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Bird Species-Richness Pattern in the Greater Himalayan Mountains— A General Introduction

Author: Renner, Swen C., Conservation Ecology Center, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virginia 22630-5972, USA Source: Ornithological Monographs No. 70 Published By: American Ornithological Society URL: https://doi.org/10.1525/om.2011.70.1.1

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CHAPTER 1

BIRD SPECIES-RICHNESS PATTERN IN THE GREATER HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS—A GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Sw e n C. R e n n e r 1,2,3 1Conservation Ecology Center, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virginia 22630-5972, USA; and 2Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany

A bstract.—Any analysis of species distributions in Southeast Asia must confront several difficulties, including weak baseline data, a coarse sampling grid, and confused taxonomy. A critical portion of this region, namely the southeastern Himalayas and associated sub-Himalayan areas, are high in species richness and yet are poorly sampled or understood from an ornitho- geographic and conservation perspective. Recent surveys in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh (north­ east India), Yunnan (southwest China), and Kachin State (northern Myanmar) have revealed new taxa, confirming the hypothesis that the mountain range is of global conservation importance. In this monograph, we summarize current knowledge, historical and recent collection activities, and taxonomic, systematic, and biogeographic revisions and consider the need for additional work and where in the region that work should be focused.

Key words: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, biogeography, bird collection, bird surveys, birds in Asia, Himalayan Mountains, Kachin State, northeast India, northern Burma, northern Myanmar, phylogeography, south Tibet, southeastern sub-Himalayan Mountains, southwest China, species- richness pattern, systematics, taxonomy, Yunnan.

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Worldw ide, bird s are probably the best- are declining and all bird collections are spa­ studied clade in any scientific collection (Chap­ tially biased, often with a particular geographic man 2009, Global Biodiversity Information Facility focus (Global Biodiversity Information Facility 2010; see Chapter 8 of the present volume), and 2010). A few areas are covered very well, such collecting effort is ongoing (Remsen 1995). Nev­ as the Americas, Australia, and Europe. Others ertheless, global efforts of active bird collecting are poorly sampled, if sampled at all (Fig. 1A).

3E-mail: [email protected]

Ornithological Monographs, Number 70, pages 1-9. ISBN: 978-0-943610-86-3. © 2011 by The American Ornithologists' Union. All rights reserved. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press's Rights and Permissions website, http://www.ucpressjournals.com/reprintInfo.asp. DOI: 10.1525/om.2011.70.1.1. 1

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Fig . 1. Georeferenced records of Aves available through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility on a coarse one-degree basis as a proxy of availability of specimens (A) on the global scale and (B) in our approximate study area (rectangle). Reproduced with kind permission of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (2010). Note: If not-yet-georeferenced specimens from collections were added, the image would not change visibly, because most records are from localities already represented. One-degree cell coverage represents patchy distribution of georef- erenced records within each cell. Counts and records are mostly from one or two localities within each cell.

One of these areas with low representation in col­ understanding the three major biogeographic re­ lections is the southeastern Himalayan and sub­ gions (Holarctic-Palearctic, Indian subcontinent, Himalayan region of northeast India, extreme Southeast Asia) that overlap in the southeastern northern Myanmar (the former Burma), southern sub-Himalayan Mountains. Tibet, and western Yunnan (China; Fig. 1B). To Chapters 2, 3, 5, and 8 of this monograph sum­ date, there are only ~9,900 georeferenced online marize and discuss species-richness patterns and records of birds from the area; by comparison, an occurrence in different parts of the region and area of similar size within the United States has in different seasons. Chapters 4, 6, and 7 provide in­ excess of 1 million georeferenced records (Global depth reviews of emerging issues in taxonomy Biodiversity Information Facility 2010; Fig. 1). and species distributions in the area and assess The symposium "S19: Biogeography of Birds past ornithological research and exploration in in the Southeastern sub-Himalayan Mountains— the region. These latter contributions have been Center of Endemism or Many Species in Mar­ assembled after the symposium. This Ornitho­ ginal Habitats?" was held at the joint meeting of logical Monograph summarizes historical and cur­ the American Ornithologists' Union, the Cooper rent ornithological research and surveys in the Ornithological Society, and the Society of Cana­ region. On this basis, we draw some conclusions dian Ornithologists-Societe des ornithologistes regarding the current status of our understand­ du Canada in Portland, Oregon, on 7 August ing of the region in terms of its ornithogeogra- 2008. It addressed topics of considerable interest phy and provide suggestions for future research and importance from both scientific and conser­ directions. vation perspectives. The information contained in that symposium and consideration of critical G eography, Clim a te, and Vegetation questions posed during discussion are included in the present volume. The past decade has seen The present volume covers roughly the prov­ the discovery of many new taxa of plants, rep­ inces of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in India, tiles, amphibians, mammals, and birds from the northern Kachin State in Myanmar, southern region. The discovery of new species throughout Tibet, and western Yunnan in North China (Fig. all groups of organisms, but in particular the avi­ 2). However, the area extends westward into the fauna, demonstrates that the southeastern sub­ actual Himalayan ranges. Many species that oc­ Himalayan region is one of the most diverse and cur in the area are found elsewhere, and some are least explored parts of the world. New taxa in cosmopolitan. combination with new insights into species' dis­ The "actual" Himalayan Mountains are defined tributional ranges and ecology are important for as the ranges westward of the Brahmaputra in

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Fig . 2. Maps showing our area of interest (bold polygon).

India and the tributaries in Tibet, passing through present volume) to >5,882 m at the top of Mount Bhutan and Nepal. Any mountain ranges east of Hkakabo Razi in Myanmar, and even higher in the the Brahmaputra are here considered the "south­ Himalayan Mountains (>8,000 m). Compared with eastern sub-Himalayan Mountains" (our area of in­ this short distance, it is 1,300 km from Putao to the terest) of Southeast Asia; these extend as far south delta of the Ayeyarwady (southwest of Yangon; and east as the Hengduan Shan in Yunnan and synonymies of all names from Myanmar are given Sichuan; in fact, the southeastern sub-Himalayan in Chapter 6). Several major climate zones occur, Mountains overlap partly with the Gaoligong including tropical to subtropical broad-leafed ev­ Shan (see Chapter 3). Sometimes, even the northern ergreen forest, temperate forest, high-elevational mountains of Vietnam are considered part of the Pinus-Rhododendron forests, bush and shrub veg­ Himalayas (Mount Fan Si Pan, Fansipan or Phan- etation, boulder, and cold-temperature desert-like xi-pang, 3,143 m, 22.2492°, 103.8333°), but we here habitats and glaciers (Renner et al. 2007). This ex­ apply the previous definition. All the Himalayan, treme climate zoning and the steep elevational gra­ sub-Himalayan, and adjacent mountain ranges to dient provide a large number of different habitats. the west, east, north, and southeast are considered The diverse vegetation cover, in turn, accounts for here as the Greater Himalayan Mountains. at least some of the high zoological diversity. Geography and climate in the region are ex­ tremely diverse, and this diversity gives rise to the C oncepts of H igh Species R ich n ess, extraordinary species diversity in the region. The En d em ism , and Speciation terrain is steep, with slopes often exceeding 45°. Within <100 km from south to north, the elevation The species richness in the southeastern sub­ rises from ~420 m in the Assam and Putao plains Himalayan Mountains is high (see Chapter 8), (localities in Kachin State, as in Chapter 6 of the especially for a temperate region. We do not

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know whether the high bird diversity in the been useful for inferring the role of vicariance sub-Himalayan Mountains originates from over­ barriers such as major mountains and rivers in lapping distributional ranges (the explanation biogeography, especially the role of the Himala­ provided by Mayr [1942, 1999] and Stanford and yas in separating and defining the Indo-Malay Mayr [1940, 1941a, b, c, d]; cf. Stattersfield et al. zoogeographic region and the Palearctic region. 1998; Rabinowitz et al. 1999; Renner et al. 2007, It has been less useful in explaining recent specia- 2008, 2009), high levels of endemism (Stattersfield tion events and for examining local areas of high et al. 1998), elevational gradients (compare Rah- species diversity. However, birds, in particular, beck 2005), influx of species from Southeast Asia can travel large distances or disperse and settle (e.g., Price 1991, Alstrom et al. 1997, Packert et al. easily and quickly in new habitats, potentially 2005, Johansson et al. 2007), or paleo-refuges (cf. obscuring the accepted boundaries of these zoo­ Haffer 1969, 1974, 1997, 1998). These competing geographic regions. concepts differ in the level of their analysis and (2) "Biodiversity hotspots" (Myers 1988, Mit­ their applicability, in terms of the environment, to termeier et al. 1998, Myers et al. 2000) are areas our area of interest. Some of the concepts involve with high numbers of plants that are endemic to several explanatory variables (e.g., elevational a small area. Levels of threat and rates of ende­ gradients and gradients of primary production), mism of birds, mammals, amphibians, and rep­ whereas others focus on patterns of distribution tiles serve as supporting data (Mittermeier et al. alone. Several concepts are old and have been 1998) and are used mainly by Conservation Inter­ replaced by newer concepts. Below, I summarize national as a concept in conservation prioritizing some findings and concepts that are relevant to and fund-raising (Myers et al. 2000). Similarly, the a better understanding of the principal scientific "endemic bird areas" of BirdLife International fo­ question addressed in the present volume. cus on birds that are endemic to a small area and (1) Zoogeographic regions generally have in­identify regions with at least two restricted-range distinct boundaries derived from past or current species (<50,000 km2) or endemic birds to argue geomorphological separation as well as a broad for the region's significance for conservation ac­ range of specific environmental characteristics, tion (Stattersfield et al. 1998). There are currently such as temperature and primary production. three biodiversity hotspots overlapping with our Thus, a significant portion of the fauna within area of interest: "Indo-Burma," "Himalaya," and each region has similar distributional ranges, "Mountains of southwest China" all occur in the which differ from those of species in other regions Greater Himalayan Mountains (GIS shapefiles (Horton 1973, Cox 2001, Cox and Moore 2005). of the biodiversity hotspots are available online; Changes in species composition (i.e., species see Acknowledgments). In addition, the endemic turnover) occur between adjacent zoogeographic bird areas "Eastern Himalayas" (no. 130), "North­ regions within a comparatively short distance ern Burmese Lowlands" (no. s079), and "Yunnan (turnover area, or area of overlap). Each of these Mountains" (no. 139) cover similar areas as the regions has a specific species composition, which biodiversity hotspots (Stattersfield et al. 1998). is distinctive from those of other zoogeographic The point of convergence for these various mea­ regions (Cox and Moore 2005). This geographic sures of species richness is in the southeastern distinctiveness can be observed globally and re­ sub-Himalayan region of northern Myanmar and gionally in almost all faunal groups, but it has northeastern India. been analyzed particularly in mammals, birds, Hotspot concepts mainly identify high-priority vascular plants (Cox and Moore 2005), and bee­ areas in conservation and do not specifically tles (W. Schawaller pers. comm.). address any ecological or phylogenetic question Species turnover between zoogeographic re­ beyond current distribution. High levels of specia- gions (here, boundaries between zoogeographic tion and endemism are taken as starting observa­ regions) has been debated for some groups, and tions. Underlying processes (high speciation rates, the delineation of the regions remains indeter­ low extinction rates) or explanations of why these minate and consists of zonal overlap (Holloway situations occur are not the purpose of the concept, 2003a, b). Zoogeographic regions were estab­ because it is not strictly necessary for conservation lished for many faunal groups during the past action or to engage the general public. century in an iterative process (Cox and Moore (3) Broad-scale species-richness gradients aim 2005). However, zoogeographic area analysis has to explain why a certain number of species is

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found at any given place within a large area, such of species numbers (e.g., Price 1991 for warblers as mountain ranges or continents (see Chapter 3). in India; Chapter 3 of the present volume for spe­ Broad-scale species-richness gradients focus less cies in the Gaoligong Shan; Chapter 8 for species on specific geographic areas but are rather spa­ limits in regard to latitudinal and east-west dis­ tially implicit (e.g., Hawkins and Agrawal 2005, tribution), but this factor alone cannot explain the Rahbeck 2005). The gradients have been identi­ high species richness per se. fied latitudinally, elevationally, or both. Broad- Besides the above-mentioned prominent north- scale gradients are often correlated with variables south latitudinal and elevational gradient in our such as energy (radiation or primary production area of interest, the east-west axis is less charac­ is typically used as a proxy for energy), water terized by one short-distance elevational gradient availability, or elevation, but ignore—at least so (note, however, that elevation undulates consid­ far—phylogenetics, inter- or intra-specific com­ erably from east to west). The elevations rise petition, speciation events, and the geomorpho­ less steeply from east (South China Sea) to west logical history of a region (Hawkins et al. 2003a, along the Himalayan ranges (Fig. 2) and eventu­ b; Jetz et al. 2004; Hawkins and Agrawal 2005; ally alternate between mid- and high-elevation Rahbeck 2005; Johansson et al. 2007). The latter extremes (4,000 to >8,800 m) along the mountain would be essential for explaining the east-west ranges within Myanmar, India, Bhutan, Tibet, "gradient" in our area of interest. and Nepal. This elevational gradient is less steep Biogeographers are searching for factors or pa­ than the north-south gradient, and the species rameters that can explain species-richness gradi­ turnover from east to west needs further analysis ents or areas of high endemism (e.g., Fjeldsa et and explanation. al. 1999; Hawkins et al. 2003a, b; Jetz et al. 2004; Elevational gradients in species richness are Dillon and Fjeldsa 2005; Hawkins and Agrawal easy to detect for some groups, especially for 2005). These parameters are unfortunately very plants. However, for mobile organisms such as hard to identify, because the patterns are large- birds, the elevational packaging remains fuzzy, scale and the data needed for a suitable analysis and sharp boundaries are hard to establish. High are either very expensive or not available. The lat­ species richness in medium elevations may indi­ ter is especially true for the original data on birds cate that many species from low and high eleva­ in the Greater Himalayan region (compare be­ tions have marginally overlapping elevational low), where baseline data in some of these areas ranges in the mid-elevations. have simply not yet been collected. Hence, most (5) Other researchers focus on the spatiotem­ broad-scale species-richness-gradient analyses poral origin of clades by influx. For example, focus on the Western Hemisphere, for which bet­ ancestors of Phylloscopus and Seicercus have been ter data sets are available. postulated to originate in southeastern continen­ (4) Another explanation for high species num­tal Southeast Asia; younger members of the clade bers in mountain areas is based on variation in have been moving to northeastern Southeast Asia. elevation (e.g., Jetz et al. 2004, Johansson et al. Hence, a considerable part of the avifauna is 2007), which presumes that each species has a hypothesized to have originated from an influx more-or-less narrow elevational habitat range. of species from southeastern Southeast Asia via The steep elevational incline from south to north the southeastern sub-Himalayan Mountains into in the Greater Himalayan Mountains can explain the Himalayas (e.g., Price 1991, Martens and Eck some species richness. Species' ranges are lim­ 1995, Alstrom et al. 1997, Alstrom and Olsson ited latitudinally and elevationally in the eastern 1999, Johansson et al. 2007). Such an influx could Himalayan and southeastern sub-Himalayan explain the distribution of several species in the Mountains, and both effects are especially visible Himalayas as well as in tropical lowlands of In­ here. Many species have a northern or southern dia and Southeast Asia (Martens and Eck 1995, range limit in our area of interest. Several species Rasmussen and Anderton 2005). According to (the same or others) occur in lower elevations and Martens and Eck (1995), warblers of the genera have an upper limit in mid-elevations or occur in Phylloscopus and Seicercus most likely emigrated higher elevations and have a lower limit in mid­ from the east into the Himalayan Mountains. So ranges. Several species are primarily distributed far, findings for these two genera have not been in mid-elevations. The main overlap in regard to confirmed for other clades from our area of inter­ elevation is in mid-elevations and forms a peak est. In fact, there are few data from some taxa in

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the genera Parus and Certhia of sufficient detail to the result of many marginal overlapping spe­ support such findings (see Chapter 4). cies ranges dictates very different approaches to The influx theory is relatively new. The Himala­ conservation (see Chapters 3 and 8). yan Mountains have probably had many speciation • What areas need more sampling to address the events, and influx is an additional way to account most critical research questions (see Chapter for the high levels of species diversity. However, it 6)? What seasons are especially underrepre­ should be noted that there are also findings from sented by sampling in the region (see Chapters many clades in the Andes that contradict such a 2, 5, and 7)? simple account (e.g., Fjeldsá 1985). The contradic­ tions are currently unresolved, and only new data Although the aforementioned north-south el- from the field and further analysis regarding the evational gradient at least contributes to the high influx theory will help us understand the origin diversity found in the area, species-richness turn­ of Himalayan Mountain clades (compare the find­ over from east to west may require a different ex­ ings in García-Moreno and Fjeldsá 2000, Fjeldsá planation (Stanford and Ticehurst 1935a, b, 1938a, and Rahbeck 2006, and Chapters 4 and 8 of the b, c, d, 1939a, b; Stanford and Mayr 1940, 1941a, present volume). b, c, d), or at least further theoretical support be­ sides the mere elevational gradient. Concepts and studies that explain diversity patterns are fre­ O bjec tiv es and G oals quently published (see above), but all recognize a considerable knowledge gap with regard to In light of the concepts and hypotheses dis­ South Asia, Southeast Asia, or both (e.g., Rahbeck cussed above, the following are the major ques­ 2005; cf. Global Biodiversity Information Facility tions and statements of this monograph: 2010). Hence, to contribute to diversity distribu­ • Is the level of endemism low in the Himala­ tion concepts and analyze species distribution in yas compared with other globally important the region, some further prerequisites need to be mountain systems, such as the Andes? How fulfilled: many species are distributed in the Himalayan • Revision of taxonomy of the avifauna (Rahbeck Mountains and the southern lowlands? Do cur­ 2005), specifically addressing "over-lumping" rent findings on endemic species in the eastern of genera and species (Peterson and Moyle Himalayan Mountains and extreme northern 2008) as well as revising systematics and tax­ Kachin State contradict previous findings of onomy of almost all groups. This problem is low endemism in the southeast sub-Himalayan especially critical for Southeast Asian ornithol­ Mountains (cf. Rappole et al. 2005, 2008; Athrya ogy, given that a thorough, general revision of 2006; Chapter 2 of the present volume)? taxonomy and systematics has not yet been ac­ • In addition, are the southeastern sub-Himala­ complished and will not be finished soon (Pe­ yan Mountains a center of high endemism or terson and Moyle 2008). Such revisions have immigration? Most analyses of the Himalayan been done for the Western Hemisphere or Eu­ avifauna have examined clades that are dis­ rope. Recent efforts to start on such endeavors tributed mainly in the Palearctic (e.g., warblers are still ongoing, and results are so far not con­ and tits), as well as many migrant species that gruent (compare summary in Chapter 8). are also mainly from the Palearctic. Compre­ • Complete biogeography to establish the spa­ hensive analyses of clades from continental tiotemporal origin of the region's clades. Southeast Asia and clades with many more • Compile range maps for the occurrence of taxa within the Himalayas are lacking (see all taxa that are based on confirmed records Chapter 4). (vouchers or specimens). • What are the implications of taxonomy for • Fill collection gaps to support species distribu­ conservation in the region? It is important to tions and speciation hypotheses with new ma­ understand the taxonomy, because whether terial (i.e., specimens). a population is regarded as a species or as a subspecies makes a difference in conservation. All the chapters of this monograph reflect, in Depending on these findings, conservation ap­ different ways and to different extents, the cur­ proaches and target areas may vary significantly. rent knowledge. They will help reduce signifi­ Whether endemism in the Himalayas is high or cant gaps in our knowledge and provide focus

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for future collection activities and research on Acknowledgments biogeography, phylo-biogeography, systematics, and taxonomy. All of the contributions address I thank all the authors and co-authors, M. Morrison, the question of species richness on a local scale and the reviewers for the great support and fast imple­ and contribute to developing an understanding mentation of all the contributions, as well as the present­ on the regional scale (the Himalayan and sub­ ers at the Portland meeting in August 2008. In particular, I thank J. H. Rappole, who dragged me the first time to Himalayan Mountains). Although we intend to Hkakabo Razi National Park in 2001. Many others need summarize and present new insights, we cannot to be mentioned, including partners and helpers in the finally answer the question of which species-dis­ field at all places, technicians and curators in uncount­ tribution concept is most important for the area able museums worldwide, and scientists involved in the (because of data deficiency). Still, we provide a general topic in publications, meetings, and workshops. synthesis of the results currently available in Most of them are acknowledged in the other chapters, Chapter 8. and I emphasize my thanks to them here. J. H. Rappole, J. P. Dumbacher, F. Woog, and P. J. J. Bates gave invaluable comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. Finally, C hallenges and C onsequences for I thank any whose contributions have inadvertently been C onservation overlooked. To download GIS shapefiles of Conserva­ tion International's "biodiversity hotspots," go to www. The analyses and results presented in this biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/resources/ monograph have some implications for conserva­ pages/maps.aspx. The abstract was translated into tion and global species distributions. Myanmar is Myanmar by Ms. Hazel Khin Ma Ma Thwin. one of the countries with the largest expanse of remaining forest in the Asia-Pacific region (Diner­ stein and Wikramanayake 1993, Leimgruber et al. L iterature C ited 2003), with most of the almost untouched habitat occurring in the northern and central parts (i.e., A lstro m , P, and U. O lsso n . 1999. The Golden- Kachin State and Sagaing Division in the north spectacled Warbler: A complex of sibling species, including a previously undescribed species. Ibis and Bago in the central mountain ranges). Two 141:545-568. of the country's largest protected areas, Hkakabo A lstrom , P., U. O lsson, and P. R. C olston. 1997. Re­ Razi National Park (established on 12 Novem­ evaluation of the taxonomic status of Phylloscopus ber 1998; 2,500 km2) and Hukaung Valley Tiger proregulus kansuensis Meise. Bulletin of the British Reserve, have recently been designated through Ornithologists' Club 117:177-193. the efforts of conservation agencies, and two ad­ A thrya, R. 2006. A new species of Liocichla (Aves: ditional sites that connect and expand this entire Timaliidae) from Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, protected complex include Hponkhan Razi Na­ Arunachal Pradesh, India. Indian Birds 2:82-94. tional Park and Sumphabum Wildlife Sanctu­ C hapman, A. D. 2009. Numbers of Living Species in ary. As indicated above and explained elsewhere Australia and the World, 2nd ed. Government of (e.g., Chapter 2), the total area north of Putao and Australia, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Canberra. [Online.] Available within Kachin State is unique, because bird diver­ at www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/ sity is high and high mammal, butterfly, reptile, publications/other/species-numbers/. and leach diversity also occur, as well as incred­ C ox, C. B. 2001. The biogeographic regions reconsid­ ible diversity in plants (e.g., Khin and Aung 1999, ered. Journal of Biogeography 28:511-523. Shwe et al. 1999, Lwin and Thwin 2003, Renner C ox, C. B., and P. D. M oore. 2005. Biogeography: An et al. 2007; see Chapters 2 and 3 of the present Ecological and Evolutionary Approach, 7th ed. Black­ volume). Additionally, especially in the Nam Ta- well, Malden, Massachusetts. mai valley, the cultural diversity of Homo sapiens D illon , S., and J. Fje ld sa . 2005. The implications of may be unique in global terms, given that within different species concepts for describing biodiver­ <100 km, Tibetan, Rawa (Ro Wa), Lisu (Li Zu), sity patterns and assessing conservation needs for African birds. Ecography 28:682-692. Kachin, Karaung (Taron), and Burmese (Burman) D in erstein , E., and E. D. W ikramanayake. 1993. ethnical groups intermingle. It is reasonable to Beyond "hotspots": How to prioritize investments extend the Hkakabo Razi National Park to the to conserve biodiversity in the Indo-Pacific Region. south (including all Naung Mung as far west as Conservation Biology 7:53-65. Putao) to further strengthen the efforts of the local Fjeld sa , J. 1985. Origin, evolution, and status of the authorities. avifauna of Andean wetlands. Pages 85-112 in

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Rappole, J. H., S. C. Renn er, N. M. Shwe, and P. R. Stanford, J. K., and E. M ayr. 1941b. The Vernay- Sw eet. 2005. A new species of scimitar-babbler Cutting expedition to northern Burma. Part 3. Ibis (Timaliidae: Jabouilleia) from the sub-Himalayan series 14, vol. 5:213-245. region of Myanmar. Auk 122:1064-1069. Stanford, J. K., and E. M ayr. 1941c. The Vernay- Rasm ussen , P C., and J. C. A nderton. 2005. Birds of Cutting expedition to northern Burma. Part 4. Ibis South Asia: The Ripley Guide, vols. 1 and 2. Lynx series 14, vol. 5:353-378. Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Stanford, J. K., and E. M ayr. 1941d. The Vernay- Rem sen, J. V., Jr . 1995. The importance of continued Cutting expedition to northern Burma. Part 5. Ibis collecting of bird specimens to ornithology and series 14, vol. 5:479-518. bird conservation. Bird Conservation International Stanford, J. K., and C. B. Ticeh u rst. 1935a. Notes on 5:145-180. some new or rarely recorded Burmese birds. Part 1. Ren n er, S. C., J. H. Rappole, P Leim g ru ber, D. S. Ibis series 13, vol. 5:38-65. K elly, N. M. Shwe, T. Aung, and M. Aun g. 2007. Stanford, J. K., and C. B. Ticeh u rst. 1935b. Notes on Land cover in the Northern Forest Complex of some new or rarely recorded Burmese birds. Part 2. Myanmar: New insights for conservation. Oryx Ibis series 13, vol. 5:249-279. 41:27-37. Stanford, J. K., and C. B. Ticeh urst. 1938a. On the Ren n er, S. C., J. H. Rappole, P. C. Rasm ussen, T. Aung, birds of northern Burma. Part 1. Ibis series 14, vol. M. Aung, N. M. Shwe, J. P. Dum bacher, and R. C. 2:65-102. Fleisc h er. 2008. A new subspecies of Tesia olivea Stanford, J. K., and C. B. Ticeh urst. 1938b. On the (Sylviidae) from Chiang Mai province, northern birds of northern Burma. Part 2. Ibis series 14, vol. Thailand. Journal of Ornithology 149:439-450. 2:197-229. Ren n er, S. C., P C. Rasm ussen, J. H. Rappole, T. Aung, Stanford, J. K., and C. B. Ticeh urst. 1938c. On the and M. Aun g. 2009. Discovery of the Large Blue birds of northern Burma. Part 3. Ibis series 14, vol. Flycatcher Cyornis [banyumas] magnirostris breed­ 2:391-428. ing in northern Kachin State (Burma/Myanmar) Stanford, J. K., and C. B. Ticeh u rst. 1938d. On the and taxonomic implications for the Cyornis group. birds of northern Burma. Part 4. Ibis series 14, vol. Journal of Ornithology 150:671-683. 2:599-638. Shwe, N. M., T. Swe, L. L. H n in , H. W in , and J. H. R ap­ Stanford, J. K., and C. B. Ticehurst. 1939a. On the birds po le. 1999. A Guide to the Birds of Chatthin Wildlife of northern Burma. Part 5. Ibis series 14, vol. 3:1-45. Sanctuary. Smithsonian Conservation and Research Stanford, J. K., and C. B. Ticeh urst. 1939b. On the Center, Front Royal, Virginia. birds of northern Burma. Part 6. Ibis series 14, vol. Stanford, J. K., and E. M ayr. 1940. The Vernay-Cutting 3:211-258. expedition to northern Burma. Part 1. Ibis series 14, Stattersfield, A. J., M. J. C rosby, A. J. L ong, and D. C. vol. 4:679-711. Wege. 1998. Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Pri­ Stanford, J. K., and E. M ayr. 1941a. The Vernay- orities for Biodiversity and Conservation. BirdLife Cutting expedition to northern Burma. Part 2. Ibis Conservation Series, no. 7. BirdLife International, series 14, vol. 5:56-105. Cambridge, United Kingdom.

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