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Home , Bromism, Cinchonism, Hypervitaminosis

Index

Acid-base balance (see also Alkalosis (cont.) Acidosis; Alkalosis), metabolic, 180-181 179-181 respiratory Acidosis (see also Respiratory Allergy failure) central nervous system definition, 179 cause of , 9 metabolic, 179-180 Amantadine respiratory, 51-55 neuropsychiatric effects, 268 ACTH, see Adrenocorticotropic Aminophylline hormone aggravating respiratory failure, Addison disease, see 54,73 Hypoadrenalism interaction with lithium, 72 Adrenal (see also Hyperadrenalism; Aminophylline Hypoadrenalism), 133-142 neuropsychiatric symptoms, 73 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 133-138 due to , 347 in hypoadrenalism, 139-141 due to , 167 Alcohol, 344-349 due to viral encephalitis, 260 abuse Amotivational syndrome, 355 defined, 345 Amphetamines, 349-353 blackouts, 347 abstinence , 351 cannabis abuse, 349, 350-352 interaction with, 355 misdiagnosed as schizophrenia, complicated by lead , 351 277-278 neuropsychiatric features, , 347-348 350-352 dependence cutaneous reactions, 300-301 defined, 345 narcolepsy hallucinosis, 120, 347 treatment of, 335 idiosyncratic intoxication, pharmacology, 349-350 346-347 psychiatric drug interactions, intoxication, 346 352-353 pharmacology, 345-346 in psychiatric patients, 352 psychiatric drugs psychosis, 350-351 interactions, 348 treatment, 351, 353 and schizophrenia, 347 withdrawal, 351-352 use in psychiatric patients, 348 Amy tal interview, 263 withdrawal,347-348 Anemia Aldosteronism cause of fatigue, 8 primary, 22 due to folic acid deficiency, 245 Alkalosis, see Hyperventilation due to , 276 definition, 179 due to , 216

365 366 INDEX

Anemia (cont.) Antidepressant drugs (cont.) due to B'2 deficiency, sexual dysfunction 245 induced by, 321-322 due to Wilson disease, 207 tricyclic, 300 Angina pectoris, 22-24 aggravation of steroid diagnosis, 23 psychosis, 139 symptoms, 22-24 amphetamines, 352 anticholinergic activity, due to hypoadrenalism, 140-141 106-107 Antacids cardiovascular side effects, chlordiazepoxide absorption, 108 44-45 chlorpromazine absorption, 108 cutaneous reaction, 300-301 Antianxiety drugs gastrointestinal effects, 106 and alcohol, 348 hepatotoxicity, 126 cardiovascular side effects, 44 in thyroid disorders, 153 cutaneous reactions, 300-301 thyroid hormone interactions, gastrointestinal effects, 108 153 in hepatic disease, 122-123 treatment of asthma, 70-71 hepatotoxicity, 126 use in narcolepsy, 335 in myasthenia gravis, 228 use in presence of impaired in thyroid disorders, 153 respiration, 71 sexual dysfunction use in reduced renal function, induced by, 322 89-90 use in presence of impaired Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 182 respiration, 71-72 inappropriate secretion of use in reduced renal function, syndrome of (SIADH), 185, 89-90 198-199 Antiarrhythmic drugs (see also Antihypertensive drugs (see also individual drugs), 37-38 individual drugs), 38-41 Antibiotics Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) neuropsychiatric effects, 269-270 in lupus erythematosus, 215-216 Antibodies Antipsychotic drugs in psychiatric patients, 265 amphetamine psychosis Anticholinergic delirium, 11, treatment, 353 106-107, 362 anticholinergic activity, 107-108 Anticholinesterase drugs (see also cardiovascular side effects, 42-43 Organophosphate cutaneous reactions, 300-301 poisoning) gastrointestinal effects, 107-108 in myasthenia gravis, 227 in hepatic disease, 123 neuropsychiatric effects, 228 hepatotoxicity, 125 Anticoagulants in myasthenia gravis, 228 neuropsychiatric symptoms, 40 precipitated by caffeine, 344 Anticonvulsant drugs respiratory side effects, 69-70 folic acid deficiency, 248-249 sexual dysfunction Antidepressant drugs induced by, 321 in hepatic disease, 123 thyroid effects, 153 in myasthenia gravis, 228 use in presence of impaired monoamine oxidase inhibitors respiratory function, 70 amphetamines, 352 use in reduced renal function, 90 cardiovascular side effects, 45 , 3-6 cutaneous reactions, 300-301 due to acute respiratory distress hepatotoxicity, 126 syndrome, 54 make asthma worse, 71 due to alcohol withdrawal, 5 use in infectious due to amphetamines, 350 mononucleosis-induced due to , 16, 17 depression, 268 associated with dyspnea, 58, 60 INDEX 367

Anxiety (cant.) Arrhythmia (cant.) al1d asthma. 61 neuropsychiatric symptoms, 17 due to beta adrenergic palpitations, 16-17 stimulants. 72 due to sleep apnea. 338 due to caffeine. 4. 342-343 . 280-282 due to caffeine withdrawal. 343 clinical features. 280-281 due to cannabis. 354 laboratory findings. 281 in carcinoid syndrome. 105 neuropsychiatric features, due to diaphragmatic flutter. 67 281-282 due to drug withdrawal. 5 Arteritis, see Giant cell arteritis due to fat emboli. 4 Ascorbic acid, see Vitamin C due to folic acid . 248 deficiency due to functional cardiac Asterixis. 115-116, 158 disorder. 29 Asthma. 60-61 due to heart failure. 14. 15 treated with lithium, 72 due to hyperadrenalism. 5 treated with tricyclic due to hypercapnia. 52-53 antidepressants. 70-71 due to hyperthyroidism, 5, Atrial myxoma. see Cardiac tumors 144-145 Automatic behavior and hyperventilation. 5. 55-56, due to narcolepsy, 333 60 due to sleep apnea, 337 due to hypoglycemia, 5. 165 due to hypoparathyroidism, 161 Barbiturates due to hypoxia. 52 cutaneous reactions. 300-301 due to infectious mononucleosis, in hepatic disease. 122 267 in myasthenia gravis. 228 due to lupus erythematosus, 218 porphyria due to mejcury. 274 precipitation of, 202. 205, 206 mitral valve prolapse syndrome, respiratory depression. 71 31 use in reduced renal function. 88 due to myocardial infarction. 25 Barlow's syndrome, see Mitral due to organophosphate. 288, 290 valve prolapse syndrome due to palpitations. 17 Benzodiazepines. see Antianxiety in pancreatic carcinoma, 112 drugs due to , 238 Beriberi. see due to penicillin. 269-270 Beta receptor blocking drugs (see due to pheochromocytoma. 5, 21 also Propranolol) due to porphyria. 202. 204 treatment of functional cardiac in posthepatitis syndrome. 121 disorders, 30 due to premenstrual syndrome, Bismuth toxicity, 279-280 304 Blackouts psychic. 3-4 alcoholic. 347 due to pulmonary embolism, 63 , see ; due to respiratory alkalosis, 54 Hypertension somatic, 3-4 Blood sugar. see Hypoglycemia state, 3 poisoning, 282-286 trait. 3 clinical features, 283-284 due to vasopressor drugs, 40 diagnosis. 285-286 due to Wilson disease, 210 misdiagnosis, 285 Apnea, 336 mistaken for alcohol intoxication, Arousal disorder. see Sleep 284 disorders pharmacology, 283 Arrhythmia, 15-18 serum chloride as clue, 286 due to antipsychotic drugs, 43 treatment, 286 cerebral blood flow, 17-18 Bromide-containing diagnosis, 18 preparations, 283 368 INDEX

Bromism (see Bromide poisoning) Cardiospasm. see Dysphagia Bromocriptine. 318 Carotid sinus premenstrual syndrome hypersensitivity. 26 treatment. 310 Carotidynia. 33 Burn delirium. 296-299 Cataplexy. 333 causes. 298-299 Catatonia clinical course. 297-298 due to viral encephalitis. 262. clinical features. 296-297 263 electroencephalogram. 296-297. Celiac disease. 102-103 298 Ceruloplasmin. 211 residual deficits. 298 Cholinesterase levels treatment. 299 organophosphate poisoning. 288 Cimetidine Caffeine. 341-344 depression. 109 aggravation of psychiatric organic brain syndrome. symptoms. 343-344 108-109 caffeinism. 4 sexual dysfunction. 109 cause of anxiety. 4 . 37 cause of fatigue. 8 Clonidine content in drugs and beverages. cause of fatigue. 8 342 interaction with tricyclic intoxication. 4 antidepressants. 45 neuropsychiatric effects. 342-343 neuropsychiatric features. 39 pharmacology. 341-342 Cocaine. 352 precipitation of antipsychotic Codeine. see Opioids drugs. 344 Coffee. see Caffeine psychiatric drug effects. 344 Cognitive dysfunction (see also use in psychiatric patients. Organic Brain Syndrome) 343-344 due to burns. 297. 298 withdrawal symptoms. 343 due to cannabis. 354 Caffeinism. see Caffeine due to hyperthyroidism. 146 (see also due to . 191 Hyperparathyroidism; due to . 186 Hypoparathyroidism) due to hypoparathyroidism. 161 neuropsychiatric symptoms. due to hypothyroidism. 149 163-164 due to premenstrual syndrome. Cannabis. 353-356 305-306 alcohol due to sleep apnea. 337 interaction with. 355 Confabulation. 235-236 amotivational syndrome. 355 in . 284 anxiety reaction. 354 . see Organic Brain brain damage. 355 Syndrome panic reaction. 354 Congestive heart failure. see Heart pharmacology. 353-354 failure and psychiatric drugs. 355 Connective tissue disorder. see in psychiatric patients. 355 Lupus erythematosus schizophreniform psychoses. 354 Contraceptives toxic psychoses. 354 oral. 309-313 withdrawal. 355 depression. 241-242. 311-313 Capgras syndrome postpartum psychosis postencephalitic. 264 treatment. 309 Carcinoid syndrome. 104-105 premenstrual syndrome niacin deficiency. 237 treatment. 309-310 Cardiac disorders psychosis. 313 functional. 28-30. 31 schizophrenia Cardiac tumors. 26-27 treatment. 309 symptoms. 27 • 240. 241-242 INDEX 369

Copper Depression (cont.) in Wilson disease, 206, 210-212 due to oral contraceptives, Cromolyn, 73, 349 311-313 Cryptotetany, 195 due to organophosphate, Cushing syndrome, see 288-289 Hyperadrenalism in pancreatic carcinoma, Cyanocobalamin, see Vitamin B12 111-113 deficiency due to pellagra, 238 Cycloserine, 241 due to pheochromocytoma, 21 due to polymyalgia rheumatica- Death giant cell arteritis, 34 sudden postgastrectomy, 101 antipsychotic drugs, 43 in posthepatitis syndrome, 121 tricyclic antidepressants, 44 due to premenstrual syndrome, Dehydration, 182 304-305 Delayed sleep phase syndrome, 339 due to propranolol, 38 Delirium due to reserpine, 39 anticholinergic, 11, 106-107 due to thiamine deficiency, 234 due to digitalis, 11 viral antibodies, 265 , 10 due to viral encephalitis, 261 Delirium tremens, 120, 347 due to toxicity, 233 Dementia due to vitamin B12 deficiency, 246 cardiogenic, 17 due to vitamin Be deficiency, Depression, 6-7 241-242 due to amphetamine withdrawal, due to vitamin C deficiency, 253 352 due to Wilson disease, 210 due to amphetamines, 350 Dermatologic disorders, see Skin due to arsenic, 281 Dialysis due to bromism, 284, 285 dementia, 84-85 in carcinoid syndrome, 105 disequilibrium syndrome, 83-84 in ciliac disease, 103 , 82-85 due to cimetidine, 109 sexual dysfunction, 86-87, 329 due to Cushing syndrome, 135, subdural hematoma, 85 142 Diaphragmatic flutter, 67-69 differential diagnosis, 6-7 causes, 68 drug induced, 7 clinical features, 68 drug withdrawal. 7 treatment, 69 due to exogenous steroids, 136-137 in carcinoid syndrome, 104 due to hepatic encephalopathy, Dicumarol 115, 118 interaction with tricyclic due to hypercapnia, 52-53 antidepressants, 45 due to hyperparathyroidism, 157 Diethylpropion, 352 due to hyperthyroidism, 146 Digitalis due to hypoadrenalism, 141, 142 cause of fatigue, 8 due to hypoparathyroidism, 160, Diphenylhydantoin, see Phenytoin 162 Diphenylhydantoin (see also due to hypothyroidisrri, 149, 150 Disopyramide due to infectious mononucleosis, neuropsychiatric symptoms, 38 267-268 sexual dysfunction, 41 in irritable bowel syndrome, 106 Diuretics due to lupus erythematosus, 218 interaction with lithium, 91 due to mercury, 274, 275 potassium sparing in methadone maintenance, 359 interaction with lithium, 46 due to methyldopa, 39 thiazide narcolepsy interaction with lithium, 46, 91 association with, 335 sexual dysfunction, 41 370 INDEX

Dysarthria Embolism in Wilson disease. 209 fat. 63 Dyskinesia cause of anxiety. 4 respiratory pulmonary. 61-63 due to antipsychotic drugs. 69 clinical features. 62-63 Dysphagia. 99-101 Emotional lability causes. 99 due to hyperparathyroidism. 157 due to myasthenia gravis. 222. due to hyperthyroidism. 145 224 Encephalitis sideropenic. 99 viral. 259-266 Dyspnea. 58-60 clinical features. 260-261 due to antipsychotic drug• diagnosis. 262-264 induced respiratory laboratory findings. 261 dyskinesia. 69-70 neuropsychiatric features. causes. 58 260-262 clinical features. 59-60 postencephalitic changes. 264 due to myasthenia gravis. 222. treatment of psychiatric 225 complications. 265-266 paroxysmal nocturnal. 14-15 Endocarditis due to psychogenic causes. bacterial. 27 59-60 acute. 27-28 due to pulmonary embolism. 62 subacute. 28 Endorphins. 357 Ephedrine. 346. 352 Eaton-Lambert syndrome. 226 cause of amphetamine-like ECG. see Electrocardiogram psychosis. 72 Electrocardiogram Epilepsy (see also ) abnormalities due to premenstrual. 307 antipsychotic drugs. 43 Erectile dysfunction. see Sexual abnormalities due to lithium. 45 dysfunction abnormalities due to tricyclic Erythism. 274 antidepressants. 44 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Electroconvulsive therapy (ESR). 27. 34-35 associated with renal failure. in lupus erythematosus. 216 85-86 in polymyalgia rheumatica. Electroencephalogram (EEG) 34-35 in bismuth poisoning. 279-280 Esophagitis. 100 in burn deliriulJI. 296-297. 298 Euphoria in dialysis dementia. 84 due to steroids. 135-137 in dialysis disequilibrium Extrapyramidal symptoms syndrome. 84 in Wilson disease. 209-210 exogenous steroids. 137 in hepatic encephalopathy. 117 in hypernatremia. 184 Fainting. see Syncope in hypoadrenalism. 141 Fat embolism. see Embolism in hyponatremia. 188 Fatigue. 7-9 in infectious mononucleosis. 267. distinguished from depression. 8 268 distinguished from . 8 in lupus erythematosus. 216 due to amphetamine withdrawal. in porphyria. 205 352 in uremia. 81-82 due to anemia. 8 in viral encephalopathy. 263-264 due to arrhythmia. 17 in vitamin B12 deficiency. due to bromism. 284 247-248. 252 due to caffeine. 8 Electromyogram (EMG) due to caffeine withdrawal. 343 in myasthenia gravis. 226 due to clonidine. 8 INDEX 371

Fatigue (cont.) Folic acid deficiency (cont.) due to digitalis, 8, 36 neuropsychiatric features. due to folic acid deficiency, 249 248-250 due to functional cardiac treatment, 252 disorder, 29 vitamin B12 due to giant cell arteritis. 6. 34 relationship to, 244-245 due to heart failure. 14, 15 Folic acid toxicity. 246 due to hypernatremia. 163 Functional cardiac disorders, see due to hyperparathyroidism. 156. Cardiac disorders 157 due to hyperthyroidism. 144. Gasoline intoxication, 276 145. 146 Gastroesophageal reflux, 100 due to hyperventilation. 57 Gastrointestinal disorders due to hypoadrenalism. 141 psychosomatic, 101 due to hypoglycemia. 167 Giant cell arteritis, 33-35 due to hypokalemia. 191 cause of fatigue, 6 due to hypomagnesemia. 195 Globus hystericus, 100-101 due to hyponatremia. 166-167 Graves disease, see due to hypotension. 19 Hyperthyroidism due to hypothyroidism. 146 Guanethidine, 40 due to lead. 276 interaction with antipsychotic due to mercury, 274 drugs, 43 due to metabolic acidosis, 160 interaction with tricyclic due to methyldopa. 39 antidepressants, 45 due to myasthenia gravis, 222, sexual dysfunction, 41 224 due to organophosphate, Hallucinations, 9-11 266-290 due to alcohol, 10 due to pancreatic carcinoma, 111, due to amantadine, 268 113 due to amphetamines, 10, 350, due to pellagra, 236 351 due to polymyalgia rheumatica, due to anticholinergic drugs, 107 6,34 due to atropine, 11 in posthepatitis syndrome. 121 auditory vs. visual, 10 postencephalitic, 264-265 due to bromism, 264, 265 due to premenstrual syndrome, due to cannabis, 354 305 due to Cushing syndrome. 135 due to reserpine, 6 definition, 9 due to thiamine deficiency, 234, diagnostic value, 9-11 235 due to digitalis, 36 due to uremia, 79-60 due to exogenous steroids, 137 due to vitamin A toxicity, due to folic acid deficiency, 249 231-232 functional vs. organic cause, 10 due to vitamin B12 deficiency, due to giant cell arteritis, 34 247 due to hallucinogens, 361 due to vitamin C deficiency, due to hyperparathyroidism, 156 253-254 due to hyperventilation, 56 due to volume depletion, 163 due to hypoadrenalism, 141 Fenfluramine, 352 due to hypomagnesemia, 196 Flashbacks, 361 due to hypoparathyroidism, 160 due to hypothyroidism, 10 in carcinoid syndrome. 104 due to lead, 277 Folic acid deficiency, 243-252 due to lupus erythematosus, 217 causes, 244 due to narcolepsy, 333 diagnosis, 251 due to penicillin, 269 general, 243-245 due to porphyria, 204, 205 372 INDEX

Hallucinations (cont.) Hepatic encephalopathy (cont.) postencephalitic, 264-265 misdiagnosed as schizophrenia, due to propranolol, 38 118 due to sleep apnea, 337 portal-systemic, 117-118 due to viral encephalitis, 263 stages, 115-117 in Wernicke syndrome, 235 Hepatitis Hallucinogens, 359-362 in Wilson disease, 206-207 flashbacks, 361 Hepatocerebral degeneration, 117, panic reaction, 361 119 pharmacology, 360 Hepatolenticular degeneration, see prolonged psychosis, 361 Wilson disease and psychiatric drugs, 362 Heroin, see Opioids toxic psychosis, 361 Herpes simplex encephalitis, 260, use in psychiatric patients, 361 262, 264 , 179 Hiccup, 63-67 due to arsenic, 281 causes, 64-66 due to caffeine, 342 psychogenic, 65-66 due to caffeine withdrawal, 343 treatment, 66-67 due to carotidynia, 33 Hydralazine due to giant cell arteritis, 34 neuropsychiatric symptoms, 38 due to hyperparathyroidism, 157 Hydromorphone, see Opioids due to hypoglycemia, 165 Hyperadrenalism, 133-139 due to hyponatremia, 187 cause of anxiety, 5 due to mercury, 274 Cushing syndrome, 133-135 mitral valve prolapse syndrome, clinical features, 133-134 31 laboratory findings, 134 due to pellagra, 238 neuropsychiatric features, postencephalitic, 260 134-135 due to sleep apnea, 337 treatment of neuropsychiatric due to vitamin A toxicity, 231 symptoms, 138 Heart failure, 13-15 exogenous steroids, see Steroids cause of anxiety, 14 Hypercalcemia, see cause of delirium, 15 Hyperparathyroidism causes, 13 Hypercapnia, 52-53 due to cardiac tumors, 27 due to oxygen therapy, 53-54 misdiagnosed as anxiety, 14-15 misdiagnosed as depression, Hyperemesis gravidarum, 97 14-15 Hyperkalemia misdiagnosed as hyperventilation causes, 189-190 syndrome, 14-15 clinical features, 190 misdiagnosed as hysteria, 15 treatment, 190 neuropsychiatric symptoms, Hypermagnesemia, 192-193 14-15 causes, 192 symptoms, 13-15 clinical features, 192-193 Hepatic , 114-121 treatment, 193 Hepatic disease Hypernatremia, 183-184 posthepatitis syndrome, 121 causes, 183 psychiatric drug metabolism, clinical features, 183-184 122-124 treatment, 184 psychiatric drug-induced, Hyperparathyroidism, 155-158 124-126 clinical features, 155-156 psychiatric drugs laboratory findings, 156 cerebral sensitivity, 124 lithium-induced, 164 Hepatic drug metabolizing, neuropsychiatric features, enzymes, 126 156-158 Hepatic encephalopathy, 114-121 psychosis due to removal of laboratory, 119 adenoma, 158 INDEX 373

Hyperparathyroidism (cont.) Hypoglycemia (cont.) sexual dysfunction, 320 idiopathic, 170-172 treatment, 158 laboratory tests, 167-168 Hyperphosphatemia, 196 nonhypoglycemia, 171-172 Hypertension, 19-22 postgastrectomy, 102 aldosteronism, 22 reactive, 169-170 due to anxiety, 20 sleep disorder misdiagnosed as, encephalopathy, 20-21 330 pheochromocytoma, 21 treatment, 172 pulmonary edema, 20 Whipple's triad, 167 due to sleep apnea, 338 with hypoadrenalism, 141 Hyperthyroidism, 143-148 Hypokalemia, 98, 190-191 apathetic, 146 causes, 190-191 cause of anxiety, 5 clinical features, 191 cause of sexual dysfunction, 317 treatment, 191 chorea, 145 Hypomagnesemia, 194-196 clinical features, 144 causes, 194 cognitive funtion, 146 clinical features, 194-195 haloperidol toxicity, 153-154 with hypocalcemia, 194-195 lithium associated, 154 with hypokalemia, 194-195 masked,146 Hyponatremia, 184-189 neuropsychiatric features, causes, 184-185 145-147 clinical features, 185-188 in psychiatric populations, 147 drug induced, 198 treatment, 147-148 due to inappropriate ADH with lithium, 154 secretion, 185 Hyperventilation, 55-58, 60 due to psychogenic polydipsia, cause of anxiety, 5 185, 188 causes, 55 treatment, 189 due to diaphragmatic flutter, 67 Hypoparathyroidism, 159-163 due to heart failure, 14 clinical features, 159-160 due to hiccup, 64 cognitive function, 161 due to hypophosphatemia, 198 laboratory findings, 160 in metabolic acidosis, 180 neuropsychiatric features, due to pulmonary embolism, 63 160-163 Hyperventilation syndrome, 56-57 partial parathyroid insufficiency, pain 162 chest, 24 treatment, 163 treatment, 57-58 Hypophosphatemia, 197-198 A, see Vitamin A causes, 197 Hypnagogic hallucinations, 333 clinical features, 197 Hypoadrenalism, 139-141 treatment, 198 clinical features, 140 Hypotension, 18-19 cognitive function, 141 cause of syncope, 25-26 laboratory findings, 140 causes, 19 neuropsychiatric features, due to antipsychotic drugs, 42 140-141 mimicking sleep, 19 Hypocalcemia, see due to monoamine oxidase Hypoparathyroidism inhibitors, 45 Hypoglycemia, 164-172 postural, 19 alcohol-induced, 120, 345, 346 symptoms, 19 cause of anxiety, 5 due to tricyclic antidepressants, classification, 166 44 clinical features, 165, 167 Hypothyroidism, 148-152 factitious, 169 clinical features, 148 fasting, 168-169 cognitive function, 149 functional, 170-172 due to lithium. 154 374 INDEX

Hypothyroidism (cont.) Lead colic. 276 irreversible mental changes, 152 Lead poisoning. 275-278 mistaken for schizophrenia, 150 clinical features, 276-277 neurological findings, 151 laboratory findings, 277 neuropsychiatric features, mistaken for alcohol withdrawal, 148-151 278 treatment, 151-152 neuropsychiatric features. mental status deterioration, 277-278 151-152 sources. 276 Hypoxia, 52 treatment. 278 Hysterical behavior Lenticular degeneration due to caffeine, 343 progressive. 207-208 due to diaphragmatic flutter, 67 Lethargy, see Fatigue in functional cardiac disorder, 29 Lidocaine due to heart failure, 15 neuropsychiatric symptoms. 37 due to hepatic encephalopathy, Lithium 118 and amphetamines, 353 due to isoproterenol, 29 cardiovascular side effects. 45-46 due to myasthenia gravis. 224. cutaneous reactions. 300-301 225 in hepatic disease. 123 due to porphyria. 204. 205 hepatotoxicity. 126 due to Wilson disease, 210 and hypercalcemia. 164 and hypermagnesemia. 164 Impotence. see Sexual dysfunction and hyperparathyroidism. 164 Infectious mononucleosis. 266-268 hypothryroidism. 10 chronic sequelae. 267-268 interaction with diuretics. 91 general features. 266 and kidneys. 90-91 neuropsychiatric features. myasthenia gravis precipitated. 266-267 228-229 Infertility. see Sexual dysfunction . 90 Insecticides. see Arsenic poisoning; prevention of steroid psychosis. Organophosphate 139 poisoning renal excretion. 90-91 Insomnia respiratory function. 72 due to amphetamines. 350 sexual dysfunction induced by. due to amphetamine withdrawal. 322 352 thyroid. 154 due to caffeine. 342 treatment of asthma, 72 due to narcol~psy, 333 treatment of cyclical . 99 due to nocturnal myoclonus. 339 treatment of premenstrual due to sleep apnea, 337 syndrome. 310 sleep onset. 339 use in reduced renal function. 90 Intellectual impairment. see Liver. see Hepatic Organic Brain Syndrome LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide). Irritable bowel syndrome. 106 see Hallucinogens Isoniazid. 241 Lump in throat. see Globus Isoproterenol hystericus anxiety symptoms. 72 Lupus erythematosus (SLE). 215-220 Kalemic paralysis, 226-227 clinical features. 215-216 Kayser-Fleischer corneal rings. 120. due to hydralazine. 38 207,210. 211 due to procainamide. 37 Kidney. see Renal laboratory findings. 216 (see also neuropsychiatric features. Thiamine deficiency). 348 217-219 due to arsenic, 281-282 treatment. 219-220 INDEX 375

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Mitral valve prolapse syndrome. see Hallucinogens 29. 30-32 principal features. 30 Magnesium (see also Monoamine oxidase inhibitors. see Hypermagnesemia; Antidepressants Hypomagnesemia). Mononucleosis infectious. see 192-196 Infectious mononucleosis relationship to calcium. 163 Moonshine. see Arsenic poisoning; Malabsorption. 102-103 Lead poisoning Mania Muihtil. see Lithium due to amphetamines. 350 Myasthenia gravis. 221-229 in carcinoid syndrome. 105 classification. 223 due to exogenous steroids. clinical features. 221-223. 229 136-137. 138 diagnosis. 226 due to hyperthyroidism. 147 geriatric. 225 due to hypothyroidism. 150 in lupus erythematosus. 219 due to pellagra. 239 lithium induced. 228-229 secondary. 11 neuropsychiatric features. 223 due to viral encephalitis. 262 pathogenesis. 225-226 due to Wilson disease. 210 psychiatric drugs Marijuana. see Cannabis use in. 228 Medical disorders in psychiatric treatment. 227-228 patients. 1-3 Myasthenic syndrome Menstrual cycle. 303-304 due to antibiotics. 226-227 Menstrual dysfunction. see due to penicillamine. 213 Premenstrual syndrome Myocardial infarction. 24-25 Meperidine (see also Opioids) diagnosis. 25 monoamine oxidase inhibitors symptoms. 24-25 contraindicated. 359 Myocardial ischemia. see Angina . 273-274 pectoris clinical features. 273-274 Myoclonic encephalopathy. 279 incidence in hospitalized Myxedema. see Hypothyroidism patients. 275 Myxedema madness. 150 neuropsychiatric features. 274-275 Mescaline. see Hallucinogens Naloxone. 358 Metabolic acidosis. see Acidosis Narcolepsy. see Sleep disorders Metabolic alkalosis. see Alkalosis Nervousness. see Anxiety Metabolic disorders. see Porphyria; Neuromuscular disorder. see Wilson disease Myasthenia gravis Metaproterenol Niacin deficiency. 236-240 anxiety symptoms. 72 clinical features. 237-238 Methadone. see Opioids diagnosis. 239 Methyldopa drug-induced. 237 cause of fatigue. 8 general. 236-237 interaction with haloperidol. 43 historical. 237 interaction with monoamine neuropsychiatric features. oxidase inhibitors. 45 238-239 interactions with lithium. 46 treatment. 239-240 neuropsychiatric symptoms. 39 Nicotinic acid. see Niacin sexual dysfunction. 41 deficiency Methylphenidate. see Nitroprusside Amphetamines sodium. 40 Migraine Nocturnal myoclonus. 339 in premenstrual syndrome. 304 Nocturnal penile tumescence. Minamata disease. 274 314-316 376 INDEX

Opiates (see also Opioids) Organic Brain Syndrome (cont.) sexual dysfunction induced by, due to hyperparathyroidism, 157, 322 158 Opioids, 356-359 due to hypertensive abuse, 357-358 encephalopathy, 20 intoxication, 357-358 due to hypoadrenalism, 141 neuropsychiatric features, 356, due to hypoglycemia, 167, 170 357-358 due to hypokalemia, 191 pharmacology, 356-357 due to hypomagnesemia, 196 and psychiatric drugs, 359 due to hyponatremia, 186-188 use in psychiatric patients, 358 due to hypoparathyroidism, withdrawal, 358 160-163 Opium, 356 due to hypophosphatemia, Oral contraceptives, see 197-198 Contraceptives due to hypotension, 19 Organic Brain Syndrome (see also due to hypothyroidism, 149-150 Cognitive dysfunction) due to hypoxia, 52 due to acute respiratory distress due to infectious mononucleosis, syndrome, 54 267-268 due to alcohol withdrawal, due to lead, 277-278 347-348 due to lupus erythematosus, due to amantadine, 268 217-218 due to amphetamines, 350 due to mercury, 274, 275 due to antibiotics, 269-270 due to metabolic acidosis, 180 due to anticholinergic drugs, 107 due to opioids, 357 due to arrhythmia, 17 due to organophosphate, due to arsenic, 281-282 288-290 due to bismuth, 279-280 due to oxygen therapy, 53-54 due to bromism, 284 in pancreatitis, 114 due to burn, 296-297 due to pellagra, 238, 239 due to caffeine, 342-343 due to phencyclidine, 361 due to cannabis, 354, 355 due to porphyria, 205 in carcinoid syndrome, 105 postencephalitic, 264 in celiac disease, 103 postgastrectomy, 102 due to cimetidine, 109 due to , 37 due to clonidine, 39 due to subacute bacterial due to Cushing syndrome, 135 endocarditis, 28 due to dialysis dementia, 84-85 due to thiamine deficiency, due to dialysis disequilibrium 234-236 syndrome, 83-84 due to uremia, 79-82 due to digitalis, 36 viral antibodies, 265 due to exogenous steroids, 137, due to viral encephalitis, 260, 138 262-263 due to fat embolism, 63 due to vitamin B'2 deficiency, due to folic acid deficiency, 246 248-249 due to vitamin B6 deficiency, 241 due to giant cell arteritis, 34 due to volume depletion, 183 due to heart failure, 14, 15 in Wernicke.Korsakoff syndrome, in hepatic encephalopathy, 235-236 115-119 in Whipple disease, 103 in hepatocerebral degeneration, due to Wilson disease, 210 119 Organophosphate poisoning (see due to hypercapnia, 52-53 also Anticholinesterase due to hypermagnesemia, drugs), 287-290 192-193 clinical features, 287 due to hypernatremia, 183-184 laboratory findings, 288 INDEX 377

Organophosphate poisoning (cont.) Paranoia (cont.) neuropsychiatric features, due to Cushing syndrome, 135 288-290 due to ephedrine, 72 Oxycodone, see Opioids due to exogenous steroids, 137 due to hallucinogens, 361 Pain due to hyperparathyroidism, 157 abdominal due to hyperthyroidism, 147 arsenic poisoning, 280 due to hypoadrenalism, 141 lead poisoning, 276 due to hypoparathyroidism, 161 p'Orphyria, 202 due to hypothyroidism, 150 angina pectoris, 22-24 due to lupus erythematosus, 217 chest, 22-24 due to phencyclidine, 361 due to functional cardiac due to porphyria, 204 disorder, 29 postencephalitic, 265 with hyperventilation due to vitamin B'2 deficiency, syndrome, 57 246, 250 due to pancreatic carcinoma, 110 Parathyroid disorders, see mitral valve prolapse syndrome, 30 Hyperparathyroidism; myocardial infarction, 24-25 Hypoparathyroidism neck Paresthesias carotidynia, 33 due to arsenic, 282 premenstrual, 304 due to beriberi, 235 Painters' , see Lead due to exogenous steroids, 137 poisoning due to folic acid deficiency, 249 Palpitations, 16-17, 100 due to hyperkalemia, 190 cardiac causes, 16 due to hyperventilation, 56-57 defined, 16 due to hypokalemia, 191 due to caffeine, 342 due to hypomagnesemia, 196 extracardiac causes, 16 due to hypoparathyroidism, 159 due to functional cardiac due to hypophosphatemia, disorder, 29 197-198 due to pheochromocytoma, 21 due to lead, 276 in premenstrual syndrome, 304 due to malabsorption, 102-103 related to anxiety, 17 due to organophosphate, 290 Pancreatic carcinoma, 109-113 due to porphyria, 202 anxiety, 112 postgastrectomy, 101-102 clinical features, 110-111 due to thoracic outlet syndrome, depression, 111-113 32-33 laboratory, 111 due to vitamin B'2 deficiency, neuropsychiatric features, 245, 246 111-113 due to vitamin B6 deficiency, 241 Pancreatitis, 113-114 Pargyline, 40 encephalopathy, 114 interaction with tricyclic Pancuronium, 229 antidepressants, 45 interaction with lithium, 72 Parkinsonism Panic attacks in Wilson disease, 207 due to cannabis, 354 postencephalitic, 260 due to hallucinogens, 361 Pathological intoxication, see due to hypocalcemia, 162 Alcohol due to hypoglycemia, 165 PCP (Phencyclidine), see mitral valve prolapse syndrome, Phencyclidine 31 Pellagra sine pellagra, 237 due to pheochromocytoma, 21 Pellegra, see Niacin deficiency due to pulmonary embolism, 63 Penicillamine Paranoia myasthenia gravis syndrome, 213 due to amphetamines, 350, 351 use in Wilson disease, 213 378 INDEX

Penicillin Physostigmine. 228 neuropsychiatric effects. 269-270 Pigmentation Pentazocine. see Opioids in hypoadrenalism. 140 Periodic paralysis. 227 Plumbism. see Lead poisoning Pernicious anemia. see Vitamin B'2 Plummer-Vinson syndrome. see deficiency Dysphagia Personality change Polydipsia due to arsenic. 281 psychogenic. 185. 188 due to bismuth. 279 Polymyalgia rheumatica. 33-35 due to bromism. 285 cause of fatigue. 8 in celiac disease. 103 Polyuria due to Cushing syndrome. 135 due to hypokalemia. 191 due to exogenous steroids. due to lithium. 90 137-138 Porphyria. 201-206 due to hepatic encephalopathy. clinical features. 201-202 118-119 emotional precipitants. 203-204 due to hypercapnia. 53 incidence in psychiatric patients. due to hyperparathyroidism. 204 156-157. 158 laboratory findings. 203 due to hypoadrenalism. 141 neuropsychiatric features. due to hypoglycemia. 167. 169. 203-205 170-172 personali ty due to hypomagnesemia. 195 premorbid. 203 due to hypoparathyroidism. treatment. 205-206 160-162 Portal-systemic encephalopathy. due to hypothyroidism. 149-150 see Hepatic due to lead. 277-278 encephalopathy due to lupus erythematosus. 218 Postgastrectomy.l0l-l02 due to mercury. 274 Potassium (see also Hyperkalemia; due to narcolepsy. 334-335 Hypokalemia). 189-191 due to organophosphate. Prednisone. see Steroids 288-290 Premenstrual dysphoria. see due to pellagra. 238-239 Premenstrual syndrome due to porphyria. 202. 203-205 Premenstrual syndrome. 303-310 postencephalitic. 264 affect due to sleep apnea. 337 negative changes. 304-305 due to thiamine deficiency. 234 clinical features. 304 due to uremia. 79 criminality. 306 due to viral encephalitis. 260 depression. 242 due to vitamin B'2 deficiency. etiology. 307-308 246-247 psychosis. 306-307 due to vitamin C deficiency. 254 seizures. 307 Phencyclidine (PCP). 359-362 social behaviors. 306 chronic use. 361 suicidality. 306 neuropsychiatric features. 361 treatment. 308-310 pharmacology. 360 bromocriptine. 310 and psychiatric drugs. 362 lithium. 310 Phenmetrazine. 352 oral contraceptives. 309-310 Phenytoin Premenstrual tension. see neuropsychiatric symptoms. 37 Premenstrual syndrome Pheochromocytoma. 21-22 Procainamide cause of anxiety. 5 neuropsychiatric symptoms. 37 symptoms. 21-22 Prolactin (see also hyperprolactinemia. 87 Hyperphosphatemia; menstrual cycle. 303-304 Hypophosphatemia) • premenstrual syndrome. 308 196-198 sexual dysfunction. 317-318 'INDEX 379

Propoxyphene. see Opioids Renal damage Propranolol (see also Beta-receptor due to lithium. 90-91 blocking drugs) Renal disease interaction with tricyclic in lupus erythematosus. 215-216 antidepressants. 45 in Wilson disease. 207 neuropsychiatric symptoms. 38 Renal failure. 77-87. 353 sexual dysfunction. 41 chronic. 82-85 use in organic psychosis. 265 definition. 77 Protriptyline due to lithium. 91 in sleep apnea. 338 sexual dysfunction. 86-87. 319 Pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism. uremia. 78-82 159. 161 associated with psychosis. 86 Pseudoangina. 24 clinical features. 78-79 Pseudodepression. 8 delirium. 80-81 Pseudohyponatremia. 184-185 electroencephalogram. 81-82 Pseudohypoparathyroidism. 159. fatigue. 79-80 161 neuropsychiatric features. 79 Pseudoparathyroidism. 155 organic brain syndrome. 79-80 Pseudosclerosis. 207-208 treatment with dialysis. 82-85 Pseudotumor cerebri use of psychiatric drugs. 87-91 due to vitamin A toxicity. 232 Reserpine Psychogenic polydipsia. 185. 188 cause of fatigue. 8 Psychosis interaction with monoamine due to amphetamines. 350-351 oxidase inhibitors. 45 associated with renal failure. 86 neuropsychiatric symptoms. 39 due to bromism. 284 Respiratory arrest due to Cushing syndrome. 135 following diazepam. 72 due to hyperthyroidism. 146-147 Respiratory distress due to hypothyroidism. 149-150 due to diaphragmatic flutter. 68 due to infectious mononucleosis. Respiratory distress syndrome. 266-267 54-55 due to lupus erythematosus. 217 Respiratory dyskinesia menstrual and premenstrual. due to antipsychotic drugs. 69 306-307 Respiratory failure. 51-55. 61 due to oral contraceptives. 313 due to psychiatric drugs. 69-72 due to phencyclidine. 361 hypercapnic postgastrectomy. 101 causes, 52 Psychosomatic disorders hypoxemic due to premenstrual syndrome. causes. 51 304 treatment, 53-54 Pteroylglutamic acid. see Folic acid Respiratory myoclonus, see deficiency Diaphragmatic flutter Pulmonary embolism. see Restless leg syndrome Embolism due to folic acid deficiency. 249 Pyridoxine. see Vitamin B6 due to uremia. 80 deficiency Salbutamol Quinidine antidepressant activity. 72 neuropsychiatric symptoms. 37 cause of atypical psychosis, 72 Schilling test. 251 myasthenia gravis, 225 Schizophrenia paranoid and amphetamine abuse. 351 Regional enteritis. 102-103 Schizophreniform psychosis Renal due to alcohol. 347 urinary acidification and lithium, due to amphetamines. 350-351 91 due to bromism. 284. 285 380 INDEX

Schizophreniform psychosis (cont.) Shortness of breath, see Dyspnea due to cannabis, 354 Skin (see also Burn delirium), due to folic acid deficiency, 249 295-302 due to hallucinogens, 361 in hyperadrenalism, 134 due to hepatic encephalopathy, in hypoadrenalism, 140 118 psychosomatic disorders, 295 due to infectious mononucleosis, psychotropic drug effects, 267 299-302 due to lupus erythematosus, 218 response to emotional stimuli, niacin responsive, 239 295 due to organophosphate, 288 Sleep apnea, see Sleep disorders due to phencyclidine, 361 Sleep attacks, 333 due to porphyria, 202, 204 Sleep disorders, 329-339 postencephalitic, 264-265 cause of fatigue, 9 due to subacute bacterial classification, 330-332 endocarditis, 28 delayed sleep phase syndrome, due to viral encephalitis, 262, 339 263 misdiagnosis, 330 due to vitamin B'2 deficiency, narcolepsy, 330, 333-335 246 automatic behavior, 333 due to Wilson disease, 210 cataplexy, 333 , see Vitamin C deficiency defined, 330 Sedative-hypnotic drugs depression cutaneous reactions, 300-301 associated with, 334 Seizures diagnostic problems, 334-335 premenstrual, 307 hypnogogic hallucinations, Sexual dysfunction, 313-322 333 alcohol excess, 317 narcoleptic tetrad, 333 due to cannabis, 355 nocturnal sleep, 333 cardiovascular drug-induced, sleep attacks, 333 41-42 sleep laboratory findings, 334 due to cimetidine, 109 sleep paralysis, 333 drug-induced, 320-322 treatment, 335 due to guanethidine, 40 types, 333-334 impotence, 313-322 nocturnal myoclonus, 339 diagnostic evaluation, sleep apnea, 336-338 314-316, 318 cardiovascular changes, 338 endocrine, 317-318 central type, 336, 337, 338 due to hyperprolactinemia, clinical features, 336-337 317-318 diagnosis, 338 organic, 313-322 incidence, 336 parathyroid hormone, 320 mixed type, 336 psychogenic, 313-314 obstructive type, 336-337, 338 testosterone, 317 treatment, 338 treatment types, 336 bromocriptine, 318 Sleep laboratory, 329 penile prosthesis, 322 impotence revascularization, 32, 319 evaluation of, 314-316 testosterone, 317 narcolepsy, 334 zinc, 319-320 Sleep paralysis, 333 vascular, 32, 318-319 Sleepiness , 319-320 excessive daytime infertility due to delayed sleep phase zinc deficiency, 319-320 syndrome, 339 renal failure, 86-87 due to narcolepsy, 333 due to sleep apnea, 337 due to sleep apnea, 337 due to uremia, 80 Slow viruses, 265 INDEX 381

Snoring THC, see Cannabis in sleep apnea, 337 Theophylline, 350 Sodium [see also Hypernatremia; neuropsychiatric symptoms, 73 Hyponatremia; Volume Thiamine deficiency, 233-236 depletion), 181-189 beriberi, 234-236 Spasmophilia, 195 diagnosis, 236 Spastic colon, see Irritable bowel experimental, 234 syndrome general, 233-234 Sprue treatment, 236 celiac disease, 102-103 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, tropical, 102 234-236 Steatorrhea, 103 Thiazides, see Diuretics Steroids [see also Thoracic outlet syndrome Hyperadrenalism), symptoms, 32-33 133-142 types, 32 exogenous steroids Thrombophlebitis migrans, 111 mechanism of mental changes, Thymectomy, 228 142 Thymus, 225-226 neuropsychiatric symptoms, Thyroid 135-138,219 psychiatric drugs, 152-154 treatment of neuropsychiatric Thyroid disorders [see also symptoms, 138-139 Hyperthyroidism; tricyclic antidepressants Hypothyroidism), 142-154 aggravate steroid laboratory tests, 143 psychosis, 139 mechanism of neuropsychiatric withdrawal syndrome, 138 symptom production, 152 in giant cell arteritis-polymyalgia Thyroid stimulating hormone rheumatica, 35 (TSH), 142, 143, 154 in lupus erythematosus, 219 Thyroid storm, 144, 153 in myasthenia gravis, 227 Thyrotoxicosis, see Subacute combined degeneration, Hyperthyroidism 246 Subdural hematoma due to caffeine, 342 and alcohol intoxication, 346 Toxic psychosis, see Organic Brain due to dialysis, 85 Syndrome Succinylcholine, 229 Tremor interaction with lithium, 72 benign essential, 3, 347 Sulfonamides due to alcohol withdrawal, porphyria 347-348 precipitation of, 202, 205, 269 due to caffeine, 342 Syncope, 25-26 due to mercury poisoning, 274 carotid sinus hypersensitivity, 26 in Wilson disease, 208-209 circulatory causes, 25-26 Tricyclic antidepressants, see hysterical, 26 Antidepressant drugs Systemic lupus erythematosus, see Tryptophan, 236-237, 239, 241 Lupus erythematosus in carcinoid syndrome, 105 oral contraceptives, 312-313 Temporal arteritis, see Giant cell arteritis Uremia, see Renal failure Terbutaline anxiety symptoms, 72 Testosterone Vasopressin impotence treatment, 317 in Korsakoff syndrome, 236 marijuana smoking, 355 Vasopressors, 40 Tetany, 159, 162, 163, 195, 196 Viral encephalitis, see Encephalitis due to hyperventilation, 56, 57 Vitamin A Tetrahydrocannabinol, 353-354 general, 231 382 INDEX

Vitamin A (con!.) Vomiting (con!.) toxicity psychogenic. 96-97. 98 acute. 231 self-induced. 97 chronic. 231-233 treatment. 98-99 Vitamin B1 • see Thiamine deficiency Water intoxication. see Vitamin B12 deficiency. 243-252 Hyponatremia; causes. 243-244 Psychogenic polydipsia clinical features. 245 Weakness diagnosis. 250-251 due to anticholinesterase drugs. false normal B12 levels. 227 250-251 due to arrhythmia. 17 encephalopathy. 246-248 due to arsenic. 280 folic acid due to bromism. 284 relationship to. 244-245 due to cardiac tumors. 27 general. 243-245 due to digitalis. 36 incidence in psychiqtric patients. distinguished from fatigue. 8 247 due to heart failure. 14. 15 malabsorption. 101-102 due to hyperadrenalism. 134 myelopathy. 246 due to hyperkalemia. 190 neuropathy due to hyperparathyroidism. 156. peripheral. 246 157 neuropsychiatric features. due to hyperthyroidism. 144. 146 245-248 due to hyperventilation. 57 in absence of anemia. 245 due to hypoadrenalism. 140 treatment. 251-252 due to hypoglycemia. 165 Vitamin B3 • see Niacin deficiency due to hypokalemia. 191 Vitamin B6 • 308. 310 due to hypomagnesemia. 195. oral contraceptives. 312-313 196 treatment of oral contraceptive due to hyponatremia. 186-187 depression. 312-313 due to hypoparathyroidism. 159 Vitamin B6 deficiency. 240-243 due to hypophosphatemia. clinical features. 240 197-198 depression. 312-313 due to hypotension. 19 diagnosis. 242 due to lead. 276 drug-induced. 240. 241-242 due to metabolic alkalosis. 181 general. 240 due to myasthenia gravis. neuropsychiatric features. 222-225 241-242 due to organophosphate. 287 treatment. 242-243 due to pancreatic carcinoma. 111. Vitamin C deficiency. 252-255 113 causes. 252-253 due to porphyria. 205 clinical features. 253 in posthepatitis syndrome. 121 diagnosis. 254 postgastrectomy. 101 general. 252-253 due to thiamine deficiency. 234 MMPI.254 due to vitamin A toxicity. neuropsychiatric features. 231-232 253-254 due to vitamin B12 deficiency. treatment. 254-255 245 Volume depletion. 182-183. 185 due to vitamin C deficiency. 253 Vomiting. 95-99 due to volume depletion. 183 in cancer. 97-98 complications. 98 due to lupus erythematosus. 215 cyclical. 99 due to pancreatic carcinoma. 110 from neuroleptic withdrawal. 99 due to vitamin B12 deficiency. in pregnancy. 97 245 INDEX 383

Wernicke syndrome. (see also Withdrawal Thiamine deficiency). 120. alcohol 282. 348 cause of anxiety. 5 Whipple disease. 102-103 drug Wilson disease. 120. 206-213 cause of anxiety. 5 clinical features. 206-209 diagnosis. 211-212 neurological findings. 207-209 Zinc psychiatric features. 209-210 sexual dysfunction. 87. 319-320 treatment. 212 treatment of Wilson disease. 212