Enyarel by El_Predsjednik English “Ram” English “Father” ram æg edʒn father æg poða ewe eg esdʒn chief eg poðga wool ul eθdʒn fatherland ul poðna mutton fen ekdʒn soup roll fen poðʃa sheep encl. eθ eldʒn balcony eθ poðfa

215 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 HIGH VALYRIAN

216 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 The common language of the Valyrian Freehold, a federation in Essos that was destroyed by the Doom before the series begins.

217 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 218 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 ???????

High Valyrian ??????

219 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Valar morghulis. “ALL men MUST die.” Valar dohaeris. “ALL men MUST serve.”

220 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Singular, Plural, Collective

221 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Number Marking Definite Indefinite

Small Number Singular

Large Number Collective Plural

222 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Number Marking Definite Indefinite

Small Number Singular Paucal

Large Number Collective Plural

223 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Head Final ADJ — N kastor qintir “green turtle”

224 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Head Final ADJ — N *val kaːr “man heap”

225 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Head Final ADJ — N *valhaːr > *valhar > valar “all men”

226 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Head Final ADJ — N *val ont > *valon > valun “man hand > some men”

227 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 SOUND CHANGE Dispreference for certain _# Cs, e.g. voiced stops, laterals, voiceless non- coronals, etc.

228 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 SOUND CHANGE Dispreference for monosyllabic words— especially in nouns (didn’t have enough weight).

229 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 SOUND CHANGE *val > vala *toːm > toːmo *gueːs > gueːse *qiːb > qiːbi

230 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 -a -e -i -o -y

vala gueːse qiːbi toːmo uːly aːbra gelte pisti ovoɲo poɣry taoba korze eleːni nuːmo qiloːny zokla nine keːli melvo somby

231 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 vala azantys toːmo aːpsos gueːse beqes qiːbi bantis

232 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 obvos ~ roŋɡon “arch” ~ “hide”

233 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 doːros ~ doːron “wall” ~ “stone”

234 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 vala ~ valar ~ valun “man” ~ “all men” ~ “some men”

235 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 *val > vala ~ valar *kon > kono ~ konor

236 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 *val > vala ~ valar *kon > kono ~ konor

237 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Count Mass

Strong vala konor

Weak obvos roŋgon

238 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Count Mass

Strong Class 1 Class 3

Weak Class 2 Class 4

239 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 *kast > kasta “blue/green”

240 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 kasta laːra “blue crow”

241 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 kasta “the blue one (Class 1)”

242 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 kast-? “the blue one (Class 2/3/4)”

243 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Count Mass

Strong huːra voːkor

Weak perzys tegon

244 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Count Mass

Strong -a -or

Weak -ys -on

245 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 vala gueːse kasta qiːbi toːmo uːly

246 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Count Mass

Strong moon water

Weak fire dirt

247 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Count Mass

Strong lunar aquatic

Weak solar terrestrial

248 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Core Non-Core

Nominative Dative Genitive Grammatical Accusative Vocative

Instrumental Locative Local Comitative

249 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Lunar Solar Aquatic Terrestrial Nominative vala perzys embar havon Accusative vale perzi embri havon Genitive valo perzo embro havo Dative valot perzot embrot havot Locative valaː perzyː embraːr havot Instrument valosa perzomy embrosa havoso Comitativeal valoma perzomy embroma havoso Vocative valus perzys embrus havos

250 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Lunar all end in a vowel. Solar all end in /s/. Aquatic all end in /r/. Terrestrial all end in /n/.

251 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Nouns that have /o/ as a theme vowel don’t have distinct accusative or locative forms.

252 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 The default plural is /i/, with a backup plural in /a/ when /i/ can’t apply.

253 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Lunar Aquatic Lunar Aquatic Nominative vala embar nuːmo myːr Accusative vale embri nuːmo myːr Genitive valo embro nuːmoː myːro Dative valot embrot nuːmot myːrot Locative valaː embraːr nuːmot myːrot Instrument valosa embrosa nuːmoso myːroso Comitativeal valoma embroma nuːmoso myːroso Vocative valus embus nuːmos myːs

254 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Lunar Aquatic Lunar Aquatic Nominative vali embri nuːma myːra Accusative valiː embriː nuːma myːra Genitive valoti embroti nuːmoti myːroti Dative valoti embroti nuːmoti myːroti Locative valoti embroti nuːmoti myːroti Instrument valossi embrossi nuːmossi myːrossi Comitativeal valommi embrommi nuːmossi myːrossi Vocative valis embis nuːmas myːras

255 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Four Genders Four Numbers Six Declension Classes

256 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Questions?

257 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 PRONOUNS

258 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Pronouns: Variables that stand in for other arguments.

259 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 {The girl/She} is reading. {David Peterson/I} sat on {the chair/it}.

260 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 First Person: Speaker Second Person: Addressee Third Person: Referent

261 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 First Person: Speaker Second Person: Addressee Third Person: Referent

262 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Number Gender Clusivity Honor

Pronouns 99% 50% 40% 20%

263 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Clusivity: In plural (usually 1st person) pronouns, whether the addressee is a part of the exchange or not.

264 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 We are going “We’reto Disneyland. going to Disneyland!” “Really?!” “Oh… We are. Not you.”

265 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 “We’re going to Disneyland!” “Really?!” “Oh… We are. Not you.”

266 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 WE. Not you. “We’re going to Disneyland!” “Really?!” “Oh… We are. Not you.”

267 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 “We’re going to Disneyland!” “Really?!” “Oh… We are. Not you.”

268 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Honor: Social status of the reference with respect to the speaker.

269 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Tu es mon ami! Vous n’êtes pas mon ami!

270 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 wataʃi “I” (normal/formal) watakuʃi “I” (very formal) oɾe “I” (men mostly) atai “I” (women)

271 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Arabic

Singular Dual Plural

1st ana naħnu

2nd anta/anti antumaː antum/antunna

3rd huwa/hija humaː huma/hunna

272 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Hawaiian

Dual Plural Singular Incl. Excl. Incl. Excl.

1st au kaːua maːua kaːkou maːkou 2nd ʔoe ʔolua ʔoukou 3rd ia laːua laːkou

273 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 EVOLVING PRONOUNS

274 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 1st Person and 2nd Person Singular Nearly Always Basic

275 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 1st Person Plural and 2nd Person Plural Are Often Basic

276 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 3rd Person Singular and 3rd Person Plural Are Sometimes Basic

277 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Inclusive vs. Exclusive 1st Person Plural Pronouns Are Sometimes Basic

278 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Dual Pronouns, Gendered Pronouns, Honorifics Are Never Basic

279 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Third Person Pronouns > Demonstratives (this/that), Articles, Basic Words (e.g. “person”)

280 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Plural Pronouns from Plural Affixes (If Not Basic), or Same Source as Plural Marking (“group”, “bunch”, etc.)

281 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Dual/Trial Pronouns > Two/ Three + Pronoun (Inclusive Often “you me”)

282 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Formal Pronoun > Plural

283 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 French vous = 2P > 2S Formal

German Sie = 3P > 2S Formal

284 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Special Words usted > “your mercy” boku > “servant” odʒiːsan > “uncle”

285 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Gender and Pronouns: If the language has a gender system, its pronouns will have gender if they derive from gendered words.

286 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Swahili: ~10 genders, but one third person pronoun.

287 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Arabic: Gendered second and third person pronouns, not first. English: Gendered third person singular pronouns, not plural.

288 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Gender Distinction Likeliness 3 > 2 > 1 Singular > Plural > Dual

289 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 Also though… Tibetan and Japanese: No nominal gender, but gendered pronouns.

290 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017 .hltndbl admlp kmlsjp + hlhIltan Tnhil D Bviln di btl hitn;di;bCONLANGe Revontulet NOMINAL di bElfNEnWOwDU MORPHOLOGY dml hiltan di !el ASSIGNMENTyml /l∑zES=xIZ=prhAN=buC m e Hilvton dihlt bel n dy bhiltanl xrtndbR diπ wiMbel

291 ling183_week2.key - June 1, 2017