.1" >. -. DS 6/5- GOiENELL' IJNIVERSIT> LIBRARIES riilACA, N. Y. 1483 M. Echols cm Soutbeast. Asia M. OLIN LIBRARY CORNELL UNIVERSITY LlflfiAfiY 3 1924 062 748 995 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924062748995 I.D. 1209 A MANUAL OF NETHERLANDS INDIA (DUTCH EAST INDIES) Compiled by the Geographical Section of the Naval Intelligence Division, Naval Staff, Admiralty LONDON : - PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. To be purchased through any Bookseller or directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses: Imperial House, Kinqswat, London, W.C. 2, and ,28 Abingdon Street, London, S.W.I; 37 Peter Street, Manchester; 1 St. Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff; 23 Forth Street, Edinburgh; or from E. PONSONBY, Ltd., 116 Grafton Street, Dublin. Price 10s. net Printed under the authority of His Majesty's Stationery Office By Frederick Hall at the University Press, Oxford. ill ^ — CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I. Introduction and General Survey . 9 The Malay Archipelago and the Dutch possessions—Area Physical geography of the archipelago—Frontiers and adjacent territories—Lines of international communication—Dutch progress in Netherlands India (Relative importance of Java Summary of economic development—Administrative and economic problems—Comments on Dutch administration). II. Physical Geography and Geology . .21 Jaya—Islands adjacent to Java—Sumatra^^Islands adja- — cent to Sumatra—Borneo ^Islands —adjacent to Borneo CeLel3^—Islands adjacent to Celebes ^The Mpluoeas—^Dutoh_ QQ New Guinea—^Islands adjacent to New Guinea—Leaser Sunda Islands. i—l III. Climate 85 Genera) conditions — >< — Pressure — Winds —; Temperature ^ Humidity — Rainfall — Mist and fog — Cloud — Sunshine _ Thunderstorms—Wind storms—^Tables. ^. IV. Vegetation and Animals .... 109 V. Inhabitants : General Considerations . 124 Population : Numbers — Native races — Europeans — Half-castes—Relations between Dutch and natives—Orien- tal foreigners (Chinese—Japanese—^Arabs—Hindus)—Lan guages—Religions (Mohammedanism—Christianity—Confu- cianism)—Education—The Press—Health. VI. The Inhabitants of Java .... 148 Numbers—Density of population—Urban and rural popula- tion—Migration and increase—Native peoples—^Javanese (Physical characters—Culture—Religion—Pastimes—Position of Avomen—Occupations—Villages and houses—Clothing) Sundanese—^Madurese—Tenggerese—Baduj —Kalangs. VII. The Inhabitants of the Outer Possessions . 163 Sumatra ( Achinese — Gajos — Alas — Bataks — Malays — Menangkabau Malays — Lebongs — Rejangs — Lampongs — Primitive tribes)—Islands adjacent to Sumatra—Orang Laut —Borneo (Dayaks)—Karimata Islanda—Celebes (Toraja tribes — ——— 6 CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE —Buginese and Makassars—Minahasese—Gorontalese)—Sangi Islands—Banggai Islands—Moluccas—New Guinea—Papua Islands—^Tenimber Islands—South-western Islands—Lesser Sunda Islands. VIII. Government and Administration . 245 Home government (States-General—The Sovereign) Colonial central government (The Governor-— General—Council of India -Volksraad—General Secretariat ^The Departments) —Local government (Territories under direct rule—Kative self-government—Native principalities of Java—Direct admi- nistration—Administrative divisions—The Desa—Beforms of local government)—Justice (Government justice—The Courts) —Police—Defence (Army—Navy)—^Finance (Revenue Taxation—^Monopolies—Government cultures and services The budget)—^Foreign consular services. IX. General Economic Considerations. 278 Summary of economic products (Plant products—Live- stock—Minerals)—Manufacture—^Agrarian and industrial con- ditions—Land tenure—Agricultural education—^Labour and wages—Banking and credit—Currency—Weights and measures —Commerce—^Mining regulations. X. Economic Products of Java . 303 Agriculture (Agricultural methods—Bice—Secondary crops — Sugar — Coffee — Tea — Cocoa — Tobacco — Indigo — Coca — Fibres — Vegetable oils — Spices) — Forestry, forest products, &c. (Forestry administration—^Teak—Coconut palms -^Fruit culture—Bubber—Cinchona—Battan)—Live-stock Petroleum and other mineral products. XI. Economic Products of the Outer Possessions 339 Sumatra and adjacent islands—Borneo—Celebes—^Moluccas and New Guinea—Lesser Sunda Islands. XII. Communications. I.—Shipping and Ports . 375 External communications—^Inter-insular and coastwise com- munications—Conditions during the war—Ports^—Shipping statistics—Biver transport. XIII. Communications. II. — Roads, Railways, Posts, &c 404 Java : Boads—Motor transport—BaUways—^Tramways. Outer Possessions : Roads (Sumatra—Borneo—Celebes Other islands)—Bailways and tramways (Sumatra—Banka and Billiton). Cables—^Telegraphs—Wireless telegraphy- Telephones—Postal arrangements. —— — CONTENTS 7 OHAP. PAGE XIV. History.- I. From Early Times to the Dutch Restoration, 1814-18 .... 429 Hindus in Java—Rise of Mohammedanism—Europeans in the archipelago—Dutch and English East India Companies Political situation, end of sixteenth century—Dutch monopo- listic policy—^The Dutch East India Company, to 1798—The Commission of 1803—Daendels' Governor- Generalship—^Ad- ministrative reforms of Daendels—British conquest of Java, 1811—British occupation : Thomas Stamford Raffles—^Native princes under the British occupation—Raffles' regime outside Java—British reform of administration in Java—^Restoration of the Dutch colonies. XV. History. II. From the Dutch Restoration the Present Time to ....— 477 Introduction—Java (The Java Rebellion ^Territorial settle- ment—Native jurisdictions—Culture system—Greneral finance —^Indian constitution—Law)—Sumatra (Aohin)—^Borneo (Sambas—^Pontianak—Landak—Sukadana, &o. —Banjermasin — — —Kutei —^The Kongsis)—Celebes (Gowa ^Boni—Wajo—Luwa —Buton) ^The Moluccas and New Guinea—Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali—^Lombok—Sumbawa—^Elores and Solor—Timor —Sumba)—Diplomatic history (Great Britain : trea,ty of 1824, &c. —Great Britain and Germany in New Guinea Portugal)—Present situation. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE 533 LIST OF MAPS 535 INDEX 536 CONTENTS MAPS IN TEXT FIG. ^AGE 1. Example of recent changes of coast-line, north coast of Java .....••• 29 2. Distribution of certain economic plants in Java 315 431 3. Java in the Hindu era ..... 4. Java from the first preachiag of Islam to 1686 . 433 5. Java in the time of the Company 443 volume General map of Netherlands IncMa . end of NOTE ON THE SPELLING OP PLACE-NAMES In transliterating Malay names from Dutch it is only neces- = = sary to notice that Dutch aa English a ; aoe or auw au ; -^ = dj = j j = y ; oe u. Tj should strictly be transliterated ty, and sometimes is so in this volume, but the sound closely approaches the English ch, and this, in the English translitera- tion of many names (e.g. Chilachap,. not Tyilatyap), has become conventional. Dutch w generally = English w, but sometimes apparently v. CHAPTER I INTEODUCTION AND GENERAL SURVEY The Malay Archipelago and the Dutch possessions—^Aiea—Physical geography of the archipelago—Frontiers and adjacent territories—^Lines of international communication—^Dutch progress in Netherlands India (Relative importance of Java—Summary of economic development—Administrative and economic problems—Comments on Dutch administration). The Malay Archipelago and the Dutch Possessions Netheblands India, the Netherlands Indies, and the Dutch East Indies are names alternatively applied to the Dutch possessions in the Malay Archipelago, which the Dutch call Nederlandsch-Indie or Nederlandsch-Oost-Indie. The Malay Archipelago, variously known as Malaysia', the East Indies, Indonesia, &c., is the vast congeries of islands which lie between south-eastern Asia and northern Australia. This archipelago is usually taken to include : 1. The Great Sunda Islands—Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and Celebes, with islands adjacent to them or Ijdng between them. 2. The Philippine Islands. 3. The Moluccas. This name, in its wider application, in- cludes all the islands between Celebes on the west. New Guinea on the east, and Timor on the south. These islands (apart from those which lie close to Celebes and are considered in Chapter II as geographically connected with it) fall into the following principal groups : (a) the Moluccas proper, or Ternate group, including Halmaheira (b) the Bachian, Sula, and Ombi or Obi ; (c) the Amboina groups, of which Ceram and Buru are groups ; (e) the largest islands ; (d) the Banda Islands ; the South- eastern Islands (Tenimber Islands), of which Timor Laut is the Islands, of which the former are largest ; (/) the Kei and Aru sometimes attached to the south-eastern group ; (g) the South- western Islands, or the Babar, Sermata, Letti, Damar, Roma, and Wetar groups. i. New Guinea and adjacent islands. 10 GENERAL SURVEY 5. The Lesser (or Little) Sunda Islands, which form a chain between the South-western Islands and Java, and include Timor, Flores, Sumba, Sumbawa, Lombok, and Bali, and islands between and adjacent to them. Of the above, all are Dutch possessions except the northern part of Borneo (British), the Philippines (belonging to the United States of America), the eastern and northern parts of Timor (Portuguese), and the eastern part of New Guinea (British and formerly German). Inasmuch as Java, though by no means the largest, contains Batavia, the capital, and is the administrative centre of Nether- lands India, as well as economically the most important and by far the most populous island in the archipelago, the Dutch make a broad division