(

J WORKPAPERS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES

VOLUME 6 -

,.

PATTIMURA UNIVERSITY

and THE SUMMER INSTITUTE OP LINGUISTICS

in cooperation with THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE WORKPAPERS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES

VOLUME 6 - MALUKU

Nyn D. Laidig, Edi tor

PAT'I'IMORA tJlflVERSITY

and

THE SUMMER IRSTlTUTK OP LIRGOISTICS

in cooperation with

'l'BB DBPAR".l'MElI'1' 01' BDUCATIOII ARD CULTURE Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and cultures

Volume 6 Maluku

Wyn D. Laidig, Editor

Printed 1989

Ambon, Maluku,

Copies of this publication may be obtained from

Summer Institute of Linguistics Kotak Pos 51 Ambon, Maluku 97001 Indonesia

Microfiche copies of this and other publications of the Summer Institute of Linguistics may be obtained from Academic Book Center Summer Institute of Linguistics 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road l Dallas, TX 75236 U.S.A.

ii PRAKATA

Dengan mengucap syukur kepada Tuhan yang Masa Esa, kami menyambut dengan gembira penerbitan buku Workpapers in Indonesian Languages , and Cultures. Penerbitan ini menunjukkan adanya suatu kerjasama

yang baik antara Universitas Pattimura deng~n Summer Institute of Linguistics; Maluku .

Buku ini merupakan wujud nyata peran serta para anggota SIL dalam membantu masyarakat umumnya dan masyarakat pedesaan khususnya

Diharapkan dengan terbitnya buku ini akan dapat membantu masyarakat khususnya di pedesaan, dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan dan prestasi mereka sesuai dengan bidang mereka masing-masing.

Dengan adanya penerbitan ini, kiranya dapat merangsang munculnya penulis-penulis yang lain yang dapat menyumbangkan pengetahuannya yang berguna bagi kita dan generasi-generasi yang akan datang.

Kami ucapkan ' terima kasih kepada para anggota SIL yang telah berupaya sehingga bisa diterbitkannya buku ini

Akhir kat a kami ucapkan selamat membaca kepada masyarakat yang mau memiliki buku ini. Harapan kami buku hasil kerjasama UNPATTI-SIL ini dapat bermanfaat bagi masyarakat di daerah seribu pulau yang tercinta ini, yaitu Maluku.

iii r

PREP ACE

Workpapers 1n Indones1an Languages and Cul tures is a joint publication of the Indonesian Branch of the SUJDJaer Insti tute of Linguistics, Cenderawasih University in Irian Jaya, Hasanuddin University in Sulawesi, and Pattimura University in Maluku. It is hoped that through this series some of the linguistic and ethnographic results of o~r cooperative research will become more accessible to colleagues and scholars sharing an interest in these aspects of Indonesia.

This issue, Volume 6 in the series, is the tirst to result from our work in Maluku with Pattimura University. The results of four lexicostatistic surveys in Central Maluku are presented, covering the geographical areas of Ambon, Lease, West Seram, and East ·Seram. Al though these studies only begin to examine of the complex linguistic picture on these islands, they do represent a significant contribution to our understanding of the contemporary linguistic situation in Central Maluku.

\ ~ We are deeply indebted to our many friends and co­ workers at Pattimura University. Without the ••ooth working relationship that we enjoy together, the resul ts presented in this issue would not have been possible.

Wyn D. La1dJ.g · AIlbon April 1989

v Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures

Volume 6 Maluku

Wy~ D. Laidig, Editor

Table of Contents ~

A Lexicostatistic Survey of the Lease Islands

Edward A. Ko tynski ...... 1

A Lexicostatistic Survey of the Languages Indigenous to West Seram

Yushin Taguchi ...... 15

A Lexicostatistic Survey of the Languages Indigenous to

Edgar W. Travis ...... 64

The Languages Indigenous to Eastern Seram and Adjacent Islands

Russel A. Loski and Gail M. Loski ...... 103

vii THE LANGUAGES INDIGENOUS TO EASTERN SERAM AN~ADJACENT ISLANDS

Russel A. Loski and Gail .M. Lo~ki

Fattimura University and The Summer Institute of Linguistics

1. Introduction 2. Procedure 3. Languages of Eastern Seram 4. Summary 5. References 6. Appendices

1. INTRODUCTION

Eastern Seraml is a li ttle known area of eastern Indonesia. This paper presents an analysis of the relationships between the languages on the eastern half of the island of Seram and adjacent islands. l · Seram is the largest island in the Maluku province of Indonesia (see Map 1). It is located north of Ambon, the provincial capital. Transportation in this area may consume days and weeks of time under the best of circumstances. It is not surprising, therefore, that relatively little linguistic research has been done. Several word lists were taken in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, for example Cocq d'Armandville (1901), Ludeking (1868), Wallace (1869), and the Holle word

We would like to express our appreciation to the staff of Pattillura University, Allb on, under whose sponsorship we have. worked. In addition, the Statistics Office of the Province of Haluku provided helpful taps and census data for our survey. [ndispen­ sable were the sany people of Kaluku who provided us with hospitality apd language data. Barbara Grilles, Chuck Grilles, Wyn Laidig and John Wimbish have all conented on previous drafts of this paper, thereby illproving its quality illilensely. The authors retain full responsibility for any shortcolings in this paper. 2 Seral is also spelled Cerall and Seran. Kaluku is also referred to as the Moluccas. 3 Taguchi (19891 presents a study of the languages of the western half of Berall . . There 1S no natural or political boundary between western and eastern Senll. This paper attellpts to round out the linguistic picture for the rest of Sera •.

Eastern Seram 103

l 125 0

~ 0 0 I

I I I I Sula !,D=rQ p

Q Study i 5 •.•~ i

~

p Watar 0 0 JI~ , ~ ~. • 0.:1' ~c::::> .q'" 0 IIQ/:) , ~ Tanimbar :~ p ~

i i Map 1. The Maluku Province of Indonesia

Eastern Seram lists published in Stokhof (1981a,1981b,1982). Tauern (1930,1931) produced short grammars for Sawai , Manusela, Seti, Ben.aoi and Salas Gunung. Stresemann (1927) was the first to study the historical relationships between languages on Seram. Dyen (1965) proposed a controversial "Moluccan Linkage" subgrouping of based on spotty sampling of languages in Maluku , including Seram. Chlenov (1976) included Ser~m in the scop~ of his lexicostatistic study of the languages of Maluku. Collins presents a historical reconstruction of the languages of western (1983) and eastern Seram (1986). The language map in Wurm and Hattori (1981) locates most of the languages of Seram. The reader is referred to Appendix B for a summary of Stresemann's (1927) and Collins I (1983, 1986) classifications. Collins (1983 I 1986) also includes a summary of the literature concerning this area. The goal ' of this paper is to further expand and refine the linguistic knowledge concerning eastern Seram. We analyzed lexicostatistically' a hundred and twenty word lists,' taken by twe·l ve linguists, on ten field trips, between 1984 and 1988. All the word list~ were gathered from villages in the regencies (kabupaten) of Central Malukul and Southeas·t Maluku. From these 120' word lists we selected sixty-two word lists' to form the core word lists ror this analysis. We also included the lexical similarity percentages from an additional thirteen word 'lists from neighboring areas.

2. PROCEDURE

2.1 Word list

We used a 210 item word list adapted from the Swadesh 200 item word list'. Words inappropriate to

See WUrlI (1982) fo.r a discussion of the lillitations of lexico.statistic analysis for deterlining language relationships. We have not analyzed word lists taken in the Tecn, Nila, and SaTU! Distr.ict. The inhabi tants of this region have recently been. resettled on Seral frol islands in the .iddl~ of the Banda Sea, to tlte south. See Tabet' (in prellaration) for an analysis of the language;situatiofi in this area. 6 Appendix A contains infonatioll about each of the word lists that were $elected . 7 See Appendix A of TUYis (1989) for a cOlplete description of the wOTd list used. We elillinated certain itelS frol our. analysis for the following reasons: the it~ is a

Easte:rn Seram 105 Maluku (e.g.,$..!tQ,W) were eliminated, while more appropriate words (e.g., G. , Q.:r.,~l , ) were added.

2.2 Elicitation

The word lists were elicited, from native speakers, in the areas where the languages are spoken. Malay, the local lingua franca, was the language of elicitation. We attempted to find speakers whose parents had also grown up in the language area. Many of the word lists represent a consensus of several speakers from the crowd which had gathered to watch the process. This group elici tation prevented the idiosyncrasies and misunderstandings of one speaker from misrepresenting the language of the whole community. In 'addition to the word lists, the linguists interviewed people concerning perceived similarities and differences between the languages of nearby villages. We used this information to make inferences about villages where no word lists were taken.

2.3 Analysis

We compared the root morphemes for each of the words elici ted. We did not compare other morphemes such as possessive markers or person markers that were affixed to the root. No attempt was made to factor out borrowings. Using the inspection method (see Gud~chinsky 1956), we assigned each root to sets that share phonetic similarity, taking into account regular sound correspondences between languages. For this study, we interpreted phonetic similarity conservatively, resulting in ' lower percentages than other lexicostatistic studies in Maluku. In order to tally the results of our analysis, we used the Wor,Q,.§u:r,y' computer program (Wimbish 1989 ) designed specifically for the study of word lists. The program produced a matrix showing what percentage of the roots occur in the same sets,. We grouped the word lists into two types of groupings, languages and groups. A grouping of word lists that share lexical similarities 70% or greater we

cOllpound of other i tells in the word list (eg, the reponse to bark was a cOIlPound of skin and tree); or , there were problellS in eliqiting the itell (eg, for necK, one researcher e lici ted the front part and another elicited the back part) ,

106 Eas'tern Seram define as a languag~, whereas a grouping of languages that share lexical similarities 50% or greater we c all a group. These figures were chosen empirically; not only do they confirm many of the groupings of previous studies, but they also reflected the opinions of speakers of the individu~l languages. In addition,the analysis of the data showed natural breaks at these figures. We t h en found it useful to extend these obvious groupings to groupings which were not so clear- cut. We then reduc ed the complete matrix of lexic al similari ty b y averaging the lexical similari ty of the word lists of each language with those ~f every other language, producing Figure 2 (see page 110) which shows. a clear picture for dividing the languages into groups.

3. LANGUAGES OF EASTERN SERAM

3.1 Overview

There are fou~teen langnag~s spoken in the area of study (see Figure 1). These languages can be grouped into are seven groups. All of these languages are members of the Central Malayo-Polynesian subgroupt of the Austronesian Phylum (Blust 1978, 1983-1984). Collins (1982b, 1983, 1986) further subgroups all of these languages (except for the Teor-Kur language) to form Proto-East Central Maluku. Map 2 shows the location of each of the groups discussed in this paper. Figure 2 presents a reduced matrixll of the percentages of lexical similarity between the languages of area of this study. We give a graphic representation of the relationships between these languages in Figure 3.

In some cases we have greuped, as languages, pairs ef werd lists with lexical simi lari ty less than 70% if the fellewing were true: 1) the lexical sillilarity is not significantly less than 70% statistically, and 2) the pair is part ef a chain, each link ef which is greater than er .e-q·ual to. 70%. . Blust's analysis, which groups the Central Malaye Pelynesian languages wi th the Ner th -West New Guinea subgreup and differs frell Dyen (1978 ). Dyen argues that the eastern Indonesian languages sheuld not be greuped with the Oceanic languages, but rath.er should be linked Ilore clesely to the Hesperenesian languages (located in western Indonesia). 10 We have given in the ' discussion of each of the groups unreduced matrices for the relationships between all of the word lists of that group.

Eastern Seram 107 Figure 1: The Languages of Eastern Seram

~JJ.n!d .~!:~J~.y,. Chain (There are other languages discussed in other studies, but they are beyond the scope of this study.) A. Atamanu language (alt. ' Yalahatan) B. Sepa-Teluti language (alt. East Littoral) 1. Sepa dialect 2. Teluti dialect (alt. Wolu, )

$. . ~.!i.~.;L:::.NJJ.~.Y.lY. Gr 0 u p A. Sawai language (alt. Saleman, Seleman, Hatue) B. North Nuaulu language (alt. Nuaulu, Patakai, Fatakai) C. South Nuaulu language (alt. Nuaulu, Patakai, Fatakai)

M. ~":n.y,.§.g ..l..~.::::.$..g ..t. ..! .. C h a i n A. Manusela language 1. Huaulu dialect 2. Hatuolo dialect 3. Kanikeh dialect 4. Maneo dialect 5. South Manusela .dialect B. Seti language (alt. Liambata-Kobi, Uhei­ Kachlakan, Liana, Teula) C. Benggoi language (alt. Uhei-Kachlakan) D. Salas Gunung language (alt. LiambataJ

.6..Q.Q.Q..:t.. language (alt. Ha tumeten, A tiahu)

M~.. §t1. ..li? ..ng language (alt. Bonfia)

$._~X"~.D_:::. ~_~_V:t.. Gr 0 u p A. Geser-Gorom language (alt. Seram, Seran, Gorom Goran, Gorong) 1. Geser-Gorom dialect a. Geser subdialect .b. q.orom subdialect 2. Bati dialect B. Watubela language (alt. Kesui, Kasui)

T"~.. Q ..r::: ..Kllr language 1. Teor dialect 2. Kur dialect

108 Eastern Seram ·'

!:l:j 0 \I' 130 131 0 132 0 00 N ('t (D Ii ::l t 3" UJ (D Ii \I' 53

NUNUSAKU

Banda Sea SERAN LAUT . ". \) ~ 4 o . ~

~ \J

TEOR-KUR 50

o ob

~ Map East Saram and Surrounding Areas o i: c.o Manusela language Hanusela-Seti Chain 51 Seti latlguage 39 59 Benggoi language 39 51 50 Salas ·Gunung language 31 34 32 34 Sawai language Sawai-Nuaulu Group 37 37 34 35 64 N. Nuaulu language 36 37 34 35 48 67 S. Huaulu language 31 39 36 38 40 44 45 Ata ...u language ~ Nun",1u Chai, 38 37 29 34 39 41 42 50 Sepa-Teluti language 33 41 38 38 34 3·6 31 42 H Bobot language Group-level isolate 30 36 33 43 32 34 33 36 39 H Masiwang language Group-level isolate 25 27 21 31 31 .&8 29 31 31 36 35 IGeler-Goro. langUa~a, La" Gr,uj 25 29 29 32 31 27 28 32 32 37 34 57 Watubela language . 27 29 26 31 30 28 28 31 31 32 32 38 41 Teor-Kur language Group-level isolate

Figure 2: The Languages of Eastern Seram (reduced matrix)

Atamanu

40

Teor-Kur 40

Figure 3: Lexicostatistic Relationships

110 Eastern Seram There is no natural or political border between our survey a.rea and neighboring western Seram and the Kei Islands. Therefore, we have included the lexical similarity matrices for the languages Collins (1983) includes in his Nunusaku language group (Figure 4 ) and for the languages near the eastern tip of Seram and the Kei Islands (Figure 5) •

Sokowa ty (South Weliale l 6Z Nuweletetu 47 56 Yalaha tan 44 48 48 Alune 44 46 51 56 Li sabata 39 45 51 50 59 Luhu unusaku Chai n 40 47 55 49 59 74 Asilulu 36 45 51 51 54 57 59 Kai bobo 40 46 50 47 49 57 62 61 .Tulehu 41 49 50 49 52 52 56 63 69 H.ruku ~ 35 43 49 43 43 47 52 55 62 64 43 49 50 43 44 46 47 52 55 60 61 Sepa-Teluti 39 46 49 43 44 48 51 55 56 58 62 58 Nusalaut \ 38 42 49 41 41 46 47 48 48 52 54 53 56 Aaahll i ~ 39 44 45 41 40 40 40 39 42 44 40 42 38 39 S. Nuaulu Sallai - 38 43 44 41 42 42 41 44 44 H 41 41 40 39 67 N. Muaulu Nuau lu 37 40 40 38 42 39 40 40 39 39 37 40 39 39 48 64 Sawai Group 34 34 37 35 34 33 35 33 32 35 34 38 34 33 36 37 37 lIanusela

Figure 4: Nununsaku and Neighboring Languages in Western Seramll

11 The western Seull languages are represented by word lists fro. the following villages. ~~Jl.&l!.u.L_,_"" """,,", ... _.___ .. _ .. _._UJ..lIj,1L ..._ .__ _._ ....._~ .!l...P.!!:\ .!lj.L ...... _.... _...... ___ .. _Y.i.llu~ Lisabata Kawa Kaibobo Kaibobo Alune Nikulkan Tulehu Liang S, Wellale Sakol/aty Haruku Siri -Sori Luhu Luhu Auhai Rutah Asilulu Asilulu

Eastern Seram Ill ' Masiwang language Group-level isolate 44 Bobot language GrJup-l evel isolate 3S 43 Group-level isolate

35 36 391 Geser--Gorom language'\ Beran £aut Group 34 37 39 57 Watubela language ~ 32 32 40 38 41 Teor-Kur language Group-level isolate 32 32 38 29 32 47 Group-level isolate

Figure 5: Relationships to the East of Seram11

3.2 Nunusaku Chain

The Nunusak~l chain is c omprised of languages extending across west Seram, Ambon Island and the Lease Islands. (See Figure 4) As shown i n Figure 6 we are considering two of these languages, Atamanu and Sepa­ Teluti, both located on the south-central coast of Seram from the district to t he eastern edge of the Teluti Bay (see Map 3, designates villages outside the language communities d i scussed ) ,

1290 130 0 SERAM N t ~ • •• •Polin '\Laha Serani Tehua / Elpaputi Tamilouw / " , SEPA­ olU' Yalahatan ~ TELUTI Teluti Bay

Banda Sea

Map 3. Nunusaku

12 The languages east of Seraa are represented by word lists froll the following villages . k~gJ!~L ____ ... _. __._ ._.____ ...... _ . _I[Uil.J.~_. ___ ._.. _..... _..JL ~U!Mll!i... __ .. _... __ ._ ...._ ...... 1.il~ Ke i -- Duliab Banda -- Blat 13 We are using tttis ten, by which Collins (1983 ) identifies the languages in western Senll and adjacent areas . We recognize that Collins includes languages in Nunusaku that we excl ude . See discussion concerning Sawai -Nuau lu (3. 3) and Manuseta.-Seti (3.4).

112 Eastern Seram Yalahatan Atamanu language 50 Sepa~ Sepa dialect 52 79 Tamilo~ Sepa-Teluti language -----.,. 49 71 78 Haya 50 71 77 85 Wolu Teluti dialect 50 70 74 85 89 Tehua 49 73 76 83 88 89 Tehoru 49 70 69 74 79 81 81 Laha. Serani

Figure 6 : Nunusaku Chain (from core word lists)

Stresemann (1927) classifies Sub-Ambon (our Nunusaku chain) as a member of Ur-Ambon. Collins (1983) proposes that the Nunusaku group is a direct descendent of ProtQ-East Central Maluku.

3.2.1 Atamanu Language

The AtamanuH language is spoken by 400 people in the village of Yalahatan east of Tamilouw, as well as in the village of Haruru near the regency capital . It shares a uniform lexical similarity with all of the Nunusaku chain languages (50%). Collins (1983) places Atamanu as a member of Amalumute subgroup of the Three Rivers group, a daughter of Nunusaku. Research in the area includes Wallace (1869) who published a short word list from Awaiya, a now extinct dialect of Atamanuu .

3.2.2 Sepa-Teluti Language

The Sepa-TelutiU language is spread across the south coast of Seram, from the village of Sepa, in the west, to the village of Folin on the east side of the

14 Fo llowing Stresellann (1927), Chlenov (1976), and Collins (1982b,1983), we are calling this language Atamanu. We are uncertain as to the original source of this name. An alternate name for Ataaanu is Yalahatan, the nue of the primary village' actively using this language. 15 Stokhof {[981b) presents a word list frol Lima (Atauno) that .-may be a dialect of the Atamanu language. 16 We are calling this language Sepa-Teluti, following Collins (1983) who uses this nalle as well as East Littoral.

Eastern Seram 113 Teluti Bay (see Map 3). As a member of the Nunusaku chain, it is most clos ely related to the languages located on the eastern side of the chain, such as Amahai, Nusalaut, Saparua, Haruku, Tulehu, Kaibobo, Atamanu, and Nuweletetu, a dialect of South Wemale (see Figure 4), sharing greater than 50% lexical similarity with these langua~es. The Sepa-Teluti language is composed of two dialects, Sepa, and Teluti. In the village of Tamilouw, near Sepa, a dialect is spoken that is approximately 7 5% lexically similar to both the Sepa and the Teluti dialects which suggests chaining. Collins (1983) assigns the Sepa-Teluti language to the East F'iru Bay group, which is a daughter of Piru Bay, a daughter of Nunusaku. Our findings coincide with this analysis . Sepa-Teluti shows the closest lexical similarity wi th those languages that Collins assigns to East Piru Bay. The Sepa dialect is spoken by 2,600 people in the village by that name. It is also the second language for many South Nuaulu speakers living near Sepa. Statistically, this dialect does not share a significantly gre~ter lexical similarity with the Teluti dialect (70%) than it does with the Iha, Saparua word list (,66%). Thus further resaarch is needed to accurately group Sepa. It is interesting, however, that Sepa speakers claim to know the Teluti dialect, indicating that either bili~gualism or factors of intelligibility are involved . For this reason, we prefer to group Sepa with Teluti. Teluti17 is spoken by 17,000 people in the Teluti Bay of south Seram. It is a second language for many of the Manusela and Seti speakers in the area. This dialect can be further subdivided into two subdialects: a western one, spoken in Haya, Wolu, Tehoru, and Tehua, and an eastern one, spoken in Laha Serani. These two dialects are 80% lexically similar. Wallace (1869) includes a word list from Teluti and Hoya. Stokhof (1981a) has published two word lists from Sepa, one from Tamilouw and one from Laimu (a Teluti speaking village on the Teluti Bay).

17 Following Collins (1983), we are calling this dialect Teluti, the nue of the bay on which th is dialect is spoken. Stresennn (1927) refers to the Teluti dialect as Wolu, the name of a Teluti speaking village.

114 Eastern Seram 3.3 Sawai-Nuaulu Group

The Sawai-Nuaulull Group is located between the Amahai district in the south and the Saleman Bay in the north (Map 4). This group is subdivided i n t o three languages: Sawai, North Nuaulu and South Nuaulu. As seen in F igure 7 the Sawai-Nuaulu group forms a language chain. North Nuaul u shares approximate l y 6 5% lexical similari ty wi th both Sawai and South Nuaulu, whereas South Nuaulu shows only 48% lex ical slml iar ity with Sawai.

SERAM

Teluti Bay

Map 4. Sawai-Nuaulu

18 We are calling this the Sawai-Nuaulu group from the nam es of t~e languages in t hi s gr oup. Possibly this group is the sale as the group Strese.ann (19 27) cal ls Patakai-Hatue.

Eastern Seram 115 Pasanea Sawai language 64 Rumaholat N . Nuaulu language 49 68 I Simalou S. Nuaulu language 50 70 84 Rohua 46 64 80 83 Bunara

Figure 7: Sawai-Nuaulu Group

Neither Stresemann (1927) nor Collins (1982bl consider North Nuaulu and South Nuaulu to be separate languages. According to Collins, the differences between these two languages is merely dialectal. Bolton (personal communication) reports after carrying out intelligibility testing, following Casad (1974), that South Nuaulu and North Nuaulu speakers cannot understand each other's language. Stresemann (1927) groups Nuaulu with Hatue on the basis of morphological similarities. We have ' reason to believe that Stresemann' s Hatue and our Sawai are the same language. If this is the case, Stresemann's proposal is in with Taguchi (1989) as well as with our analysis. From a historical perspective Collins (1983) argues that Sawai belongs to the Three Rivers group. On the other hand, he sug.gests that Nuaulu groups with Manusela. Our analysis, of course based on a different method, does not support either of these p·roposalslt • Collins assigns all of these languages to his Nunusaku group.

3.3.1 Sawai Language

Sawaitl is spoken by 4800 people in the Saleman Bay area. In addition Rumaholat, a North Nuaulu village, and Alakamat, a Manusela village, speak Sawai as a second language. Stresemann (1927) groups Hatue with Nuaulu to form a subgroup belonging to Sub-Seran. Collins (1983), i'9'---c-~' ili~;"Ti98ibG'~te; -' that"t 'he vocabulary diverges frol other Three &i vers languages alld suggests that Sawai borrows heavily frol Central Seru languages sllch as Huaulu. 20 Following Collins (1982b, 1983), we are using the ten Sawai, the nale of a ujor Savai speaking village. Also Bolton (personal cOllIunication) relates that the people refer to thellselves as Sawai. Streseunn's (1927 ) Hltue uy be the sale as our Sawai. liun and Hatori (19'81) and Taguchi (1989) call this language Saleun. This Savai langu~ge is not to be confused with the Sawai language of Southern Hal.altera.

116 Eastern Seram however, classifies Sawai as a member of the Three Rivers language group of Nunusaku, thus claiming a closer relationship to Stresemann's Sub-Ambon languages, than to Stre~emann's Sub-Seran languages. Other research in the area includes Ludeking's (1868) Hatue word list and Wallace's (1869) Wahai word lists are both from the Sawai language. Tauern (1930) presents a short grammar of Seleman, which is our Sawai.

3.3.2 North Nuaulu Language

North NuauluH is a language spoken in the Saleman · Bay area in the villages of Rumaholat and Oping by approximately 300 people. Collins suggests that both North and South .Nuaulu group together with the Manusela language to form the Nuaulu-Manusela group, a direct descendent of Nunusaku.

3.3.3 South Nuaulu Language

The South Nuaulu language is spoken by 1000 people in the villages surrounding Sepa in the Amahai district and in the village of Simalou n~ar Masohi. M~ny South Nuaulu speakers are bilingual . in the Sepa language. Stokhof (1981b) gives a word list from Fatakai (Nuaulu) that might be a Nuaulu word list.

3.4 Manusela-Seti Chain

The most complex language situation in eastern Seram is located between the Manusela mountains in the west and Waru Bay in the east. In this area are four languages which form a linguistic chain: the Manusela language, the Seti language, the Benggoi language and the Salas Gunung language. The Seti language shares a 51% lexical similarity with the Manusela language (see Figure 2). This figure obscures the true picture of the· relationship between the Seti language and the Manuselalanguage, in that the Seti language is signifjcantly closer statistically with the Maneo dialect of Manusela (58%, see Figure 9) than it is with the rest of the Manusela dialects (48%).

21 Following Collins (1982b, 1983), we are using the ten Nuaulu , further divided into North and South Nuaulu. Streselann (1927) refers to Nuaulu as Patakai as well as Nuaulu.

Eastern Seram 117 ...... 0 0 0 ...... 129 130 131 00 N t

MANUSELA

3 0 SERAM Kanikeh • Maneo• Rendah BENNGOI

Balakeo, Waru Bay Dawang +, ~

Elpaputi Bay

I.Tj ~ CIl ci" (1) Banda Sea I"'j ::s 11 en 0 (1) 4 t"j Map 5. Manusela-Seti Chain ~ S AlakaMat Huaulu diale ct 72 Kanikeh Kanikeh dialect Manusela language 66 67 Wanasa South Manusel. dialect 72 74 80 Pi liana 69 ?2 76 79 Yaaahena 7i 74 67 73 72 Air Besar Hatuolo dialect 64 66 65 70 72 75 Mane o Rendah Mane o dialect 66 67 66 72 73 73 86 Maneoratu 48 48 46 49 50 51 58 56 Kobi KOOI dia lect 50 50 46 53 53 54 61 60 78 Seti Set i di alec t 46 47 48 52 52 50 58 58 71 80 Ulahahall 50 47 48 52 52 54 61 61 75 83 83 Dihil Set i language 49 45 46 51 49 50 57 58 69 77 79 85 Elnusa \ 44 43 45 47 48 48 57 56 70 74 75 82 81 Adabai \ 4J 42 44 46 48 46 55 55 70 74 67' 69 66 70 Wahakaill Wahaka.ilJ dialect 40 37 39 40 42 40 46 46 59 61 61 63 60 64 66 Lesa Benggoi language 37 34 37 37 39 39 45 45 58 60 56 57 54 59 64 70 Benggoi 34 32 33 35 36 38 41 41 54 59 57 56 54 55 58 67 67 Balakeo 35 36 37 38 40 38 44 46 48 53 49 52 49 51 58 50 54 46 Salas Gunung Salas Gunung language Figure 8: Manusela-Seti -Chain

Manusela dialects (except Maneo) 69 Maneo dialect 48 58 Seti language 37 44 59 Benggoi language 37 45 51 50 Salas Gunung language

Figure 9: Manusela-Seti Chain (Reduced Matrix)

Eastern Seram 119 5 0 Benggo i \

Salas

50

Figure 10: The Manusela-Set i Language Chain

In the Teluti Ba y area , speake rs of Manuse l a and Set i languages , as we 11 a s o uts iders , refer to the Manusela and Seti languages as t he mountain languages ( bahasa gunung ) i n contrast t o the c oastal languages (bahasa pantai) , which a re the Sepa-Teluti and Bobot languages. Stresema nn ( 1927) assigns Manusela and Seti (which h e calls Liambata-Kobi) t o his Sub-Seran group. Our anal ysis presents a different picture than the historical reconstr uctions suggested by Collins. Collins (1983) assigns Manusela with Nuaulu to the Pa takai-Manusela subgroup o f , Nunusak u. And he also suggests that his Seti lan guage, which includes our Seti, Benggoi and Salas Gunung languages, is also a daughter of Nunusaku. However, in Collins (1986), he presents detailed arguments that Seti , instead, groups together with the East Rivers languages (our' Bobot and Masiwang languages) to f orm the East Seram group, a direct descendent of Proto East Central Maluku. Collins therefore suggests a more distant relationship between Seti a nd Manusela than our analysis suggests.

3 .4.1 Manusela Language

The Manusela language is spoken by about 7000 people living in the Manusela mountains of the North Seram district and along the Teluti Bay in the south (Map 5). Distances between Manusela speaking villages are great. The Manusela language can be divided into five dialec ts: South Manusela, Maneo, Huaulu, Hatuolu, ~nd Kanikeh. South Manusela is a dialect spoken in the Tel uti Bay area. The Maneo dialect is spoken in the v illages of Maneo Rendah in the Manusela mountains and in Maneoratu along the Teluti Bay. The Huaulu dialect is spoken in Alakamat, a village recently resettled from Huaulu v illage in the interior of the North Seram

120 Eastern Seram district. Hatuolu is a dialect spoken in the village of Air Besar (Hatuolu Pantai). Kanikeh dialect i s spoken in the Manusela mountains. The Huaulu dialect is frequently referred to as the bahasa asli by other Manusela speakers in the region. Stokhof (l~gla) gives two word lists frnm Manusela. Tauern (1931) gives a short grammar of Wahinama, a Manusela dialect.

3.4.2 Seti Language

The Setilt language is spoken by 3,000 people in several villages extending from the eastern edge of the Teluti Bay in the south to the north coast of Seram from Kobi to Wahakaim. Stokhof (1981a) gives two word lists that a ~ e labeled Seti. Tauern (1931) presents a short grammar for Uhei Kahlakim that includes material from Seti as well as the Benggoi language. Wallace's (1869) Ahtiago [sic'.] (Alfuros) word list may be from a dialect of Seti or Benggoi.

3.4.3 Benggoi Language

The Benggoill language is spoken by 350 people in three villages in the Werinama and Bula districts (Benggoi, Balakeo, and Lesa). It is most closely :. related to the Seti language (59%). Although each of the dialects of Benggoi share only 70% lexical similari ty we have decided to group these as dialects of the same language because the speakers T-Ie interviewed felt that the language in these three villages were similar. Tauern (1931) presents a short grammar of Uhe i Kahlakim based on language data from Benggoi as well as from Seti.

3.4.4 Salas Gunung Language

Salas GunungH is spoken by 50 people in the village by that name in the Waru Bay. Most of the people are reported to be bilingual in the Masiwang language.

22 Seti is part of the language Tauern (1931) refers to as Uhei-Kahlakil. 23 Benggoi is a part of the language Tauern (1931) calls Uhei-Kahlakim. 24 Tauern (1931) refers to this language as Lialbata.

Eastern Seram 121 Tauern ( 1931) presents a short grammar of Liambata, possibly a d i~ lec t of ·Salas Gunung.

3.5 Bobot Language

The Bobot15 language is spoken by approx imately 4500 people, priw~rily along the coast of the Werinama district, from the village of to Kota Baru (Map 6). The language is also spoken in the v illage of Tunsai whi c h is in the Seti speaking area. Researchers v isited the interior village o f Na i y aba, which c laims to speak the Bobot language, but we re unable to obtai n a wo rd list.

130° 131 ° N 3° t

SERAM Bay

• Naiyaba ~

Banda Sea

Map 6. Bobot

25 We are calling this the Bobot language, following Collins (1982b , 1983, 198 6), wh o proposes that this language gr oup originated in the Babot river basin. Streseunn (1927 ) re fers to this language as Ha tumeten.

122 Eastern Seram Sawal 82 Werinama Bobot language 86 91 Batuasa 83 86 93 Atiahu 81 83 85 86 Tum 80 80 83 80 82 Kota Baru

Figure 11:Bobot Language

According to reports from the area, s everal mountain villages have moved to the coast (eg. Sawa l and Kota Baru) and speak Bobot. The r. oastal Bobot speakers consider the language of these newcomers to be slightly different; with different pronunclatlon and lexicon. It is not clear if they have adopted Bobot or speak a closely related dialect. Stresemann (1927) assigns this language to the Sub-Seran subgroup of Ur-Ambon. Collins (1986l argues that Bobot and Mas~wang comprise ihe East Rivers group, which is a member of the East Seram group. Wallace (1869) gives a combined word list from Ahtiago [sic.] and Tobo, both Bobot speaking villages.

3.6 Masiwang Language

The Masiwangu language is spoken by 1000- people in the Waru Bay area of the Bula district (Ma,p 7). The people trace their origins to the mountains. At least one village, Kota Baru, on the south coast of Seram has spoken Masiwang in the past. The appendix of ColI ins (1986) gives a Masiwangword list that he took in Kota Baru. However, the people we interviewed in Kota Baru, who gave us a Bobot word list, claimed that the older people speak a different language. It is possible that t hat language is Masiwang.

26 We are calling this language Hasiwang, following Collin s (1982 b, 1983, 1986), wh o suggests that th ese people originated near the Kas iw ang river in eastern Seral. This language is generally referred to in the literature as Bonfia, the name of a Hasiwang speaking village.

Eastern Seram 123 0 130 131 0 N

3 0

Map 7. Masiwang

Some of the people who speak Masiwang claim to be b ilingual in the Geser-Gorom language. Collins (1982b) o~serves that some of the villages may even be shifting from the Masiwang l anguage to Geser-Gorom. Stresemann (1927) expl i citly excludes Masiwang from Ur-Ambon. Collins (1986) argues that Masiwang and Bobot form the East Rivers group, which a member of the East Seram group. Cocq d' Armandville (1901) gave a word list from Bonfia, a Mas iwang village. Stokhof (1982) gives a short grammar and a detailed word list translated from material prepared by Cocq d'Armandville.

3.7 Seran Laut Group

The Beran Laut" Group is located on the eastern tip of Seram and the islands extending east of Seram (Map 8). The group divides into two languages: Geser­ Gorom and Watubela. Geser-Gorom and Watubela · share a ...... -...... •..••.....•....._...... 27 Fo llowing Colli ns (1986), who exten ds St resemann I s (1927 ) ten for the Geser-Goroll language, we are calling this group tb e Seran Lau t Group, which is the nue of the lain arch ipel ag o i~ th e regi on.

124 Eastern Seram lexical similarity averaging 57% (Figure 12 on the following page) and speakers of both languages agree that they are distinct.

N 1

Gah

warU~Bay__ ~::~~~er C) W; -Kilgah ij/ /Artat81a . Y /-Gaur Isl~m "~Gaur Kriste~

: ~SER-GORO< \

atalOka o ~ Ondor t\ Kilkoda 4 0 Visalen-"'"U Amarskaru/~4 Banda Sea

ATUBELA \\

SUmelang-~_Ta~her Timur

~

Map 8. Seran Laut

Collins (1986) classifies the Seran Laut group together wi th the Banda language in his Proto-Banda language grouping, a daughter of Proto-East Central ~1aluku . Stresemann (1927) specifically excludes the Seran Laut language (our Geser-Gorom) from his Ur-Ambon language grouping.

Eastern Seram 125 a..oga ~tidialect 89 leleser 81 85 ArtafellL _ 8~ 81 8T lilgah ~ 82 85 88 90 filfura ~ 80 85 81 90 95 Gah Geser subdialect Geser- 19 82 ·85 88 93 92 Terui 1 Goral 11 18 82 85 90 90 90 Warn language 18 78 83 83 89 89 8T 88 TertIi 2 19 81 86 86 91 90 91 81 85 Kelluri 18 80 83 86 89 89 81 86 85 81 Urung 16 11 81 82 86 84 83 81 80 83 84 Gaur Islu 18 80 85 86 81 89 85 83 84 86 84 80 Ioda 16 78 80 84 88 87 85 84 80 85 84 79 86 Kataloka Gorol 5Ilbdil1lect 16 80 83 83 89 89 8987 84 89 87 81 85 90 Ondor

13 16 80 83 87 86 86 84 85 85 8~ 18 82 81 88 Visalen 13 14 80 83 86 85 85 84 19 84 83 78 83 ·86 88 88 AmBekarn 56 54 60 58 60 61 60 51 58 59 59 56 58 58 58 58 51 Talher Ti~ Itatubela language 5Z 51 56 51 58 51 51 56 56 55 55 55 55 51 56 58 51 71 SulIelang ~ Figure 12: Seran Laut Languages

3. 7 . 1 Geser-Gorom Language

The Geser-GoromU language is spoken over a wide area in eastern Seram and the Gorom Islands, east of Seram. On the basis of phonological d ifferences (see below) and reported dialect d iffe rences , we have subdivided the Geser-Gorom language into twb major dialects: the Geser-Gorom dialect and t he Bati dia lect. These dialects share approximat e l y 8 0% lexical similarity.

28 ~o llowing Gollins (1982b , 19 86), we re fe r to t hi s as the Ge ser-Goro ll lan guag e. Peop le in the ar ea refer to this language as Serall (Se ran ), Geser, Gorong, Gor oll, (G oran) , or Gorong. Stresellann (1927) ca lls thi s languag e Seran [,aut and Goroll.

126 Easte rn Serarn There are four phonetic differences. that may conspire to reduce intel'ligibili ty between the Geser­ Gorom dialect and Bati. The first difference is that the word final high in the Geser-Gorom dialect metathesizes with the preceding in Bati ". For e~ample:

g .~!;l .~U;,_::.G.Q .;r..Qm ...... ~~..t..J, ...... 9.J .. Q .§§. VCV[+hi]# ViC-at susu suis-a "breast" afi a.if-au "fire"

Ther e is also a regular correspond.ence between Geser- Gorom Igl and Bati If)g/u As shown in:

Ig/ Iqgl nagi nalJ.g i "where" gifit l)gifit "sleep" dagi da9gu "walk" guan na-9guan "give"

In addition Irl in GeSer-Gorom corresponds to /11 in Bati, as follows:

!l~J2.~.;r..::.. G _Q... !, ..Qm ...... _...... ~a t..i... _...... JJ.l.Q.§.§. ! Ir/ III a?ar a?al "root" na-ruk na-luk "know" rifi lifi "cold" turik tuluk-a "knife"

But note that this does not compl~tely extend across the dialects as bo·th use lukar I for "mountain " .

29 Collins (1982b) first noted this cor.respondence. ~ O But note that lafi/ Ln a cOlpound does not letathesize, eg o lafi tail in the Geser-Gorol dialect and lafu ~ail Bati ' ash" 31 Collins (1982b) clailled that both the Kian Darat (our Bati) and Kellury dialects (we have no basis for positing a Kellury dialect) share rngl for the /gl of the rest 'O f the Gesel-Goroll language. While we have lany era.ples illustrating this phenomenon for Bati, we have only one example frol Keillury.

Eastern Seram 127 The Geser-Gorom Iii corresponds to the Bati lui in the final of a word root.

Y.~ .§. ~. r .::: . Y.QJ·,~. Q.m ...... ,e. . ~. :t. ..i ...... y.l.Q.§.§ Iii lui (final syllable) tubir tubur "island " tekis tekus ,. snake" roti lotu "two" ababis ababus "all ,. turik tuluk-a "knife"

But note that both Geser-Gorom and Bati share I gafinl "good." We are uncertain whether it is best to classify the Geser-Gorom dialect and the Bati dialect as the same language or whether they are in fact separate languages. People from the Geser-:-Gorom dialect frequently report their perception that Bati and Geser­ Gorom are the same language. However Bati ' speakers always claim that Bati is a language separate from the Geser-Gorom dialect. Many Bati speakers claim to be bilingual in the Geser-Gorom dialect. The Geser-Gorom dialect is spoken by approximitely 40,000 people. It is also a second language in many parts of eastern Seram, in the Wa tubela Archipelago, and in parts of western Irian Jaya. Collins (1982b: 118) states that "it ' has diffused all along the northeast coast of Seram, both by the movement of Geser-s~eaking people who have established villages in that area, and by changes in linguistic allegiance in other villages, particularly in those villages settled some time ago by people originating from north Halmahera, for example, Silohan. The language of Hoti, a Seti dialect is said to have been replaced by Geser as well." On the basis of consistent phonological changes, we further subdivide the Geser-Gorom dialect into two subdialects: Geser (spoken on Seram and the islands adjacent to it), and Gorom (spoken in the Gorom Island&). For example, where Geser uses Ihl the Gorom subdialect uses If I; where the Geser subdialect uses Ikl, Gorom uses I?I, as seen in the examples below:

128 Eastern Seram G:g.~H~.. r.: ...... G..9. .r.:.QP.L ...... G.JJH!.§. hu.di fudi "banana" his fis "how many" saka sa?a "climb" aku a?u ttl"

The village of Ondor, on Gorom Island, seems to be a cross between the Geser subdialect and the Gorom subdialect. They use both the Geser Ikl and the Gorom If I. Bati is spoken by 3500 people in eastern Seram, tucked in the mountains between Kian Darat and Keleser (See Map 9) and along the coast. Tradi tional beliefs (adat) and the use of magic are reportedly strong. The people are reluctant to give outsiders information about their language and culture.

N t • SERAM + Kilgah (GESER-GOROM)

• Artafela

Map 9. Bati

Wallace (1869) gives a word list from the Bati dialect, which he labels Gah. He also gives a word list from Gorom. Cocq d'Armandville (1901) also includes a Geser-Gorom word list. 'Stokhof (1982) gives two Geser dialect word lists, one from Waru village and one called Seram.

3.7.2 Watubela Language

The WatubelaH language is spoken by 3500 inhabi tants of the Watubela islands south-east of the

.. 32 Following Collins (1982b, 1986) ,we are calling this language Watubela, the nalle of the archipelago where it is spoken, ·The people of the area also refer to it as the Kesui (Kasui) language, .Wallace (1869) calls it Matabello,

Eastern Seram 129 Gorom islands. Many of the people claim to be 'bilingual in the Geser-Gorom language. There are reported dialect differences. When we took the Sulmelang word list, speakers from other Watubela villages commented that they would have used 'a different word for a particular gloss. Further stucl y is needed. Because travel to the area is difficult, the two word lists we used were taken from people who have lived the majority of their lives outside of the language area~U Wallace (1869) gave a word list that he calls Matabello f r om Watubela.

3.8 Teo.r-Kur Language

The Teor-Kuru language is spoken by about 3000 people on the islands of Teor and Kur located between the Kei archipelago and Seram (Map 10). Speakers of Teor-Kur have also settled in Gaur Kristen on , and Ut Island, just north of Kei Kecil. Due to the remot.ness of Teor, Kur, and Ut islands the researchers were unable to obtain word lists from the area itself. The Ut and Kur word lists used were taken in on Kei Kecil.

Gaur Kristen 79 Ut 71 77 Kur

Figure 13: The Teor-Kur Lan.guag'e

,...... _ _.. __ ..._-----""! .. _-.. _--:...-... ,_. 33 We obtailted ,a IOf,e reliable w01!d list frot Watube la after we had already finisl'red our analysts. 34 This ten, .froi: ,Colli!lil (1982b) I ref~rs to the ll8.in islands where tbe language is spoke n.

130 Eastern Seram 0 131 132 0 133" N Gaur Kristen (TEOR) t

~ 'C\) Gorom 4 0 ~

~ Watubela Banda Sea o o Teor

TEOR-KUR

Ut

t) Tual~D Kei Kecil U

Map 10. Teor-Kur

Teor-Kur shares 47% lexical similari ty wi th the Kei language. This lexical similarity is not significantly different statistically from the 50% threshold defining a group. This suggests that Te-or­ Ku r and Kei belong t o a common group. Collins (1982b) discusses Teor-Kur briefly, suggesting that it is a relative of Proto-Central Maluku. Hughes (1987) groups Teor-Kur wi th Kei and Fordata as members of the Kur-Fordata Substock. Wallace (1869) gives a word list from Teor.

3.9 Further Research

There are still questions that need to be answered in order to fully understand the linguistic si tuation of eastern Seram. We have mentioned several questions in relationship to the specific languages. Research remains to be done concerning the status of the languages spoken in the interior of Seram. We have heard rumors of people living in small settlements scattered throughout this area, ma~y are not yet included in government census data. We have no word

Eastern Seram 131

- lists ~nd . almost no repor~s concerning· th~l~nguages of these~~ttlements. Anot her area of necessary research Concerns the Hoti language. Ludeking ' ( 1868) gives a word list from Hoti v illage i n the Bula District. Stresemann (1927) I based on t hi s word list I g r oups Hoti wi th Manusela. Collins (1982b) puggests that Hoti is a Seti dialect. Only a few older people are reported to speak this language . We have not taken a word list from this v illage a n d have not classified it. To complete the p i cture of the linguistic situation o f eastern Seram, these languages need to be compared wi th those of neighboring areas: the rest of Central Maluku, as well as the Kei Islands and Irian Jaya in a more in-depth study using other methods.

4 . SUMMARY

In this paper we have given a preliminary description of fourteen languages that group together to form seven groups in eastern Seram. We have discussed the relationships that these languages share wi th one another. We anticipate that this paper has provided a framework for more in-depth study, using other methods, of these languages.

132 Eastern Seram 5. REFERENCES

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136 Eastern Seram 6. APPENDICES

6. 1 Appendix A: Word lists

*Reliability -VG = very good, indicates immediate, confident responses -G = good, indicates confident responses -F = fair, indicates hesi,tant responses - p = poor, indicates hesitant, uncertain responses

Primary Word lists

Our core word lists were taken on the following surveys:

.....~t.i.9.n ...... ~k ...... J4.-D.gy.i..~~ Kei Islands Jan. 1985 J. Hughes and E. Travis North Central Seram Sept. 1985 T. Mettler and Y. Taguchi South Central Seram Dec. 1986 R. Loski and F. ~llum. East Seram May 1987 D. Coward and R. Loski

yj.JJ.NC~...... _ ...... ~Re. .l..! ...... InfQ~t...... _...... __Mf.Ll4nsY.i.Jlt. _...... "... J&.~

Adabai VG F. Sabantotun 32 R. Loski 22 Dec. 86 Air Besa.r3 5 VG L. lpakiat 32 A. Mettler 14 Sep. 85 Alakamat36 G K. Huaulu 35 A. Mettler 9 Sep. 85 Amarsekaru G A. Rifa'e D. Coward 11 May 87 M.Y. Keliobas Artafela VG A. Karim 24 D. Coward 16 May 87 Atiahu G P.P. Samalehu 40 F. McCollum 21 Dec. 86 Balakeo37 F L. Balakeo 65 R. Loski 21 Dec. 86 Batuasa VG T.W. Halong 37 F. McCollum 19 Dec. f-6 Benggoi Lama G :sernado 30 D. Coward 22 May 87 Bunara G/VG Y.M. Lipari 48 R. Bolton 9 May 87 Thlwang G Bensilina 45 D. Coward 19 May 87 Dihil VG V. Ahowalum. 30 F. McCollum 22 Dec. 86 Blnusa G Mesak 39 R. Loski 22 Dec. 86 Gab VG B. Lausiri 50 R. Loski 18 May 87 Gaur Islam F M. Jafar 70 R. Loski 16 May 87 Gaur Krestan G L. Gislou 61 D. Coward 15 May 87 Haya38 F S. Hayoto 29 R. Loski 14 Dec. R6 Kanikeh39 G J . Lilimau 58 Y. Taguchi 10 Sep. 85

• M.' ••••• "._••• " ...... _ ...... NM. __ ••• __ • •••• _ ••••• _._•••••• 35 Also called Hatuolo Pantai 3S Also called Huaulu Pantai. 37 This word list was taken in Naiyaba. 38 This word list was taken in Tamilouw. 39 This word list was taken in Airlerah.

Eastern Seram 137 - Yjll~&L ._...... _ ...... _... ~~l.~ _._.M9~.t... _.. .. __ ... _...... Ag~... .. ~t...... __. _.. J)B~

Katalaka G H. Lokol omin 50+ R. Loski 9 May 87 R. Tukuwain 50+ Keleser G A. Kelrey 7-3 R. Loski 17 May 87 Kelmuri40 VG A. Kl>lairumaratu 54 D. Coward 14 May 87 Kilfura VG M. Kiliwou 40 R. Laski 15 May 87 Kilgah VG A. Musa'at 35 D. Coward 16 May ' 87 Kilkoda41 F R. Kairoti 30+ R. Loski 7 May 87 Kobi42 F S. Tidoke 60 Y. Taguahi 12 Sep. 85 ~futa Baru VG Fredi 22 R. Loski 19 Dec. 86 Kur'3 G H. Sarkol 35 E. Travis 3 Jan. 85 Labs. Serani G B. Karnelau 34 R. Laski 23 Dec. 86 Lesa G Karel 40+ F. McColllJIII 22 Dec. 86 Maneo Rendah44 VG F. Tamala 41 A. Mettler 11 Sep. 85 A. Tamala Maneoratu G Unknown 18+ R. Loski . 23 Dec. 86 Ondor FIG A. Kelilau 45 D. Coward 10 May 87 Pasanea G J. Makatika 27 A. Mettler 8- Sep. 85 Piliana VG Village head 40+ R. LosJri 26 Dec. 86 Rohua G K. Soumori 60 R. Loski 13 Dec. e.G RlDaholat VG T. Lumatehtmisa 37 Y. ~i 9 Sep. 85 RLBoga G Haji 50 R. Laski 16 May 87 Salas Gunl.Jl')g4 5 G K. Leswat 16 R. Laski 22 May 87 Sawa.l VG B. Nilapancura 37 F. McCoLl.um 11 Apr. 88 Sepa G LA. Amahoru 40+ F~ McCollum 14 Dec. 86 Seti46 VG D. Aitonam 58 A. Mettler 11 Sep. 8') Simalou G/VG M. Sonawe 48 R. Bolton 11 May 87 Solan G S.U. Tutin 45 R. Laski 19 May 87 M. Amin 30 Sulmelang4 7 F Deni 24 R. Loski 9 May 87 TaBiler Ti.JmIr4 8 F A. 26 R. Laski 10 Feb. 88 Tamilouw VG R. Note 21 F. McCollum 14 Dec. 86 Tehoru G S. Tehuayo 27 F. McCol,ll6lJ 17 Dec. 86 Tehua VG Y. Usemahu 24 F. McCollum 24 Dec. 86 Terui (1) VG Abdula 43 D. Coward 17 May 87 .

-- .. _...... _ ... _-_._._-_ ... _ .. 40 This word list was taken in Geser . 41 Th is word list was taken in Geser. H This word list was taken in Wahai . 43 This word list was taken in Tual. H This word list· was taken ~n Wahai. 45 This ' word list was taken in Bula. 40 This 'word list was taken in Waaai. 47 This .word list was taken in Gor,ol . 48 The Ian who gave this word list grew up speaking Geser-Gorol in the Goroi Islands, but I&intains regular contact with htubela. This lIord ·list lias · taken in "bon.

138 Eastern Seram .. .Y.ill~~ ...... _...... _!Re.l...!...... M.9.D.OOnt...... _. __ .. _.. Ag~_.L;llgyj,.~j;...; ...... __ ...... P.ai;!.;}

};.. . Terui (2)49 G H. Kastella 20 R. Laski Mar. 87 '!Un VG H. Saflut 33 F. McCollum 19 Dec. 86 ~ Ul8ha.ham VG Yunatan 55 F. McCollum 23 Dec. 86 Urung G M. Wokas 50 R. Laski 14 May 87 Ut50 VG A. Hamit 20 E. Travis 3

Secondary Word lists

These are word lists used. to fit the core word lists into the larger picture of neighboring .languages.

Asilulu G D. Lach 25 J. Hughes 8 Dec. 84 Dullah G G. Renua 38 J. Hughes 4 Jan. 85 Elat G H. Suat 45 E. Tra.vis 1 Jan. 85 J. Hughes ..,. Hulaliu VG C. Noija 48 E. Travis 16 Apr. 85 Iha VG 1. Amahoru 51 E. Kotynski 17 Apr. 85 ~ KaiboboS 3 VG H. Kakisina 51 E. Kotynski 8 July 85 Kmm. VG Y. Rowe 70 E. Kotynski 6 July 85 Liang VG J. Naya 19 E. Travis 5 Dec. 85 Luhu VG S. Waleulu 56 E. Kotynski 10 July 85 Nikulkan VG W. Rotaso 64 A. Mettler 6 Sep. 85 Nuweletetu VG M. Tunuhuri 80 F. McCollum 13 Dec. 86 Rutah F A. Latarisa 83 E. Kotynski 18 Jl.me 85 Sakowaty VG T. lyay 46 J. Christensen 23 Feb. 88 Siri- Sori VG B. Halle 42 E~ Tra.vis . 18 Apr. -85 Islam 'f'itawai 5-4 G M. Tomasoa 62 E. Kotynski 17 Apr. 85

49 This word list was taken in Albon. 50 This word list was taken in Tual. 51 This word list was taken in Gaur Isla •. 52 This word list was taken in Wahai. 53 This word list was taken outside of the village. 54 This word list was taken in Saparua.

Eastern Seram 139 6.2 Appendix B: Previous Classifications

The . following is" a SUlllll8.ry of Stresemann' s (1927) analysis of the languages of Central Malulruu : , "

Ur-Ambon Sub-Buru . Sub-Ambon Wema.le AsiIuIu-Sapalewa Eti-Hatusua Saparua Kamarian (Kaibobo) Paulohi Hila Haruku Sepa Wolu ( Tel uti ) Sub-Seran Hatuaeten (Bobot) Manusela-Hoti Manusela . t Hoti I,jambata-Kobi .( Seti) Nuaulu-Batue ( Sawai -Nuaul u?) Nuaulu (South Nuaulu and North Nuaulu) Hatue ($awai ?)

The following is a combination of the charts given in (',.()Ilins (1983, 1986)" • Following Collins (1986) Seti is classified with the East Seram language group.

55 In this and the following figure, we are printing the languages diacilued in this paper in bold print. If we have used a different nue for tie luguage, that naae is printed ~n italics following the language naae. 56 To siapHf, this chart, we have not included lanl of the , !lllbgrollpi'ngs that Collins proposes .

140 Eastern Seram Proto-East Central Maluku N\m.usaku Three .Rivers Wemale Atamanu . Sawai Hultm;6 Loun Iha Naka ' ela Alune Piru Bay West Piru Bay Boano Wakasihu . Luhu As i lulu East Piru Bay East Littoral (Sepa-Teluti) C. Ambon N.E. Ambon W. Littoral Proto-Kamarian " Harulru Saparua ... > Nusalaut Amahai Paulohi Patakai-Manusela Nuauld' (South and North Nuaulu) Manusela East Seram Seti ( Seti I Benggoi I Salas Gunung) Three Rivers Bobot Masiwang Proto-Banda Banda Seran Laut Geser ( Geser-Gorom) Watubela

Al though Teor-Kur is discussed by Collins ( 1982b) , it I S genetic classification remains unspecified.

51 This ten is frol Collins (1982b),

Eastern Seram 141