Report on Biodiversity and Tropical Forests in Indonesia

Report on Biodiversity and Tropical Forests in Indonesia

Report on Biodiversity and Tropical Forests in Indonesia Submitted in accordance with Foreign Assistance Act Sections 118/119 February 20, 2004 Prepared for USAID/Indonesia Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5 Jakarta 10110 Indonesia Prepared by Steve Rhee, M.E.Sc. Darrell Kitchener, Ph.D. Tim Brown, Ph.D. Reed Merrill, M.Sc. Russ Dilts, Ph.D. Stacey Tighe, Ph.D. Table of Contents Table of Contents............................................................................................................................. i List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. v List of Figures............................................................................................................................... vii Acronyms....................................................................................................................................... ix Executive Summary.................................................................................................................... xvii 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................1- 1 2. Legislative and Institutional Structure Affecting Biological Resources...............................2 - 1 2.1 Government of Indonesia................................................................................................2 - 2 2.1.1 Legislative Basis for Protection and Management of Biodiversity and Forest Resources ............................................................................................2 - 2 2.1.2 Government Institutions Concerned with Biodiversity Conservation and Management of Forests and other Natural Resources...................................2-10 2.1.3 Environmental Profiles and National Conservation Strategies...........................2-12 2.1.4 GOI Budget Expenditure on Environmental Management, including Biodiversity Conservation, Forestry and Protected Areas Management ............................................................................2-14 2.1.5 International Treaties and Agreements Involving GOI ......................................2-17 2.1.6 Legislative and Institutional Issues Affecting Biodiversity and Forest Conservation .....................................................................................2-19 2.2 Non-Governmental Organizations Involved in Forestry and Biodiversity....................2-24 2.2.1 Description of Some Key Indonesian NGOs........................................................2-24 2.2.2 Descriptions of Some Key International NGOs....................................................2-31 2.2.3 Indonesian NGO Transition Issues and Capacity Needs ......................................2-34 2.2.4 NGO Resource Base ............................................................................................2-36 2.3 International Organizations.............................................................................................2-37 2.3.1 Major Dobor Programs and Trends .......................................................................2-37 2.3.2 International Funding in the Forestry Sector .........................................................2-42 2.3.3 International Funding for Biodiversity Conservation and Protected Areas Management ................................................................................2-43 2.3.4 US Government Initiatives for Biological Resource Conservation and Management....................................................................................................2-46 3. Indonesian Biodiversity Patterns ..........................................................................................3 - 1 3.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................3 - 1 3.2 Indonesia's Marine Environment and Region Specific Biodiversity..............................3 - 2 3.3 Marine Environments, Coral Reefs and mangrove Communities ..................................3 - 3 3.4 Sundaland........................................................................................................................3 - 8 3.4.1 Kalimantan.............................................................................................................3 - 8 3.4.2 Sumatra and Associated Islands.............................................................................3-21 3.4.3 Java and Associated Islands...................................................................................3-35 3.5 Sulawesi ..........................................................................................................................3-49 i 3.6 Papua...............................................................................................................................3-65 3.7 Nusa Tenggara and Maluku............................................................................................3-77 4. Protected Areas Policy, Status and Management .................................................................4 - 1 4.1 Terrestrial Protected Areas .............................................................................................4 - 2 4.1.1 A Brief History of Indonesian Protected Area Policy .........................................4 - 2 4.1.2 Management and Control of Protected Area Lands...............................................4 - 6 4.1.3 Protected Area Financing.......................................................................................4 - 9 4.1.4 Assessment of Indonesia Terrestrial Protected Area Policy and Management....................................................................................................4-12 4.2 A Note on Marine Protected Areas in Indonesia ............................................................4-13 5. Status and Protection of Endangered Species.......................................................................5 - 1 5.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................5 - 1 5.2 The Indonesian Endangered Species List .......................................................................5 - 2 5.3 The Extent of Endangered Species in Indonesia.............................................................5-17 5.4 Conservation of Endangered Species..............................................................................5-18 5.5 Endangered Species Habitats..........................................................................................5-19 6. Conservation Outside of Protected Areas.............................................................................6 - 1 6.1 Managed Natural Systems ..............................................................................................6 - 1 6.1.1 Forest Resources ....................................................................................................6 - 1 6.1.1.1 Overview of Indonesia's Forests................................................................6 - 1 6.1.1.2 Current Status of Indonesia's Forests.........................................................6 - 2 6.1.1.3 Forest Land Use Types .............................................................................. 6 - 3 6.1.1.4 Commercial Forestry .................................................................................6 - 4 6.1.1.5 Environmental Implications of Forest Loss...............................................6 - 6 6.1.1.6 Conflict and Forest Resources ...................................................................6 - 9 6.1.2 Coastal and Marine Resources...............................................................................6-11 6.1.3 Inland Waters and Wetlands ..................................................................................6-12 6.1.4 Agro-ecosystems....................................................................................................6-13 6.1.5 Ecosystems and Watershed Management..............................................................6-17 6.2 Impacts of Development Projects ..................................................................................6-27 6.2.1 Key Types of Development Projects .....................................................................6-27 6.2.1.1 Mining........................................................................................................6-27 6.2.1.2 Petroleum ...................................................................................................6-30 6.2.1.3 Land Conversion........................................................................................6-31 6.2.1.4 Roads and Infrastructure............................................................................6-32 6.2.2 Regulatory Framework for Environmental Management......................................6-33 6.2.2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment and Management ...............................6-33 6.2.2.2 Spatial Planning Process............................................................................6-34 6.2.2.3 Monitoring and Enforcement for Environmental Management.................6-35 6.3 Ex-situ Conservation........................................................................................................6-36 6.4 Conservation of Economically Important Species and Germplasm ................................6-39 ii 7. Major Issues and Recommendations for Biodiversity

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