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Home , Hypervitaminosis

INDEX

Absorption, nutrient and drug, 11 and phosphate depletion, 5 Acetyl salicylate (aspirin), acute reactions and secondary , 5 from, 74 sodium in, and hypertension, 83 Acute iron , hazard in young Anthraquinone drugs, and intestinal children, 124 motility, 94 Adriamycin cardiotoxicity, and Antibiotics E,92 maldigestion from, 86 steatorrhea from, 137 adverse drug reactions with, 67-68 Anticoagulants in drug formulations, 59 coumarin, use of, 6 intravenous infusion of, 60 effect reduced by vitamin C, 118 Alcohol flush, in Orientals, 63 Anticonvulsants, and neonatal Alcohol metabolism hemorrhage, 89 and amines in food, 61 Ascorbic acid, and glucose oxidase tests, and drugs, 61 136 Alcoholics, at risk for interactions, 7 Aspirin Allergenicity as cause of , 89 of formula ingredients, 50 and folate depletion, 5 of formulas, adverse outcomes of, intolerance, manifestations of, 74 52 and plasma ascorbate, 139 Aluminum-containing antacids, as and reduction of serum folate, phosphate binders, 83 89 Amino acids in TPN, complications and vitamin C depletion, 90 related to, 55 Asthmatics, reactions in, from tartrazine, Aminoglycosides, as nephrotoxic drugs, 73 87 Atropine, use in sulfate sensitivity, 75 Angioedema, from tartrazine, 73 Attribute statistics, and expert systems, , drug-induced, 4 167 Anorexia nervosa, carotenodermia in, 112 Attribute values Antacid abuse, and phosphate depletion, and drug-related hypertension, 174 7 in expert systems, 166 Antacids Attributes, in expert systems, 166

215 216 INDEX

Aurantiasis, synonym for carotenodermia, Chlorpropamide-alcohol flush (CPAF) 112 in diabetics, 65 etiology of, 66 B , in prevention of spina bifida, sherry test for, 66 108 synonym, chlorpropamide flush, 66 Beta-carotene Cholestyramine absorption and dietary fiber, 16 and malabsorption, 93 as cancer-protective agent, 112 steatorrhea due to, 136 use for photoprotection, 112 Chronic pancreatitis, 14 Bioavailability Cimetidine effects on nutrient and drug, 11 and anticoagulant metabolism, 93 of zinc and phytate, 17 and gastric secretion, 15 , due to TPN and H2 receptor antagonist, 14 antibiotics, 53 and vitamin B/2, 140 Bulking agents, effects of, 94 and metabolism, 88 CIS-platinum (CPDD) Caffeine and magnesium depletion, 92 effects of, 76 nephrotoxicity of, and magnesium, 151 in foods and drugs, 76 Colchicine, as cause of malabsorption, 90 absorption, and drugs, 150 Colestipol, and malabsorption, 93 Calcium carbonate, and reduced iron absorption, 125 and antacids, 84 Calcium-containing antacids, as calcium with antacids and TPN, 86 sources, 83 Corticosteroids Calcium supplements, and renal function, and , 148 125 and osteoporosis, 91 Cancer chemotherapeutic agents, and Coumarin anticoagulants, as vitamin K nutritional deficiencies, 91 antagonists, 88 Canrenone, spironolactone metabolite, 19 CPAF. See Chlorpropamide-alcohol flush Canthaxanthin Crohn's disease, 14 as a food colorant, 138 Cromolyn, in sulfate sensitivity, 75 as a tanning agent, 112 Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B/2), in sulfate Carbohydrate in TPN, complications deficiency, 75 related to, 54 Cystic fibrosis, 14 Carnitine deficiency, and TPN, 54 Carotenodermia, in diabetics, 112 Differential diagnosis, and expert Cephalosporins systems, 165 antivitamin K effect of, 55 Digitalis intoxication, and diuretics, 93 and creatinine determination, 136 Disulfiram as vitamin K antagonists, 87 as alcohol aversion drug, 6 Chinese Restaurant Syndrome toxic effects of, 65 hypotheses for reaction, 76 Disulfiram-like reactions, with alcohol MSG as cause of, 76 and drugs, 65 Chloride deficiency, and formulas, 53 Disulfiram reaction, 65 Chlorpropamide, and antidiuretic effect, Diuretics, and hypomagnesemia, 151 144 Domains, in expert systems, 166 INDEX 217

Dopamine, in foods, 64 and enteral formulas, Drug absorption recommendations, 41, 48 determinants of, 11-12 indications for, 208 effect of diet components on, 13 key references to, 210 effects of diabetic neuropathy, 13-14 liquid formulations, and formula factors affecting efficiency, 13 incompatibility, 38 Drug bioavailability long-term effects of nutrition, 6 effect of food components on, 5 monamine oxidase inhibitor, 2 effects of special diets, 15 and red cell enzyme tests, 141 food effects on, 17 stimulant and growth, 3 and formula ingredients, 52 taken with alcohol, 6 Drug compatibility, and enteral formulas, taken with food, 5 167 taken with nutrient supplements, 5 Drug disposition effect of food on, II EDTA, ferric, for fortification, 17 macronutrient effects, 20 Elements, in expert systems, 166 Drug effects, potentiation of, 4 Enteral formulas Drug elimination, effects of , bioavailability of nutrients, 52 23 composition of, 30 Drug formulations, acidic and and drug metabolism, 53 incompatibility, 40 fiber source and theophylline, 53 Drug incompatibility Enteropathies prediction of, 168 drug-induced, 2 with nutrients in formulas, 31 protein-losing, 3 Drug-induced weight gain, documentation Epileptic, deficiencies in due to drugs, of, 188 7 Drug interference, OTe, prediction of, Ethacrynic acid, and serum calcium, 149 170 Etretinate, in psoriasis, 109 Drug metabolism Expert systems, 163 food effects, 20 used to determine drug outcomes, 166 and nonnutrients in food, 21 and nutritional status, 22 Flush reactions Drug-nutrient interactions alcohol-associated, 62 identification guide, 191 alcohol-related, 62 process guides for, 177 Flushing, in disease states, 62 and risk assessment, 161 Folacin deficiency, acute and alcohol, 60 roles of health care team, 181 Folacin levels, lowering by ethanol and use of drug guide, 201 aspirin, 140 Drug timing, guidelines on, 22 Folacin malabsorption, and drugs, 140 Drugs Folacin values, problems of radiometric to achieve interaction, 6 assays, 141 alternate brands of, 207 Folate depletion analytical interference, 135 drug-induced, prediction of, 172 anticoagulant and , 4 and phenytoin, 88 anticoagulant and vitamin K, 2 Folate malabsorption, and sodium chemotherapeutic, 3 bicarbonate, 86 218 INDEX

Folate supplements Hypernatremia, and drugs causing, 146 and seizure control, 121 Hyperphosphatemia, and analgesic use in dementia, 109 nephropathy, 152 Food supplement misuse, proposed Hypertriglyceridemia, due to synthetic causes of, 125 retinoids, 116 Food supplements prescription of, 108 in acne, II4 reasons for taking, 107 effects in infants, 113 Formula foods and liver biopsy changes, 115 instability of nutrients in, 30 risk in liver disease, 114 intentional additives in, 29 vitamin intake causing, 113 issues of concern, 29 Hypervitaminosis D nitrogen source in, 29 hypercalcemia in, II7 in, 30 and metastatic calcification, II7 uses of, 29 Hypocalcemia Furosemide, and serum calcium, 149 and drugs, 149 and intravenous phosphate, 149 Gastric emptying time Hypokalemia and anticholinergic drugs, 16 and diuretic therapy, 147 and cola beverages, 16 drug-induced, 7 effects of fiber on, IS and drugs causing, 146 slowing of, 14 as outcome of nephrotoxicity, 148 Gastrointestinal disease, drug effects on Hypomagnesemia absorption, 14 and drugs, ISO Gel formation, in formulas, 38 and drugs causing steatorrhea, 151 Generic and brand names, of drugs, 204 Gentamicin drugs causing and types, 145 and hypomagnesemia, 151 due to diuretics, 92 and renal injury, 87 due to SIADH and drugs, 144 Glucose intolerance, and thiazides, 147 and mannitol, 146 Glucose polymer, and Hypophosphatemia absorption, IS and antacid abuse, 152 Gluten sensitive enteropathy, 14 and antacid use, 84 Griseofulvin, absorption and fat, 19 Indomethacin, as cause of iron H2-receptor antagonists, and vitamin B12 deficiency, 89 malabsorption, 93 Infantile hypercalcemia, and vitamin D in Hepatic encephalopathy, and milk formula, 117 toxicity, 114 Inky cap mushroom, and disulfiram Histamine reactions, and isoniazid, 63 reactions, 65 Hydralazine, as antagonist, 89 Insulin, adsorption on plastic tubing, 31 Hypercalcemia, with vitamin A or Interaction outcomes retinoids, 117 desirable, 2 Hyperkalemia, and drugs, 148 unwanted, 2 Hypermagnesemia, and magnesiun• Interactions containing drugs, 152 of clinical importance, 4 INDEX 219

diagnosis, 3 protein-energy, 4 diet and drug, I Mason type diabetes, CPAF-positive, 66 diet-drug, 2 Megadose vitamins, in vitamin-dependent drug-alcohol,6 diseases, 108 drug-diet, predictive factors, 7 Methotrexate functional, 2 as cytotoxic drug, 6 host-related risk factors, 7 as folate antagonist, 91 metabolic, 2 Methyl salicylate, acute reactions from, photolytic, I 74 physicochemical in vitro, I Microbiological assays, drug interference physicochemical in vivo, I with, 136 serious or fatal outcome of, 4 oil Iodide goiter, from kelp, 124 effects on carotenoid levels, 138 Iodine overload, and iodine contaminated as stool softener, 94 milk, 124 and vitamin malabsorption, 95 Iron absorption, effects of fiber, 17 Mineral toxicity, and product Iron bioavailability, and dietary fiber, 16 contamination, 124 Isoniazid Minerals, in TPN, complications related effect on vitamin D status, 6 to, 55 and vitamin B6 deficiency, 87 Monosodium glutamate (MSG) and vitamin D metabolism, 88 as flavor enhancer, 75 as vitamin D antagonist, 139 neurotoxicity in mice, 76 Isoniazid toxicity, pyridoxine as antidote, 120 Nasogastric tubes, blockage of, 3 Isotretinoin Neomycin in cystic acne, 109 as cause of steatorrhea, 137 and liver function tests, 116 effects on GI function, 87 uses of, 115 uses of, 86 Niacin Lactose, in formulas, 52 in hyperlipedemia, complications of, Lactose intolerance, and aspirin 121 absorption, 17 in hyperlipoproteinemias, 109 Laxative abuse use in hypercholersterolemia, 108 and hypokalemia, 147 use with cholestyramine, 120 and osteomalacia, 94 as vasodilator, 120 Laxatives Niacin flush, blocked by aspirin, 120 classification of, 93 Niacin hepatotoxicity, in dogs, 121 and steatorrhea, 137 Nitroglycerine, intravenous, in angina, 60 Lipid in TPN, complications related to, 55 Nitrous oxide, inhibits vitamin BI2 Loop diuretics, and potassium depletion, function, 91 93 Nutrient absorption determinants of, 11-12 Malabsorption, in laxative abusers, 94 effect of diet components on, 13 Malnutrition effects of diabetic neuropathy, 13-14 drug-induced, fetal, 7 Nutrient bioavailability, effects of special fetal and teratogenic effect, 7 diets on, 15 220 INDEX

Nutrients, postabsorptive disposition, 52 Prescription Audit, U.S. National, 5 Nutritional assessment, and drug Process guides interference, 135 on alcoholics, 183 Nutritional deficiencies on arthritics, 185 development of, 4 for drugs in cardiac patients, 181 drug-induced, 83 on neurological patients, 187 elderly at risk from drugs, 6 for nurses, on diabetes, 188 from food and drug interaction, 3 Prostaglandin inhibitor drugs, and aspirin sensitivity, 74 Oral contraceptives Protein-losing enteropathy, and laxative and ascorbate levels, 139 abuse, 94 and cervical megaloblastosis, 96 Psyllium seed, and riboflavin absorption, and folacin levels, 140 16,95 and folate status, 95 Pyloric stenosis, 14 and vitamin D status, 96 Pyridoxine and vitamin E status, 96 in homocystinuria, 112 Osteomalacia, and antacids, 84 photodegradation in formulas, 31 sensory neuropathy due to, 119 Pancreatic insufficiency, effect of use in isoniazid toxicity, 109 antacids in, 86 use in primary oxalosis, 112 Para-aminosalicylic acid, steatorrhea due Pyridoxine toxicity, skin changes due to, to, 137 119 Patient guide, on risk of interactions, 203 Pyrimethamine, as antifol, 92 Patient guidelines, on drugs and alcohol, 206 Reactions , due to isoniazid, 87 chlorpropamide-alcohol flush, 4, 6 Penicillamine disulfiram, 2, 6 adverse nutritional effects of, 90 drug-alcohol incompatibility, 7 as vitamin B6 antagonist, 91 histamine, 2 Phenobarbital incompatibility, 4 effect on folate status, 6 tyramine, 2, 6 and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 139 Red cell enzyme tests, and drug and , 89 interference, 142 Phenytoin Retinoid toxicity, 113 absorption and breakfast, 18 Retinol levels, effects of drugs, 139 absorption and folic acid, 18, 52 Retinopathy, in "Mason-type" diabetics, absorption and pyridoxine, 18 66 effect on folate status, 6 Riboflavin and formula interactions, 53 containing formula, I and neonatal hemorrhage, 88 photodegradation in formulas, 31 and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 139 phototoxic effect, I and vitamin D deficiency, 89 and uptake of methotrexate, 124 Potassium depletion, and anthraquinone Riboflavin determination, and use of drugs, 94 fluorescent drugs, 136 Precipitates in formulas, of calcium and Riboflavin requirements, of oral phosphate, 31 contraceptive users, 96 INDEX 221

Ricinoleic acid (castor oil), mode of synonym, FD & C yellow #5,73 action, 94 Taurine deficiency Rifampicin, effect on vitamin D status, 6 in kittens, 54 Risk assessment patients on formulas at risk, 54 in cardiacs, for potassium deficiency. Tetracycline(s) 182 absorption, milk interference, 19 and medication lists, 186 chelates with divalent cations, 1 Risk factors, multiple, for adverse Theophylline outcomes, 8 absorption in infants and milk, 19 metabolism and methylxanthines, Salicylate-free diets, occurring naturally 20 in foods, 74 treatment and protein, 21 Salicylates, 74 Thiamin Saline cathartics, as osmotic laxatives, 94 and allergic reactions, 50 Seizures, induced by intravenous folate, destruction by sulfites, I 121 in parenteral formulas, effect of Sodium alginate, as food additive, 16 sodium bisulfite, 3 I Sodium bisulfite, in amino acid solutions, in thiamin-responsive diseases, 109 50 in Wernicke's encephalopathy, 109 Sodium content, of drugs, 204 Thiazides, and potassium depletion, 93 Sotalol, bioavailability and milk, 19 Tocopherol levels, effects of Spironolactone hypolipedemic drugs, 139 absorption, 18 Triamterene, and hyperkalemia, 149 and hyperkalemia, 149 Triazinate, and acute , 92 "Standard breakfasts," 18 Trimethoprim, as mild folate antagonist, Steatorrhea, drug-induced, 136 87 Sulfasalazine 25-hydroxycholecaIciferol, and drugs and dU suppression test, 144 lowering levels, 139 and folate deficiency, 90 Tyramine, in foods, 64 Sulfite oxidase deficiency, and sulfite Tyramine reactions sensitivity, 75 and hypertension, 64 Sulfite reactions, in asthmatics, 75 and MAO! antidepressants, 63 Sulfites prediction of, 173 acute reactions to, 74 as antioxidants, 75 Venn diagrams Synthetic retinoids and drug problem definition, 162 teratogenic effects of, 113 and patient groups, 161 toxicity like vitamin A, 115 Vitamin A adsorption on plastic tubing, 31 Tannins, effects on iron absorption, 17 levels in renal failure, 115 Tartrazine photodegradation in formulas, 31 drug sources of, 73 Vitamin A toxicity, in adults, 113 in drugs and reactions, 50-51 Vitamin and mineral supplements, food sources of, 73 surveys of use, 106 in prescription drugs, 74 Vitamin antagonists, and vitamin assay reactions to, 73 interference, 143 222 INDEX

Vitamin B6 and coumarin drugs, 53 megadose usage, 119 reduces anticoagulant effect, 124 OC use and enzyme tests, 136 Vitamin K3 (menadione), toxicity in Vitamin B6 requirements, of oral premature infants, 118 contraceptive users, 96 Vitamin supplements Vitamin BI2 effects on cognitive status, 109 and appetite promotion, 108 estimates of usage, 105 and drug-induced malabsorption, 140 usage by elderly, 106 Vitamic C and hyperoxaluria, 118 Warfarin embryopathy, 88 toxicity with intravenous use, 1I8 Warfarin resistance, and vitamin K, Vitamin deficiencies, drug-induced, in prediction of, 171 tuberculosis, 7 Wernicke's encephalopathy, and IV Vitamin E nitroglycerine, 61 and anticoagulant use, 117 in infants, side effects of, 118 Vitamin excess, toxic effects of, 112 Zinc supplements, antacids and copper Vitamin K, in formulas deficiency, 86