1. Celik MY and Celik F. Turkish Tea the Only Tea Washed with Snow That Snow

Review Article International Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies (IJBCS) 2014;3(2): 1-15 Celik MY, Celik F

Turkish Tea: The Only Tea Washed with Snow that Snow Falls on

M.Yusuf Celik1, Fatma Celik2

1 Prof.Dr., PhD, Biruni University, Medical Faculty, Department of Biostatistics, Istanbul/Turkey 2 Prof.Dr., PhD, Biruni University, Health Sciences Faculty, The Head of Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul/Turkey

Abstract

Turkey is one of the most significant and unique countries in the world from the point of view of tea plant Camellia sinensis. There are no agricultural pesticides in Turkish tea, as tea growers do not use pesticides. Turkish tea is natural and healthy. There are no additives or chemicals in Turkish tea. No additives or chemicals are used in either tea gardens or in the production process. Turkish tea does not contain much caffeine. It is based on research carried out is known as the healthiest tea in the world. In addition due to climate, the tea produced in Turkey are naturally washed the falling snow. Because of the climate there is not harmful insects, therefore not contain pesticides or chemical amounts. Turkish tea is all natural. CAY-KUR (General Directorate of Tea Enterprises), is the biggest and leading establishment of Turkish tea sector with its 47 wet tea processing factories, one tea packing factory, two regional directorates of marketing and production, 7 regional directorate of marketing, Base Repair Shop, Atatürk Directorate of Tea and Garden Cultures Research Institute with its 16.500 employees and wet tea processing capacity of 6.600 tons/day. 55- 60% of wet tea products produced in the region which vary by years are purchased by Çaykur. Tea contains more than 4000 chemical compounds that may affect the human body in many aspects. It is generally believed that polyphenols such as theaflavins and thearubigins as well as catechins as major constituents of tea are mainly responsible for antioxidant actions. Studies showed that tea possessed diverse pharmacological properties, which include anti- oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anticarcinogenic, anti-angiogenic, apoptotic, anti-obesity, hypocholesterolemic, anti-arteriosclerotic, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-aging effects. Tea gardens in Turkey were established from seeds. Cultural precautions such as maintenance, pruning, fertilization and harvesting are carried out in conformity with scientific techniques in order to obtain a fresh tea product conforming to the production of top quality dried tea.

Key worlds: Turkish tea, ÇAY-KUR, Pesticides, Aflatoxin, Pesticides Corresponding author: Prof.Dr.M.Yusuf Celik, Biruni University, Medical Faculty, Department of Biostatistics, Istanbul, Turkey. [email protected]

Review Article International Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies (IJBCS) 2014;3(2): 1-15 Celik MY, Celik F

Introduction found to reduce tumor formation for The beverage tea, derived from the cancers of the skin, lung, oral cavity, top leaves of the plant Camellia sinensis is esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, one of the most widely used beverages in liver, pancreas, and prostate. The the world, second only to water. The three antioxidant activity of tea is often reported main categories of tea- green, black and as the mechanism behind these results. oolong- are the result of different Consumption of tea is generally associated processing procedures. Green tea and black with a lower risk of heart disease and may tea have similar protective effects in most reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke. It of the tests run. In recent years, tea has has been specuated that the antioxidant attracted more attention because of activity of flavonoids may be at least partly reported health benefits. Tea contains more responsible as the mechanism for this than 4000 chemical compounds that may protection. Antioxidants may also help to affect the human body in many aspects. It decrease the risk of atherosclerosis by is generally believed that polyphenols such preventing lipid oxidation in the blood, as theaflavins and thearubigins as well as making the lipids less likely to stick to catechins as major constituents of tea are artery walls. Tea consumption also appears mainly responsible for antioxidant actions. to improve the function of the lining of the Studies showed that tea possessed diverse blood vessels. This means that arteries pharmacological properties, which include have a better capacity for expansion and anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti- contraction as needed, and will be less mutagenic, anticarcinogenic, anti- prone to developing the plaques and angiogenic, apoptotic, anti-obesity, lesions associated with heart disease. Tea hypocholesterolemic, anti-arteriosclerotic, also has importance with respect to dental anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti- health. Dental cavities are caused by a aging effects (1). combination oral bacteria, sugars, and According to the report of FAO; the acids. Tea consumption can help to reduce world's tea production in 2009 was around cavities through several mechanisms: 3,883,842 MT. China is the world's largest I) The tea plant naturaly contains fluoride producer of tea, contributing 35.4% to the in its leaves which makes tooth enamel total global production, followed by India stronger and more resistant to acids. (20.6%), Kenya (8.1%), Sri Lanka (7.5%), II) Tea helps to prevent bacteria from Turkey (5.1%), Vietnam (4.8%), and sticking to the tooth surface. III) Tea helps Indonesia (4.1%). Other countries to decrease the acid production of oral contribute 14.4% to the total global bacteria. IV) Tea decreases the activity of production. Turkey is the fifth largest the oral enzyme amylase, which is producer of tea, with the production of responsible for breaking down starch into 198,601 MT (2). sugar in the mouth. Since it contains major According to the report of “Food elements and vitamins, tea is also good for Turkey, International Food and Food patients suffering from hypertension. It is Technology Portal” (3): Scientific studies generally agreed that, for most people, have shown that tea has many positive moderate caffeine consumption is effects on the human body. In these tests, harmless. Many people fınd that caffeine tea preparations have repeatedly been boosts mental carity and alertness in a

Review Article International Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies (IJBCS) 2014;3(2): 1-15 Celik MY, Celik F pleasing way. Tea production in Turkey processing according to technical was initiated in the early years of the principles, to produce dry tea to meet Republic and carried out in a microclimate domestic and foreign market needs, to along the Eastern Coast of the Black Sea import and export it, to create investment Region. In Turkey, the possibility of tea resources by helping capital accumulation cultivation was determined in 97 around through management policy which is based Rize province and cultivation was fırst on efficiency principles. Çaykur’s started by a law in 1924. In the same year business line consists of purchasing tea the Tea Research Institute was established. leaves from manufacturers at the quality Afterwards, research studies began to be appropriate for the enterprise, having conducted and tea cultivation began on a technological activities to process and commercial base. In 1947, the first plant make use of it, ensuring blending, packing for processing green tea leaves was opened and marketing of dry teas produced or in Rize. In order to supply better service imported in conformity with needs of parallel to growth in this sector, an domestic and foreign markets. Çaykur economic enterprise, CAY-KUR (General carries on its activities to establish plants Directorate of Tea Enterprises) was necessary for this purpose and to process established in 1971 and was fully tea leaves, to make use of by-products authorized as a state monopoly in the tea arising from production activities and to business. In 1984, with the abolishment of manufacture auxiliary products, to carry the monopoly in the tea sector, private out necessary researches in order to enterprises were also given the rights of develop tea products’ quality, efficiency procurement, processing and marketing and processing technique, to establish and (3). operate institutions and laboratories, to deal with trade, to export and import, to CAY-KUR (General Directorate of Tea carry out operations which are necessary Enterprises) for tea manufacturers to become a Çaykur is the biggest and leading cooperative, to lead participation of tea establishment of Turkish tea sector with its industrialists in Tea Exchange, to take 47 wet tea processing factories, one tea necessary measures for training of tea packing factory, two regional directorates experts, to make nationalization, to ensure of marketing and production, 7 regional application of skilling programs organized directorate of marketing, Base Repair under employment development works, to Shop, Atatürk Directorate of Tea and guide private small and medium scaled Garden Cultures Research Institute with its enterprises in administrative and technical 16.500 employees and wet tea processing fields and to fulfill other duties assigned capacity of 6.600 tons/day. 55-60% of wet under the legislation (4). tea products produced in the region which Sugar carries a huge risk in tea vary by years are purchased by Çaykur. consumption. Drinking more cups of tea a Çaykur’s market share in domestic dry tea day, taken amount of sugar would be high. market is approximately 60-65%. Çaykur According to the report of AHA (The being a state-owned enterprise which is American Heart Association) (5); Getting domiciled in Rize has been established in too much added sugar in your diet could order to develop tea agriculture of Turkey significantly increase your risk of dying in conformity with the Agricultural Policy, from cardiovascular disease, according to a to improve tea quality, to execute its study published in January 2014.

Review Article International Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies (IJBCS) 2014;3(2): 1-15 Celik MY, Celik F According to the study published in JAMA: Internal Medicine, those who got Turkish Tea Consumption 17 to 21 percent of calories from added Turkey situated at west ends of sugar had a 38 percent high risk of dying Asia and east ends of Europe, and only from cardiovascular disease compared to country in Europe tea grows. Turkish those who consumed 8 percent of their people start to drink coffee from 15th calories from added sugar. The risk was century, and Tea drinking habits started more than double for those who consumed from 17h century. When we look back her 21 percent or more of their calories from history of tea drinking , word "Cay" took added sugar. Added sugars are sugars and important role, which took very long syrups that are added to foods or beverages voyage from China, Mongolia ,Central when they’re processed or prepared. AHA Asian countries to Russia ,Georgia, Turkey Recommendation; The American Heart through oldest road "Silk Road" and their Association recommends (5): drinking habits is quite similar in those  No more than 6 teaspoons or 100 countries. Tea plantation started in 1838, calories a day of sugar for women. which they brought tea, seeds from Japan  No more than 9 teaspoons or 150 but due to technological, geographical calories a day for men. conditions they could not be successful. According to Sutluoglu I (6); Director During this period one of Japanese Tea general and chairman of the board at master visited Turkey and served Japanese Çaykur, “Stevia may be a new income Tea to Sultan And this gave influence to source for Turkey’s north”. Turkey’s coffee drinking people to change to tea ÇAYKUR (General Directorate of Tea drinking. Today, Turkish became heavy tea Enterprises) harvested stevia for the first drinker, and tea is one main export item to time as part of zero-calorie sugar Middle East, and Russian countries. Word production project. General Manager of "Cay" cannot neglect in the Turkish daily ÇAYKUR, Sutluoglu I; stevia that has life (7). been produced for trial basis at the garden Tea gardens in Turkey were of Tea and Horticultural Research established from seeds. Cultural Institute. After harvesting the stevia, Stevia precautions such as maintenance, pruning, is native to South America. “According to fertilization and harvesting are carried out the studies that we made, stevia has 10-15 in conformity with scientific techniques in times the sweetness of sugar. After order to obtain a fresh tea product processing, its liquid form is 300-350 times conforming to the production of top quality sweetness than sugar. It is a non-sugar dried tea. Today, tea is one of the national sweetener, which does not have the drinks of the Turkish people along with negative effects of sugar and it is zero- ayran, sahlep, boza and Turkish coffee. calorie and zero-protein. Chemical Turkish people drink a great deal of tea all sweeteners might have a lot of side effect. day long especially at breakfast and in the Stevia is a plant that can be used widely evening. Turkish people are famous for without any negativity.” their hospitality and it is very common to Turkish tea has important serve tea to guests in Turkey. More than characteristics that differentiate it from 200.000 tons of black tea is consumed in other teas. Some very important features Turkey every year. As a result of for the health of Turkish tea are listed below.

Review Article International Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies (IJBCS) 2014;3(2): 1-15 Celik MY, Celik F establishing fertile, quality plantations; the place among the world’s largest tea application of modern, appropriate producers and ranks sixth in world cultivation methods on the plantations by production of tea (FAO, 2003) such that growers and the improvements achieved in the farmers have no reservations about tea the manufacturing industry, Turkish tea is cultivation (10,11). produced in compliance with international standards. TS 4600 Turkish Black Tea There are no Agricultural Pesticides in Standard, which is almost in conformity Turkish Tea: with the ISO 3720, is applied in the As tea growers do not use pesticides, production and marketing of black tea in Turkish tea is natural and healthy (8) Turkey. For black tea exports, ISO 3720 is According to General Manager of applied (8). ÇAYKUR, Sutluoglu I; Turkish Tea is the According to the report of Çaykur, only tea washed with snow that snow falls in recent years, exports of tea bags are on. Because our climate tea produced in gaining popularity. The main destinations our country, is the most natural tea through of Turkish tea are the countries of the world. Turkey is the only country in the European Union, Commonwealth of world that snows on tea. However, these independent states (CIS- former Soviet important elements not adequately states), India and the USA. Among the EU described (12). Picture 1 shows the nature countries, Germany and the Netherlands; of the tea plant, Picture 2, Picture 3 and while among the CIS Countries, Figure 4 show the Turkish tea washed with Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan are the most snow that snowed falls on. These figures important markets. A total of 5104 MT of have been obtained from archive of tea was exported from Turkey during 2002 ÇAYKUR established in Rize/Türkiye. (9). Today, Turkey holds a significant

Picture 1. The nature of the tea plant products in Rize/Turkey (From archive of ÇAYKUR)

Review Article International Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies (IJBCS) 2014;3(2): 1-15 Celik MY, Celik F

Picture 2. Tea leaves snowed on and completely covered with snow in Rize/Turkey (From archive of ÇAYKUR)

Picture 3. Tea plants snowed on and completely covered with snow in Rize/Turkey (From archive of ÇAYKUR)

Review Article International Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies (IJBCS) 2014;3(2): 1-15 Celik MY, Celik F

Picture 4. Tea plants snowed on and completely covered with snow in Rize/Turkey (From archive of ÇAYKUR)

Pesticides used to control weeds, More than 10 percent of urban stream insects, and other pests on farms and in samples contained a mixture of at least 4 urban areas can be harmful to humans. The herbicides plus the insecticides diazinon frequency of pesticide contamination, and chlorpyrifos (13). Some of the however, is greater than expected. At least pesticides that pose reduced risks to human one pesticide was found in almost every health and the environment are more water collected from streams and in about expensive than conventional chemical one-half of all wells sampled. Moreover, pesticides. In addition, because reduced- individual pesticides seldom were found risk pesticides generally are pest-specific, alone— almost every water from streams more than one of them may be necessary to and about one-half of samples from wells replace any one conventional broad- with a detected pesticide contained two or spectrum pesticide. Many IPM (Integrated more pesticides. The composition of the Pest Management) stakeholders we most common pesticide mixtures differs interviewed from USDA (United States between urban and agricultural areas and Department of Agriculture), EPA between agricultural areas with different (Environmental Protection Agency), the crops and pests. In urban areas, simazine land-grant universities, and the private and prometon were the most common sector told us that the higher cost of pesticides found together, whereas reduced-risk pesticides is a major atrazine, DEA (deethylatrazine), and impediment to IPM adoption (14). metolachlor were the most common The ancient Chinese tradition of compounds found in mixtures from drinking tea dates back thousands of years agricultural areas. Mixtures containing to the early Chinese dynasties and both herbicides and insecticides were a aristocrats who drank the beverage for its common occurrence in urban streams. medicinal properties. In ancient times,

Review Article International Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies (IJBCS) 2014;3(2): 1-15 Celik MY, Celik F leaves from the Camellia Sinensis (the tea percent of the teas would fail European plant) were either ground into a powder or Union pesticide import standards, and placed as loose leaves directly into water to would be banned from import. 62 percent infuse it with herbal of the teas tested contained traces of essence. Unfortunately, modern day tea is endosulfan, a pesticide that has been nothing like the unadulterated version of banned by the U.S., China, the E.U., and old tea. Many of today’s tea brands are 144 other countries because it has been operating under the guise of providing linked to impaired fertility and could harm health benefits and promoting clean living, unborn babies. The Plaintiffs contend that but are actually laden with pesticides, Celestial’s teas contain “pesticides, toxins, artificial ingredients, added flavors herbicides, insecticides, carcinogens, and GMOs. Most tea is not washed that and/or developmental toxins (collectively, means if the tea was sprayed with cancer- “Contaminants”)” and Celestial “did not causing pesticides, those pesticides go dispute – and has never disputed – that the directly into the drinking cup. And this is tea Products contained Contaminants. Nor the reason why tea is on organic shopping has (Celestial) challenged the results of the priority list. To prove this point, here are Eurofins Tests” and “has not claimed that some shocking facts about one of the most Eurofins was biased or that the Eurofins well-known tea brands – Celestial Tests were not, in fact, accurate”. Even if Seasonings. A recent third-party analysis it is determined that Eurofins’ research was by Glaucus Research found that 91 percent not accurate – it’s important to note that of Celestial Seasonings tea tested had Celestial’s tea that was tested is NOT pesticide residues exceeding the U.S. organic and some of this tea is sourced limits. For example, Sleepytime Kids from China. Greenpeace issued a report on Goodnight Grape Herbal contained 0.26 the alarming amount of pesticides found on ppm of propachlor, which is a known tea from China, followed up by a detailed carcinogen under California’s Propsition report on Lipton brand tea from China – in 65. The “Wellness” tea line was found to which they recommend only purchasing contain traces of propargite, also a known certified organic tea to avoid these carcinogen and developmental toxin. The pesticides. Reference law FDA has already issued two warning documents: Complaint; Plaintiff’s Memo letters to Celestial Seasonings in regard to in Opposition to Motion to Dismiss. Eating poor quality control. Imagine what and drinking healthy can help reduce happens when pesticide-laden tea is people’s risk for heart disease, high blood steeped in boiling water. If grocery store pressure, diabetes, osteoporosis, and brands don’t provide a clean option for several types of cancer, as well as help you, perhaps a high-end loose leaf tea them maintain a healthy body weight. As would circumvent some of the issues of described in the Dietary Guidelines for grocery store brands. Teavana, which is Americans, eating and drinking healthy found in malls across North America. means consuming a variety of nutritious Teavana taps into tea culture with the foods and beverages. As part of a healthy “Teavana Experience.” Teavana tea was balanced diet is drink black or green tea. tested by an independent lab and 100 Implement policies and practices that percent of it was found to contain promote healthy and safe environments pesticides. One tea in particular, Monkey (e.g., improving indoor air quality; Picked Oolong, contained 23 pesticides. 77 addressing mold problems; reducing

Review Article International Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies (IJBCS) 2014;3(2): 1-15 Celik MY, Celik F exposure to pesticides and lead; ensuring There are health claims for white that drinking water sources are free from tea, such as: (a) white tea is lower in bacteria and other toxins; implementing caffeine than green tea, (b) white tea is and enforcing tobacco free policies) are much higher in antioxidants, esp. catechins necessary (15-18). than green tea and (c) white tea has a The half-life of tea in the human higher anti-mutagenicity action compared body takes 24 hours period. These to green tea. From compositional data metabolites affect the body on systemic available it can be stated that the first two level. It has been implicated in benefiting claims are completely nonsense. Currently almost every organ system in the body. It there is a great marketing and public is cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti- interest for white tea. As there is a high obesity, anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, demand but low supply it has sometimes anti-artherogenic, liver protective and been suspected that more white tea is now beneficial for blood vessel health. These sold than is grown! (20). beneficial effects are seen in doses present Picture 5 shows the nature of white both in tea itself (as a drink) as well as tea plant from the garden of ÇAYKUR in from a supplemental form (19). Rize/Turkey. Turkish White Tea

Picture 5. The nature of white tea plant from the garden of ÇAYKUR in Rize/Turkey.

There are no Additives or Chemicals in The use of chemicals in the modern Turkish Tea: society is well known. With specific No additives or chemicals are used in reference to plant protection products and either tea gardens or in the production veterinary medicines are process (8) pharmacologically active substances used The term fermentation is often used to fight pests and animal diseases. The incorrectly in tea processing. The more chemical reality is that you cannot lead a correct term should be oxidation, which chemical free life, because everything is means exposure to air while drying without made of chemicals. Chemicals are any additives during the process (21). substances and chemistry is the science of

Review Article International Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies (IJBCS) 2014;3(2): 1-15 Celik MY, Celik F substances – their structure, properties and and the environment. As a consequence, the reactions that change them into other the detection of harmful- or questionable- substances. Claims that products are chemicals in foods and feeds has to be “chemical free” are untrue. There are no considered a matter of public health. alternatives to chemicals, just choices Modern regulatory patterns are based on about which chemicals to use and how they the prevention and the management of are made. Food additives prolong the shelf risks: food laws in the European Union life of foodstuffs; colours and flavourings share the same ratio (22,23). make foods more attractive than usual. The There are no additives or chemicals safety and the hygiene of food products are in Turkish tea. No additives or chemicals assured by containers that are constituted are used in either tea gardens or in the of chemical substances such as plastics, production process. General Manager of metals, glass or paper. On the other hand, a ÇAYKUR, Sutluoglu I; harmful chemicals number of chemicals are present in the and dyes in foreign and smuggled tea is environment as pollutants; these also available. In Turkish tea has no contaminants may be unintentionally additives. Turkish tea has top quality, present in raw materials used for the delicious, natural, healthy (24). production and the distribution of foods. At Picture 6 shows the most quality tea the same time, chemicals may damage the produced by high-technology in the human health, the animal or plant safety ÇAYKUR factory, Rize/Turkey.

Picture 6. The most quality tea produced in the ÇAYKUR factory by high-technology Rize/Turkey.

Review Article International Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies (IJBCS) 2014;3(2): 1-15 Celik MY, Celik F Turkish Tea does not Contain Much tea. Earl Grey tea refers more to the Caffeine (8) bergamot oil that is used to flavor the tea Caffeine was first isolated from then the tea base itself. Bergamot is used in coffee in 1819. It is also found in tea; in Earl Grey tea, and is also often used in cacao pods, and hence in cocoa and aroma therapy, and is considered an chocolate products; in kola nuts, used in essential oil. Bergamot is a citrus fruit, the the preparation of cola drinks; in the ilex size of an orange but with an appearance plant, from whose leaves the popular South more like a lemon; it is often called the American beverage yerba mate is prepared; bergamot orange. Bergamot essential oil and in guarana seeds, an ingredient in stimulates the work of the brain, improves some energy drinks. To date, the only concentration and increases immunity. negative side effect reported from drinking Green tea and black tea are the two most green tea is ‘insomnia’ due to the fact that popular types of Turkish Teas. The leaves it contains caffeine. However, green tea of green tea are dried and roasted but not contains less caffeine than coffee: there fermented, whereas black tea leaves are are, 30–60 mg of caffeine in 6–8 ounces of additionally fermented. From the results of tea, compared to over 100 mg in 8 ounces experiments, caffeine contents are found in of coffee. Green tea contains vitamin K black tea, green tea and earl grey tea as and may interfere with warfarin. However, 3.57±0.43%, 3.11±0.02%, 4.29±0.27%, that was based on one individual respectively (28). Sharma VK at al consuming a gallon of green tea daily reported that caffeine accounts in tea while on the medication. Based on current changed from 3% to 6%. (29) literature, there does not appear to be any significant side effects or toxicity There are no Aflatoxin in Turkish Tea associated with regular green tea (30) consumption. Patients sensitive to caffeine Aflatoxins are toxic secondary should use caffeine-free green tea or a fungal metabolites that contaminate dietary caffeine-free extract (21,25,26). When a staples in tropical regions; chronic high person regularly ingests caffeine, abruptly levels of exposure are common for many stopping caffeine intake may cause of the poorest populations. Observations in headaches, fatigue or drowsiness. A cup of animals indicate that growth and/or food strongly brewed coffee or tea has more utilization are adversely affected by caffeine than a weakly brewed cup (27). aflatoxins (30). The caffeine amount of Turkish tea According to the results of is lower than the others kinds of tea Pouretedal Z ve Mazaheri M, samples were product abroad. Turkish tea does not collected randomly from Tehran markets. contain too much of caffeine (8). In this regard, 40 black tea samples According to the results of the new including Iranian tea and imported tea study with the topics of “Caffeine Content samples were taken in July 2010. Each Investigation in the Turkish Black Teas” sample was mixed and then all samples made by Derun EM et al. found interesting were transferred to the Mycotoxins Lab in findings for Turkish tea. In the study the Institute of Standard and Industrial caffeine contents of three types of Turkish Research of Iran in Karaj, where aflatoxins teas (Black tea, green tea and Earl Grey were analysed in all samples. Average tea) are determined by using extraction recoveries for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and method. Earl Grey tea is kind of specific AFG2 in tea were in the range 75–110%.

Review Article International Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies (IJBCS) 2014;3(2): 1-15 Celik MY, Celik F

According to AOAC and Codex tested black and green teas including guidelines, the recovery range should be Canada’s most popular brands: Lipton, 70−110% at a level of 10−100 μg/kg and Red Rose, Tetley and Twinings. Other 60−120% at a level of 1−10 μg/kg, so the popular brands tested included No obtained recoveries are acceptable. Among Name, Uncle Lee’s Legends of China, 40 samples analysed, 29 samples (72.5%) King Cole and Signal. Full test results were not contaminated with AFB1 have been published. Using an accredited (

Review Article International Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies (IJBCS) 2014;3(2): 1-15 Celik MY, Celik F

Picture 7. Turkish dry black tea produced and stored by ÇAYKUR.

This study was supported by ÇAYKUR.

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