Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection & Pesticide Management (for Pesticide Dealers) For Internal circulation only & has no legal validity Compiled by NIPHM Faculty Department of Agriculture , Cooperation& Farmers Welfare Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Government of India National Institute of Plant Health Management Hyderabad-500030 TABLE OF CONTENTS Theory Practical CHAPTER Page No. class hours hours I. General Overview and Classification of Pesticides. 1. Introduction to classification based on use, 1 1 2 toxicity, chemistry 2. Insecticides 5 1 0 3. fungicides 9 1 0 4. Herbicides & Plant growth regulators 11 1 0 5. Other Pesticides (Acaricides, Nematicides & 16 1 0 rodenticides) II. Pesticide Act, Rules and Regulations 1. Introduction to Insecticide Act, 1968 and 19 1 0 Insecticide rules, 1971 2. Registration and Licensing of pesticides 23 1 0 3. Insecticide Inspector 26 2 0 4. Insecticide Analyst 30 1 4 5. Importance of packaging and labelling 35 1 0 6. Role and Responsibilities of Pesticide Dealer 37 1 0 under IA,1968 III. Pesticide Application A. Pesticide Formulation 1. Types of pesticide Formulations 39 3 8 2. Approved uses and Compatibility of pesticides 47 1 0 B. Usage Recommendation 1. Major pest and diseases of crops: identification 50 3 3 2. Principles and Strategies of Integrated Pest 80 2 1 Management & The Concept of Economic Threshold Level 3. Biological control and its Importance in Pest 93 1 2 Management C. Pesticide Application 1. Principles of Pesticide Application 117 1 0 2. Types of Sprayers and Dusters 121 1 4 3. Spray Nozzles and Their Classification 130 1 0 4. Calibration and care of Pesticide application 133 1 4 Equipment IV. Pesticides for Health and Human Welfare 1. Toxicity of Pesticides and Antidotes 136 2 0 2. Importance of Label and Labelling 141 1 2 V. Pesticide Residues and Safety to consumers 1. Definition and Concepts of Pesticides Residue 144 1 0 2. Culinary methods for Decontamination of 152 1 0 Pesticides VI. Safe Use of Pesticides & Disposal of Pesticides 156 1 4 and their Containers LIST OF ANNEXURES Annexure Title of the Annexure Page No. numbers I. Insecticides / Pesticides Registered under section 9(3) of I-1 to 6 the Insecticides Act, 1968 for use in the Country as on 15/05/2019 II. Pesticides and their formulations Registered for Use in II- 1 to 16 the Country as on 15/05/2019 III. List of Pesticides which are Banned / Refused III- 1 to 9 Registration / and Restricted for Use in the country as on 19/03/2019 IV. List of Registered pesticides for house hold use for IV – 1 to 8 buildings and for public health program for Use in the country as on 20/10/2015 V. Revised Forms and Formats as per the amended V- 1 to 10 Insecticide Rules Nov,2018 VI. Major uses of Insecticides (as on 31/05/2018) VI – 2 to 75 Insecticides registered for agriculture use VI- 2 to 51 Insecticides combination registered for agriculture use VI -52 to 58 Insecticides registered for Public Health use VI- 59 to 64 Insecticides registered for Household use VI- 65 to 75 VII. Major uses of Fungicides(as on 31/05/2018) VII- 1 to 43 Fungicides single product formulations uses VII-01 to 30 Fungicides combination uses VII-31 to 43 VIII. Major uses of Herbicides(as on 31/05/2018) VIII-2 to 40 IX. Herbicides products approved uses IX-2 to 32 X. Herbicides combinations approved uses IX- 33 to 40 XI. Major uses of bio-pesticides(as on 31/05/2018) XI-2 to 31 A. Major uses of Bio-fungicides 2-15 B. Major uses of Bio-insecticides 16-28 C. Public health use 29-31 For up dated information please visit: ppqs.gov.in & cibrc.nic.in Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management I. General overview and classification of pesticides 1. Introduction to pesticides and their classification Status of pesticides in India- classification of agrochemicals - based on use- based on Mode of Action – based on toxicity- Based on chemistry Number of theory classes: 1 (1hr.) Number of Practical classes: 1 (2 hr) 1.1 Status of pesticide use in India Chemical control of pests is a common practice in agriculture. There are more than a thousand pesticides of both chemical and biological nature used around the world to minimize crop losses. In the year 2014-15, pesticide consumption was 0.29 kg/ha (GCA), which is roughly 50 per cent higher than the use in 2009-10. However, per hectare use of pesticide in India is much lower as compared to other countries like China (13.06 kg/ha), Japan (11.85 kg/ha), Brazil (4.57 kg/ha) and other Latin American countries (FAOSTAT, 2017). Pesticide consumption is the highest in Maharashtra, followed by Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana. During the last decade, the total consumption increased in Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh, while it slightly declined in Punjab and Haryana. States like West Bengal, Gujarat and Karnataka have seen a steep decline in the total consumption. On the other hand, Chhattisgarh and Kerala showed a steep increase in total pesticide consumption. Per hectare consumption of pesticides was the highest in Punjab (0.74 kg), followed by Haryana (0.62 kg) and Maharashtra (0.57 kg) during the year 2016-17. Pesticide production in India is dominated by insecticides and fungicides followed by herbicides and rodenticides. However, the share of insecticides has come down from more than 70 per cent in 2003-04 to 39 per cent in 2016-17. The shares of fungicides, herbicides and rodenticides are growing over the period. The growth in the use of fungicides is high mainly because of their application in fruit and vegetable crops. Major pesticides produced in India are Mancozeb, 2-4-D, Acephate and Profenofos. Total export of agro-chemicals in 2016-17 stood at 377.76 thousand tonnes, with the share of fungicides being the largest in terms of export quantity (45.94%) and herbicides accounting for the largest share in terms of value of exports (28.19%). As per data provided by Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC) for the year 2016- 17, top five pesticides exported from India were Mancozeb, Cypermethrin, Sulphur, Acephate and Chlorpyriphos, while the major products imported were Glyphosate and Atrazine. 1.2. Classification of Pesticides Pesticide may be defined as any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant. As per the Insecticides Act 1968, any substance which is in the schedule, or such other substances as the central government may, after consultation with the Board, by notification in 1 Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management the official gazette, include in the schedule from time to time or any preparation containing any one or more of such substances is a pesticide. Pests include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, molluses, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that destroy property, spread disease or are a vector for disease or cause a nuisance. Although there are benefits to the use of pesticides, there are also drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans and other animals. Pesticides may be classified in many ways and these classifications can provide useful information about the 1. Use or target pests 2. Mode of Action 3. Toxicity 4. Chemistry/Chemical structure 1.2.1. Classification based on Use or target Pests: a) Acaricides: The substances that are used to kill mites and ticks, or to disrupt their growth or development. Eg: DDT, dicofol, Fenpyroximate b) Antifeedants: The chemicals which prevent an insect or other pest from feeding. Eg: Chlordimeforn, Fentin and Azadirachtin. c) Bactericides: The compounds which are used to kill or inhibit bacteria in plants or soil. Eg: Copper hydroxide, Kasugamycin, Streptomycin, Tetracycline d) Fungicides: The chemicals which are used to prevent, cure eradicate the fungi. Eg:carbendazim , thiabendazole, thiophanate-methyl, e) Chemosterillant: The chemicals that renders an insect infertile and thus prevents it from reproducing. The chemosterillant acts by inhibiings the production of egg, causes death of the eggs or cause lethal mutation on the spam or eggs material Eg: Aziridinyl, Diflubenzuron f) Herbicides: Substances that are used to kill plants, or to inhibit their growth or development. Eg: Paraquat, Glyphosate, 2,4-D g) Insecticides: A pesticide that is used to kill insects, or to disrupt their growth or development. Eg: Monocrotophos, Carbofuran, Lambdacyhalothrin h) Nematicides: The chemicals which are used to control nematodes. Eg: Abamectin, Triazophos i) Plant growth regulators: The substances that alter the expected growth, flowering or reproduction rate of plants. Eg: NAA, Ethephon j) Rodenticides: The substances used to kill rats and related animals. Eg: Zinc Phosphide, Bromadiolane 2 Draft Manual for Certificate Course on Plant Protection &Pesticide Management 1.2.2. Classification based on Mode of Action: The classification of pesticides is also done on the basis of mode of action. They are a) Contact insecticides: The contact pesticide acts on the pest when the pest comes in to contact are chew the plant material. Entry of pesticide is through dermal contact. Some examples are Endosulfan, Malathion, fenvalerate. b) Stomach insecticides: Pesticides that act inside the gut of the target organisms. The main mode of entry for these compounds is through ingestion. Some of the stomach poisons are toxins produced by the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis and rodenticides such as Zinc Phosphide. c) Systemic: Systemic insecticides are those in which the active ingredient is taken up, primarily by plant roots, and transported (translocated) to locations throughout the plant, such as growing points, where it can affect plant-feeding pests.