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TOXINS Should “Bird-Proof” Their Homes to Provide a Safe and Enjoyable Environment for Their Companion Birds

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TOXINS Should “Bird-Proof” Their Homes to Provide a Safe and Enjoyable Environment for Their Companion Birds irds are curious pets and frequently investi- gate unusual textures, containers and loca- CHAPTER tions throughout the home. Many of the Bitems that birds may encounter during these quests can be dangerous. Contact with or consump- tion of certain plants, cleaners, pesticides and house- hold disinfectants may cause acute or chronic intoxi- cation. Even some types of foods provided to birds can be toxic. 37 Most compounds considered toxic to mammals should also be considered toxic to birds. Table 37.1 offers a guide for treatment of intoxication from some common household products. Based on their size and physiology, birds are more prone than mammals to intoxication by some compounds, such as volatile chemicals and fumes. Psittaciformes have a propen- sity to chew on almost anything. All avian clients TOXINS should “bird-proof” their homes to provide a safe and enjoyable environment for their companion birds. Birds should be supervised at all times when out of their enclosures. It has been suggested that the con- sumption of foreign bodies (eg, metal, wood, jewelry), over-consumption of grit and coprophagy may all be mediated by malnutrition (Gerlach H, unpublished). Genevieve Dumonceaux Therefore, birds on a formulated diet would be ex- pected to chew less on plants, perches and toys than Greg J. Harrison birds on a seed-based diet. 1031 CHAPTER 37 TOXINS TABLE 37.1 Normal Household Compounds That May be Toxic to Birds Agent Toxic Components Clinical Effects Therapy Bleaches, pool Chlorine Photophobia, epiphora, coughing, Dilution with water or milk orally. Irrigate skin chemicals sneezing, hyperventilation, GI irritation with cool water. GI protectant, demulcent or ulceration Cleaning agents, Ammonia Respiratory tract irritation, immune Fresh air, antibiotics, supportive care accumulated suppression excrement Combustion exhaust Carbon monoxide Somnolence, depression, cyanosis, Fresh air, oxygen, warmth, support (autos, furnaces) death Denture cleaners Sodium perborate Direct irritation, salivation, lacrimation, Irrigate with water, GI protectant, demulcent vomiting, sometimes CNS depression Deodorants Aluminum chloride, Oral irritation and necrosis, hemorrhagic Careful lavage of crop and proventriculus aluminum gastroenteritis, incoordination and chlorhydrate nephrosis Detergents (anionic) Sulfonated or Dermal irritation, vomiting, diarrhea, GI Lavage with water phosphorylated distension, usually not fatal forms, alkaline product Detergents (cationic) Quaternary Vomiting, depression, collapse, coma, Oral milk or activated charcoal. Soap for ammonium with alkyl may cause corrosive esophageal surface areas. Treat seizures and shock as or anyl substituent damage needed groups Drain cleaners Sodium hydroxide, Caustic to skin and mucous membranes, Flush affected areas with water or milk. Do not sodium hypochlorite irritation, inflammation, edema, necrosis, use emetics or lavage. Treat for shock and pain burns in mouth, tongue, pharynx Fireworks Nitrates, chlorates, Abdominal pain, vomiting, bloody feces, Crop or gastric lavage. Use methylene blue or mercury, antimony, rapid shallow respiration, chlorates may ascorbic acid for methemoglobinemia. Treat copper, strontium, cause methemoglobinemia for specific metal(s) ingested barium, phosphorus Furniture polish Petroleum, Early CNS depression, disorientation, Prevent aspiration pneumonia. Avoid gastric hydrocarbons, necrosis, mucosal irritation, aspiration or lavage or proceed with caution. Monitor and mineral spirits hydrocarbon pneumonia, hepatorenal treat for pneumonia damage Gasoline, crude oil Petroleum and GI irritation, skin and feather damage, Wash feathers and skin with mild soap and petroleum distillates aspiration pneumonia water. Vegetable or mineral oil gavage. Antibiotics and supportive care Matches Potassium chloride Gastroenteritis, vomiting, chlorates may Treat symptomatically. Use methylene blue or induce methemoglobinemia with ascorbic acid for methemoglobinemia cyanosis and hemolysis Paint/varnish Benzene, methanol, Dermal irritation, depression, narcosis, See “furniture polish.” Rinse contact areas removers toluene, acetone pneumonia, hepatorenal damage thoroughly with warm water Pencils Graphite GI irritation Demulcent Perfumes Volatile oils Local irritation of skin and mucous If ingested, gastric or crop lavage with weak membranes, pneumonitis, hepatorenal bicarbonate solution. Prevent aspiration. damage with albuminuria, hematuria, Demulcents. Provide plenty of ventilation glycosuria, excitement, ataxia, coma Pine oil disinfectants Pine oil 5-10%, Gastritis, vomiting, diarrhea, followed by If ingested, gastric lavage with caution to phenols 2-6% CNS depression, occasional mild prevent aspiration. Mineral oil. Monitor seizures, phenols may induce nephrosis pulmonary and renal function. Provide fresh air if strong fumes are present Overheated non-stick Polytetrafluoroethylene Sudden death, dyspnea, depression, Fresh air or oxygen, fluids, steroids for cookware, drip pans, pulmonary hemorrhage pulmonary edema, antibiotics, supportive care heat lamps, irons, ironing board covers Poor grade peanuts, Mycotoxins: aflatoxin, Gastrointestinal irritation, dermal Clean feed, antibiotics for secondary peanut waste, moldy ochratoxin, irritation, oral necrosis, secondary infections. Treatment as indicated for clinical grains, corn and corn trichothecenes infections due to immunosuppression syndromes screenings, moldy cheeses, meats table continued on next page 1032 SECTION FIVE DISEASE ETIOLOGIES Agent Toxic Components Clinical Effects Therapy Rodenticides Anticoagulants Weakness, dyspnea, hemorrhage, Vitamin K1 (2.5-5 mg/kg) IM or PO q 24 hr. petechiation, anemia Minimize stress. Warfarin, treat for 10-14 days. Chlorophacinone, treat for 21-28 days. Brodifacoum, treat for 28-30 days Rodenticides Cholecalciferol Causes hypercalcemia and renal failure, Activated charcoal, fluid therapy. If vomiting, diarrhea, depression, hypercalcemic, saline diuresis, prednisolone anorexia, polyuria, polydipsia PO 2 mg/kg q 12 hr, furosemide 2-5 mg/kg q 8- 12 hr, salmon calcitonin SC 4-6 IU/kg q 2-3 hr until calcium stable (mammalian protocol) Rubbing alcohol Ethyl alcohol Impaired motor coordination, cutaneous Gastric or crop lavage. Monitor temperature, hyperemia, vomiting, progress to cardiac and pulmonary function peripheral vascular collapse, hypothermia Shampoo Laurel sulfates and Ocular irritation, stimulation of mucous Activated charcoal or kaolin orally triethanolamine production, ingestion causes diarrhea dodecyl sulfate Salt, crackers, chips, Sodium chloride Gastrointestinal irritation, dehydration, Rehydration, offer small amounts of water prepared foods, salt depression, weakness, PU/PD, death frequently. SC, IV or IO fluids, supportive care water, sea sand (as grit) Styptic pencil Potassium aluminum Corrosive due to release of sulfuric acid Oral neutralizer such as magnesium oxide or sulfate during hydrolysis of the salt, oral hydroxide. Do not give bicarbonate orally for necrosis from chewing on pencils acid poisonings Many of the therapeutic recommendations for the above products have been taken from small animal sources.8,8a,36a,46a TABLE 37.2 Some Commonly Encountered Toxins and their Potential Effects in Birds19 Alcohol Depression, regurgitation Levamisole Depression, vomiting, ataxia, mydriasis, paralysis, death (hepato- Aminoglycosides Renal tubular necrosis toxicity) Arsenic Pruritus, polyuria, dyspnea, death Lincomycin Death Atropine Gastrointestinal stasis Medroxyprogesterone Lethargy, obesity, polydipsia, fatty liver Brodifacoum Death Mercury Depression, hematuria, death Cephaloridine Blindness Metronidazole Death in finches Chloramphenicol Death Niclosamide Death Chlorine Epiphora, upper respiratory signs, Nicotine Depression, dyspnea, coma, death tachypnea Nitrates Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, ataxia, Chocolate Vomiting, diarrhea, death convulsions, death Cigarette smoke Dermatitis, sinusitis, pneumonitis Nitrofurazone Ataxia, convulsions, death Copper Anemia, weakness, death Nitrothiazole Death Coumarin Fatal hemorrhage Polymyxin B Lethargy, ataxia, vomiting, death Cythioate Death Polytetrafluoroethylene Dyspnea, seizures, death Diazinon Death gas Dihydrostreptomycin Paralysis, death Praziquantel Depression, death Dimetridazole Incoordination, ataxia, seizures, death Procaine penicillin Paralysis, death Fenbendazole Depression, ataxia, mydriasis Rotenone Vomiting, ataxia, convulsions, death Formaldehyde Epiphora, upper respiratory signs, Selenium sulfide Death death Sodium chloride Depression, PU/PD, ataxia, Gentamicin Apnea, renal tubular necrosis, death convulsions, death Ivermectin (propylene Weakness, death Ticarcillin Hepatotoxicity glycol formulation) Vitamin D3 Calcification of kidneys and other Lead arsenate Depression, CNS signs, death organs Zinc Depression, vomiting, ataxia, death 1033 CHAPTER 37 TOXINS Free-ranging birds, particularly Anseriformes, are commonly poisoned through chronic exposure to a contaminated, abused environment. Toxin-contami- nated water, air and food supplies can affect birds through direct contact or through poisoning of com- ponents in the food chain. Often the intoxication is subtle, and poisons accumulate over time (eg, lead in waterfowl, organochlorines in birds of prey). Birds of prey and fish-eating birds are particularly susceptible to contaminants in the food chain be- cause of biologic magnification. It is of interest that the health of free-ranging birds is frequently ignored as a sensitive indicator of human-induced
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