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Sustainable Mountain Development in South East Asia and Pacific from Rio 1992 to Rio 2012 and Beyond

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Sustainable Mountain Development in South East Asia and Pacific from Rio 1992 to Rio 2012 and Beyond Regional Report Sustainable Mountain Development in South East Asia and Pacific From Rio 1992 to Rio 2012 and beyond 2012 Regional Assessment Report for Rio+20: SE Asia Pacific (SEAP) Mountains Sustainable Mountain Development 1992, 2012 and Beyond Rio+20 Assessment Report for the Southeast Asia Pacific (SEAP) Region By: Ramon A. Razal Madhav Karki Benedicto Q. Sánchez Sanam Aksha Tek Jung Mahat Contributors: Ramon A. Razal – E-conference moderator; and Case Study writers: Delbert Rice (the Philippines); Mahuru, Rufus (Papua New Guinea); Le Buu Thach, Vu Ngoc Long, Le Van Huong, (Vietnam); and De Beer, Jenne (Indonesia) Editorial support: Binod Bhattarai International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) Kathmandu, Nepal & Non-Timber Forest Product-Exchange Programme for South and Southeast Manila, Philippines February 2012 1 Regional Assessment Report for Rio+20: SE Asia Pacific (SEAP) Mountains Acknowledgement and Disclaimer The Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC), a participant in the Mountain Partnership Consortium (MPC), provided financial support for undertaking the study. The views expressed in this document are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect views of their organisations or that of the SDC. 2 Regional Assessment Report for Rio+20: SE Asia Pacific (SEAP) Mountains Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... 5 Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 7 PART I: Trends, Issues, Changes and Challenges (1992-2012) Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 10 Assessment objectives, methods and activities .................................................................. 10 The SEAP region: Overview ........................................................................................................ 12 Mountains of the Asia Pacific ............................................................................................................... 14 Twenty year trends in the SEAP Region ................................................................................ 18 Democraphic and socioeconomic changes................................................................................................. 18 Globalisation and economic liberalisation ................................................................................................. 20 Political changes and democratisation ........................................................................................................ 21 Climate change as a major driver of change .............................................................................................. 23 Environmental degradation and land-use changes ................................................................................ 26 Community involvement in natural resources management ............................................................. 28 Information and communication technologies (ICTs) .......................................................................... 29 Awareness and importance of indigenous and traditional knowledge ......................................... 29 Expansion of tourism and ecotourism ......................................................................................................... 29 Major policy and legal reforms in NRM sectors ....................................................................................... 31 Harnessing the potential of water resources (Mekong Commission) ............................................ 31 Social and political reforms ....................................................................................................... 33 Major activities in promoting the Mountain Agenda ........................................................ 34 Role of NGOs and civil society (CSO) organisations ............................................................................... 35 Poverty reduction measures ..................................................................................................... 37 Economic growth .................................................................................................................................................. 37 Urbanisation and labour migration ........................................................................................ 39 Human resources development ............................................................................................... 41 Major and support organisations in SMD ........................................................................................ 41 Hydro-meteorological observation facilities ............................................................................................ 41 Earth observation facilities .............................................................................................................................. 41 PART II: Case studies: Local solutions for sustainable development Managalas Plateau Conservation Area Project, PNG ......................................................... 44 Vietnam: Collaborative Forest Management ....................................................................... 44 Forest Honey Network Indonesia (JMHI) .............................................................................. 45 Living in watersheds: The experiences of the Ikalahan in forest management ...... 47 3 Regional Assessment Report for Rio+20: SE Asia Pacific (SEAP) Mountains PART III: Challenges and opportunities for sustainable mountain development Lessons from the case studies ................................................................................................... 50 Institutionalization of Agenda 21, Chapter 13 ............................................................................... 51 Review of Sustainable Mountain Development initiatives ....................................................... 52 Opportunities for Green Economy and poverty alleviation...................................................... 54 Expectations for SMD raised by Rio 1992........................................................................................ 57 New issues/challenges after 1992 ..................................................................................................... 58 Major themes of SEAP regional initiatives ...................................................................................... 58 Future actions needed ............................................................................................................................ 58 Emerging trends and opportunities for SMD ....................................................................... 59 Addressing the challenges .................................................................................................................... 59 Opportunities and challenges in the SEAP Mountains ................................................................ 59 Challenges ................................................................................................................................................................ 60 Opportunities ......................................................................................................................................................... 62 Policy messages .............................................................................................................................. 63 Specific actions needed to contribute to the Rio+20 priorities in the SEAP mountains ......... 63 Way forward for SMD in the SEAP Mountains ................................................................................ 64 Undertaking more research to define carrying capacity of mountains ........................................ 64 Improving mountain governance and innovating on institutional mechanisms ....................... 65 Common grounds and bases for regional cooperation ......................................................................... 66 References: ...................................................................................................................................... 67 4 Regional Assessment Report for Rio+20: SE Asia Pacific (SEAP) Mountains Acronyms and Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank AFCC ASEAN‘s Multi-sectoral Framework on Climate Change and Food Security AFP Armed Forces of the Philippines APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Council APSUD Asia Pacific Sustainable Development Initiatives ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASFN ASEAN Social Forestry Network BIND Broad Initiatives for Negros Development, Inc. BNBNP Bidoup Nui Ba National Park CAA Community Aid Abroad CBFM Community-Based Forest Management CBFMA Community-Based Forest Management Agreement CF Community Forestry CFM Community Forest Management CFM Collaborative Forest Management CFP Community Forestry Program CFSA Certificate of Forest Stewardship Agreement CIFOR Centre for International Forestry Research CSO Civil Society Organisations DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources DGTP Democratic Governance Transition Phase DOST Department of Science and Technology ELCs Economic Land Concessions EO Earth Observation ESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation
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