Participles (Mounce ch. 26, 29)
Definitions:
A participle is a part of speech that is a verbal adjective. It has characteristics that make it function both like a verb and like an adjective.
In English, a participle is a verb form with an “-ing” ending like “singing.”
A participle may act adjectivally (modifying a noun), adverbially (modifying a verb, adverb, or adjective), substantively (acting like a noun), or predicatively (acting like a verb with a helping verb “am preaching”)
A participle has verbal characteristics (Tense, Voice) and adjectival or noun characteristics (Case, Number, Gender).
The Mood of a participle is always “Participle.” There is no indicative or subjunctive.
A participle can only be found in the Present, Aorist, Future, or Perfect tenses.
The seven properties of a participle are:
Tense: (Present, Aorist, Future, Perfect) Mood: (Always “participle”) Voice: (Active, Middle, Passive) Case: (Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative) Number: (Singular, Plural) Gender: (Masculine, Feminine, Neuter) Lexical Form: (Dictionary Meaning of the Verb)
Rules:
1. In English, a participle can only be a main verb if it is accompanied by a helping verb, and is acting as a predicate. This will not happen in Greek (except for periphrastics).
2. A participle must agree with the word that it is modifying in case, gender, and number.
3. A participle may have a direct object in the accusative case.
4. A participle may have other modifiers such as prepositional phrases or adverbs.
5. A participle does not use verb ending—only adjective/noun case endings.
6. The endings of the active participle follow the present active participle of eivmi,
7. The endings of the middle / passive participle follow the 3rd declension endings
1 Usage:
A participle will be used adverbially (as an adverb), or adjectivally (as an adjective). When used adverbially, the participle will typically be modifying—or helping to describe—the main verb. When used as an adjective, it could be functioning as an adjective (modifying a noun), as a substantive (acting like a noun). In rare cases, the participle could function as a predicate adjective “The man is preaching.” In all cases, context determines whether a participle is acting adjectivally or adverbially.
Aspect (Tense):
1. The present participle describes a continuous action
2. The aorist participle describes an undefined action (point in time)
3. The perfect participle describes a completed action with present effects
4. The future participle describes a future undefined action (point in time)
Adverbial:
1. The action described by the participle is primarily directed toward the verb
2. The participle could take a direct object, or other modifiers like prepositional phrases or adverbs.
3. The adverbial participle never takes the article.
4. This kind of participle is usually translated with an adverbial phrase: While studying his Greek textbook, Joseph wrote a sermon.
5. Key words to add to help in translation will be “while,” “after,” “because,” “before,” or “during.”
6. Even though the participle is adverbial, it must still agree with a noun or pronoun in case, number, and gender.
Adjectival:
1. An adjectival participle may either function adjectivally (like an adjective) or substantively (like a noun).
2. The participle could take a direct object, or other modifiers like prepositional phrases or adverbs.
3. The adjectival participle usually takes the definite article.
4. When a participle functions adjectivally, it agrees with its noun in case, number, and gender. When it is functioning substantively, its case is determined by its usage in the sentence. In addition, as a substantive, there will be no noun for it to modify.
2 Paradigm Participle for eivmi,:
It will be very useful to memorize this paradigm. The present active participle endings match the eivmi, endings. Each of these forms (MFN, NGDA, SP) is to be translated with the English participle “being.”
CASE Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative Singular w;n ou=sa o;n
Genitive Singular o;ntoj ou;shj o;ntoj
Dative Singular o;nti ou;sh| o;nti
Accusative Singular o;nta ou=san o;n
Nominative Plural o;ntej ou=sai o;nta
Genitive Plural o;ntwn ouvsw/n o;ntwn
Dative Plural ou=si(n) ou;saij ou=si(n)
Accusative Plural o;ntaj ou;saj o;nta
3
Eight Questions to Ask of Any Participle in a Sentence
1. What is the case, number, and gender of the participle?
2. What is the aspect of the participle? (Continuous, Undefined, Past, or Future)
3. What is the voice of the participle?
4. What is the dictionary definition of the verb (what does the verb mean)?
5. What word is the participle modifying (agreeing with its case, number, and gender)?
6. Is the action in the participle directed toward a verb, a noun, or is it acting like a noun on its own?
7. If the participle is adverbial, do you use “before,” “while,” or “after?”
8. If the participle is adjectival, is it attributive, or substantival?
4 Present Participles (Mounce ch. 27)
Definitions:
The present participle is formed off of the present stem of the verb.
The present participle describes a continuous action.
The present active participle follows the eivmi, participle endings.
The present active masculine and neuter participles (along with eivmi,) follows the 3rd declension endings.
The present active feminine participle follows the 1st declension endings
The present middle / passive participle follows 1st and 2nd declension endings.
The middle and passive forms of the present participle are identical. Context must determine whether it is to be translated in the middle or the passive.
Context will determine whether the present participle is adverbial or adjectival.
Rules:
1. To translate a participle, you must first discover the participle’s aspect, voice, and meaning.
2. After identifying the verbal aspects of the participle, identify the case, number, and gender and find out what word is being modified by the participle.
3. You can translate the participle with the “-ing” form of the verb.
4. The present participle is formed as follows:
present tense stem + connecting vowel + participle morpheme + case ending
A “morpheme” is the smallest unit of meaning in a word. Treat the “morpheme” just like a connecting vowel or tense formative
Present Participle Morpheme Chart
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Active nt ousa nt
Middle / Passive meno menh meno
5 Paradigm:
Present Active Participle using luw,
CASE Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative Singular lu,wn lu,ousa lu/on
Genitive Singular lu,ontoj lu,oushj lu,ontoj
Dative Singular lu,onti luou,sh| lu,onti
Accusative Singular lu,onta lu,ousan lu,on
Nominative Plural lu,ontej lu,ousai lu,onta
Genitive Plural luo,ntwn luousw/n luo,ntwn
Dative Plural lu,ousi(n) luou,saij lu,ousi(n)
Accusative Plural lu,ontaj luou,saj lu,onta
Notes:
1. In the Nominative Masculine Singular, there is no case ending, and the t drops off and the omicron “o” lengthens to an omega ( lu + ont + - luon luwn).
2. The Accusative Masculine Singular, Neuter Nominative Plural, and the Accusative Neuter Plural are the same.
3. The Neuter Nominative Singular and Neuter Accusative Singular are identical.
4. The Masculine and Neuter endings follow 3rd Declension.
5. The Feminine endings follow 1st Declension endings.
6 Present Middle / Passive Participle using luw,
CASE Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative Singular luo,menoj luome,nh luo,menon
Genitive Singular luome,nou luome,nhj luome,nou
Dative Singular luome,nw| luome,nh| luome,nw|
Accusative Singular luo,menon luome,nhn luo,menon
Nominative Plural luo,menoi luo,menai luo,mena
Genitive Plural luome,nwn luome,nwn luome,nwn
Dative Plural luome,noij luome,naij luome,noij
Accusative Plural luome,nouj luome,naj luo,mena
Notes:
1. The Masculine and Neuter follow 2nd Declension endings.
2. The Feminine follows 1st Declension endings.
3. In the Genitive Plural, all the forms are identical (context must decide).
4. As in the nouns and adjectives, the Masculine and Neuter are identical in the Genitive and Dative cases.
7 Greek Vocabulary Chapter 27 (Mounce pp. 252-53)
Word Definition
avnabai,nw I go up, come up
avrcoereu,j chief priest, high priest
dexio,j right
du,o two
e[teroj other, another, different
euvavvggeli,zw I bring good news, preach
qewre,w I look at, behold
`Ieroso,luma Jerusalem
ka,qhmai I sit (down), live
ou- where
parakale,w I call, urge, comfort, exhort
pei,qw I persuade
trei/j, tri,a three
8 Aorist Participles (Mounce ch. 28)
Definitions:
The aorist participle is formed off of the aorist stem of the verb.
The aorist participle describes an undefined action.
There is both a 1st Aorist and 2nd Aorist form of the Aorist Particile.
The aorist active participle follows the eivmi, participle endings, except for the Nominative Masculine Singular
The aorist active masculine and neuter participles (along with eivmi,) follows the 3rd declension endings.
The aorist active feminine participle follows the 1st declension endings
The aorist middle / passive participle follows 1st and 2nd declension endings.
The aorist passive participle has a different form than the middle.
Context will determine whether the aorist participle is adverbial or adjectival.
Rules:
1. The aorist participle uses the same rules of translation as the present participle
2. The aorist participle has no augment
3. You can translate the participle with the “-ing” form of the verb.
4. The aorist participle is formed as follows:
unaugmented aorist tense stem + tense formative + participle morpheme + case ending
Aorist Participle Morpheme Chart
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Active nt ousa nt
Middle meno menh meno
9 Paradigm:
1st Aorist Active Participle using luw,
CASE Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative Singular lu,saj lu,sasa lu/san
Genitive Singular lu,santoj lusa,shj lu,santoj
Dative Singular lu,santi lusa,sh| lu,santi
Accusative Singular lu,santa lusa,san lu/san
Nominative Plural lu,santej lu,sasai lu,santa
Genitive Plural lusa,ntwn lusasw/n lusa,ntwn
Dative Plural lu,sasi(n) lusa,saij lu,sasi(n)
Accusative Plural lu,santaj lusa,saj lu,santa
Notes:
1. The sa replaces “ousa” in the Feminine
2. The Accusative Masculine Singular, Neuter Nominative Plural and Neuter Accusative Plural are the same.
3. The Neuter Nominative Singular and Neuter Accusative Singular are identical.
4. The Masculine and Neuter endings follow 3rd Declension.
5. The Feminine endings follow 1st Declension endings.
10 1st Aorist Middle Participle using luw,
CASE Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative Singular lusa,menoj lusame,nh lusa,menon
Genitive Singular lusame,nou lusame,nhj lusame,nou
Dative Singular lusame,nw| lusame,nh| lusame,nw|
Accusative Singular lusa,menon lusame,nhn lusa,menon
Nominative Plural lusa,menoi lusa,menai lusa,mena
Genitive Plural lusame,nwn lusame,nwn lusame,nwn
Dative Plural lusame,noij lusame,naij lusame,noij
Accusative Plural lusame,nouj lusame,naj lusa,mena
Notes:
1. The Masculine and Neuter follow 2nd Declension endings.
2. The Feminine follows 1st Declension endings.
3. In the Genitive Plural, all the forms are identical (context must decide).
4. As in the nouns and adjectives, the Masculine and Neuter are identical in the Genitive and Dative cases.
5. These are identical to the Present Middle / Passive except the “ont” has been replaced by “sa”
11 1st Aorist Passive Participle using luw,
CASE Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative Singular luqei,j luqei/sa luqe,n
Genitive Singular luqe,ntoj luqei,shj luqe,ntoj
Dative Singular luqe,nti luqei,sh| luqe,nti
Accusative Singular luqe,nta luqei/san luqe,n
Nominative Plural luqe,ntej luqei/sai luqe,nta
Genitive Plural luqe,ntwn luqeisw/n luqe,ntwn
Dative Plural luqei/si(n) luqei,saij luqei/si(n)
Accusative Plural luqe,ntaj luqei,saj luqe,nta
Notes:
1. In the Masculine Singular, the case ending is sigma (j), the nt drops out because of the sigma, and the epsilon (e)lengthens to an ei to compensate for the loss.
2. The Aorist Passive tense formative is qe not sa
3. In the Feminine, the nt has been replaced by isa
4. The Masculine and Neuter follow 3rd Declension endings
5. The Feminine follows 1st Declension endings
6. As in the nouns and adjectives, the Masculine and Neuter are identical in the Genitive and Dative cases.
12 2nd Aorist Active Participle using ba,llw
CASE Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative Singular balw,n balou/sa balo,n
Genitive Singular balo,ntoj balou,shj balo,ntoj
Dative Singular balo,nti balou,sh| balo,nti
Accusative Singular balo,nta balou,san balo,n
Nominative Plural balo,ntej balou/sai balo,nta
Genitive Plural balo,ntwn balousw,n balo,ntwn
Dative Plural balo/usi(n) balou,saij balo/usi(n)
Accusative Plural balo,ntaj balou,saj balo,nta
Notes:
1. The 2nd Aorist Participle uses the 2nd Aorist (root) verb stem
2. The Accusative Masculine Singular, Neuter Nominative Plural and Neuter Accusative Plural are the same.
3. The Neuter Nominative Singular and Neuter Accusative Singular are identical.
4. The Masculine and Neuter endings follow 3rd Declension.
5. The Feminine endings follow 1st Declension endings.
13 2nd Aorist Middle Participle using gi,nomai
CASE Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative Singular geno,menoj genome,nh geno,menon
Genitive Singular genome,nou genome,nhj genome,nou
Dative Singular genome,nw| genome,nh| genome,nw|
Accusative Singular geno,menon genome,nhn geno,menon
Nominative Plural geno,menoi geno,menai geno,mena
Genitive Plural genome,nwn genome,nwn genome,nwn
Dative Plural genome,noij genome,naij genome,noij
Accusative Plural genome,nouj genome,naj geno,mena
Notes:
1. The Masculine and Neuter follow 2nd Declension endings.
2. The Feminine follows 1st Declension endings.
3. In the Genitive Plural, all the forms are identical (context must decide).
4. As in the nouns and adjectives, the Masculine and Neuter are identical in the Genitive and Dative cases.
5. These are identical to the 1st Aorist Middle except the “aa” has been replaced by “o”
14 2nd Aorist Passive Participle using grafw,
CASE Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative Singular grafei,j grafei/ja grafe,n
Genitive Singular grafe,ntoj grafei,jhj grafe,ntoj
Dative Singular grafe,nti grafei,sh| grafe,nti
Accusative Singular grafe,nta grafei/san grafe,n
Nominative Plural grafe,ntej grafei/sai grafe,nta
Genitive Plural grafe,ntwn grafeisw/n grafe,ntwn
Dative Plural grafei/si(n) grafei,saij grafei/si(n)
Accusative Plural grafe,ntaj grafei,saj grafe,nta
Notes:
1. In the Masculine Singular, the case ending is sigma (j), the nt drops out because of the sigma, and the epsilon (e)lengthens to an ei to compensate for the loss.
2. The 2nd Aorist Passive uses a connecting vowel o instead of the tense formative qe
3. In the Feminine, the nt has been replaced by isa
4. The Masculine and Neuter follow 3rd Declension endings
5. The Feminine follows 1st Declension ending
6. As in the nouns and adjectives, the Masculine and Neuter are identical in the Genitive and Dative cases.
15 Greek Vocabulary Chapter 28 (Mounce pp. 265-66)
Word Definition
avspa,zomai I greet, salute
grammateu,j Scribe
e[fh He/she/it was saying, he/she/it said
ivero,n temple
kra,zw I cry out, call out
ouvci, not
paidi,on child, infant
spei,rw I sow
16 Adjectival / Adverbial Uses (Mounce ch. 29)
Definitions:
1. A participle has Tense, Voice, Mood (Participle), Case, Number, and Gender
2. The participle is usually translated with the verb in its “-ing” form
3. The Present participle is formed off the Present Tense Stem of the verb
4. The 1st Aorist participle is formed off the 1st Aorist Tense Stem of the verb
5. The 2nd Aorist participle is formed off the 2nd Aorist Tense Stem of the verb
6. The Perfect participle is formed off the Perfect Tense Stem of the verb
7. A participle must agree with the word that it modifies in Case, Number, and Gender
8. A participle functions in a sentence one of three ways:
Attributively Modifying a noun or noun clause (like an adjective) Adverbially Modifying a verb, adjective, or adverb (like an adverb) Substantively Acting like a noun
9. When a participle has the definite article, it is always attributive (adjectival)
10. If a participle is acting substantively, then there is no noun for it to modify
Translation:
1. Adverbial—When a participle is adverbial, it should be translated with some type of adverbial clause. Use the “-ing” form of the verb in translation, and connect the participle phrase with something like “while,” “before,” or “after.”
e[bleya to.n a[nqrwpon le,gwn
I saw the man (while I was speaking).
2. Attributive—When a participle is attributive, it is acting adjectivally. This means that it is modifying some other word (noun) in the sentence. The participle must agree with that word (noun) in case, number, and gender. The definite article indicates the quality of the noun. It could be translated with “who is,” with the “-ing” word, or “that is” with the “-ing” word.
o` a[nqrwpoj o` le,gwn tw|/ ovclow| evstin o` dida,skalo,j mou
The man (who is speaking) to the crowd is my teacher.
17 3. Substantival—When a participle is a substantive, it is acting in the place of a noun or pronoun. It will not have a noun that it is modifying, and will not agree with case, number, and gender. It’s case will be determined by its usage in the sentence. It can either be a subject or object of a sentence.
o` le,gwn me,nei evn tw|/ oi[kw| tou/ dou,lou
The one who is speaking is abiding in the house of the servant.
The speaking man is abiding in the house of the servant.
o` le,gwn evstin o` pisteu,wn
The one who is speaking is the one who is believing.
4. Time Aspect—A participle does not reference time. In an adverbial position, the participle obtains the time of the action from the main verb. The tense indicates the time of action and not the time. Context will always be the main determiner of the translation. The time of the action of the participle may be viewed in one of two ways:
1st or 2nd Aorist, Perfect “After” Present “As,” “while,” or “during”
Forms:
1. All of the feminine forms use the 1st declension endings
2. All of the ACTIVE masculine and neuter forms use the 3rd declension endings
3. The Present and 2nd Aorist forms are identical except the present uses the present stem of the verb and the 2nd Aorist uses the 2nd Aorist stem of the verb
4. The Perfect uses reduplication in the ACTIVE and MIDDLE / PASSIVE
5. The 1st an 2nd Aorist PASSIVES have different forms than the middle
6. The NOMINATIVE MASCULINE SINGULAR does not follow the declension forms, and will vary. It is usually found with wn, wj, or aj.
18 Perfect Participles (Mounce ch. 30)
Definitions:
The perfect participle is formed off of the perfect stem of the verb.
The perfect participle describes a past action with continuing results.
The perfect active participle follows the eivmi, participle endings.
The perfect active masculine and neuter participles (along with eivmi,) follows the 3rd declension endings.
The perfect active feminine participle follows the 1st declension endings
The perfect middle / passive participle follows 1st and 2nd declension endings.
The middle and passive forms of the present participle are identical. Context must determine whether it is to be translated in the middle or the passive.
Context will determine whether the present participle is adverbial or adjectival.
Rules:
1. To translate a participle, you must first discover the participle’s aspect, voice, and meaning.
2. After identifying the verbal aspects of the participle, identify the case, number, and gender and find out what word is being modified by the participle.
3. You can translate the participle with the “-ing” form of the verb.
4. The perfect participle is formed as follows:
reduplication +perfect tense stem + tense formative + participle morpheme + case ending
Perfect Participle Morpheme Chart
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Active ot oia ot
Middle / Passive meno menh meno
19 Paradigm:
Perfect Active Participle using luw,
CASE Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative Singular lelukw,j lelukui/a leluko,j
Genitive Singular lelu,kotoj lelukui,aj lelu,kotoj
Dative Singular leluko,ti lelukui,a| leluko,ti
Accusative Singular leluko,ta lelukui,an leluko,j
Nominative Plural leluko,tej lelukui,ai leluko,ta
Genitive Plural leluko,twn lelukuiw/n leluko,twn
Dative Plural leluko,si(n) lelukui,aij leluko,si(n)
Accusative Plural leluko,taj lelukui,aj leluko,ta
Notes:
1. In the Nominative Masculine Singular, the case ending is sigma, and the t drops off and the omicron “o” lengthens to an omega ( luk + ot + j lukotj lukwj).
2. The Accusative Masculine Singular, Neuter Nominative Plural, and the Accusative Neuter Plural are the same.
3. The Neuter Nominative Singular and Neuter Accusative Singular are identical.
4. The Masculine and Neuter endings follow 3rd Declension.
5. The Feminine endings follow 1st Declension endings.
20 Perfect Middle / Passive Participle using luw,
CASE Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative Singular lelume,noj lelume,nh lelume,non
Genitive Singular lelume,nou lelume,nhj lelume,nou
Dative Singular lelume,nw| lelume,nh| lelume,nw|
Accusative Singular lelume,non lelume,nhn lelume,non
Nominative Plural lelume,noi lelume,nai lelume,na
Genitive Plural lelume,nwn lelume,nwn lelume,nwn
Dative Plural lelume,noij lelume,naij lelume,noij
Accusative Plural lelume,nouj lelume,naj lelume,na
Notes:
1. The Masculine and Neuter follow 2nd Declension endings.
2. The Feminine follows 1st Declension endings.
3. In the Genitive Plural, all the forms are identical (context must decide).
4. As in the nouns and adjectives, the Masculine and Neuter are identical in the Genitive and Dative cases.
21 Greek Vocabulary Chs. 29-30 (Mounce pp. 274, 284)
Word Definition
de,comai I take, receive
doke,w I think, seem
evsqiw I eat
pe,mpw I send
fe,rw I carry, bear, produce
mhde, but not, nor, not even
presbu,teroj elder
22 Participle Constructions (Mounce Ch. 30)
Genitive Absolute:
Sometimes in a sentence, there will be a participle in the genitive case that seems to have no grammatical relationship with the rest of the sentence. A genitive absolute is a noun or pronoun and a participle in the genitive case, and both are not grammatically connected to the rest of the sentence. There are no other words in the sentence that the participle phrase will modify.
Kai. euvqu.j e;ti auvtou/ lalou/ntoj paragi,netai VIou,daj
And while he is still speaking, Judas comes.
avpolu,ontoj tou/ avposto,lou to.n dou,lon, h[kousa to.n o[clon
While the apostle was releasing the servant, I heard the crowd.
Clues to Observe
1. The genitive absolute is often used when the noun or pronoun (in the genitive) doing the action of the participle is different from the subject of the sentence.
2. The genitive absolute participle phrase may have modifiers like a direct object, adverbs, or prepositional phrases.
3. The genitive absolute will usually not have the article with the participle.
4. The genitive absolute tends to occur at the beginning of sentences in narratives.
5. The words in the genitive absolute are absolute in that grammatically, they could be deleted from the sentence without violating the complete thought of the sentence.
6. Most genitive absolutes are temporal, and should be translated with a temporal clause. Like adverbial participles, use “while” if the participle is present, and “after” if the participle if aorist.
7. If there is a genitive noun or pronoun acting like the “subject” of the genitive participle, translate the phrase by using the noun and the finite form of the verb.
avkou,ontoj auvtou/
While he heard….
avkou,saantoj auvtou/
After he heard….
23 Periphrastic Constructions:
Many times a participle is used in conjunction with a finite verb to form grammatical construction that results in a particular “tense-form.” The main usage in the Greek New Testament is a form of a participle with some form of the finite verb eivmi,.
Form of the Form of NAME Participle eivmi, Translation
Equal to the regular Present Present Present English Present Tense Periphrastic lu,wn eivmi, “I am loosing”
Equal to the regular Imperfect Present Imperfect English Imperfect Tense Periphrastic lu,wn h[mhn “I was loosing”
Equal to the regular Future Present Future English Future Tense Periphrastic lu,wn e[somai “I shall loose”
Equal to the regular Perfect Perfect Present English Perfect Tense Periphrastic lelukw,j eivmi, “I have loosed”
Equal to the regular Pluperfect Perfect Imperfect English Pluperfect Tense Periphrastic lelukw,j h[mhn “I had loosed”
Equal to the regular Future-Perfect Perfect Future English Future-Perfect Periphrastic lelukw,j e[somai Tense
“I shall have been loosed”
Note:
1. The future-perfect periphrastic is not translated in the New Testament. However, the future-perfect periphrastic is used in Matthew 16:18 and Matthew 18:18 with tremendous importance! “whatever you bind…shall have been bound in heaven…”
2. The participle and the verb may be separated by other words, however, the usual order is that the words are right next to one another.
24 The Subjunctive Mood (Mounce Ch. 31)
Definitions:
The subjunctive mood is used to express possibility, probability, or an exhortation.
The subjunctive mood has no time significance.
There are only two tenses in the subjunctive—present and aorist (1st and 2nd)
The present subjunctive is built on the present tense stem of the verb.
The aorist subjunctive is built on the aorist tense stem of the verb.
The aorist subjunctive (1st or 2nd aorist) has no augment.
The subjunctive mood uses only primary endings because there is no augment.
Rules:
1. The present and aorist subjunctive have no augment.
2. The present and aorist subjunctive both use the same primary endings.
3. The connecting vowel (like in the indicative) lengthens to an h or a w.
4. The subjunctive mood should be translated with “should,” “might,” or “may.”
Examples of the Present Tense:
The present subjunctive is only formed with three parts:
Present Subjunctive:
Present Tense Stem + Lengthened Connecting Vowel (h/w ) + Primary Personal Endings
Active lu + w + men lu,wmen “We might be loosing”
Middle / Passive lu + w + meqa lu,wmeqa “We might be being loosed”
25 Paradigm (Present Active Subjunctive):
Connecting Personal Form Translation Vowel Ending
1st singular lu,w I might be loosing w (-) 2nd singular lu,h|j You might be loosing h (j) 3rd singular lu,h| He/she/it might be loosing h (i)
1st plural lu,wmen We might be loosing w (men) 2nd plural lu,hte You might be loosing h (te) 3rd plural lu,wsi(n) They might be loosing w (nsi)
Note:
1. The present active subjunctive is identical to the present active indicative
2. The difference between the indicative and subjunctive in all the other forms is the lengthened connecting vowel (slot 6). Review Mounce, p. 291.
Paradigm (Present Middle / Passive Subjunctive):
Connecting Personal Form Translation Vowel Ending
1st singular lu,wmai I might be being loosed w (mai) 2nd singular lu,h| You might be being loosed h (sai) 3rd singular lu,htai He/she/it might be being loosed h (tai)
1st plural lu,wmeqa We might be being loosed w (meqa) 2nd plural lu,hsqe You might be being loosed h (sqe) 3rd plural lu,wntai They might be being loosed w (ntai)
Note:
1. The only difference between the indicative and subjunctive in all the forms is the lengthened connecting vowel (slot 6). Review Mounce, p. 291.
26 Subjunctive Mood of eivmi, (The Verb “to be”)
Subjunctive Active Translation
1st Person Singular w= I might be
2nd Person Singular h|=j You might be
3rd Person Singular h=| He / she / might be
1st Person Plural w=men We might be
2nd Person Plural h=te You might be
3rd Person Plural w=si(n) They might be
Note:
1. The 1st person singular is similar to the imperfect indicative except the form is an omega (w)instead of an eta (h).
2. The 2nd person plural is identical to the 2nd person plural for the imperfect indicative.
3. The 2nd and 3rd person singular is similar to the imperfect indicative except the subjunctive has a subscripted iota underneath the long vowel eta (h).
27 Examples of the Aorist Tense:
The aorist subjunctive is only formed with four parts:
Present Subjunctive:
Unaugmented Aorist Tense Stem + Tense Formative + Lengthened Connecting Vowel (h/w ) + Primary Personal Endings
1st Aorist Active lu + s + w + men lu,swmen “We might be loosing”
1st Aorist Middle lu + s + w + meqa lu,swmeqa “We might be being loosed”
1st Aorist Passive lu + q + w + meqa lu,qw/men “We might be being loosed”
Paradigm (1st Aorist Active Subjunctive):
Connecting Personal Form Translation Vowel Ending
1st singular lu,sw I might be loosed w (-) 2nd singular lu,sh|j You might be loosed h (j) 3rd singular lu,sh| He/she/it might be loosed h (i)
1st plural lu,swmen We might be loosed w (men) 2nd plural lu,shte You might be loosed h (te) 3rd plural lu,swsi(n) They might be loosed w (nsi)
Note:
1. The forms of the 1st aorist active subjunctive are identical to the present active subjunctive except for the tense formative (s).
2. Although this might look like a future, there is no subjunctive future, and the aorist is built on the unaugmented aorist tense stem
3. The 1st aorist tense stem is the same as the present.
28 Paradigm (1st Aorist Middle Subjunctive):
Connecting Personal Form Translation Vowel Ending
1st singular lu,swmai I might be being loosed w (mai) 2nd singular lu,sh| You might be being loosed h (sai) 3rd singular lu,shtai He/she/it might be being loosed h (tai)
1st plural lu,swmeqa We might be being loosed w (meqa) 2nd plural lu,shsqe You might be being loosed h (sqe) 3rd plural lu,swntai They might be being loosed w (ntai)
Note:
1. The forms of the 1st aorist middle subjunctive are identical to the present middle subjunctive except for the tense formative (s).
Paradigm (1st Aorist Passive Subjunctive):
Connecting Personal Form Translation Vowel Ending
1st singular lu,qw/ I might have been loosed w (-) 2nd singular lu,qh|/j You might have been loosed h (j) 3rd singular lu,qh|/ He/she/it might have been loosed h (i)
1st plural lu,qw/men We might have been loosed w (men) 2nd plural lu,qh/te You might have been loosed h (te) 3rd plural lu,qw/si(n) They might have been loosed w (nsi)
Note:
1. The 1st and 2nd aorist passive use active endings.
2. The tense formative of the 1st aorist passive is a theta (q)
3. The forms of the 1st aorist passive subjunctive are identical to the aorist middle subjunctive except for the tense formative (q). In addition, the long connecting vowel has a circumflex in the 1st aorist passive.
4. The 2nd Aorist form will look just like the present, except it will have a 2nd aorist stem (identical with the root), and in the passive there will active endings and a circumflex over the long connecting vowel.
29 Full Subjunctive Paradigm
ACTIVE
Present 1st Aorist 2nd Aorist (lu,w) (lu,w) (lamba,nw)
1st singular lu,w lu,sw la,bw 2nd singular lu,h|j lu,sh|j la,bh|j 3rd singular lu,h| lu,sh| la,bh|
1st plural lu,wmen lu,swmen la,bwmen 2nd plural lu,hte lu,shte la,bhte 3rd plural lu,wsi(n) lu,swsi(n) la,bwsi(n)
MIDDLE
Present 1st Aorist 2nd Aorist (lu,w) (lu,w) (gi,nomai)
1st singular lu,wmai lu,swmai ge,nwmai 2nd singular lu,h| lu,sh| ge,nh| 3rd singular lu,htai lu,shtai ge,nhtai
1st plural lu,wmeqa lu,swmeqa ge,nwmeqa 2nd plural lu,hsqe lu,shsqe ge,nhsqe 3rd plural lu,wntai lu,swntai ge,nwntai
PASSIVE
Present 1st Aorist 2nd Aorist (lu,w) (lu,w) (gra,fw)
1st singular lu,wmai lu,qw/ grafw/ 2nd singular lu,h| lu,qh|/j grafh|/j 3rd singular lu,htai lu,qh| grafh/|
1st plural lu,wmeqa lu,qw/men grafw/men 2nd plural lu,hsqe lu,qh/te grafh/te 3rd plural lu,wntai lu,qw/si(n) grafw/si(n)
30 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce Ch. 31)
Word Definition li,qoj stone toiou/toj such, of such a kind
31 Conditional Clauses (Mounce p. 341)
Definitions:
The conditional clause, or conditional sentence is a sentence that has an “if” clause followed by a “then” clause.
The “if” clause is called the protasis
The “then” clause is called the apodosis
Only the protasis is conditional, if the protasis is true, then the apodosis must be true.
There are four different constructions of conditional clauses in Greek. They are 1st class, 2nd class, 3rd class, and 4th class.
The indicative mood is used for the verb in the 1st and 2nd Class Conditions
The subjunctive mood is used in 3rd Class Conditions
Condition Definition
This is also called the “conditions of fact” condition. These sentences are 1st Class saying that if something is true, (the writer or speaker assumes it is true), then such and such will occur. You could change the “if” in the conditional clause to “since” to give it a better reading. (Matt. 4:3)
This is also called the “contrary to fact” condition. These sentences are 2nd Class saying that if something was true (even though it is not in the writer or speaker’s viewpoint) then such and such would occur. The protasis is assumed to be false, but if it were true, then the action in the apodosis would truly happen. (Luke 7:39)
This class presents a condition that might be true in the future, or could be 3rd Class generally true most times in the view of the writer or speaker. It does not mean that it is likely to occur, but that it could occur.
There is no complete 4th class condition illustrated in the New Testament 4th Class
Note:
Regardless of what the writer or speaker says, the truthfulness of the condition is always determined by context
32 Conditional Clause Chart
CLASS PROTASIS (If) APODOSIS (Then)
Assumed to be true. Can translate The verb can be in any mood and 1st Class the “if” into a “since” in any tense. (Assumed to be true) Uses eiv plus the indicative verb Does not use any word for “then” The verb is negated by ouv
Assumed to be false. The verb must be the same tense as 2nd Class in the protasis. (Assumed to be Uses eiv plus the indicative verb in contrary to fact) the past tense (aorist, imperfect, Uses a[n plus the indicative verb perfect, pluperfect)
The verb is negated by mh,
Assumed to be possible but still The verb can be in any mood and 3rd Class not a condition of reality in any tense. (Assumed to be true) Uses eva,n plus the subjunctive verb Does not use any word for “then” in any tense
The verb is negated by mh,
Uses of the Subjunctive Verb:
1. i[na followed by a subjunctive verb
The Greek word i[na “in order that” is almost always followed by a subjunctive verb, and can indicate purpose in a sentence. The phrases i[na mh, and o[pwj mh, should be translated as “lest” or some equivalent. They are idiomatic phrases.
e[rcomai pro.j to.n oi=kon i[na proseu,comai.
I am going to the house in order that I may pray.
evrcomeqa pro.j to.n oi=kon i[na mh, a`marta,nwmen.
We are going to the house lest we sin (or otherwise we might sin).
33 2. evan, followed by a subjunctive verb
This combination is always used in a protasis of a 3rd Class Conditional statement. See the notes above for explanation.
3. Hortatory subjunctive
The 1st person subjunctive verb can be used as an exhortation, and will usually be plural and occur at the beginning of the sentence. Translate this with a “let us” emphasis.
proseucw,meqa Let us pray.
4. Deliberate subjunctive
When a person asks a question and the answer is uncertain, the verb in the question is put in the subjunctive.
mh. ou=n merimnh,shte le,gontej( Ti, fa,gwmenÈ h;( Ti, pi,wmenÈ h;( Ti, peribalw,meqaÈ
Therefore, do not worry saying, “What should we eat?” or, ‘What should we drink?” or, “What should we wear?”
Remember the signs of the subjunctive mood:
Signs of the Subjunctive Mood
1. It will follow i[na, eva,n, a[n, and other words formed off of these words.
2. It always has a lengthened connecting vowel (h, w) before the personal ending
3. There is no augment
34 The Infinitive Verb (Mounce ch. 32)
Definitions:
The infinitive is a verbal noun but is not declined like a noun
The infinitive does not have a case. It is viewed as being a singular neuter.
When an infinitive is preceded by the definite article, the article is always singular neuter and the case of the article is determined by the function of the infinitive in the sentence.
The infinitive is a verbal form that begins with “to” like “to preach.”
The infinitive can have a direct object and adverbial modifiers and prepositional phrases acting adverbially.
The infinitive has no time significance.
The infinitive only has three aspects (tenses): present, aorist, perfect.
The infinitive does have active, middle, and passive voices.
The infinitive will not have a subject, but often has a noun in the accusative functioning as if it were the subject.
Rules:
1. Infinitives can only occur in three tenses: present, aorist, and perfect.
2. There is no augment for the aorist infinitive because there is no time consideration.
3. The present (continuous) infinitive is built on the present stem.
4. The aorist active / middle (undefined) infinitive is built on the aorist active stem.
5. The aorist passive (undefined) infinitive is built on the aorist passive stem.
6. The perfect active (completed) infinitive is built on the perfect active stem.
7. The perfect middle / passive (completed) infinitive is built on the perfect passive middle / passive stem.
8. The infinitive has no person or number.
35 Paradigm (All Tenses All Voices) for the Infinitive;
FORMS AND TRANSLATIONS
Present 1st Aorist 2nd Aorist Perfect (lu,w) (lu,w) (lamba,nw) (lu,w)
Active lu,ein lu/sai labei/n leluke,nai
to loose to loose to receive to have loosed
Middle lu,esqai lu,sasqai labe,sqai lelu,sqai
to loose to loose to receive to have loosed
Passive lu,esqai luqh/nai grafh/nai* lelu,sqai
to be loosed to be loosed to be written to have been loosed
* The verb gra,fw is shown for the 2nd Aorist Passive because there is none for lamba,nw
Notes:
1. The Middle and Passive forms are identical in the Present and Perfect tenses.
2. The 1st Aorist Active and Middle forms have the characteristic sa.
3. The 2nd Aorist will look just like the Present in the Active and Middle except for the stem change.
4. All Middles and Passives have a q, except for the 2nd Aorist Passive which has a h.
5. All the infinitives except for the Present and 2nd Aorist Active end in ai.
6. The Perfect Infinitive has reduplication in all the voices.
7. Contract Verbs will have contraction:
a contract verbs (avgapa,w + ein avgapaein agapain agapa/n) o contract verbs (plhro,w + ein plhroein plhroun plhrou/n)
Always note the circumflex over the contraction.
36 Uses of the Infinitive:
1. Substantive: An infinitive can act like a substantive—a noun, therefore it can perform any function that a noun can perform. When it is used as a substantive, the infinitive will usually take the definite article. The case of the definite article will indicate how the infinitive is functioning in the sentence. Translate this by using “to” and the main verb.
to. evsqi,ein evsti.n avgaqo,n
To eat is good.
to. zh/n Cristo.j kai. to. avpoqanei/n ke,rdoj (Notice za,w is a contract verb)
To live is Christ and to die is gain.
2. Infinitive Preceded by the Article and a Preposition: When the articular infinitive is preceded by a preposition, there are specific rules of translation. This type of construction is very common in the New Testament. Any attempt to translate word for word must be abandoned because there is no construction like this in English.
a. dia, (accusative) means because and indicates a reason
dia, to. ble,pein auvto,n
Because he sees
dia. to. ei=nai auvto.n evx oi;kou kai. patria/j Daui,d
…because he was out of the house and lineage of David. (Luke 2:4)
b. eivj (accusative) means in order that and indicates purpose
eivj to. ble,pein auvto,n
In order that he sees
dia. tou/to. . . e;pemya eivj to. gnw/nai th.n pi,stin u`mw/n
Because of this, . . . I sent in order to know your faith (1 Thess. 3:5)
37 c. pro,j (accusative) means in order that and indicates purpose pro,j to. ble,pein auvto,n
In order that he sees
pa,nta de. ta. e;rga auvtw/n poiou/sin pro.j to. qeaqh/nai toi/j avnqrw,poij\
But all their works they do (in order) to be seen by men (Matt. 23:5)
d. w[ste followed by an articular infinitive means so that and indicates result w[ste gene,sqai u`ma/j tu,pon pa/sin toi/j pisteu,ousin so that you became a model to all the believers. . . (1 Thess. 1:7)
o` vIhsou/j avgapa|/ me w[ste me avgapa/n auvto,n
Jesus loves me which results in the fact that I love Him.
e. pro, (genitive) means before and indicates time or a temporal clause pro. tou/ ble,pein auvto,n
Before he sees.
to. klhqe.n u`po. tou/ avgge,lou pro. tou/ sullhmfqh/nai auvto.n evn th/| koili,a|Å
The name given by the angel before he was conceived in the womb. (Luke 2:21)
f. evn (dative) means as or while and indicates time or a temporal clause evn. tw| ble,pein auvto,n
While he sees.
VEge,neto de. evn tw/| i`erateu,ein auvto.n
And it came to be, as (while) he was holding the priestly office (Luke 1:8)
38 g. meta, (accusative) means after and indicates time or a temporal clause
meta, to. ble,pein auvto,n
After he sees.
Meta. de. to. paradoqh/nai to.n VIwa,nnhn h=lqen o` VIhsou/j eivj th.n Galilai,an
And after John was delivered over, Jesus came into Galilee . . . (Mark 1:14)
h. The articular infinitive with the article in the genitive also indicates purpose.
o` vIhsou/j avpe,qanon tou/ ei=nai hvma/j su.n auvtw| eivj to.n aivwnion
Jesus died in order that we (may) be with him forever.
3. Complementary Infinitive: A finite verb’s meaning may be incomplete without some additional information, and an infinitive is often used to complete the information. To translate this, just use the word “to” and the verb. The following five verbs will always be followed by a complementary infinitive.
a. dei/ (it is necessary) dei/ auvth,n eqsqi,ein
It is necessary for her to eat.
a. e[xestin (it is lawful) e[xestin eqsqi,ein auvtw|
It is lawful for him to eat.
a. me,llw (I am about…) me,llw eqsqi,ein
I am about to eat.
a. du,namai (I am able) du,namai eqsqi,ein
I am able to eat.
a. a[rcomai (I am beginning) a[rcomai eqsqi,ein
I am beginning to eat.
The complementary infinitive can also be used with other verbs like qe,lw (I wish), keleu,w (I command), and ovfei,lw (I ought).
39 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce Ch. 32)
Word Definition di,kaioj right, just, righteous me,llw I am about to
40 The Imperative (Mounce ch. 33)
Definitions:
An imperative is a verb that makes a command.
The imperative verb is in the 2nd person (you!) and 3rd person. The 3rd person imperative should be translated “let him . . .”
The imperative can be both singular or plural.
There are only two aspects to the imperative: Present and Aorist.
The Present Imperative is built on the Present Tense stem of the verb.
The 1st Aorist Imperative is built on the 1st Aorist (Present) Tense stem of the verb.
The 2nd Aorist Imperative is built on the 2nd Aorist Tense stem of the verb.
Examples of the Present Imperative:
The imperative is formed with four parts:
Present Imperative:
Present Tense Stem + Connecting Vowel (o/e ) + Imperative Morphene
Aorist Imperative:
Aorist Tense Stem + Tense Formative (sa) + Imperative Morphene
The imperative morphene is just the ending for the imperative
Imperative Morpheme Chart
Active Middle / Passive
2nd Singular * * 3rd Singular tw sqw
2nd Plural te sqe 3rd Plural twsan sqwsan
* The 2nd Singular morphemes appear to be irregular, and should just be memorized
41 Paradigm (All Tenses All Voices) for the Imperative;
FORMS AND TRANSLATIONS (Present and 1st Aorist)
Present 1st Aorist Translation (lu,w) (lu,w)
Active
2nd Singular lu/e lu/son (You) Loose! 3rd Singular lue,tw lusa,tw Let him/her/it loose!
2nd Plural lue,te lusa,te (You) Loose! 3rd Plural lue,twsan lusa,twsan Let them loose!
Middle
2nd Singular lu,ou lu/sai (You) loose for yourself! 3rd Singular lue,sqw lusa,sqw Let him/her/it loose for himself!
2nd Plural lue,sqe lu,sasqe (You) loose for yourself! 3rd Plural lue,sqwsan lusa,sqwsan Let them loose for themselves!
Passive
2nd Singular lu,ou lu,qhti (You) be loosed! 3rd Singular lue,sqw luqh,tw Let him/her/it be loosed!
2nd Plural lue,sqe lu,qhte (You) be loosed! 3rd Plural lue,sqwsan luqh,twsan Let them be loosed!
Notes:
1. The forms for the Middle and Passive are identical in the Present Tense.
2. The 2nd Person Plural Active and Middle/Passive are identical to the Imperative Mood.
3. There is no augment for the 1st Aorist Tense, as there is no time element.
4. The 2nd Person Singular 1st Aorist form looks like an infinitive (sai)
42 FORMS AND TRANSLATIONS (2nd Aorist)
Active Middle Passive (lu,w) (gi,nomai) (gra,fw)
Active
2nd Singular la,be genou/ gra,fhti 3rd Singular labe,tw gene,sqw grafh,tw
2nd Plural la,bete ge,nesqe gra,fhte 3rd Plural labe,twsan gene,sqwsan grafh,twsan
Notes:
1. The 2nd Aorist imperative uses the same endings as the present imperative. The only difference is the 2nd Aorist tense stem instead of the Present Tense stem.
2. The 2nd Aorist Passive looks just like the 1st Aorist Passive except for the absence of the theta.
Imperative Form of ei,mi,:
2nd Singular i[sqi
3rd Singular e[stw
2nd Plural e[ste
3rd Plural e[stwsan
Note: There is no Aorist form for ei,mi,. There is only the Present Tense.
43 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce Ch. 33)
Word Definition avpo,llmi active: I destroy, kill middle: I perish, die avpolu,w I release ei[te if, whether
44 mi Verbs (Mounce ch. 34-35)
Definitions:
There is nothing like mi verbs in English
There are four classes of mi verbs, and they are identified by their stem vowel.
The four classes of verbs will be represented by four main mi verbs.
Verb Root
di,dwmi do
i[sthmi sta
ti,qhmi qe
dei,knumi deiknu
Rules:
mi verbs reduplicate their initial stem letter to form the Present Tense, and separate the reduplicated consonant with an iota.
mi verbs do not ordinarily use a connecting vowel (thematic vowel) in the indicative. The personal ending is added directly to the stem.
mi verbs employ three different personal endings in the present active indicative.
The stem vowels (h/w) of mi verbs can lengthen, shorten, or drop out.
Most of the mi verbs use ka as their tense formative in the aorist.
45 Paradigms For All Classes of mi verbs:
All Forms for di,dwmi
Present Imperfect Future Aorist Perfect
1st Singular di,dwmi evdi,doun dw,sw e[dwka de,dwka 2nd Singular di,dwj evdi,douj dw,seij e[dwkaj de,dwkaj 3rd Singular di,dwsi(n) evdi,dou dw,sei e[dwke(n) de,dwke(n)
1st Plural di,domen evdi,domen dw,somen e[dw,kamen dedw,kamen 2nd Plural di,dote evdi,dote dw,sete e[dw,kate dedw,kate 3rd Plural dido,asi(n) evdi,dousan dw,sousi(n) e[dw,kan de,dwkan
Basic Present Tense for other mi verbs
i[sthmi ti,qhmi dei,knumi
Root sta qe deik
1st Singular i[sthmi ti,qhmi dei,knumi 2nd Singular i[sthj ti,qhj deiknu,eij 3rd Singular i[sthsi(n) ti,qhsi(n) dei,knusi(n)
1st Plural i[stamen ti,qemen dei,knumen 2nd Plural i[state ti,qete dei,knute 3rd Plural i[sta/si(n) ti,qeasi(n) deiknu,asi(n)
Look on Mounce, pages 362-380 for the full forms for all the tenses for the mi verbs. The “athematic” verbs are the mi verbs.
46 Greek Vocabulary (Mounce Ch. 34-35)
Word Definition di,dwmi I give (out), entrust, give back, put e[qnoj nation loipo,j adjective: remaining noun: (the) rest adverb: for the rest, henceforth
Mwush/j Moses avni,sthmi intransitive: I rise, get up transitive: I raise avnoi,gw I open avfi,hmi I let go, leave, permit dei,knumi I show, explain i[dioj one’s own i[sthmi intransitive: I stand transitive: I cause to stand me,soj middle, in the midst of ti,qhmi I put, place fhmi, I say, affirm
47
Charts
48 Participle Recognition Chart
Present and 2nd Aorist (2nd Aorist has a root change) lu, + ont + 3rd declension case ending Active Participle (Masc.) lu, + ous + 1st declension case ending Active Participle (Fem.) lu + omen, + 1st/2nd declension case ending M / P Participle (M / F)
1st Aorist lu, + sant + 3rd declension case ending Active Participle (Masc.) lu, + sas + 1st declension case ending Active Participle (Fem.) lu + same,n + 1st/2nd declension case ending Middle Participle (M / F) lu + qe,nt + 1st/2nd declension case ending Passive Participle (Masc.) lu + qei/j + 1st/2nd declension case ending Passive Participle (Fem.)
Perfect (Reduplication) le + lu, + kot + 3rd declension case ending Active Participle (Masc.) le + lu, + kui + 1st declension case ending Active Participle (Fem.) le + lu, + men, + 1st/2nd declension case ending M / P Participle (M / F)
Exceptions: The Nominative Singular Active is always an exception
Masculine Feminine Neuter Present lu,wn lu,ousa lu,on Aorist lu,saj lu,sasa lu,san Perfect lelukw,j lelukui/a leluko,j
49 Case Endings—1st and 2nd Declension Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative Singular o` lo,g oj h` graf h, to. e;rg on Genitive Singular tou/ lo,g ou th/j graf h/j tou/ e;rg ou Dative Singular tw/| lo,g w| th/| graf h/| tw/| e;rg w| Accusative Singular to.n lo,g on th,n graf h.n to. e;rg on
Nominative Plural oi` lo,g oi ai` graf ai. ta. e;rg a Genitive Plural tw/n lo,g wn tw/n graf w/n tw/n e;rg wn Dative Plural toi/j lo,g oij tai/j graf ai/j toi/j e;rg oij Accusative Plural tou.j lo,g ouj ta,j graf a.j ta. e;rg a
Case Endings—3rd Declension k—Ending mat—Ending n—Ending Nominative Singular sa,r x o[nom a ti, j Genitive Singular sark o,j ovno,mat oj ti,n oj Dative Singular sark i, ovno,mat i ti,n i Accusative Singular sa,rk a o[nom a ti,n a
Nominative Plural sa,rk ej ovno,mat a ti,n ej Genitive Plural sark w/n ovnoma,t wn ti,n wn Dative Plural sar xi,(n) ovno,ma si(n) ti, si(n) Accusative Plural sa,rk aj ovno,mat a ti,n aj
50 The Indicative Regular Verb Active
Present Imperfect Future 1 Aorist 2 Aorist Perfect
1st lu, w e; lu, on lu, sw e; lu, sa e; lab on le lu, ka 2nd lu, eij e; lu, ej lu, seij e; lu, saj e; lab ej le lu, kaj 3rd lu, ei e; lu, e(n) lu, sei e; lu, se(n) e; lab e(n) le lu, ke(n)
Singular
1st lu, omen ev lu, omen lu, somen ev lu, samen ev lab omen le lu, kamen
2nd lu, ete ev lu, ete lu, sete ev lu, sate ev la,b ete le lu, kate 3rd lu, ousi(n) ev lu, on lu, sousi(n) ev lu, san ev lab on le lu, kasi
Plural
Middle
Present Imperfect Future 1 Aorist 2 Aorist Perfect
1st lu, omai e; lu, omhn lu, somai e; lu, samhn e; gen o,mhn le lu, mai 2nd lu, h| e; lu, ou lu, sh| e; lu, sw e; gen ou le lu, sai 3rd lu, etai e; lu, eto lu, setai e; lu, sato e; gen eto le lu, tai Singular
1st lu, omeqa ev lu, omeqa lu, someqa ev lu, sameqa ev gen omeqa le lu, meqa
2nd lu, esqe ev lu, esqe lu, sesqe ev lu, sasqe ev gen esqe le lu, sqe 3rd lu, ontai ev lu, onto lu, sontai ev lu, santo ev gen onto le lu, ntai
Plural
Passive
Present Imperfect Future 1 Aorist 2 Aorist Perfect
1st lu, omai e; lu, omhn lu, qh,somai e; lu, qh,n e; graf hn le lu, mai 2nd lu, h| e; lu, ou lu, qh,sh| e; lu, qhj e; graf hj le lu, sai 3rd lu, etai e; lu, eto lu, qh,setai e; lu, qh e; graf h le lu, tai Singular
1st lu, omeqa ev lu, omeqa lu, qh,someqa ev lu, qhmen ev graf hmen le lu, meqa
2nd lu, esqe ev lu, esqe lu, qh,sesqe ev lu, qhte ev graf hte le lu, sqe 3rd lu, ontai ev lu, onto lu, qh,sontai ev lu, qhsan ev grafhsan le lu, ntai
Plural
51 The Subjunctive Regular Verb Active
Present Imperfect Future 1 Aorist 2 Aorist Perfect
1st lu, w lu, sw la,b w 2nd lu, h|j lu, sh|j la,b h|j rd Singular 3 lu, h| lu, sh| la,b h|
1st lu, wmen lu, swmen la,b wmen 2nd lu, hte lu, shte la,b hte rd Plural 3 lu, wsi(n) lu, swsi(n) la,b wsi(n)
Middle
Present Imperfect Future 1 Aorist 2 Aorist Perfect
1st lu, wmai lu, swmai ge,n wmai 2nd lu, h| lu, sh| ge,n h| rd Singular 3 lu, htai lu, shtai ge,n htai
1st lu w,meqa lu sw,meqa gen w,meqa 2nd lu, hsqe lu, shsqe ge,n hsqe rd Plural 3 lu, wntai lu, swntai ge,n wntai
Passive
Present Imperfect Future 1 Aorist 2 Aorist Perfect
1st lu, owmai lu, qw/ graf w/ 2nd lu, h| lu, qh/|j graf h/|j rd Singular 3 lu, htai lu, qh/ graf h/|
1st lu w,meqa lu, qw/men graf w/men 2nd lu, hsqe lu, qh/te graf h/te rd Plural 3 lu, wntai lu, qw/si(n) graf wsi(n)
52 The Infinitive Regular Verb
Present 1 Aorist 2 Aorist Perfect
Active lu, ein lu/ sai la bei/n le lu ke,nai
Middle lu, esqai lu, sasqai la be,sqai le lu, sqai
Passive lu, esqai lu qh/nai gra fh/nai le lu, sqai
The Use of the Infinitive with Prepositions
Greek Phrase Translation Type of Clause dia, to. ble,pein auvto,n Because he sees Causal eivj to. ble,pein auvto,n In order that he sees Result / Purpose pro,j to. ble,pein auvto,n In order that he sees Result / Purpose pro, tou/ ble,pein auvto,n Before he sees Temporal (time) evn tw| ble,pein auvto,n When / while he sees Temporal (time) meta, to. ble,pein auvto,n After he sees Temporal (time)
53 Genitive Absolute NAS Matthew 17:9 And as they were coming down from the mountain, Jesus commanded them, saying, "Tell the vision to no one until the Son of Man has risen from the dead."
Kai. katabaino,ntwn auvtw/n evk tou/ o;rouj evnetei,lato auvtoi/j o` VIhsou/j le,gwn( Mhdeni. ei;phte to. o[rama e[wj ou- o` ui`o.j tou/ avnqrw,pou evk nekrw/n evgerqh/|Å
The Genitive Absolute participle phrase can be removed from the sentence without affecting the meaning of the main thought. The Genitive Absolute will have a Genitive noun or pronoun acting as the subject of the participle phrase The Genitive Absolute is adverbial, and will have a temporal sense o As / while they were coming down from the mountain o The action happens at the same time as the main verb because the tense is present
This is not a Genitive Absolute—it is an adverbial participle acting as a genitive modifier
NAS Matthew 21:12 And Jesus entered the temple and cast out all those who were buying and selling in the temple, and overturned the tables of the moneychangers and the seats of those who were selling doves. Kai. eivsh/lqen VIhsou/j eivj to. i`ero.n kai. evxe,balen pa,ntaj tou.j pwlou/ntaj kai. avgora,zontaj evn tw/| i`erw/|( kai. ta.j trape,zaj tw/n kollubistw/n kate,streyen kai. ta.j kaqe,draj tw/n pwlou,ntwn ta.j peristera,j(
This participle phrase is answering “what kind of seat?” The seat ta.j kaqe,draj is a seat of “sellers of doves” tw/n pwlou,ntwn ta.j peristera,j
NAS Mark 5:21 And when Jesus had crossed over again in the boat to the other side, a great multitude gathered about Him; and He stayed by the seashore.
Kai. diapera,santoj tou/ VIhsou/ Îevn tw/| ploi,w|Ð pa,lin eivj to. pe,ran sunh,cqh o;cloj polu.j evpV auvto,n( kai. h=n para. th.n qa,lassanÅ
54 The main idea is not dependent on the Genitive Absolute participle phrase The Genitive Absolute phrase is at the beginning of the sentence The Genitive Absolute phrase is not translated literally The Genitive Absolute phrase is adverbial, with a temporal sense Because the Genitive Absolute phrase is in the aorist tense, it happens before the action of the main verb (Jesus crossed over in the boat first, then the great multitude gathered around him)
NAS Luke 15:14 "Now when he had spent everything, a severe famine occurred in that country, and he began to be in need. dapanh,santoj de. auvtou/ pa,nta evge,neto limo.j ivscura. kata. th.n cw,ran evkei,nhn( kai. auvto.j h;rxato u`sterei/sqaiÅ
The Genitive Absolute participle phrase is a temporal adverbial modifier The man “spent all freely” before the severe famine occurred
55 Conditional Clauses
1st Class Condition (Assumed to be true) GNT Matthew 26:39 kai. proelqw.n mikro.n e;pesen evpi. pro,swpon auvtou/ proseuco,menoj kai. le,gwn( Pa,ter mou( eiv dunato,n evstin( parelqa,tw avpV evmou/ to. poth,rion tou/to\ plh.n ouvc w`j evgw. qe,lw avllV w`j su,Å
GNT Matthew 26:42 pa,lin evk deute,rou avpelqw.n proshu,xato le,gwn( Pa,ter mou( eiv ouv du,natai tou/to parelqei/n eva.n mh. auvto. pi,w( genhqh,tw to. qe,lhma, souÅ
2nd Class Condition (Assumed to be false) GNT Luke 7:39 ivdw.n de. o` Farisai/oj o` kale,saj auvto.n ei=pen evn e`autw/| le,gwn( Ou-toj eiv h=n profh,thj( evgi,nwsken a'n ti,j kai. potaph. h` gunh. h[tij a[ptetai auvtou/( o[ti a`martwlo,j evstinÅ
GNT Luke 17:6 ei=pen de. o` ku,rioj( Eiv e;cete pi,stin w`j ko,kkon sina,pewj( evle,gete a'n th/| sukami,nw| Îtau,th|Ð(
VEkrizw,qhti kai. futeu,qhti evn th/| qala,ssh|\ kai. u`ph,kousen a'n u`mi/nÅ
3rd Class Condition GNT 1 John 1:9 eva.n o`mologw/men ta.j a`marti,aj h`mw/n( pisto,j evstin kai. di,kaioj( i[na avfh/| h`mi/n ta.j a`marti,aj kai. kaqari,sh| h`ma/j avpo. pa,shj avdiki,ajÅ
GNT 1 Corinthians 13:1 VEa.n tai/j glw,ssaij tw/n avnqrw,pwn lalw/ kai. tw/n avgge,lwn( avga,phn de. mh. e;cw( ge,gona calko.j hvcw/n h' ku,mbalon avlala,zonÅ
56 Future Participles in the New Testament
NAS Matthew 27:49 But the rest of them said, "Let us see whether Elijah will come to save Him."
GNT Matthew 27:49 oi` de. loipoi. e;legon( :Afej i;dwmen eiv e;rcetai VHli,aj sw,swn auvto,nÅ
NAS Luke 22:49 And when those who were around Him saw what was going to happen, they said, "Lord, shall we strike with the sword?"
GNT Luke 22:49 ivdo,ntej de. oi` peri. auvto.n to. evso,menon ei=pan( Ku,rie( eiv pata,xomen evn macai,rh|È
NAS John 6:64 "But there are some of you who do not believe." For Jesus knew from the beginning who they were who did not believe, and who it was that would betray Him.
GNT John 6:64 avllV eivsi.n evx u`mw/n tinej oi] ouv pisteu,ousinÅ h;|dei ga.r evx avrch/j o` VIhsou/j ti,nej eivsi.n oi` mh. pisteu,ontej kai. ti,j evstin o` paradw,swn auvto,nÅ
NAS Acts 8:27 And he arose and went; and behold, there was an Ethiopian eunuch, a court official of Candace, queen of the Ethiopians, who was in charge of all her treasure; and he had come to Jerusalem to worship.
GNT Acts 8:27 kai. avnasta.j evporeu,qh\ kai. ivdou. avnh.r Aivqi,oy euvnou/coj duna,sthj Kanda,khj basili,sshj Aivqio,pwn( o]j h=n evpi. pa,shj th/j ga,zhj auvth/j( o]j evlhlu,qei proskunh,swn eivj VIerousalh,m(
NAS Acts 20:22 "And now, behold, bound in spirit, I am on my way to Jerusalem, not knowing what will happen to me there,
GNT Acts 20:22 kai. nu/n ivdou. dedeme,noj evgw. tw/| pneu,mati poreu,omai eivj VIerousalh.m ta. evn auvth/| sunanth,sonta, moi mh. eivdw,j(
NAS Acts 22:5 as also the high priest and all the Council of the elders can testify. From them I also received letters to the brethren, and started off for Damascus in order to bring even those who were there to Jerusalem as prisoners to be punished.
GNT Acts 22:5 w`j kai. o` avrciereu.j marturei/ moi kai. pa/n to. presbute,rion( parV w-n kai. evpistola.j dexa,menoj pro.j tou.j avdelfou.j eivj Damasko.n evporeuo,mhn( a;xwn kai. tou.j evkei/se o;ntaj dedeme,nouj eivj VIerousalh.m i[na timwrhqw/sinÅ
NAS Acts 24:11 since you can take note of the fact that no more than twelve days ago I went up to Jerusalem to worship.
GNT Acts 24:11 duname,nou sou evpignw/nai o[ti ouv plei,ouj eivsi,n moi h`me,rai dw,deka avfV h-j avne,bhn proskunh,swn eivj VIerousalh,mÅ
57 NAS Acts 24:17 "Now after several years I came to bring alms to my nation and to present offerings;
GNT Acts 24:17 diV evtw/n de. pleio,nwn evlehmosu,naj poih,swn eivj to. e;qnoj mou paregeno,mhn kai. prosfora,j(
NAS Romans 8:34 who is the one who condemns? Christ Jesus is He who died, yes, rather who was raised, who is at the right hand of God, who also intercedes for us.
GNT Romans 8:34 ti,j o` katakrinw/nÈ Cristo.j ÎVIhsou/jÐ o` avpoqanw,n( ma/llon de. evgerqei,j( o]j kai, evstin evn dexia/| tou/ qeou/( o]j kai. evntugca,nei u`pe.r h`mw/nÅ
NAS 1 Corinthians 15:37 and that which you sow, you do not sow the body which is to be, but a bare grain, perhaps of wheat or of something else.
GNT 1 Corinthians 15:37 kai. o] spei,reij( ouv to. sw/ma to. genhso,menon spei,reij avlla. gumno.n ko,kkon eiv tu,coi si,tou h; tinoj tw/n loipw/n\
NAS Hebrews 3:5 Now Moses was faithful in all His house as a servant, for a testimony of those things which were to be spoken later;
GNT Hebrews 3:5 kai. Mwu?sh/j me.n pisto.j evn o[lw| tw/| oi;kw| auvtou/ w`j qera,pwn eivj martu,rion tw/n lalhqhsome,nwn(
NAS Hebrews 13:17 Obey your leaders, and submit to them; for they keep watch over your souls, as those who will give an account. Let them do this with joy and not with grief, for this would be unprofitable for you.
GNT Hebrews 13:17 Pei,qesqe toi/j h`goume,noij u`mw/n kai. u`pei,kete( auvtoi. ga.r avgrupnou/sin u`pe.r tw/n yucw/n u`mw/n w`j lo,gon avpodw,sontej( i[na meta. cara/j tou/to poiw/sin kai. mh. stena,zontej\ avlusitele.j ga.r u`mi/n tou/toÅ
NAS 1 Peter 3:13 And who is there to harm you if you prove zealous for what is good?
GNT 1 Peter 3:13 Kai. ti,j o` kakw,swn u`ma/j eva.n tou/ avgaqou/ zhlwtai. ge,nhsqeÈ
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