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Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for Vitamins and Minerals

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Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for Vitamins and Minerals TOLERABLE UPPER INTAKE LEVELS FOR VITAMINS AND MINERALS Scientific Committee on Food Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies February 2006 European Food Safety Authority About EFSA Following a series of food scares in the 1990s (e.g. BSE, dioxins) which undermined consumer confidence in the safety of the food chain, the European Union (EU) concluded that it needed to establish a new scientific body charged with providing independent advice on food safety issues associated with the food chain. Its primary objective was to contribute to a high level of consumer health protection in the area of food safety. To voice concerns about food safety and the ability of regulatory authorities to fully protect consumers, the result was the establishment of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was established funded by the European Community as an independent agency in 2002. In close collaboration with national authorities and in open consultation with its stakeholders, EFSA provides independent scientific advice on all matters linked to food and feed safety - including animal health and welfare and plant protection - and provides scientific advice on nutrition in relation to Community legislation. EFSA’s work falls into two areas: risk assessment and risk communication. In particular, EFSA’s risk assessment provides risk managers (EU institutions with political accountability, i.e. the European Commission, European Parliament and Council) with a sound scientific basis for defining policy-driven legislative or regulatory measures required to ensure a high level of consumer protection with regards to food and feed safety. EFSA communicates to the public in an open and transparent way on all matters within its remits. Collection and analysis of scientific data, identification of emerging risks and scientific support to the Commission, particularly in case of a food crisis, are also part of EFSA’s mandate, as laid down in the founding Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of 28 January 2002. For more information about the European Food Safety Authority, visit the EFSA home page at: http://www.efsa.eu.int © European Food Safety Authority 2006 ISBN: 92-9199-014-0 Reproduction is authorized, provided the source is acknowledged, save where otherwise stated. The views or positions expressed in this report do not represent in legal terms the official position neither of the European Food Safety Authority or the European Commission. The European Food Safety Authority assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or inaccuracies that may appear. http://www.efsa.eu.int Table of Contents Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 History .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 About the SCF ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 About the NDA Panel ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Background .................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Terms of Reference ................................................................................................................................................................ 7 Contributors and Special Acknowledgments ............................................................................................. 8 Scientific Opinions : Guidelines .................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Beta carotene ........................................................................................................................................................ 15 Vitamin B6 ................................................................................................................................................................ 29 Vitamin B12 ............................................................................................................................................................. 45 Folate ............................................................................................................................................................................ 51 Manganese .............................................................................................................................................................. 59 Selenium .................................................................................................................................................................... 65 Molybdenum ........................................................................................................................................................... 77 Vitamin B2 ................................................................................................................................................................ 87 Vitamin B1 ................................................................................................................................................................ 93 Biotin ............................................................................................................................................................................. 99 Magnesium ........................................................................................................................................................... 107 Pantothenic acid .............................................................................................................................................. 117 Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (niacin) ..................................................................................... 121 Iodine ......................................................................................................................................................................... 135 Preformed vitamin A (retinol and retinyl esters) ................................................................... 151 Vitamin D ................................................................................................................................................................ 167 Zinc .............................................................................................................................................................................. 191 Copper ...................................................................................................................................................................... 203 Calcium .................................................................................................................................................................... 215 Vitamin E ................................................................................................................................................................. 243 Vitamin K ................................................................................................................................................................. 253 Chromium ............................................................................................................................................................... 261 Vanadium ................................................................................................................................................................ 273 Silicon ........................................................................................................................................................................ 287 Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, its calcium, potassium and sodium salts and L-ascorbyl-6-palmitate) ............................................................................................................................. 295 Boron (sodium borate and boric acid) ......................................................................................... 309 Iron ............................................................................................................................................................................... 325 Nickel ......................................................................................................................................................................... 347 Fluoride .................................................................................................................................................................... 363 Potassium .............................................................................................................................................................. 409 Chloride .................................................................................................................................................................. 423 Sodium ....................................................................................................................................................................
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