidogyne @ 50 gm/sq.m and also apply Verticillium chlamydosporium 1% WP @ incongita.) 5 kg/ha enriched FYM* @ 5 tons/ha to the soil before transplanting.

Carrot Root Knot Treat the seeds with Verticillium chlamydosporium 1% WP @ 20 gm/kg nematodes of seeds and apply Verticillium chlamydosporium 1% WP @ 5 kg/ha (Meloidogyne enriched FYM* @ 5 tons/ha to the soil before transplanting. incongita.)

Okra Root Knot Treat the seeds with Verticillium chlamydosporium 1% WP @ 20 gm/kg nematodes of seeds and apply Verticillium chlamydosporium 1% WP @ 5 kg/ha (Meloidogyne enriched FYM * @ 5 tons/ha to the soil before transplanting. incongita.)

Verticillium Lecanii 1.15%WP (1x108 CFU/gm min) Strain – AS MEGH-VL Acession No – MCC- 1028 Cotton White flies 2500 500 litres of water ---- (formulated

25 ANNEXURE-IX Verticillium Lecanii 1.15%WP (1x108 CFU/gm min) Strain – AS MEGH-VL Acession No – MCC- 1028 Citrus Mealybugs 2.5 kg 550 litres of water ---- (Planococcus citri)

Verticillium Lecanii 1.15%WP (1x108 CFU/gm min) Strain – AS MEGH-VL Acession No – MCC- 1028 Citrus Mealybugs 2.5 kg 550 litres of water ---- (Planococcus citri)

Verticillium Lecanii 1.15%WP (1x108 CFU/gm min) Strain – ICAR RCU, MEGHALAYA, Acession No – NAIMCC-F-03046 Citrus Mealy bugs and 1.0 Kg. 240 Ltrs. of water ---- Scales insect (Planococcus citri and Coccus viridis)

Verticillium lecanii 3.0 % AS (strain: Accession No. MCC-1127, Strain No. MPKV / Biocontro/ RVN/ VL-01

Crop Common Name Dosage (liter)per hectare Waiting period from of the Pest last spray to harvest Formulation Dilution in (days) (ltrs.) water (ltrs.) Onion Thrips 2 – 2.5 500 ---- (Thrips tabaci)

Verticillium lecanii 5% SC (strain: Accession No. NFCCI - 2638 Cabbage Diamond Back Moth 500 500 ---- (Plutella Xylostella)

Verticillium lecanii 5%SC (1x108 CFU/gm min) Strain – Own Red Isolate, Strain No. VI-17874, MTCC No.5716 Rice White backed plant 3.125 Kg. 600 Ltrs. of ---- hopper water (Sogotella furcifera)

Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus of Helicoverpa Armigera 0.43% AS (1x109 POB/ml)

26 ANNEXURE-IX Cotton Helicoverpa 2700 ml 400-600 - Armigera L/Ha Tomato Helicoverpa 1500 mlo 400-600 - Armigera L/Ha

NPV of Helicoverpa armigera 2.0% AS Strain No. GBS/HNPV -01 (1x109 POB/ml min)

Pigeon pea Pod borer - 250-500 500-750 - (Helicoverpa ml armigera)

Gram Pod borer - 250-500 500-750 - (Helicoverpa ml armigera)

NPV of Helicoverpa armigera 2.0% AS Strain No. NBRI-8821 (1x109 POB/ml min) Crop Name of Pest Dose (ml)/ha Dilution in Water (Formulation) (Litre/ha)

Pigeon pea Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) 500 500

NPV of Helicoverpa armigera 2.0% AS Strain No. IBH-17268 (1x109 POB/ml min)

Pigeon pea Pod borer (Helicoverpa - 250- 500-750 - armigera) 500 ml

Gram Pod borer (Helicoverpa - 250- 500-750 - armigera) 500 ml

Strain No. BIL/HV-9 POB(1x109 POB/ml)

Pigeon pea Pod borer (Helicoverpa - 250-500 ml 500-750 - armigera)

Chick pea Pod borer (Helicoverpa - 250-500 ml 500-750 - armigera)

Tomato Fruit borer - 250-500 ml 500 - (Helicoverpa armigera)

Strain No. IBL-17268

27 ANNEXURE-IX Pigeon pea Pod borer (Helicoverpa - 250-500 ml 500-750 - armigera)

Chick pea Pod borer (Helicoverpa - 500-1000 500-750 - armigera) ml

NPV of Helicoverpa armigera 0.43% AS Strain No. BIL/HV-9 (1x109 POB/ml)

Cotton Helicoverpa armigera - 2700 ml 400-600 -

Tomato Helicoverpa armigera - 1500 ml 400-600 -

NPV of Spodoptera litura 0.5%AS (1x109 POB/ml min) Tobacco Spodoptera - 1500 400-600 - litura

NPV of Helicoverpa armigera 0.5%AS (1x109 POB/ml min) Crop Name of Pest Dose (ml)/ha Dilution in Water Waiting period (Formulation) (Litre/ha) Chickpea Pod borer(Helicoverpa 250 500 - armigera)

NPV of Helicoverpa armigera 2.0%AS (1x109 POBs count / ml min) Biological Insecticide

Crop Name of Pest Dose (ml)/ha Dilution in Water Waiting (Formulation) (Litre/ha) period Chickpea Chick pod borer 250 600 - (Helicoverpa armigera)

C. Pu b lic h eal t h u se: Page 29-31 Azadirachtin 0.15% EC

Mosquito larvae Habitat a.i. (gm) Formulation (gm) Surface

28 ANNEXURE-IX Mosquito Stagnant water, 1 .0 1 .0 10.7 m2 drainage, water larvae puddle, iron containers, 5.0 5.0 53.6 m2 machinery scraps, iron box, iron tanks, plastic scraps, pit. 933.3 933.3 1 hectare

Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis WP. Name of insect Dosag Interval a.i. (gm) e/hFaormulation(Kg.) between application Anopheles and Culex (larvae) --- 2 – 5 Kg/ha 2-4 weeks

Bacillus thuringiensis Var-esraelensis , Serotype H-14 (VECTOBAC 12 AS) Potency 1200 ITU / MG (VCRC Serotype H-14 strain

Culex Drains, Cesspits 5.0 liters. 1 liter in 100 lts of water Casuarina pits, Disused wells

Anopheles Paddy fields, Ponds, 10.0 liters. 1 liter in 50 lts of water pools

Aedes Tree holes, disused 10.0 liters. 1 liter in 50 lts of water tyres

Culex Drains, Cesspits 5.0 liters. 1 liter in 100 lts of water Casuarina pits, Disused wells

Bacillus thuriengiensis var Israelensis, Serotyp H-14 (Vectobac 12 AS) potency 1200 ITU/mg Name of Insect Habitat Formulation (lit/ha.) Anoppheles Clean water, cement tanks 1-2 ltrs Culex Polluted water, Casspits, Cement 2-4 tank, Stagnant and flowering drains

Bacillus thuriengiensis var Israelensis 5.0% AS (Strain VCRC-B-17, Serotype H-14, Accession No.-MTCC 5596) potency 630 ITU/mg.min. Mosquito species Habitat Dose/ha Formulation Dilution in water (Liter) (Litres) Culex Polluted water (Drain, 5-10 1 liter in 50-100 liters Cesspits, Casuarina, Pit,

29 ANNEXURE-IX Disused well) of water

Anoppheles Clean water (Ponds, 5 1 liter in 100 liters of Pool, Paddy fields) water

Aedes Tree holes, disused tyres 10 1 liter in 100 liters of water

Bacillus thuriengiensis var Israelensis, Serotyp H-14, 5% WP Potency 2000 ITU/mg Area and Breeding (Habitat) Dose Recommended application (g/m2) Frequency River bed pool 0.5 Weekly Cement tanks 0.5 Fortnightly Pokhars small kaccha or cement tanks with low walls 0.5 Weekly Pits and ditches 0.5 Weekly Paddy fields 0.5 Weekly Semi polluted pits 0.5 Weekly Ornamental fountains 0.5 Fortnightly Septic tanks 1.0 Weekly / Fortnightly Flood prone polluted cesspits and ditches 0.5 Weekly Drains with polluted stagnant or flowing very slowly 0.5 Weekly / Fortnightly

Bacillus thuriengiensis var Israelensis, Strain Designation- ABIL, Acession No. NAMICC- B01318 (Cfu Count- 4.8 x 108) Serotyp H-14, 5% WP Potency 7000 ITU/mg Name of Insect Habitat Formulation (lit/ha.) Dilution in Gm/m2 Kg/ha water Anopheles, Culex & Clean water, (cement tanks, 0.75 7.50 200 Aedes coolers, drains, pools and pits) Highly Polluted water- 1.00 10.00 200 (Underground tanks, container, drums & tyros)

Area and Breeding (Habitat) Dose Recommended application (g/m2) Frequency River bed pool 0.5 Weekly Cement tanks 0.5 Fortnightly Pokhars small kaccha or cement tanks with low walls 0.5 Weekly Pits and ditches 0.5 Weekly Paddy fields 0.5 Weekly Semi polluted pits 0.5 Weekly Ornamental fountains 0.5 Fortnightly Septic tanks 1.0 Weekly / Fortnightly Flood prone polluted cesspits and ditches 0.5 Weekly Drains with polluted stagnant or flowing very slowly 0.5 Weekly / Fortnightly

Bacillus thuriengiensis var. sphaericus1593 M sero type H 59 5b 30 ANNEXURE-IX Name of Insect Habitat Formulation (Kg.) Dilution in water Anophles species For Drains, Cesspits 112 1 liter in 10 lts of water Culex species Cesspools, Paddy fields, ponds Anophles species Casuarinas pits, unused 112 1 liter in 10 lts of water Culex species wells, unused overhead tanks, Domestic wells (Not for drinking requirements )

Bti 12% AS (Vectobac) Anopheles Clean water, cement tanks 1-2 ltrs.

Culex Polluted water, cess pits, 2.4 ltrs. cement tanks, stagnant and flowing drains

Bacillus sphaericus 1593 M sero type H 59 5b, 1.3% flowable concentrate Potency 13000 IU/mg

Anophles For Drains, Cesspits 112ml 1 ltr/10 ltr of - species Culex Cesspools, paddy fields, water species ponds Anophles species Casuarinas pits, unused 112ml 1 ltr/10 ltr of Culex species wells, unused overhead water tanks, Domestic wells (Not for drinking requirements)