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Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures ( J WORKPAPERS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES VOLUME 6 - MALUKU ,. PATTIMURA UNIVERSITY and THE SUMMER INSTITUTE OP LINGUISTICS in cooperation with THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE WORKPAPERS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES VOLUME 6 - MALUKU Nyn D. Laidig, Edi tor PAT'I'IMORA tJlflVERSITY and THE SUMMER IRSTlTUTK OP LIRGOISTICS in cooperation with 'l'BB DBPAR".l'MElI'1' 01' BDUCATIOII ARD CULTURE Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and cultures Volume 6 Maluku Wyn D. Laidig, Editor Printed 1989 Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia Copies of this publication may be obtained from Summer Institute of Linguistics Kotak Pos 51 Ambon, Maluku 97001 Indonesia Microfiche copies of this and other publications of the Summer Institute of Linguistics may be obtained from Academic Book Center Summer Institute of Linguistics 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road l Dallas, TX 75236 U.S.A. ii PRAKATA Dengan mengucap syukur kepada Tuhan yang Masa Esa, kami menyambut dengan gembira penerbitan buku Workpapers in Indonesian Languages , and Cultures. Penerbitan ini menunjukkan adanya suatu kerjasama yang baik antara Universitas Pattimura deng~n Summer Institute of Linguistics; Maluku . Buku ini merupakan wujud nyata peran serta para anggota SIL dalam membantu masyarakat umumnya dan masyarakat pedesaan khususnya Diharapkan dengan terbitnya buku ini akan dapat membantu masyarakat khususnya di pedesaan, dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan dan prestasi mereka sesuai dengan bidang mereka masing-masing. Dengan adanya penerbitan ini, kiranya dapat merangsang munculnya penulis-penulis yang lain yang dapat menyumbangkan pengetahuannya yang berguna bagi kita dan generasi-generasi yang akan datang. Kami ucapkan ' terima kasih kepada para anggota SIL yang telah berupaya sehingga bisa diterbitkannya buku ini Akhir kat a kami ucapkan selamat membaca kepada masyarakat yang mau memiliki buku ini. Harapan kami buku hasil kerjasama UNPATTI-SIL ini dapat bermanfaat bagi masyarakat di daerah seribu pulau yang tercinta ini, yaitu Maluku. iii r PREP ACE Workpapers 1n Indones1an Languages and Cul tures is a joint publication of the Indonesian Branch of the SUJDJaer Insti tute of Linguistics, Cenderawasih University in Irian Jaya, Hasanuddin University in Sulawesi, and Pattimura University in Maluku. It is hoped that through this series some of the linguistic and ethnographic results of o~r cooperative research will become more accessible to colleagues and scholars sharing an interest in these aspects of Indonesia. This issue, Volume 6 in the series, is the tirst to result from our work in Maluku with Pattimura University. The results of four lexicostatistic surveys in Central Maluku are presented, covering the geographical areas of Ambon, Lease, West Seram, and East ·Seram. Al though these studies only begin to examine of the complex linguistic picture on these islands, they do represent a significant contribution to our understanding of the contemporary linguistic situation in Central Maluku. \ ~ We are deeply indebted to our many friends and co­ workers at Pattimura University. Without the ••ooth working relationship that we enjoy together, the resul ts presented in this issue would not have been possible. Wyn D. La1dJ.g · AIlbon April 1989 v Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures Volume 6 Maluku Wy~ D. Laidig, Editor Table of Contents ~ A Lexicostatistic Survey of the Lease Islands Edward A. Ko tynski ........................... 1 A Lexicostatistic Survey of the Languages Indigenous to West Seram Yushin Taguchi .............................. 15 A Lexicostatistic Survey of the Languages Indigenous to Ambon Island Edgar W. Travis ............................ 64 The Languages Indigenous to Eastern Seram and Adjacent Islands Russel A. Loski and Gail M. Loski ......... 103 vii THE LANGUAGES INDIGENOUS TO EASTERN SERAM AN~ADJACENT ISLANDS Russel A. Loski and Gail .M. Lo~ki Fattimura University and The Summer Institute of Linguistics 1. Introduction 2. Procedure 3. Languages of Eastern Seram 4. Summary 5. References 6. Appendices 1. INTRODUCTION Eastern Seraml is a li ttle known area of eastern Indonesia. This paper presents an analysis of the relationships between the languages on the eastern half of the island of Seram and adjacent islands. l · Seram is the largest island in the Maluku province of Indonesia (see Map 1). It is located north of Ambon, the provincial capital. Transportation in this area may consume days and weeks of time under the best of circumstances. It is not surprising, therefore, that relatively little linguistic research has been done. Several word lists were taken in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, for example Cocq d'Armandville (1901), Ludeking (1868), Wallace (1869), and the Holle word We would like to express our appreciation to the staff of Pattillura University, Allb on, under whose sponsorship we have. worked. In addition, the Statistics Office of the Province of Haluku provided helpful taps and census data for our survey. [ndispen­ sable were the sany people of Kaluku who provided us with hospitality apd language data. Barbara Grilles, Chuck Grilles, Wyn Laidig and John Wimbish have all conented on previous drafts of this paper, thereby illproving its quality illilensely. The authors retain full responsibility for any shortcolings in this paper. 2 Seral is also spelled Cerall and Seran. Kaluku is also referred to as the Moluccas. 3 Taguchi (19891 presents a study of the languages of the western half of Berall . There 1S no natural or political boundary between western and eastern Senll. This paper attellpts to round out the linguistic picture for the rest of Sera •. Eastern Seram 103 l 125 0 ~ 0 0 I I I I I Sula !,D=rQ p Q Study Buru i 5 •.•~ i ~ p Watar 0 0 JI~ , ~ ~. • 0.:1' ~c::::> .q'" 0 IIQ/:) , ~ Tanimbar :~ p ~ i i Map 1. The Maluku Province of Indonesia Eastern Seram lists published in Stokhof (1981a,1981b,1982). Tauern (1930,1931) produced short grammars for Sawai , Manusela, Seti, Ben.aoi and Salas Gunung. Stresemann (1927) was the first to study the historical relationships between languages on Seram. Dyen (1965) proposed a controversial "Moluccan Linkage" subgrouping of Austronesian languages based on spotty sampling of languages in Maluku , including Seram. Chlenov (1976) included Ser~m in the scop~ of his lexicostatistic study of the languages of Maluku. Collins presents a historical reconstruction of the languages of western (1983) and eastern Seram (1986). The language map in Wurm and Hattori (1981) locates most of the languages of Seram. The reader is referred to Appendix B for a summary of Stresemann's (1927) and Collins I (1983, 1986) classifications. Collins (1983 I 1986) also includes a summary of the literature concerning this area. The goal ' of this paper is to further expand and refine the linguistic knowledge concerning eastern Seram. We analyzed lexicostatistically' a hundred and twenty word lists,' taken by twe·l ve linguists, on ten field trips, between 1984 and 1988. All the word list~ were gathered from villages in the regencies (kabupaten) of Central Malukul and Southeas·t Maluku. From these 120' word lists we selected sixty-two word lists' to form the core word lists ror this analysis. We also included the lexical similarity percentages from an additional thirteen word 'lists from neighboring areas. 2. PROCEDURE 2.1 Word list We used a 210 item word list adapted from the Swadesh 200 item word list'. Words inappropriate to See WUrlI (1982) fo.r a discussion of the lillitations of lexico.statistic analysis for deterlining language relationships. We have not analyzed word lists taken in the Tecn, Nila, and SaTU! Distr.ict. The inhabi tants of this region have recently been. resettled on Seral frol islands in the .iddl~ of the Banda Sea, to tlte south. See Tabet' (in prellaration) for an analysis of the language;situatiofi in this area. 6 Appendix A contains infonatioll about each of the word lists that were $elected . 7 See Appendix A of TUYis (1989) for a cOlplete description of the wOTd list used. We elillinated certain itelS frol our. analysis for the following reasons: the it~ is a Easte:rn Seram 105 Maluku (e.g.,$..!tQ,W) were eliminated, while more appropriate words (e.g., G. , Q.:r.,~l , ) were added. 2.2 Elicitation The word lists were elicited, from native speakers, in the areas where the languages are spoken. Malay, the local lingua franca, was the language of elicitation. We attempted to find speakers whose parents had also grown up in the language area. Many of the word lists represent a consensus of several speakers from the crowd which had gathered to watch the process. This group elici tation prevented the idiosyncrasies and misunderstandings of one speaker from misrepresenting the language of the whole community. In 'addition to the word lists, the linguists interviewed people concerning perceived similarities and differences between the languages of nearby villages. We used this information to make inferences about villages where no word lists were taken. 2.3 Analysis We compared the root morphemes for each of the words elici ted. We did not compare other morphemes such as possessive markers or subject person markers that were affixed to the root. No attempt was made to factor out borrowings. Using the inspection method (see Gud~chinsky 1956), we assigned each root to sets that share phonetic similarity, taking into account regular sound correspondences between languages. For this study, we interpreted phonetic similarity conservatively, resulting in ' lower percentages than other
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