NORTHERN NATURE and ENVIRONMENT STUDIES University of Oulu, Department of Biology / Finland

NORTHERN NATURE AND ENVIRONMENT STUDIES University of Oulu, Department of Biology / Finland

INTRODUCTION

This programme, arranged by the Faculty of Science, provides a solid introduction to the northern ecosystems and their functioning, and the fauna, flora, vegetation of Finland and Northern Scandinavia. Presenting nature and its biodiversity, and genetic adaptation to the north, the programme consists of lectures, courses and seminars held in Oulu and field courses arranged at the University’s research station in Northern Finland.

Participants collect 15-45 ECTS (10-30 US credits) from the different subject areas according to their own interests and periods of stay. Participants include both Finnish and European / American students (SOCRATES/ERASMUS, ISEP, NORDPLUS, TEMPUS, North2North exchange students)

The programme is intended for students who have studied for two years or more biology.

CONTENTS

1. BOREAL VEGETATION AND FAUNA During the autumn semester the students learn basics of plant and animal identification in the boreal zone. Presentation of 350 Finnish species of vascular plants, mosses and lichens from herbarium samples (2-3 ECTS / 1-2 US cr). Presentation of the most common Finnish mammal, bird and fish species (3 ECTS / 2 US credits). In spring semester students take on insects (230 taxons), and other invertebrates (120 taxons) in the zoological museum (2 ECTS / 1 US credits). In summer various field courses teach the identification of plants and animals in their natural habitats. The field course in ecological botany from the end of June to the middle of July examines the establishment and succession of vegetation on the uplift shore of the Island of Hailuoto. The ecology and classification of forests, peatlands and meadow vegetation are studied in the coniferous Taiga forest area of Kuusamo (5 ECTS / 3 US credits). The fauna courses examine aquatic animals in inland waters in June (4 ECTS / 2 US credits) and terrestrial animals in boreal forests, peatlands and meadows in August (4 ECTS / 2 US credits). Field courses are arranged in Oulu, Hailuoto and Kuusamo.

2. WINTER ECOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY (3-5 ECTS / 2-3 US credits) The lifes of animals and plants in winter. Physiological measurements of adaptation to cold, darkness and the effect of snow. The course is held in Oulu and the Oulanka Research Station in February. 3. THE NORTHER ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS (3-6 ECTS / 2- 4 US credits) Special features of Nordic areas and their natural resources. Ecological and environmental problems and pollution in the north. Advanced courses in environmental science, effects of air pollutants on plants, conservation of biodiversity, seminars and field excursion. Various courses, some courses arranged only every second year. Look timetable for details.

4. RESEARCH IN BIOLOGY (2-14 ECTS / 1-8 US credits) Research projects and advanced courses emphasise on the adaptation of plant and animal species to the northern conditions; subarctic plants in changing environment; cold resistance and climate change; soil as an ecosystem; seasonal adaptation; physical adaptation to short day condition and cold; life history strategies and population dynamics in northern populations of birds, etc. The student should contact the head of the research group in beforehand and agree with him about the project work before arriving. http://www.oulu.fi/biology/english/research.html

SUMMER COURSES The botany and zoology field courses take place in two different centres: one just outside Oulu on the Island of Hailuoto; and one at the Oulanka Research Station, situated in the Oulanka National Park close to the Finnish-Russian border and about 20 km south of the Arctic Circle.

On the field courses students are accommodated in the comfortable quarters of the field stations and they can take full advantage of the opportunity to explore the surrounding countryside. The long summer nights of Northern Finland, when the midnight sun never sets, are an experience you will never forget.

See details below for the summer courses 751306A Field Course in Terrestrial Animals, 751207A Field Course in Aquatic Animals and 752304A Field Course in Ecological Botany

Northern Nature and Environment Studies programme is taught entirely in English or in English and Finnish. The courses are integrated to the department’s regular courses.

COSTS

Exchange students: ERASMUS, NORDPLUS, NORTH2NORTH and BILATERAL EXCHANGE PROGRAMMES:

- Student Union membership fee 43,50 € / semester - Housing: http://www.psoas.fi/en/applying/applying-information.php - Room and board at the research station 12,15-15,40 € / day (summer 2010) - Own bed linen needed (sheets)! - Personal living costs approximately 500 € / month, including room and board

ISEP students:

- According to ISEP regulations. Contact Anja Mäläskä (at) oulu.fi. University of Oulu ISEP coordinator for more information - Please note: Own bed linen needed (sheets)! - Housing is covered through the whole summer program - Meal stipend for costs during the courses (please see IIS)

Students outside exchange programmes:

- Student Union membership fee 41,50 € / semester - Tuition - Housing: http://www.psoas.fi/en/applying/applying-information.php - Room and board at the research station 12,15-15,40 € / day (summer 2010) - Please note: Own bed linen needed - Personal living costs approximately 500 € / month, including room and board

CONTACT

INTERESTED? Contact the University of Oulu International Relations for further information, or talk to the Coordinator of International Programmes in your home university.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS P.O. Box 8100 FI-90014 UNIVERSITY OF OULU FINLAND tel: +358 8 553 4042 fax: +358 8 553 4041 e-mail: international.office(at)oulu.fi http://www.oulu.fi/intl/index.html

APPLICATION DEADLINE The applications for the autumn term must reach the University of Oulu by May 31st and for the spring term by October 15th. Deadline for the summer field course applications is March 31st. Application form: http://www.oulu.fi/intl/exchange_students/apply.htm Housing: http://www.psoas.fi/en/applying/applying-information.php

NORTHERN NATURE AND ENVIRONMENT STUDIES Department of Biology P.O. Box 3000 FI-90014 UNIVERSITY OF OULU FINLAND fax: +358 8 553 1601

Coordinator Ms Minna Vanhatalo tel: +358 8 553 1491 e-mail: minna.vanhatalo(at)oulu.fi

Academic director Professor Satu Huttunen tel: +358 8 553 1527 e-mail: satu.huttunen(at)oulu.fi

PROGRAMME FOR THE AUTUMN 2010

MACRO FUNGI (752316A)

• 2 ECTS cr. (1 US cr.) • Contents: Identification of the most important macromycetes in Finland, poisonous and edible fungi, their ecology and distribution. Textbook: Salo, P. and Nummela-Salo, U. 1994: Sienikurssi (75216A) Lajiesittelyt, Oulun yliopiston kasvitieteen laitos, 36 s. and mushroom guides. • Responsible person: Dr. Annamari Markkola • 30.8. – 3.9., exam 6.9.

OPTIONAL EXAMINATIONS IN BIOLOGY

• 2 - 5 ECTS cr. (1 - 3 US cr.) • Contents: Book exams from different biological topics with a professor. • Exams can be taken in common exam days in biology every second Friday 8.15 lecture hall YB211: 10.9., 24.9., 8.10., 22.10., 5.11., 19.11., 3.12., 17.12.2010. Entering for the exam at the latest on Sunday at WebOodi (five days before the exam date). • Responsible persons: Professors. • Constantly.

THURSDAY SEMINAR IN BIOLOGY (750618S)

• 2 ECTS cr. (1 US cr.) • Contents: Lectures on current topics in biology given by guest lecturers. Students listen to 10 lectures and make one page long essay of each lecture. • Responsible person: Prof. Esa Hohtola. • Dates and topics will be announced later: • Students can also combine research seminar presentations to the course research plan seminar (dates will be announced later):

IDENTIFICATION OF ANIMALS (751373A)

• 3 ECTS cr. (2 US cr.) • Contents: During the autumn semester (16 h exercises, exam), the Finnish vertebrate fauna is studied using stuffed museum samples. • Textbook: Course hand-out. • Responsible person: Kari Koivula • registration group list at the zoological museum’s 2nd floor collection room • One group for exchange students (in English) starting Friday 17.09. – 12.11., exam 25.11., exam renewal 10.12.

IDENTIFICATION OF PLANT SPECIES (752303A)

• 2 - 3 ECTS cr. (1 - 2 US cr.) • Contents: 3 credits without literature in the exam and 2 credits with literature in the exam. Basics of plant identification in the boreal vegetation zone (350 species of herbarium samples with scientific names of species and families). Textbook: hand-out: Kasvien lajintuntemus (the latest edition), Hämet-Ahti, L., Suominen, J., Ulvinen, T. &Uotila, P. (toim.) 1998: Retkeilykasvio. Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Kasvimuseo. Yliopistopaino. Helsinki. 656 s. • Responsible person: Dr. Annamari Markkola. • One group for exchange students (in English) Preliminary timetable: Wednesday 15.09 – 17.11. ,Exam 30.11, Exam renewal 15.12..

RESEARCH TRAINING (750613S)

• 2 - 15 ECTS cr. (1 - 10 US cr.). • Contents: Work on special projects in the different biology research groups. The topic and the study plan have to be agreed on in advance (contact research groups before coming to Oulu, see the contact addresses from the Department of Biology Internet page: http://www.oulu.fi/biology/english/research.html. The student has to prepare a report on the work. Students can ask subjects and email addresses from : Minna.Vanhatalo(at)oulu.fi Responsible person: professor of the student's major subject. Continuously.

KAAMOS –SYMPOSIUM (750629S)

• 2 ECTS cr. (1 US cr.): five summaries of the presentations and symposium • Contents: Every year at the end of autumn period. Present post graduate students’ research works and projects are introduced to students and to the staff of the department. • Responsible person: Professor Juha Tuomi. • 7.-8.12.

WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AND GAME ANIMAL ECOLOGY (751368A)

• 5 ECTS credits. (2,5 US cr.) • Contents: The ecology of game species, their life histories, population dynamics and predator-prey relationships. Hunting ecology: man as predator, management and hunting of the game species. The impact of forestry on the populations of game species. Students are also introduced to wildlife management in practice. Excursion. • Working methods: Seminar, hand-out and an essay as an exam. See details on the biology notice board • Responsible person: Dr. Jouni Aspi and Dr. Kari Koivula. • 13.09 – 23.11., Exam 15.12.

PLANT ECOLOGY (752300A)

• 3.5 - 7 ECTS cr. (2 - 4 US cr.) • Contents: Demonstrations and exercises in field and laboratory, final exam.The main subject of this course is the heterogeneity of environment and the capacity of plants to adapt flexibly to different light and nutrient conditions and other environmental factors. Lectures in Finnish, the theory part as a book exam, exercises in English • Responsible persons: Prof. Juha Tuomi and Dr. Kari Taulavuori. • http://cc.oulu.fi/~jtuomi/plantecology.htm • Those who will take the course please contact immidiately Kari Taulavuori (Kari.Taulavuori(at)oulu.fi) • 13.9. – 02.12., Book exam 03.12, Exercises exam 16.12.

CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY (752321A)

• 3 ECTS cr. (2 US cr.) • Contents: Protection of biodiversity, conservation of natural ecosystems, biotopes, species and their environment, goals of nature protection, means and feasibility. The aim of the course is to know the concepts of nature conservation, history and the main global conservation subjects, like global conservation situation of forests, prevention of desertification, conservation of endangered organisms, seas and wetlands. • Exam: Lectures and book: Hanski I. 2005: The shrinking world. International Ecology Institute, Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany.. • Responsible person: Prof. Jari Oksanen. • 15.09 – 02.12., Exam 16.12.

SOIL BIOLOGY (756633S)

• 2 ECTS cr. (1 US cr.) • Content: Soil formation, physical properties, chemical properties, temperature and water relations, vegetation, forest regeneration, treeline and technicals. • Lectures and seminar. • Responsible person: Dr. Marja-Liisa Sutinen. • 17.09.-12.11., seminar 26.11 and 10.12.

EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON PLANTS (752322A)

• 4 ECTS cr. (2 US cr.) • Contents: The lectures deal with the generation, dispersion, transport, conversion, secondary air pollutants and the removal of air pollutants from the atmosphere, air quality control, air protection measures and basic concepts, legislation and administration, environmental impact and the ecological significance, the effects of different air pollutants on mosses, lichens and higher plants. The course initiates into the mostly used air quality monitoring methods, bio-indicator methods and diagnostics of plant damage caused by air pollutants. The course includes a small research work about the effects of air pollutants on plants. Lectures, exercises, seminar. • Textbook: course booklet, literature. • Responsible persons: Prof. Satu Huttunen and Dr. Kari Taulavuori. • 07.09.-11.11.

GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF PLANTS (756625S)

• 2 ECTS cr. (1 US cr.) • Content: Plant molecular biology / Laboratory course on plant genetic transformation. The course includes both lectures and lab work covering the most common means to produce genetically modified plants including Agrobacterium- mediated transformation, biolistic transformation, electroporation and VIGS. • Responsible person: Prof. Hely Häggman. • 13.9. – 22.9., exam?

Students orientated in molecular biology and genetics please contact Minna Ruokonen (Minna.Ruokonen(at)oulu.fi) so she can estimate whether you have done enough courses in genetics in order to be able to study courses 753314A Population genetics (4 ECTS) and 753327A Molecular evolution (4 ECTS). Students orientated in animal physiology please contact to Satu Manttari (Satu.Manttari(at)oulu.fi) so she can estimate whether you have done enough courses in physiology in order to be able to study 751388A Animal physiology, practicals 4 ECTS or 751635S Advanced course in animal physiology 8 ECTS.

PRELIMINARY PROGRAMME FOR THE SPRING 2011

Notice: changes possible!

OPTIONAL EXAMINATIONS IN BIOLOGY

• 2 - 5 ECTS cr. (1 - 3 US cr.) • Contents: Book exams from different biological topics with a professor. • Exams can be taken in common exam days in biology every second Friday 8.15 lecture hall YB211 14.1., 28.1., 11.2., 25.2., 11.3., 25.3., 8.4., 29.4., 13.5., 27.5.2011. Entering for the exam at the latest on Sunday at WebOodi (five days before the exam date). • Responsible persons: Professors. • Constantly.

THURSDAY SEMINAR IN BIOLOGY (750618S)

• 2 ECTS (1 US credit) • Content: Lectures on current topics in biology given by guest lecturers Students listen to 10 lectures and make one page long essay of each lecture. Essays can also be combined from research plan seminar and Friday seminar presentations. • Responsible person: Prof. Esa Hohtola. • Dates and topics will be announced later:

IDENTIFICATION OF ANIMALS (751373A)

• 2 ECTS (1 US credits) • Content: In the spring semester (33 h exercises, exam). The invertebrate taxons (mostly family- or genus-level) common in Finland are studied using museum samples. • Textbook: Itämies J. ja Viro P., Eläinten lajintuntemus, selkärangattomat, 73 s., 1995, course hand-outs. • Responsible person: Mr Petri Lampila. • Exercises: xxx. Exam: xxx., exam renewal xxx, last exam renewal xxx

IDENTIFICATION OF PLANT SPECIES (752303A)

• 2-3 ECTS (1-2 US credits) • Content: Basics of plant identification in the boreal vegetation zone (350 species of herbarium samples with scientific names of species and families). 3,5 ECTS without the literature in the exam and 2 ECTS with the literature in the exam. • Textbook: hand-out: Kasvien lajintuntemus (the latest edition), Hämet-Ahti, L., Suominen, J., Ulvinen, T. &Uotila, P. (toim.) 1998: Retkeilykasvio. Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Kasvimuseo. Yliopistopaino. Helsinki. 656 s. • Responsible person: Dr. Annamari Markkola. This course is prerequisite for the filed course in ecological botany • Constantly (independent studying).

WINTER ECOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY (750325A)

• 3-5 ECTS (2-3 US credits) • Content: Life of animals and plants in winter conditions; acclimatisation, physiological and ecological adaptation to survive the winter. Ecological and physiological measurements of adaptation to cold, darkness and the effect of snow. The course includes one week of field course at the Oulanka Research Station and Oulu including seminar (3 ECTS) and optional book exam (2 ECTS). • Literature: Marchand, P.J. 1991: Life in Cold. An introduction to winter ecology. (3rd ed.). • Responsible persons: Dr. Kari Taulavuori. • Arranged: Info xxx., lectures and exercises Oulu xxx, field course Oulanka Research station: xxx, seminar xxx

RESEARCH TRAINING (750613S)

• 2-15 ECTS (1-7 US credits) • Content: Work on special projects in the different biology research groups. The student has to prepare a report on the work. The topic and the study plan have to be agreed on in advance (contact research groups before coming to Oulu, see the contact addresses from the Department of Biology Internet page: http://www.oulu.fi/biology/english/research.html or ask subjects and email addresses from: Minna.Vanhatalo(at)oulu.fi • Student has to provide own health insurance for their period of stay or be ensured by their home university for their exchange period • Responsible person: professor of the student's major subject. • Constantly.

FUNCTIONAL ANIMAL ECOLOGY (751378A)

• 6 ECTS (3 US credits) • Content: The course focuses on the relationship between phenotype and function, especially the correlation between animal morphology and behavior. The course consists of two parts: A) Lectures in Finnish. However, articles about each subject are available for foreign students, including ecomorphological models and correlations, measurement error, allometry, fluctuating asymmetry and phylogenetic analyses. B) Exercises consisting of miniature studies, field and laboratory work, and seminar. The results of the mini studies, in form of PowerPoint presentations, are presented in the seminar. Before the exercises, students write a home essay (or take an exam). • Responsible person: Dr. Seppo Rytkönen. • Arranged: Exercises xxx.

LECTURES ON SPECIAL TOPICS IN ZOOLOGY: EVOLUTIONARY COMMUNITY ECOLOGY (751690S)

• 2 ECTS cr. (1 US cr.) • Contents:. • Responsible person: Dr. Jukka Forsman. • Arranged: xxx.

PHYSIOLOGY OF FOREST TREES (756615S)

• 4 ECTS (2 US credits) • Content: Forest trees are long-living, often wind-pollinated, tall organisms. Juvenile phase may be long and their adult phase is characterized by both reproductive and vegetative growth which causes competition on both carbohydrates and nutrients. Trees are also characterized by the physiological properties cold- and drought resistance, water relations, carbon allocation and mineral nutrition. Partly due to forest tree’s economical importance biotechnological applications have been developed e.g. for production of health promoting substances or vegetative propagation. Forest trees are interesting from the point of molecular biology- what makes a tree tree? The course will cover these topics but the emphasis may vary during the years • Responsible person: Prof. Hely Häggman • Arranged: xxx., seminar xxx. and exam xxx

PLANT SYMBIOSIS (756638S)

• 2-4 ECTS (2 US credits) • Content: Practically every plant is living in symbiosis with other organisms. Lately new forms of symbiosis have been discovered, extending the diversity of plant interactions, and the significance of plant symbiosis in biotechnology and biocontrol has increased. Various forms of symbiosis, their importance for the plant and interaction at the molecular level are covered. • Responsible person: Dr. Anna Maria Mattila. • Arranged: xxx.

PLANT ECOPHYSIOLOGY IN CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS (756604S)

• 4 ECTS (2 US credits) • Content: The aim of the course is to initiate the students into the basics of plant ecophysiology in changing environments. The physical, chemical (abiotic) and biotic factors in the environment affects plant’s growth and survival. Plant ecophysiology is an experimental science, which studies the physiological functions and adjustments underlining the ecological observations from the viewpoint of growth and survival. Different environmental stresses restrict the plant growth. Plant ecophysiology is experimental science which studies the physiological functions and regulation mechanisms on growth, survival, abundance and distribution. Effects of abiotic and biotic factors are studied. How elevated temperature, CO 2, drought stress, nutrient imbalance, air pollutants, metals, UV radiation and plant pathogens affect on plants’ gas exchange, primary metabolism, carbon allocation and growth. The exercises can also focus on the effects of environmental factors on photosynthesis, respiration, transport of photosynthetic products, water economy, energy economy and nutrient economy. Special features of ecophysiology of boreal plants are also dealt with. Lectures in Finnish (literature will be given), exercises in English. • Literature: Lambers, H., Chapin III, F.S., Pons. T.L. 1998: Plant Physiological Ecology. Springer Verlag. 540 s. Riederer M & Muller C. 2006 Biology of the plant cuticle. Annual Plant Reviews Volume 23, 438 pp. • Responsible person: Prof. Satu Huttunen and Dr. Kari Taulavuori • Arranged: xxx, seminar xxx

MOLECULAR ECOLOGY (755615S)

• 5 ECTS (2,5 US credits) • Content: This course introduces the usage of molecular biology methods and genetic theories in ecology. The aim is that students know the basic laboratory methodology, can apply them into variety of ecological questions and is familiar with basics of population genetics and phylogenetics in order to be able to analyze and interpret genetic data. Initiation to structure and evolution of proteins and DNA, identification of species, sex and individuals, behavioural ecology (mating systems, cooperation, mating success). Basics of population genetics (variation, effective population size, bottlenecks, population structure, gene flow), relationships between molecular and adaptive variation, phylogenetic methods, phylogeography and conservation genetics. The aim is that students know the basic laboratory methodology, can apply them into variety of ecological questions and is familiar with basics of population genetics and phylogenetics in order to be able to analyze and interpret genetic data. • Literature: Beebee, T and Rowe G.2004. An introduction to molecular ecology. Oxford University Press • Responsible person: Dr. Laura Kvist • Arranged: Lectures and exercises xxx seminar xxx., exam xxx, exam renewal xxx.

NNE STUDIES SUMMER 2011

FIELD COURSE IN AQUATIC ANIMALS (751307A)

• 4 ECTS / 2 US credits • Contents: Identification of the most important freshwater fishes and invertebrates. Demonstrations of the most frequently-used sampling methods. • Working methods: Summer: 6 h lectures in Oulu and 70 h of field work and demonstrations in Oulanka research station. • Study materials: Handouts and lectures given during the course. • Assessment methods: Species identification, practical and theoretical exam on the final course day. • Responsible person: Prof. Timo Muotka. • Arranged: lectures in Oulu Beginning of June, field course 07.06. - 13.06. (preliminary timetable)

FIELD COURSE IN ECOLOGICAL BOTANY (752304A)

• 5 ECTS / 3 US credits • Contents: Vegetation in the coast of Bothnian Bay (2 days) and basics of boreal forest and mire vegetation classification and types at Oulanka Research Station (8 days). • Working methods: Lectures 10 h, field demonstrations and exercises 70 h. Field exams for plant identification and mire ecology. Seminar, report. • Prerequisites: 752303A 3 cr or equivalent knowledge. This course is a prerequisite for courses 752300A, 752692S and 752642S. • Study materials: Handout: Hanhela, P. & Halonen, P. 1995: Plant identification; Huttunen, A: 1995: Introduction to forest types; Eurola, S., Huttunen, A. & Kukko- oja, K. 1995: Suokasvillisuusopas. Oulanka Reports 14. 85 p.; Eurola, S., et al. 1992: Suokasviopas. Oulanka Reports 11. 205 p.; Hämet- Ahti, et al. 1998 (or previous edition): Retkeilykasvio. Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Helsinki. 656 p.; Eurola, S., Hicks, S. and Kaakinen, H. 1994: Key to Finnish mire types, pp. 12- 117 in: Moore, P. D. (ed.), 1994 European mires, London Academic Press, London, 367 p., • Assessment methods: Reports, field exams. • Responsible person: Dr. Annamari Markkola • Arranged: End of June - Beginning of July

FIELD COURSE IN TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS (751306A)

• 4 ECTS / 2 US credits • Contents: The fauna in different kinds of terrestrial habitats is studied using several ecological sampling and research methods. The course is hold at the Oulanka Research Station, Kuusamo, and deals with identification and ecology of invertebrates, mammals (especially small mammals), gallinaceous birds and birds of prey. The exercises take place partly in the field and partly in the laboratory. Data gained during the course is analyzed. The results are reported (in PowerPoint) and presented in the final seminar in Kuusamo. • Working methods: 70 h demonstrations and practicals, one species and theory exam, seminar. • Study materials: Compulsory at Oulanka: 1) Rytkönen, S. ym. 2003: 751306 Maaeläimistön tuntemus ja ekologia. – Biologian laitoksen monisteita 3/2003. Oulun yliopisto, Oulu. 2), Itämies, J. & Viro, P. 1995: Eläinten lajintuntemus, selkärangattomat. Eläintieteen laitoksen monisteita 1/1995, Oulun yliopisto, Oulu. Insect book recommended: Chinery, M. 1988 Pohjois-Euroopan hyönteisheimojen määritysopas, Tammi, Helsinki, 2. painos. • Assessment methods: Exam, seminar presentation. • Responsible person: Dr. Seppo Rytkönen • Arranged: 02.08. - 11.08. (preliminary timetable)