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Report on Biodiversity and Tropical Forests in Indonesia

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Report on Biodiversity and Tropical Forests in Indonesia Report on Biodiversity and Tropical Forests in Indonesia Submitted in accordance with Foreign Assistance Act Sections 118/119 February 20, 2004 Prepared for USAID/Indonesia Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5 Jakarta 10110 Indonesia Prepared by Steve Rhee, M.E.Sc. Darrell Kitchener, Ph.D. Tim Brown, Ph.D. Reed Merrill, M.Sc. Russ Dilts, Ph.D. Stacey Tighe, Ph.D. Table of Contents Table of Contents............................................................................................................................. i List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. v List of Figures............................................................................................................................... vii Acronyms....................................................................................................................................... ix Executive Summary.................................................................................................................... xvii 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................1- 1 2. Legislative and Institutional Structure Affecting Biological Resources...............................2 - 1 2.1 Government of Indonesia................................................................................................2 - 2 2.1.1 Legislative Basis for Protection and Management of Biodiversity and Forest Resources ............................................................................................2 - 2 2.1.2 Government Institutions Concerned with Biodiversity Conservation and Management of Forests and other Natural Resources...................................2-10 2.1.3 Environmental Profiles and National Conservation Strategies...........................2-12 2.1.4 GOI Budget Expenditure on Environmental Management, including Biodiversity Conservation, Forestry and Protected Areas Management ............................................................................2-14 2.1.5 International Treaties and Agreements Involving GOI ......................................2-17 2.1.6 Legislative and Institutional Issues Affecting Biodiversity and Forest Conservation .....................................................................................2-19 2.2 Non-Governmental Organizations Involved in Forestry and Biodiversity....................2-24 2.2.1 Description of Some Key Indonesian NGOs........................................................2-24 2.2.2 Descriptions of Some Key International NGOs....................................................2-31 2.2.3 Indonesian NGO Transition Issues and Capacity Needs ......................................2-34 2.2.4 NGO Resource Base ............................................................................................2-36 2.3 International Organizations.............................................................................................2-37 2.3.1 Major Dobor Programs and Trends .......................................................................2-37 2.3.2 International Funding in the Forestry Sector .........................................................2-42 2.3.3 International Funding for Biodiversity Conservation and Protected Areas Management ................................................................................2-43 2.3.4 US Government Initiatives for Biological Resource Conservation and Management....................................................................................................2-46 3. Indonesian Biodiversity Patterns ..........................................................................................3 - 1 3.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................3 - 1 3.2 Indonesia's Marine Environment and Region Specific Biodiversity..............................3 - 2 3.3 Marine Environments, Coral Reefs and mangrove Communities ..................................3 - 3 3.4 Sundaland........................................................................................................................3 - 8 3.4.1 Kalimantan.............................................................................................................3 - 8 3.4.2 Sumatra and Associated Islands.............................................................................3-21 3.4.3 Java and Associated Islands...................................................................................3-35 3.5 Sulawesi ..........................................................................................................................3-49 i 3.6 Papua...............................................................................................................................3-65 3.7 Nusa Tenggara and Maluku............................................................................................3-77 4. Protected Areas Policy, Status and Management .................................................................4 - 1 4.1 Terrestrial Protected Areas .............................................................................................4 - 2 4.1.1 A Brief History of Indonesian Protected Area Policy .........................................4 - 2 4.1.2 Management and Control of Protected Area Lands...............................................4 - 6 4.1.3 Protected Area Financing.......................................................................................4 - 9 4.1.4 Assessment of Indonesia Terrestrial Protected Area Policy and Management....................................................................................................4-12 4.2 A Note on Marine Protected Areas in Indonesia ............................................................4-13 5. Status and Protection of Endangered Species.......................................................................5 - 1 5.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................5 - 1 5.2 The Indonesian Endangered Species List .......................................................................5 - 2 5.3 The Extent of Endangered Species in Indonesia.............................................................5-17 5.4 Conservation of Endangered Species..............................................................................5-18 5.5 Endangered Species Habitats..........................................................................................5-19 6. Conservation Outside of Protected Areas.............................................................................6 - 1 6.1 Managed Natural Systems ..............................................................................................6 - 1 6.1.1 Forest Resources ....................................................................................................6 - 1 6.1.1.1 Overview of Indonesia's Forests................................................................6 - 1 6.1.1.2 Current Status of Indonesia's Forests.........................................................6 - 2 6.1.1.3 Forest Land Use Types .............................................................................. 6 - 3 6.1.1.4 Commercial Forestry .................................................................................6 - 4 6.1.1.5 Environmental Implications of Forest Loss...............................................6 - 6 6.1.1.6 Conflict and Forest Resources ...................................................................6 - 9 6.1.2 Coastal and Marine Resources...............................................................................6-11 6.1.3 Inland Waters and Wetlands ..................................................................................6-12 6.1.4 Agro-ecosystems....................................................................................................6-13 6.1.5 Ecosystems and Watershed Management..............................................................6-17 6.2 Impacts of Development Projects ..................................................................................6-27 6.2.1 Key Types of Development Projects .....................................................................6-27 6.2.1.1 Mining........................................................................................................6-27 6.2.1.2 Petroleum ...................................................................................................6-30 6.2.1.3 Land Conversion........................................................................................6-31 6.2.1.4 Roads and Infrastructure............................................................................6-32 6.2.2 Regulatory Framework for Environmental Management......................................6-33 6.2.2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment and Management ...............................6-33 6.2.2.2 Spatial Planning Process............................................................................6-34 6.2.2.3 Monitoring and Enforcement for Environmental Management.................6-35 6.3 Ex-situ Conservation........................................................................................................6-36 6.4 Conservation of Economically Important Species and Germplasm ................................6-39 ii 7. Major Issues and Recommendations for Biodiversity
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