A Dictionary of Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese) with an English-Kristang Finderlist

A dictionary of Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese) with an English-Kristang finderlist PacificLinguistics REFERENCE COpy Not to be removed Baxter, A.N. and De Silva, P. A dictionary of Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese) English. PL-564, xxii + 151 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 2005. DOI:10.15144/PL-564.cover ©2005 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. Pacific Linguistics 564 Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in grammars and linguistic descriptions, dictionaries and other materials on languages of the Pacific, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, East Timor, southeast and south Asia, and Australia. Pacific Linguistics, established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund, is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at The Australian National University. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Publications are refereed by scholars with relevant expertise, who are usually not members of the editorial board. FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: John Bowden, Malcolm Ross and Darrell Tryon (Managing Editors), I Wayan Arka, Bethwyn Evans, David Nash, Andrew Pawley, Paul Sidwell, Jane Simpson EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD: Karen Adams, Arizona State University Lillian Huang, National Taiwan Normal Peter Austin, School of Oriental and African University Studies Bambang Kaswanti Purwo, Universitas Atma Alexander Adelaar, University of Melbourne Jaya Byron Bender, University of Hawai 'i Marian Klamer, Universiteit Leiden Walter Bisang, Johannes Gutenberg- Harold Koch, Australian National University Universitiit Mainz Frantisek Lichtenberk, University of Robert Blust, University of Hawai 'i Auckland Lyle Campbell, Canterbury University Patrick McConvell, Australian Institute of James Collins, Universiti Kebangsaan Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Malaysia Studies BernardComrie, Max Planck Institute for William McGregor, Aarhus Universitet EvolutionaryAnthropology Ulrike Mosel, Christian-Albrechts Soenjono Dardjowidjojo, Universitas Atma Universitiit zu Kiel Jaya Claire Moyse-Faurie, Centre National de la Matthew Dryer, State University of New York Recherche Scientifique at Buffalo Bernd Nothofer, Johann Wolfgang Goethe- Jerold A. Edmondson, University of Texas at Universitiit Frankfurt am Main Arlington Ger Reesink, Universiteit Leiden Nicholas Evans, University of Melbourne Lawrence Reid, University of Hawai'i Margaret Florey, Monash University Jean-Claude Rivierre, Centre National de la William Foley, University of Sydney Recherche Scientifique Karl Franklin, Summer Institute of Linguistics Melenaite Taumoefolau, University of Charles Grimes, Universitas Kristen Artha Auckland Wacana Kupang Tasaku Tsunoda, University of Tokyo Nikolaus Himmelmann. Ruhr-Universitiit John Wolff, Cornell University Bochum Elizabeth Zeitoun, Academica Sinica A dictionary of Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese) with an English -Kristang finderlist Alan N. Baxter and Patrick de Silva Pacific Linguistics Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies The Australian National University Published by Pacific Linguistics Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Copyright in this edition is vested with Pacific Linguistics. First published 2004 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Baxter, Alan N. A dictionary of Kristang : (Malacca Creole Portuguese)-English. Bibliography. ISBN 0 85883 552 5. 1. Kristang language - Dictionaries - English. 2. English language - Dictionaries - Kristang. 3. Kristang language - Malaysia - Dictionaries. I. Silva, Patrick de. II. Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Pacific Linguistics 564. m. Title. 469.79321 The cover photograph depicts the last traditional Kristang fishing boat to use a sail. Copyediled by Basil Wilson Typeset by Margaret Forster Cover design by Ciril's Printers Printed Ciril's Printers, Fyshwick, Canberra Table of contents Acknow ledgements vi Introduction vii Abbreviations xix Bibliography xx Kristang-English dictionary 1 English-Kristang finderlist 91 v Acknowledgements This dictionary could not have been compiled without the information and assistance provided by the Kristang people of Malacca, especially those of Trankerah, Praya Lane and the Portuguese Settlement. We are deeply indebted to the many Kristang people who contributed directly and indirectly to the project. For their assistance with regard to numerous etymologies and other linguistic aspects, we are indebted to: Dr E. Douglas Lewis (Department of Anthropology, The University of Melbourne), Dr Novi Djenar (Indonesian and Malay Program, Department of Asian Studies, La Trobe University), Professor Sander Adelaar (Depattment of Malay and Indonesian Studies, The University of Melbourne),Prof essor R.W. Thompson (Department of Spanish and Portuguese, La Trobe University), Dr Hilary Chappel (Department of Linguistics, La Trobe University), Dr Ng Bee Chin (Department of Linguistics, La Trobe University) and Professor Ivo Castro (Department of Linguistics, University of Lisbon). Of course, responsibility for the final product rests entirely with the authors of the dictionary. Alan N. Baxter Patrick de Silva Centro de Investigac;:ao de Estudos Luso-Asiaticos Portuguese Settlement, Malacca Universidade de Macau Macau S.A.R. vi Introduction Kristang, or Papiah Kristang, is spoken by a small community in the Hilir suburb of Malacca, West Malaysia, and by descendants of the Malacca community elsewhere in Malaysia and in Singapore.' Its origins reach back to Portugal's colonial endeavours of the sixteenth century, and its strong cultural traditions and capacity to assimilate outsiders have helped it survive through the centuries (Baxter 2004). Contrary to what has sometimes been claimed by lay authors, Kristang is not sixteenth-century Portuguese. Rather, it is a Creole language, a language born of the contacts between speakers of Portuguese and speakers of local and other languages. Certainly, the large majority of its vocabulary is derived from older varieties of Portuguese, along with contributions from Malay and several other languages. However, its grammar and its phonology both display considerable Malay influence, as well as Portuguese influence, and some input from Hokkien and Indian varieties of Creole Portuguese (Baxter 1983, 1998, 1990). At the same time, Kristang contains many elements of grammar that are original. In Asia, Creole Portuguese, in at least a dozen documented varieties (Holm 1988(ll): 285-298), arose as a by-product of Portugal's conquest of the maritime trade routes and the establishment of numerous trading posts during the sixteenth century. The origins of Creole Portuguese in Malacca are intimately tied to the strategies that the Portuguese adopted in order to cope with a critical manpower problem in their Asian colonies. The POltuguese drew heavily on local peoples, in maritime trade and military endeavors. Missionary activities aided in creating local Christian populations of a Portuguese cultural and linguistic orientation. However, the most important factor, in terms of social cohesion and control, was the creation of a casado class (European Portuguese officially married to local women), which gave rise to stable bilingual and multilingual mestifo populations loyal to the Portuguese crown.2 The European Portuguese were always greatly outnumbered by the various local elements. Creole Portuguese in Asia arose in such settings. After the arrival of the Portuguese, the indigenous languages, and local lingue franche, continued to be spoken, even by those under Portuguese cultural influence. Within this latter population, as each Portuguese post developed, initially strong models of Portuguese spoken as a second language were gradually diluted by the increase of the non-European population, and a consequent weakening of access to native European Portuguese models for acquisition. Pidgin It is unknown how many speakers of Kristang there are, as no surveys have been conducted. In Malacca, there may be a little less than 1000. For the rest of Malaysia, and Singapore, no accurate numbers are available, pace Grimes (2000:550-55J). See Baxter (to appear) for further comments. 2 The casados constituted an official group with rights to a range of privileges, according to a policy introduced by Alfonso de Albuquerque, the first governor of Portuguese India (Baxter 1996). vii viii Introduction POltuguese3 and Creole Portuguese from other colonies may have been present to some extent among ship crews, military personnel and slaves.4 Most likely, continua of second language varieties of Portuguese arose, from the rudimentary to the sophisticated, and displaying varying influences from the local languages. These second-language varieties of Portuguese would have provided input to the learningof Portuguese as a first language. In some contexts, local 'Portuguese' spoken as a first language probably approximated closely to the European model. However, in other contexts, where input to children's first language acquisition was mainly from varieties of Portuguese spoken as a second language, and less influenced by European models of Portuguese, creolization occurred. That is, a new language was created, based on Portuguese yet

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