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Cover ASEAN Isi Lengkap.Pdf PENGANTAR BUDAYA MASYARAKAT YUMETRI ABIDIN ASIA TENGGARA YUMETRI ABIDIN PENGANTAR BUDAYA MASYARAKAT ASIA TENGGARA LEMBAGA PENERBITAN UNAS PENGANTAR BUDAYA MASYARAKAT ASIA TENGGARA Penulis : YUMETRI ABIDIN Editor : Zikri Neni Iska Ilustrator : Syauqi, Yuzi Filzi Diterbitkan : UNAS PRESS- Universitas Nasional, Jakarta. Cetakan Pertama. Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang. Dilarang mengutip sebagian atau seluruh isi buku ini dengan cara apapun, termasuk dengan cara penggunaan mesin fotokopi, tanpa seizing penerbit. Sanksi pelanggaran UU No.12 tahun 1997. Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT) Abidin, Yumetri. Pengantar Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia, Editor: Neni Iska, Zikri. Cet. 1 – Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbitan UNAS, 2020 Vi + 282 hlm; 150 X 230 mm I. Buku II. Judul III. Zikri Neni Iska KATA PENGANTAR Puji Syukur kita panjatkan pada Allah SWT, yang telah memeberikan rahmat dan Hidayah, sehingga dapat diterbitkan Buku Pengantar Budaya Masyarakat Asia Tenggara. Semoga bermanfaat bagiinsan akademis dan negara, khususnya bagi diri penulis. Aamin. Kajian Pengantar Budaya Masyarakat Asia Tenggara dimulai dari perspektif sejarah suku bangsa Asia Tenggara dan dilanjutkan mengkaji sosial budaya masyarakat Asia Tenggara. Kemudian kajian ini membahas negara-negara yang tergabung dalam kawasan Asia tenggara seperti Singapura, Malaysia, Thailand, Philipina, Brunai Darullsalam, Vietnam, Kamboja, Laos,Miyanmar dan Timor Leste. Masing-masing negara akan ditinjau dari gambaran umum negara dan system budaya masyarakat. Pembahasan masing-masing negara Asia Tenggara dimulai dari sejarah terbentuk negara, geografis, sistem pemerintahan, ekonomi dan politik. Pada saat membahas system budaya negara akan dibahas tentang budaya masyarakat, adat istiadat, seni, tempat wisata dan kuliner. Kemudian angkat kebiasaan masyarakat masing-masing negara yang menjadi suatu keunikan. Pada bab terakhir ditutup dengan Asean dalam masyarakat Asia Tenggara. Kajian ini akan menyoroti tentang sejarah terbentuknya Asean, masyarakat sosial budaya Asean dan kerja sama Asean. Indonesia sebagai anggota Asean memainkan peranan penting yang mewaranai Asean dan umumnya semua negara yang tergabung dalam kawasan Asia Tenggara. Demikianlah buku ini disusun sebagai bahan referensi mahasiswa, khususnya mahasiswa jurusan hubungan iii internasional pada mata kuliah Budaya Masyarakat Asia Tenggara. Penulis mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar- besarnya kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu penulis untuk menyusun buku ini sampai dapat diterbitkan. Penulis menyadari bahwa ada kekurangan dalam penyusunan buku ini. Penulis menerima kritik dan saran agar buku ini dapat disempurnakan. Jakarta, 28 Oktoberr 2020 Wasalam, Penulis. Yumetri Abidin iv DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR BAB I : PENDAHULUAN A. Sejarah Suku Bangsa Asia Tenggara………………….. 1 B. Arti Penting Budaya Masyarakat Asia Tenggara.. 11 BAB II : BUDAYA MASYARAKAT SINGAPURA A. Gambaran Umum Negara Singapura…………….. 19 B. Sistem Budaya Masyarakat Singapura. …………. 35 BAB III : BUDAYA MASYARAKAT MALAYSIA A. Gambaran Umum Negara Malaysia……………… 49 B. Sistem Budaya Masyarakat Malaysia. ………….. 61 BAB IV : BUDAYA MASYARAKAT THAILAND A. Gambaran Umum Negara Thailand……………….. 74 B. Sistem Budaya Masyarakat Thailand. …………… 84 BAB V : BUDAYA MASYARAKAT PHILIPINA A. Gambaran Umum Negara Philipina………………. 93 B. Sistem Budaya Masyarakat Philipina………….. 104 BAB VI : BUDAYA MASYARAKAT BRUNAI DARUSSALAM v A. Gambaran Umum Negara Brunai Darussalam…. 117 B. Sistem Budaya Masyarakat Brunai Darussalam. .128 BAB VII : BUDAYA MASYARAKAT KAMBOJA A. Gambaran Umum Negara Kamboja……………… 142 B. Sistem Budaya Masyarakat Kamboja. …………. 146 BAB VIII : BUDAYA MASYARAKAT LAOS A. Gambaran Umum Negara Laos………………………. 165 B. Sistem Budaya Masyarakat Laos. ………………….. 178 BAB IX : BUDAYA MASYARAKAT MIYANMAR A. Gambaran Umum Negara Miyanmar. …………….. 195 B. Sistem Budaya Masyarakat Miyanmar. …………… 212 BAB X : BUDAYA MASYARAKAT VIETNAM A. Gambaran Umum Negara Vietnam………………….. 221 B. Sistem Budaya Masyarakat Vietnam. ……………… 223 BAB XI : BUDAYA MASYARAKAT TIMOR LESTE A. Gambaran Umum Negara Timor Leste…………… 251 B. Sistem Budaya Masyarakat Timor Leste. ………. 258 DAFTAR PUSTAKA 271 vi BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Sejarah Suku Bangsa Asia Tenggara. Pertama kali dilakukan terhadap DNA menurut analis gendom, manusia purba dari Asia Tenggara menunjukkan ada tiga gelombang migrasi besar ke wilayah Asia Tenggara sejak 50 ribu tahun lalu. Asia Tenggara memiliki sejarah pendudukan manusia yang rumit. Tidak mudah untuk mengungkap sejarah penduduk Asia Tenggara. Hal ini dikarenakan wilayah ini memiliki iklim yang lembab sehingga bukti DNA sulit untuk bertahan. 1 Sebelumnya, sejarah manusia di Asia Tenggara baru diungkapkan melalui bukti arkeologi, tapi belum ada bukti genetik. Baru kali inilah penelitian dapat mengungkapkan sejarah manusia di Asia Tenggara melalui bukti genetik, dilansir Sci-News. Sejarah Asia Tenggara kini bisa dilihat melalui analisis DNA. Ini membuka jendela untuk mengetahui asal-usul genetik dari orang-orang yang tinggal di sana di masa lalu dan di masa kini, studi Dr. Mark Lipson, dari Harvard Medical School. Dengan tambahan data arkeologi dan linguistik, para ilmuwan mengidentifikasi beberapa gelombang utama pencampuran genetik pada saat migrasi. Penelitian ini menunjukkan migrasi pertama ke Asia Tenggara terjadi sekitar 45.000 tahun yang lalu dan dilakukan oleh masyarakat pemburu dan peramu. 1 Osborne, Milton (2000). Southeast Asia: An Introductory History. Allen & Unwin. ISBN. Hal 34-37. 1 Kemudian pada masa Neolitikum, sekitar 4.500 tahun yang lalu, gelombang migrasi dari China membawa orang- orang yang kemudian memperkenalkan pertanian dan bercampur dengan masyarakat Asia Tenggara. Pada masa kini, keturunan dari orang-orang tersebut cenderung berbicara dengan bahasa-bahasa Austroasiatik. Oleh karena itu, para peneliti berpikiran bahwa petani pertama di Asia Tenggara berasal dari kelompok yang berbicara dengan bahasa Austroasiatik. Saat ini bahasa-bahasa Austroasiatik digunakan di daratan Asia Tenggara, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, dan selatan China. Contoh dari bahasa ini di Asia Tenggara adalah bahasa Vietnam, Khmer (bahasa Kamboja), dan Mon (bahasa di Thailand dan Myanmar). Pada Zaman Perunggu, gelombang migrasi kembali terjadi dari China. Pada 3.000 tahun yang lalu, para imigran dari China sampai di Myanmar, kemudian tiba di Vietnam 2.000 tahun yang lalu, dan Thailand 1.000 tahun yang lalu. Orang-orang yang hampir merupakan keturunan langsung dari tiga gelombang migrasi ini masih hidup, termasuk di antaranya orang-orang yang keturunan dari para pemburu-pengumpul yang tinggal di Thailand, Malaysia, Filipina dan Kepulauan Andaman," kata penulis, Profesor David Reich, dari Harvard Medical School. Selain itu, bahasa yang digunakan oleh orang-orang di Indonesia bagian barat juga membawa petunjuk penting tentang asal-usul penduduk Asia Tenggara. Bukti menunjukkan bahwa petani pertama di Indonesia bagian barat berbicara bahasa Austroasiatik, bukan bahasa Austronesia yang digunakan saat ini. Hal ini menunjukkan bahasa Austronesia datang belakangan. 2 2 Chong,T. 2009. ―Nationalism in Southeast Asia: Revisiting Kahin, Roff, and Anderson‖. Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia,Vol.24, No.1, pp 1-17. 2 Asia Tenggara Asia tenggara merupakan kawasan region yang berada di sudut bagian tenggara benua asia, yaitu diantara asia selatan dan asia timur. Sebelum abad ke-20 asai tenggara dikenal dengan India Belakang. Asia tenggara terletak antara 28oLU-11oLS dan 92oBT-141oBT. Secara geografis asia tenggara terletak antara daratan india dan daratan china dan antara empat perairan, yaitu samudra hindia dan teluk benggala di bagian barat, laut cina selatan di bagian utara dan samudra pasifik di bagian timur. Luas wilayah asia tenggara sekitar 4.511.167 km2 , baik itu lautan maupun daratan. Wilayah asia tenggara dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu: 1. Daratan berbentuk semenanjung (mainland Southeast Asia), yaitu suatu wilayah yang terletak di benua asia atau yang terletak di jazirah Indochina. Terdiri atas Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Kamboja, dan Malaysia bagian barat. 2. Daratan berupa kepulauan (insulay Southeast Asia), yaitu wilayah yang berbentuk gugusan kepulauan maupun pulau. Terdiri atas Indonesia, Brunai Darussalam, Singapura, Philipina, dan Malaysia bagian timur. Keadaan Masyarakat di Asia Tenggara Dengan ditemukannya homo floresiensis di pulau flores pada tahun 2003 manandakan bahwa daerah kepulauan asia tenggara paling tidak telah didiami oleh manusia sejak 18.000 tahun yang lalu. Pada tahun 2003, jumlah penduduk asia tenggara mencapai 544juta jiwa. Singapura merupakan Negara dengan penduduk terpadat, Thailand merupakan Negara dengan pertumbuhan penduduk terkecil, dan indonesiamerupakan Negara dengan jumlah penduduk terbanyak. Asia tenggara didiami oleh berbagai suku bangsa. Suku-suku bangsa yang mendiami asia tenggara berasal dari berbagai ras di dunia, tetapi sebagian besar didominasi oleh ras kulit kuning, seperti cina. Suku bangsa di asia tenggara berasal dari keturunan dua ras , yaitu: 3 1. Ras negroid yang menempati semenanjung melayu dan wilayah philipina. 2. Ras mongoloid yang menempati wilayah Indonesia, Malaysia dan philipina. Secara etnografi bangsa-bangsa di asia tenggara dapat dibagi menjadi 4 golongan besar yaitu: 1. Sino-tibet, yang termasuk golongan ini adalah bangsa birma, Thai dan China. Bangsa birma adalah penduduk utama Myanmar, bangsa thai adalah penduduk asli Thailand, termasuk bangsa shan di birma timur, bangsa lao yang menjadi penduduk utama laos dan bangsa annam di Vietnam.
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