Parrots in the London Area A London Bird Atlas Supplement

Richard Arnold, Ian Woodward, Neil Smith 2 3

Abstract species have been recorded (EASIN http://alien.jrc. Senegal Parrot and Blue-fronted Amazon remain between 2006 and 2015 (LBR). There are several ec.europa.eu/SpeciesMapper ). The populations of more or less readily available to buy from breeders, potential factors which may combine to explain the Parrots are widely introduced outside their native these birds are very often associated with towns while the smaller species can easily be bought in a lack of correlation. These may include (i) varying range, with non-native populations of several and cities (Lever, 2005; Butler, 2005). In Britain, pet shop. inclination or ability (identification skills) to report species occurring in Europe, including the UK. As there is just one parrot species, the Ring-necked (or Although deliberate release and further import of particular species by both communities; (ii) varying well as the well-established population of Ring- Rose-ringed) parakeet Psittacula krameri, which wild birds are both illegal, the captive populations lengths of time that different species survive after necked Parakeet (Psittacula krameri), five or six is listed by the British Ornithologists’ Union (BOU) remain a potential source for feral populations. escaping/being released; (iii) the ease of re-capture; other species have bred in Britain and one of these, as a self-sustaining introduced species (Category Escapes or releases of several species are clearly a (iv) the low likelihood that deliberate releases will the Monk Parakeet, (Myiopsitta monachus) can form C). The other five or six¹ species which have bred regular event. Extrapolation from 6 months of lost be reported as lost; and (v) the low likelihood of self-sustaining populations. In the London area, at least once in the UK are currently classified as and found notices (hosted by the Parrot Society UK) species with free-living populations being reported four species have bred or attempted to breed, while not self-sustaining (Category E) (Harrop, 2013). indicates that a minimum of 400 captive parrots as found. For some species, these factors could lead two others have shown themselves able to survive However, three of them, Monk (or Quaker) Parakeet escape each year in Britain, including 168 birds which to significant under-reporting of escapes. Indeed, outside captivity for long periods and a further two Myiopsitta monachus, Blue-crowned Parakeet (or are recorded as ‘found’ (presumably re-captured, Fletcher and Askew (2007) estimated that several are reported widely and frequently as escapees. Conure) Aratinga acuticaudata and Peach- faced see Table 1). Around 17% of the reported escapes hundred Ring-necked Parakeets may escape or be While the control programme for Monk Parakeet (or Rosy-faced) Lovebird Agapornis roseicollis occurred in the London area. released from captivity every year in Britain which continues, it currently seems unlikely that any of have previously been recommended for inclusion in Reports of escaped birds also appear regularly is substantially more than the number of any kind of these species will become as numerous as the Ring- Category C (Dudley, 2010). in county bird reports (NBN Gateway). There is not parakeet reported as lost or found. necked Parakeet in the near future. Importing parrots into Britain was legal from much correlation between the data derived from the early 1970s until 2005, when an EU-wide ban the lost or found notices and that derived from Parrots in the London Area Introduction on the import of wild birds came into force (in county bird reports, even when those species with Self (2014) lists 29 species of parrots which have There are approximately 356 species of parrots response to avian influenza). Excluding Budgerigar free-living populations are discounted. For example, been reported at large in the London area (Appendix (Psittaciformes) globally. The native range of parrots and Cockatiel, a minimum of 554,000 individuals the African Grey Parrot is the species most often 3). A further two species were reported in the is predominantly within the tropics and the southern of approximately 260 taxon were imported to the reported as lost or found, while it is one of the least London Area during the London Bird Atlas Project, hemisphere. These include parrot species which UK between 1975 and 2005 (https://trade.cites. frequently reported as an escape by birdwatchers, bringing the total to 31. Of these, up to 20 species occupy temperate areas of the southern hemisphere org/). The ten most numerous of these imports for instance, only two were reported to be at large were recorded in the 10-year period 2006 to 2015, including New Zealand, Tasmania and southern accounted for nearly 60% of the total, with the by the bird watching community in the London area with most of these species being non-breeding and Chile and Argentina, and others which occupy most numerous of these, the African Grey (including mountain regions in more tropical zones. Excluding the Timneh sub-species) accounting for 16% of Table 1: Escaped parrots in Britain, extrapolated from lost and found notices (n=208) the total imports. The imported birds included naturalised populations, the northern limit of parrot Rank Common name Scientific Name Origin Proportion of reports distribution appears to have been determined by approximately 26,000 Ring-necked Parakeet, 6,000 1 African Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus Africa 33.8% natural features in Africa (desert), Asia (mountains) Monk Parakeet, 7,300 Blue-crowned Parakeet, 2 Parakeet - - 13.0% and Australasia (sea) and by human activity in the 4,400 Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria, Americas; the Carolina Parakeet, which occurred as 63,500 Senegal Parrot Poicephalus senegalus, 3 Budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus Australia 11.1% far north as New York, became extinct in the 1930s 20,000 Blue-fronted Amazon (or Parrot) Amazona 4 Cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus Australia 7.2% (Forshaw, 2010; Hume & Walters, 2012). aestival, 12,000 Peach-faced Lovebird Agapornis 5 Amazon Amazona sp. South America 6.3% Parrots are popular as pets and many have roseicollis and 420 Red-rumped Parrot Psephotus 6 Conure - South America 4.3% escaped or been deliberately released outside haematonotus, see Appendix 2. Many parrot 7 Lovebird Agapornis sp. Africa 4.3% their native range. Lever (2005) gives accounts species are easy to breed in captivity and, despite 8 Alexandrine Psittacula eupatria Asia 3.9% for up to 35 parrot species which have become the current import ban, the captive population of 9 Cockatoo Cacatua sp. Australia 3.9% at least some of these species is expected to be naturalised outside their native range, worldwide, 10 Macaw - South America 2.9% as a result of escapes and introductions (see stable or increasing. For example, Fletcher and 11 Eclectus Electus roratus Australasia 1.9% Appendix 1). Naturalised and escaped populations Askew (2007) estimated that at least 802 captive 12 Kakariki Cyanoramphus sp. New Zealand 1.9% of parrot species are especially prevalent in the bred Ring-necked Parakeets entered the captive southern states of the USA; for example, Sibley population per year between 1990 and 2004, which 13 Sengal Poicephalus senegalus Africa 1.4% (2000) describes 27 species which are encountered might be roughly equal to the death rate for the 14 Parrotlet - South America 1.0% regularly in North America (see Appendix 1). Other population of 26,000 imported birds, since these 15 Monk Parakeet Myiopsitta monachus South America 1.0% localities with naturalised populations of parrots can live up to 34 years in captivity (http://genomics. 16 Barraband’s Polytelis swainsonii Australia 0.5% include parts of New Zealand and Europe. In senescence.info). Young birds of many species, 17 Caique Pionites sp. South America 0.5% Europe, there are up to 11 alien parrot species with including Ring-necked Parakeet, Monk Parakeet, 18 Lorikeet - Australia 0.5% established populations (aliens), while a further 41 Blue-crowned Parakeet, Alexandrine Parakeet, 19 Pionus Pionus sp. South America 0.5% 1 The sixth relates to a possible breeding record of Red-rumped Parrot Psephotus Cover: Ring-necked Parakeet at the London WWT. (Gehan de Silva Wijeyeratne) haematonotus in Northamptonshire in 1998 (Ogilvie & RBBP, 2000). Source http://www.theparrotsocietyuk.org/lost-stolen-and-found-parrots 4

Table 2: Species of Parrot recorded at large in the London Area 2006 – 2015

Category Description Common Name Scientific Name 1 Breeding Fully naturalised, increasing or stable Ring-necked parakeet Psittacula krameri Species Accounts 2 Annually, stable or declining Monk-parakeet Myiopsitta monachus 3 Occasionally Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria Blue-crowned Parakeet Aratinga acuticaudata 4 Non-breeding Long-lived (more than one year) Senegal Parrot Poicephalus senegalus Blue-fronted Amazon Amazona aestiva 5 Short-lived, frequent reports Budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus Cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus 6 Infrequent reports Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galerita Solomon’s Cockatoo or Cacatua ducorpsii Ducorps’s Corella Galah Elophus roseicapilla African Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus Eastern Rosella Platycercus eximius Blossom/Plum-headed Psittacula roseata/ Parakeet cyanocephala Peach-faced Lovebird Agapornis roseicollis Sun Parakeet or Conure Aratinga solstitialis Orange-winged Amazon Amazona amazonica Yellow-crowned or Amazona ochrocephala Yellow-fronted Amazon Green Parakeet Aratinga holochlora Scarlet Macaw Ara macao

infrequent escapes that may not survive for long or wintering seasons. The second type shows the are soon re-captured, see Table 2. number of years in which a species was recorded Of most significance are those species which have in a given tetrad for the 10-year period from 2006 shown themselves capable of breeding or surviving to 2015. The third and fourth are standard breeding in the wild for long periods (more than one year), and winter season maps in the format of the London here or elsewhere in Britain, plus species which Bird Atlas and in the same period. The data used escape so frequently that birds are recorded in was a mixture of records submitted for the London most years. An account for each of these species Bird Atlas project and records submitted to the follows, along with maps of their occurrence, which London Bird Report. When reviewing the maps, it may prove useful for future bird atlas projects, or is important to note that a ‘dot’ on the map may perhaps historical reference. represent the presence of a single bird on a single day, rather than an established population. Methods The methods of data collection used in this study are mostly as described in the London Bird Atlas (LBA) (Woodward, et al. 2017), however, the approach to mapping is a little different. For the Ring-necked Parakeet two new maps have been produced using the existing London Bird Atlas dataset. For the other species, up to four maps were produced. The first type shows records and breeding evidence from all months of year from January 2007 to

December 2013, rather than just the breeding and Opposite: Ring-necked Parakeet at the London WWT. (Gehan de Silva Wijeyeratne) 6 7

• The population has spread relatively slowly; between 2003-08, the population of Ring-necked Parakeet expanded at an approximately Ring-necked Parakeet linear rate of 4.2km per year (Fera, 2009) in England but it is still largely Psittacula krameri confined as a breeding species to an area of approximately 5,000km² encompassing parts of Greater London and adjoining areas of the home The Ring-necked Parakeet is a native of the Indian sub-continent and counties, plus a few other localities, after c.45 years as a breeding bird in parts of sub-Saharan Africa (Forshaw, 2010), but widely introduced Britain. elsewhere (Lever, 2005). Indeed, it is the most widely introduced parrot • Individual birds can have a relatively large home range, travelling 7km or species, having successfully established breeding populations in 35 more between roost sites and feeding and nesting sites (Butler, 2003; countries across five continents (Butler, 2003; Fera, 2009). There are Pithon 1998, described in Fera, 2009). several detailed accounts of the arrival of this species into the London • Potential threats to agriculture have been identified as this species is area and its subsequent spread (e.g. Morgan, 1993; Hewlett et al., 2002; known to feed on commercially grown plants such as maize. However, Wheatley, 2007). The Ring-necked Parakeet in England has been the incidents of serious damage to crops in Britain are currently localised subject of several in-depth studies, including on breeding performance and not commonplace (Fera, 2009). (Pithon & Dytham,1999a), early population growth (Pithon & Dytham • In sub-urban and urban areas, the fruits and seeds of non-native tree 1999b; 2002), population biology (Butler, 2003), potential impacts on species, such as Horse Chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum (buds in agriculture (Fera, 2009), movements (Strubbe & Matthysen, 2011) and spring), Apple Malus sp., Pear Pyrus sp., Sweet Chestnut Castanea potential impacts on native species (e.g. Fletcher & Askew, 2007; Peck, sativa, London Plane Platanus x acerifolia, Cherry Prunus sp., Western 2013). These tell the story comprehensively, until 2013, which coincides Catalpa Catalpa speciosa (seeds in autumn) and Orange Whitebeam with the end of the London Bird Atlas Project. Sorbus croceocarpa (fruits in late summer) (Fera, 2009; pers. obs.). Our summary of the research is as follows: • The fruits and seeds of native tree species, such as Beech Fagus • The birds present in Britain are thought to be a mixture of the two Indian sylvatica, Silver Birch Betula pendula, Blackthorn Prunus spinosa, Yew sub-species borealis and manillensis (Pithon & Dytham, 2001). Taxus baccata and Alder Alnus glutinosa, are also known food sources • Following a period of relatively slow population growth, taking about 25 (Fera, 2009; pers. obs.). years to reach a population of 1,500, in 1996, there has been a period of • The birds make extensive use of garden bird feeders (Clergeau, & more rapid growth, reaching a population size of approximately 30,000 Vergnes, 2011); however, it is not thought that the provision of such food in 2010, 14 years later, and this may now be stabilising in south-east is essential for over-winter survival (Butler, 2005). England (Peck, 2013) or continuing to increase (BBS). • Potential threats to other species of bird have also been identified through competition for nest sites (Strubbe & Matthysen, 2009) and competition for some food sources (e.g. Mistletoe fruits, garden bird Hertfordshire Figure 1: Percentage of occupied tetrads in each LondonHertfordshir eborough and Figure 2: ChangeN oinrth distributionEssex of Ring-necked Parakeet in the Hertfordshire North Essex food) (Le Louarn et al., 2016; Peck et al, 2014). However, population 1 Hertfordshire North Essex 1 Hertfordshire North Essex 1 North Essex the parts of the surrounding counties1 which fall within the London area. London Area from 1968 to 2013 1 level effects have not so far been identified through either mechanism

Hertfordshire Hertfordshire (Newson et al., 2011; Peck, 2013). Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire TL North Essex 1 Hertfordshire North Essex 1 TL North Essex 1 HHeertrftofordrdshshiriere 0 North Essex 1 Hertfordshire TL 1 0 North Essex 1 TQL 1 0 North Essex TQL North Essex 1 0 South TQ The National Atlas (Balmer et al, 2013) shows how this species distribution 1 0 1 South TQ ESsosuethx TQ ESsosuethx ESsosuethx Essex is spreading outside our area and the London Bird Atlas provides more Essex

e TL TL r i e TL TL

0 r 0 h 9 i TL 0 e 0 TL detail on the current distribution within the London area (to 2013). During r TQ TQ s 9 h i 0 e TL 0 r TQ TQ s h i 9 e TL m TL TL 0 r Middlesex TQ TQ s h 9 i South South a 0 m Middlesex TQ s 0 9 h South 0 South a h m TQ s Middlesex ESsosuethx TQ South TQ the 2007-2013 period, the Ring-necked Parakeet was recorded in all of

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e the Greater London boroughs and the surrounding counties although the e n u c B k r r i i e i e c u B k r r h i e h i 9 9 e c 8 u r r B s s h i h 9 i e 9

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s Middlesex rate of tetrad occupancy within each of these areas is very variable as s Middlesex h i 9 r r a m a m i Middlesex 8 i Middlesex s 9 h a m h a m h 9 h Middlesex 8 9 h Middlesex s a g h s s a g h m Middlesex n g h n g h a m i i m Middlesex Inner m n g n Middlesex g Middlesex a h k k

i shown on Figure 1. Some of the records away from core areas may relate i a Inner a n n g h c c k k i i h LIonnndeorn h n g c u c u k k i g LIonnndeorn g n c u c u B k B i n LIonnndeorn n i i u u c B k B

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B 7 B 8 7 88 7 8 nest site, or possibly further releases of unwanted pet birds. Inner Inner Inner Inner LIonnndeorn LIonnndeorn LIonnndeorn London LIonnndeorn London LoInndnoenr Inner The combination of slow spread and population growth means that 7 LLoonnddoonn 6 7 London 7 6 7 7 6 7 West Kent 7 6 West Kent 77 6 7 West Kent densities can become very high in the areas where this species is well- Surrey West Kent Surrey West Kent Surrey Surrey Surrey established. During timed counts for the atlas, this species was the most 6 6 6 5 6 commonly recorded species, ahead of all native species of birds, in nine 6 5 West Kent 6 West Kent 6 5 West Kent West Kent 6 5 West Kent West Kent 6 Surrey 5 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database rigWht (e20s1t7 )Kent 6 Surrey Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database rigWht (e20s1t7 )Kent Surrey tetrads, based on the average count per hour of survey. Surrey Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database rightW (220e1s7)t Kent 3 4 Surrey 5 6 West Kent Surrey Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22017) 3 4 5 6 Surrey Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22017) 3 4 5 6 Surrey 0 1 2 3 4 Surrey 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 Ring-necked Parakeet 5 5 Ring-necked Parakeet 5 5 Ring-necked Parakeet 5 5 RPeinrgce-nnetacgke do fP Taertarkaedest Occupied 55Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2017) RPeinrgce-nnetacgke do fP Taertarkaedest Occupied 5 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2017) Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2017) Percen6 t-a 1g0e of Tetrads Occupied Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2017) Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2017) Percentage of Tetrads Occupied Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2017) Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22017) 3 6 4- 10 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 Percen161 t4-a -1g 20e0 of Tetrads Occ5upied 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 CoCnotnatinasin Os0 SO Sda dtat a© ©C rCorwonw cno cpoypryig1rhigth atn adn da dtabtaabsaes eri grhigth (t2 2(021071)7) 3 6 4- 10 5 6 Contains0 OS data © Crown copy1right and database right 2(2017) 3 4 5 6 611 - -1 200 0 1 2 3 2114 - 230 5 6 00 11 22 33 2114 -4 230 55 66 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 11 - 20 Ring-necked Parakeet 321 - 430 Ring-necked Parakeet Ring-necked Parakeet 321 - 430 Ring-necked Parakeet PercentageRing-necked Para ofkee tTetrads Occupied 321 - 430 RangeRing-neck Expansioned Parakeet based on three Atlas periods RPeinrgce-nnetacgke do fP Taertarkaedest Occupied 341 - 450 Approximate First Occurence RPeinrgce-nnetacgke do fP Taertarkaedest Occupied 341 - 450 Approximate First Occurence PeRricnegn6-n t-ae 1gc0ek eodf TPeatrakdese Ot ccupied 541 - 650 ARppinrgo1-xn9ime6c8ak-t1e9d F7 2Pirastr aOkceceutrence Percen6 t6-10-a 1g0e of Tetrads Occupied 54151-60 - 650 19196868-197 2– 1972 (approximate locations derived from Butler, 2003) Percentage of Tetrads Occupied 41 - 50 Perc16e1 n- t-1a 20g0e of Tetrads Occupied 651 - 760 Appr1o9x86im8-a1t9e97 42First Occurence 6 - 10 651 - 760 611 11-20- -1 200 5161-70 - 60 19198888-199 4– 1994 2116 -- 23100 761 - 870 2109108986-821-091193472 211 - 230 761 - 870 2008-2013 2111 1- 2-3 020 761 - 870 201098-82-0119394 23121-30 - 340 78171-80 - 890 2008 - 2013 231 - 340 781 - 890 4312 1- 54- 030 981 - 1900 2008-2013 43131-40 - 540 98181-90 - 1900 4313 1- 54- 040 981 - 1900 451 - 560 91 - 100 451 - 560 91 - 100 651441-50 1- 76- 050 91-100 651 - 760 51 - 60 7615 1- 87- 060 761 - 870 7616 1- 87- 070 781 - 890 781 - 890 9817 1- 19- 0800 981 - 1900 9818 1- 19- 0900 91 - 100 919 1- 1- 01000 8 9

Figure 3: Distribution map of Monk Parakeet, all Figure 7: Distribution map of Blue-crowned Hertfordshire Hertfordshire Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex North Essex North Essex 1 1 months 2007-13 1 Parakeet, all months 2007-131

Monk Parakeet Blue-crowned Parakeet Hertfordshire Hertfordshire Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex 1 North Essex 1 North Essex TL 1 TL 1 Hertfordshire 0 TL 1 Hertfordshire 0 TL 1 0 North Essex TQ 0 North Essex TQ 1 South TQ 1 South TQ Myiopsitta monachus South Aratinga acuticaudata South Essex Essex Essex Essex TL TL 0 TL e TL e 0 r r TQL

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e TQL e 0 h h TQ r 0 r 9 i 9 i South 0 s TQ s TQ 9 h South TL 9 h South TL m m The Monk Parakeet is a native of central Bolivia and southern Brazil, south to s Middlesex South TQ The Blue-crowned parakeet is a native of South America, where it occurs s Middlesex Essex 0 a Essex 0 a South m m Essex

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a Essex TQ a TQ

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g South g South e k k n n r i i c c i e Essex Essex e k k r u u r h central Argentina, where there are three sub-species, one of which occurs up i in three distinct areas, all outside heavily forested regions (Forshaw, i c c e 9 e s r h B B r h i 9 u u i e

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Middlesex n Middlesex g i i a a Inner u Inner c c k n k i h h u B u c Inner Inner c k

g London g London B u B u c n n i i

B London 8 London u the Monk Parakeet breeds communally in a nest made of sticks. Escaped it is a long-lived species, living for up to 31 years in captivity (http:// B 8 k k B 8 8 c c u 7 8 u 7

8 B B 7 7 8 8 Inner or released birds were first recorded breeding in the wild in England in the Inner genomics.senescence.info ). It is larger than, and reportedly dominates, Inner Inner LIonnndeorn LIonnndeorn London London London London Inner 7 Inner 1930s, at Whipsnade (Marchant, 2016). In the London Area, there have been 7 London the Ring-necked Parakeet (at the location in London where both occur 7 London 7 6 7 6 7 6 West Kent 6 West Kent 7 West Kent 7 West Kent four distinct localities with regular sightings: (i) Borehamwood/Elstree; (ii) Surrey together) (Butler et al, 2002). It was first reported in the London area in Surrey Surrey Surrey

6 Mudchute/Isle of Dogs; (iii) Barnes/Chiswick; and (iv) Southall. There are 6 1997. Juveniles were reported in 1999 but it is unclear if these relate to 6 West Kent 6 5 West Kent 6 5 West Kent 6 West Kent West Kent 5 West Kent Surrey 5 6 Surrey 6 Surrey Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database Wrighet (s2t0 1K8)ent Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database Wrighet (s2t0 1K8)ent also occasional records from elsewhere. The Borehamwood population was Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) further releases or successful breeding. Breeding was then confirmed in Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Surrey 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Surrey 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 first recorded in 1993. Four birds were reported nesting in 1998, followed 5 2001 although the nest ultimately failed (Butler et al, 2002). There were 5 5 Monk Parakeet 5 Monk Parakeet 5 Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) 5Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Confirmed Breeding 5Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22018) 3 4 Confirmed Bre5eding 6 Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22018) 3 4 Confirmed Bre5eding 6 0 1 2 3 4 Confirmed Bre5eding 6 by 17 birds in 2000, 30 in 2001 (Hewlett et al, 2002) and 51 in 2006 (LBR), 0 1 2 3 4 Probable Bree5ding 6 no records of this species submitted to the LBR between 2005 (three 0 1 2 3 4 Probable Bree5ding 6 Contain0s OS data © Crown copy1right and database right2 (2018) 3 4 Probable Bree5ding 6 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Probable Breeding 0 1 2 3 4Possible Breedin5g 6 Monk Par0akeet 1 2 3 4Possible Breedin5g 6 Monk Parakeet Monk Parakeet Monk Parakeet Possible Breeding Possible Breeding since when the reported numbers have fallen, with the highest reported Present reported in Beckenham) and 2010 (eight, also Beckenham), since when it Monk CPaornafkiermeted Breeding Present M onk CPConfirmedaornafkiermeted Breeding Breeding Present CConfirmedonfirmed Breeding Breeding Present Confirmed Breeding Present Present Monk Parakeet BluePC-croornobwfairnbmelde dPBa Brrearkeedeeidtnigng PCroonbfairbmle dB Breredeidnigng Observed Flying Over Observed Flying Over Observed Flying Over Probable Breeding Observed Flying Over PProbablerCoobnafbirlme eBdre Berdeine Breedinggding Observed Flying Over PProbablerCoobnafbirlme eBdre Berdei neBreedinggding Observed Flying Over count being just 13 in 2015 (LBR). The Mudchute population established Probable Breeding has been reported annually (to 2015). It is not known how frequently, or if, Possible Breeding Possible Breeding Possible Breeding PoPsrsoibbaleb lBer Beeredeindging PoPsrsoibbaleb lBer Beeredeindging Possible Breeding Present PPossibleresent Breeding PPossibleresent Breeding PrPeossesnitble Breeding PrPeossesnitble Breeding later, in 2003. There were 25 birds reported in 2006, rising to 36 in 2010 and Present this species now breeds in the London area; no evidence of breeding was Observed Flying Over Observed Flying Over Observed Flying Over OPbsresrveendt Flying Over OPbsresrveendt Flying Over Observed Flying Over Figure 8: Frequency map of Blue-crowned then falling to 20 in 2015. The Barnes population, perhaps just two birds, Observed Flying Over reported during the current atlas period or subsequently (to 2015). The Observed Flying Over Hertfordshire Figure 4: Frequency map of Monk ParakeetHertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire Hertfordshire North Essex Parakeet Hertfordshire North Essex 1 North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex was extant from 1996 to 2002 (Hewlett et al, 2002) but appears to have 1 highest count reported in any year was of 15 in 1999 and 15 years later the 1 North Essex 1 1 1 Hertfordshire died out. The Southall colony, up to eight birds (Self, 2014), appears to have HHeretfrotfrodrsdhsirheire North Essex highest count reported was five, so it does appear to have declined, with Hertfordshire NorNtho Ertshs Eexssex HHeretfrotfrodrsdhsirheire North Essex 1 TL NorNtho Ertshs Eexssex 11 0 TL 1 TL 0 TQL 11 0 TL only been present in 2008 and 2009. The reason for the decline in the first 0 Sotheuth TQ remaining birds perhaps being survivors from the original release. The 0 TQL South TQ 0 South TQ Essex TQ ESsosuethx ESsosuethx Essex ESsosuethx two of these colonies, and the loss of the fourth (Self, 2014), appears to be TL distribution of this species during the current atlas period is principally Essex e r 0 i TL TL e TL e h r r i 9 TQ i

0 s TL e 0 0 e TL h h r r

i TQ 9 9 i TQ m s TQ 0 s South Middlesex 0 e h h r a 9 9 i TQ s m m South s South TQ

h SouMthiddlesex Middlesex a control programme being carried out be Defra, resulting from fears of Essex two or three adjoining tetrads, in South East London. This species does h a 9 a m g s Middlesex m South h Essex h EsseSxouMthiddlesex a n Essex a i m g g

h Middlesex h Essex k a n n Essex i i g g c h k k n n e u i i g c c r i k B k n e e u u i c h r e

future economic and ecological impact (Tayleur, 2010). This began as a trial not seem to be too readily available in the pet trade and is expensive; c r i i

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in 2008 and became a full control programme in 2011, with the objective of factors which may reduce the likelihood that the population is being g a h g k Inner n n i h i g c n i k g Inner k Inner n u

London i k c c n i Inner k B Inner c u London u London k c u

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8 B u

removing all birds. It involves capturing and re-homing adult birds, as well supplemented by escapes and releases. Small, apparently naturalised B 7 London

8 8 B 8 7 8 7 7 8 7 Inner 7 as removal of nests and eggs. The programme is without full public support. Inner populations of this species also occur in Spain and North America, Inner LonIdnonner London LIonnndeorn London LonIdnonner 7 London Resistance to it has included the protection of birds in some private gardens 7 6 including Florida and California (Lever, 2005). 7 7 6 West Kent 7 6 6 West Kent 7 6 West Kent Surrey West Kent 6 West Kent Surrey Surrey West Kent and on some local authority owned land. Because of this resistance, a small Surrey Surrey Surrey 6 population remains in the wild and the control programme continues (until 6 5 West Kent 6 6 5 West Kent 6 5 West Kent Surrey 5 West Kent 6 5 West Kent Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) 5 Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Surrey Contains OS data © WCroewsn tc oKpyerignhtt and database right (2018) Surrey Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22018) 3 4 5 6 Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) 2014 at least). There have previously been two other populations of Monk 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 Monk Parakeet 5 Monk Parakeet Monk Parakeet Parakeet in Britain, one in Tiverton, Devon, from 1987 to 1998, and another 5 No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 5 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Parakeet Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 5 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) MNo.n okf PYeaararsk eReetcorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 0 1 2 3 4 5 No. of 1Years Re6corded 2006-2015 (all seasons) Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) Contains0 OS data © Crown copy1right and database righ2t (2018) 3 4 5 1 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 No. of 1Years Re6corded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 21 Contains0 OS data © Crown copy1right and database righ2t (2018) 3 4 5 1 6 in Barnton, Cheshire from 1988 to 1993, both of which appear to have died 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 2 6 Monk Parakeet 32 - 4 2 MNo.onk P aofrake eYearst Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 3-43 - 4 Monk Parakeet 32 - 4 No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) MNo.onk P aofrake eYearst Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 3-4 out naturally. The Monk Parakeet is widely introduced elsewhere, being NMo.o onfk Y Peaarrsa Rkeeectorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 53 - 84 No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 3 - 4 1 5 - 8 NBo.l uoef -Yceraorws nReedc oPradreadk e2e0t06-2015 (all seasons) 53 - 84 No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 1 5-895 - 180 1 5 - 8 No. o1f Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 5-85 - 8 21 9 - 10 9 - 10 2 9 - 10 2 9 - 10 naturalised in at least 14 countries on five continents (Lever, 2005). 2 9-10 21 9 - 10 32 - 4 2 9-10 3 - 4 32 - 4 5 - 8 3 - 4 53 - -8 4 53 - -8 4 9 - 10 5 - 8 95 - -1 80 9 - 10 Figure 5: Breeding distribution map of Monk Figure 6: Winter distribution map of Monk Figure 9: Breeding season distribution map of Figure95 - -1 80 10: Winter distribution map of Hertfordshire 9 - 10 Hertfordshire Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex 9 - 10 North Essex North Essex 1 Blue-crowned Parakeet 1 Blue-crowned Parakeet Parakeet 1 Parakeet 1

Hertfordshire Hertfordshire Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex 1 1 Hertfordshire 1 1 Hertfordshire North Essex TL North Essex North Essex TL North Essex 1 Hertfordshire 1 Hertfordshire 1 Hertfordshire 1 Hertfordshire 1 0 North Essex TL North Essex 1 0 North Essex TL North Essex 0 TQ 0 TQ TQ Hertfordshire TQ Hertfordshire 1 South 1 North Essex 1 South 1 North Essex SEossuethx ESsosuethx Essex Essex TL TL TL TL 0 TL 0 TL e e 0 TL 0 TL r r

i TQ 0 i TQL TQ 0 TL TQ e e

h 0 h 0 r r

i TQ 9 i TQ 9

0 s 0 s South TQ South TQ h 9 h TQTL 9 TQTL m TL s TL m s Middlesex SEossuethx South Middlesex ESsosuethx South a

0 a 0

0 m 0 m South South

h Middlesex South h Middlesex Essex TQ ESsosuethx Essex TQ Essex a a TQ TQ g g h h Essex Essex n n South Essex South Essex i i g g k k n e n e e e

South i South i r c r

c Essex Essex r r i i i i k k e e u u h e h e r h c r h c Essex Essex i i 9 r 9 r B s

B 9 s 9 i e s i e s u u h h r r h i h 9 i 9 B m s B m s m 9 m 9 Middlesex s Middlesex s h h

a 8 a 8 a e e 9 a Middlesex 9 Middlesex m s e e m s r r m h Middlesex m h Middlesex r r h i i h a

i 8 i a 8 a g m a g m

g Middlesex h h

g Middlesex h h Middlesex h 9 h Middlesex 9 n h a n s s h a n 9 n 9 i s s i g i g i g h g h k k k n k n m m i m m i n g n

g Middlesex Middlesex c c c i c i a a k k

a Inner a

Inner n

n Middlesex Middlesex u k u k u i u i h h c c h h c c k B k B Inner

Inner B g g B u u London g London g u c u c n n B n n B i i u u i i B London B London

8 k 8 k

8 k 8 k B B c c 8 c 8 c u u 8 7 8 u 7 u

8 B 8 B B 7 B 7 Inner Inner 8 Inner 8 8 Inner 8 Inner Inner LIonnndeorn London LIonnndeorn London LIonnndeorn London LIonnndeorn London LonIndnoenr Inner LonIndnoenr Inner 7 London 7 London 7 London 7 London 7 7 7 7 7 6 7 6 6 West Kent 6 West Kent 7 West Kent 7 7 West Kent 7 Surrey Surrey Surrey Surrey

6 West Kent 6 West Kent 6 West Kent 6 West Kent 6 West Kent 6 Surrey 6 West Kent 6 Surrey 6 5 West Kent 6 5 West Kent Surrey Surrey Surrey 5 West Kent West Kent Surrey 5 West Kent West Kent 6 Surrey 6 6 Surrey 6 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (201W8) est Kent Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (201W8) est Kent Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Surrey Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Surrey Surrey 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Surrey 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Monk Parakeet 5 Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) 5 Confirmed Breeding 2008-13 5Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) 5 Confirmed Breeding 2008-13 5Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22018) 3 Con4firmed Breeding5 2008-13 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22018) 3 Con4firmed Breeding5 2008-13 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Contain0s OS data © Crown copy1right and database right2 (2018) 3 Prob4able Breeding 25008-13 6 Contain0s OS data © Crown copy1right and database right2 (2018) 3 Prob4able Breeding 25008-13 6 Probable Breeding 2008-13 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Probable Breeding 2008-13 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Monk Parakeet Possible Breeding 2008-13 Monk Para0keet 1 2 3 4 5 6 Monk Parakeet Possible Breeding 2008-13 Monk Para0keet 1 2 3 4 5 6 Monk Parakeet Possible Breeding 2008-13 Monk Parakeet Monk Parakeet Possible Breeding 2008-13 Monk Parakeet Monk CPaornafkiermeted Breeding 2008-13 Present 2008-13 Overwintering 2007/08-2012/13 M onk CConfirmedPaornafkiermeted Breeding 2Breeding008-13 2008-13 PresentPresent 2008- 12008-133 OOverwinteringverwintering 2007/08-201 22007/08-2012/13/13 CConfirmedonfirmed Breeding 2Breeding008-13 2008-13 Present 2008-13 Overwintering 2007/08-2012/13 Confirmed Breeding 2008-13 Monk Parakeet Present 2008-13 Overwintering 2007/08-2012/13 Blue-crowned Parakeet Present 2008-13 Overwintering 2007/08-2012/13 PCroonbfairbmle dB Breredeidnign g2 02080-81-313 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 MonOkb Psaerravkeede tFlying Over 2007-13 PCroonbfairbmle dB Breredeidnign g2 02080-81-313 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 BluOe-bcsroewrvned PFalyrainkgee Ot ver 2007-13 Probable Breeding 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2007-13 Probable Breeding 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2007-13 ProbableConfirmed Bre eBreedingding 2008-13 2008-13 ObservedObserved Flying OFlyingver 2008- 1Over3 2008-13 ObservedOverwintering 20 Flying07/08-2012 Over/13 2007-13 ProbableConfirmed Bre eBreedingding 2008-13 2008-13 ObservedObserved Flying OFlyingver 2008- 1Over3 2008-13 ObservedOverwintering 20 Flying07/08-2012 Over/13 2007-13 Porosbsaibbllee BBrreeeeddiinngg 22000088--1133 Porosbsaibblele BBrreeeeddiningg 22000088--1133 PoPsrsoibbaleb lBer Beeredeindgin 2g0 20080-183-13 Observed Flying Over 2007-13 PoPsrsoibbaleb lBer Beeredeindgin 2g0 20080-183-13 Observed Flying Over 2007-13 PPossibleroessseibnlte 2 B0r0e8e-d1 i3Breedingng 2008-13 2008-13 PPossibleroessseibnlte 2 B0r0e8e-d1 i3Breedingng 2008-13 2008-13 PrPeossesnitb 2le0 B08re-1e3ding 2008-13 PrPeossesnitb 2le0 B08re-1e3ding 2008-13 OPrbesseernvte 2d0 F0l8y-in1g3 Over 2008-13 OPrbesseernvte 2d0 F0l8y-in1g3 Over 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 OPbsresrveendt 2F0ly0i8n-g1 O3 ver 2008-13 OPbsresrveendt 2F0ly0i8n-g1 O3 ver 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 10 11

Figure 11: Distribution map of Alexandrine Hertfordshire Hertfordshire North Essex North Essex 1 Parakeet, all months 2007-131

Alexandrine Parakeet Hertfordshire Senegal Parrot Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex 1 North Essex 1 TL 1 Hertfordshire 0 TL 0 North Essex TQ 1 South TQ Psittacula eupatria South Poicephalus senegalus Essex Essex TL 0 TL e

r TQL

0 i e

h TQ 0 r 9 i South s TQ 9 h South TL m The Alexandrine Parakeet is a native of the Indian sub-continent, Indochina and s Middlesex Essex The Senegal Parrot is a native of West Africa, south of the Sahara 0 a South m Essex

h Middlesex

a TQ

g Essex h n i

g South e k n r i c i Essex e k u r northern Thailand, overlapping with the natural range of the Ring-necked Parakeet h (Forshaw, 2010). This species was first recorded in the London area in i 9 c e s B r h u 9 i s m B h Middlesex

9 a

s 8 m

e Middlesex h a r m

i 8 g Middlesex h a h n g (Forshaw, 2010). Like the Blue-crowned, it was first reported in the London area in 9 i 1997 (Self, 2014) and up to three were present in Shirley from 2006 to s h k n g i c m k

n Middlesex i a u Inner c k h B

u Inner c

g London B u n 8 i London

1997 and was first reported breeding in the London area in 2001 and then again in B 2011, with no subsequent reports, indicating that the birds have probably 8 k c

8 u 7 B 7 2002. The taxonomic status of the breeding birds and whether nesting occurred in 8 Inner now died. There is no reported evidence that the birds bred during the LIonnndeorn LIonnndeorn London 7 Inner both 2001 and 2002 is a little unclear. Hewlett et al (2002) and Self (2014) report a 7 London five or six years that they were at large. There is also no evidence of any 7 6 6 West Kent 7 West Kent pair of Alexandrine Parakeets breeding at Foots Cray Meadows in Sidcup in 2001. Surrey significant movement away from the Shirley area, which suggests that Surrey

6 However, Butler (2002; 2005) describes a nest of hybrid Alexandrine Parakeets 6 West Kent they were being fed by local people. Although an expensive purchase, 6 5 West Kent Surrey 5 West Kent 6 Surrey Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and databaseW rigeht s(2t0 K18e) nt (apparently crossed with Ring-necked Parakeets) in 2001 in Kent (location not Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) this species is available in the pet trade. This species is not known to be 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Surrey 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 given) and two more nests made by hybrid birds in 2002, with a single male caring 5 naturalised outside its natural range (Lever, 2005) however Sibley (2000) 5 Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) 5Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22018) 3 4 Confirmed Bre5eding 6 0 1 2 3 4 Confirmed Bre5eding 6 for both nests. Butler also reported pure Alexandrine Parakeets as present at the 0 1 2 3 4 Probable Bree5ding 6 reports that this species is seen regularly in North America but has not Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Probable Breeding Monk Pa0rakeet 1 2 3 4Possible Breedi5ng 6 Monk Parakeet Possible Breeding same time but not breeding. Ogilvie & RBBP (2003) appear to corroborate Butler Monk CPaornafkiermeted Breeding Present established a breeding population. CConfirmedonfirmed Breeding Breeding Present Confirmed Breeding Present AlexPanrodrbinaeb Plea rBakreeetding Observed Flying Over Probable Breeding Observed Flying Over in 2001, reporting a pair of hybrid Alexandrine x Ring-necked Parakeets breeding PProbableCorosobsnaifbbirlelme BeBdrre eBeerddeinie nBreedinggdging Observed Flying Over Possible Breeding PProesrsosebibnalteb leB rBereedeindging PPossibleresent Breeding at Sidcup, Kent, which reared at least one young but they also report a male OPPrbeossseesrnvibtelde FBlryeinegd inOgver Observed Flying Over FigureOPbrseesrevnetd F ly12ing O: vFrequencyer map of Alexandrine Figure 15: Distribution map of Senegal Parrot, Hertfordshire Alexandrine attending two Rose-ringed Parakeet nests nearby in 2001. In further Observed Flying Over Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex 1 Figure 16: Frequency map of Senegal Parrot North Essex Parakeet Hertfordshire 1 Hertfordshire Hertfordshire North Essex all months 2007-13 Hertfordshire North Essex contrast to Butler, they do not report any breeding in 2002 (Ogilvie & RBBP, 2004). 1 North Essex Hertfordshire 1 North Essex 1 North Essex 1 1 Hertfordshire 1 1 Hertfordshire North Essex North Essex So, we can be confident that at least one bird of Alexandrine parentage bred at 1 Hertfordshire 1 TL Hertfordshire HHeretfrotfrodrsdhsirheire North Essex Hertfordshire 0 TL HHeretfrotfrodrsdhsirheire North Essex NorNtho Ertshs Eexssex North Essex TQ NorNtho Ertshs Eexssex 1 TL 0 1 TL 11 0 1 TL South TQ 11 0 TL TQ TQ least once in Sidcup in the early 2000s. Since then, this species was reported 0 TL ESsosuethx 0 TL 0 South TQ TL 0 South TQ 0 TQ Essex TQ ESsosuethx ESsosuethx South TQL South Essex South TL Essex 0 e

Essex r Essex 0 i TQ almost annually until 2006 (Self, 2014) including a count of three hybrids and e

h Essex r

TL 9 i TQ TL e e s South r r h 0 i TL 9 0 i TL e TL e

TL m TL s South h h

r Middlesex r

9 i TQ Essex 9 i TQ a

0 s 0 s e 0 e

0 m 0 h h r r

h Middlesex 9 i TQ Essex 9 i TQ a

e TQ m m s South TQ s South TQ g

Middlesex r Middlesex h h i h three apparently pure birds in Lewisham in 2002 (Butler, 2003). During the current 9 a 9 a n s s

m South m South i h g South h EsseSxouMthiddlesex h EsseSxouMthiddlesex

a 9 a k s m m n g g e

Middlesex i Middlesex h h

Essex c Essex r a a n Essex n

Essex i Essex k i i m g g e Middlesex u h h r c h k k a n n i

9 B i i g g s c c u h h k k n n e e u 9 u i i B g s m c c r r

atlas period, this species was again reported to be breeding in Bromley, with i Middlesex i k k B B

n 8 e e a u u i e m c c h h r r e e

i Middlesex i r h

9 k 9 r r B B s s i a 8 u u i i h h c 8 g 8 h 9 h 9 h h B B s s m m

9 n 9 u 9

Middlesex s Middlesex g i s 8 s 8 a a m m B k Middlesex n Middlesex m i h h m 8 m 8 a a Middlesex c Middlesex Middlesex k g g a Inner a a

birds recorded at the nest in May 2008 (although this record may not have been h h u c n n

8 h h h i i g Inner g B u

g London g g k Inner k Inner n n i i n B c c n n i i i k Inner London k Inner

u 8 u

London k London k k c Inner c Inner c B B c c u London 8 u London u u u submitted to or accepted by the RBBP (Holling and RBBP, 2014)). Subsequent B London Inner 7 B London B 8 B 7 8 B 8 7 London 8 7 8 7 8 Inner 8 7 7 LIonnndeorn 7 records of this species were made in 2010 (Coulsden and Bromley Common) and Inner 7 London Inner Inner Inner LonIdnonner Inner LonIdnonner London 7 London London 7 London London 6 2011 (London Wetland Centre) (LBR) but without any further evidence of breeding 7 7 7 6 6 West Kent 7 6 7 6 West Kent7 West Kent 7 6 West Kent 6 West Kent Surrey 6 West Kent Surrey West Kent Surrey Surrey West Kent in the London area (to 2015). It is possible the individuals and breeding pairs, either Surrey 6 Surrey Surrey West Kent Surrey 6 6 Surrey West Kent 6 5 West Kent 6 pure or hybrid, go unreported on the assumption that they are Ring-necked, as the 6 5 West Kent Surrey 5 6 5 West Kent 6 5 West Kent 6 Surrey 6 5 West Kent 5 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database Wrighet (s2t0 1K8)ent 5 Surrey Contains OS data © CWroewsn tc oKpyerignhtt and database right (2018) Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Surrey Contains OS data © CWroewns cto Kpyerignht and database right (2018) Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) two species are superficially similar, they can roost together (Hewlett et al, 2002) Surrey Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22018) 3 4 5 6 Surrey 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Surrey Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22018) 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 Monk Parakeet 5 and have similar breeding habits. The Alexandrine Parakeet remains available in 5 Monk Parakeet Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22018) 3 Mon4k Parakeet 5 6 5 Monk Parakeet Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Parakeet 5 No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 5 Confirmed Breeding 5 No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Parakeet 0 1 2 3 4 Confirmed Bre5eding 6 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 6 MCoonnkta Pinsa rOaSk deaetat © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Probable Breeding 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 6 Contains0 OS data © Crown copy1right and database righ2t (2018) 3 4 5 1 6 Probable Breeding Contains0 OS data © Crown copy1right and database righ2t (2018) 3 4 5 1 6 the pet trade. A small breeding population also occurred in Merseyside in the late 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 2 6 Monk CPaor0nafkiermeted Breedin1g 2 3 4Possible Breedin5g 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 2 6 2 Monk Parakeet Possible Breeding 2 Monk Parakeet 32 - 4 Present Monk Parakeet 32 - 4 MNo.onk P aofrake eYearst Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 3-4 PCConfirmedroonbfairbmle dB Breredeidnigng Breeding Present MNo.onk P aofrake eYearst Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 3-4 No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 3 - 4 Confirmed Breeding Present No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 3 - 4 1990s and naturalised populations occur in the Middle East (Bahrain, Saudi Arabia Senegal Parrot NAo.l eoxf aYnedarsin Re ePcaorradkede e 2t 006-2015 (all seasons) 53 - 84 Porosbsaibblele BBrreeeeddiningg Observed Flying Over NSoe. nofe Ygeaal rPsa Rrreoctorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 53 - 84 1 5 - 8 Probable Breeding Observed Flying Over 1 5 - 8 No. o1f Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 5-85 - 8 ProbableConfirmed Bre eBreedingding Observed Flying Over No. o1f Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 5-85 - 8 9 - 10 Proessseibnlte Breeding 9 - 10 2 9 - 10 Possible Breeding 2 9 - 10 and UAE) and Japan (Tokyo) (Lever, 2005). 21 9 - 10 Probable Breeding 21 9 - 10 2 9-10 OPPossiblerbesseernvted Flyin gBreeding Over 2 9-10 3 - 4 Present 3 - 4 32 - 4 Possible Breeding 32 - 4 Observed Flying Over 5 - 8 Observed Flying Over 5 - 8 53 - -8 4 Present 53 - -8 4 9 - 10 9 - 10 Figure 13: Breeding distribution map of Figure95 - -1 80 14: Winter distribution map of FigureObserved F17lying: O Breedingver season distribution map of Figure95 - -1 80 18: Winter distribution map of Senegal Hertfordshire Hertfordshire Hertfordshire North Essex 9 - 10 Hertfordshire North Essex 9 - 10 North Essex North Essex Alexandrine Parakeet 1 Alexandrine Parakeet Senegal Parrot 1 Parrot 1 1

Hertfordshire Hertfordshire Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex 1 1 Hertfordshire 1 1 Hertfordshire North Essex TL North Essex North Essex TL North Essex 1 Hertfordshire 1 Hertfordshire 1 Hertfordshire 1 Hertfordshire 1 0 North Essex TL North Essex 1 0 North Essex TL North Essex 0 TQ 0 TQ TQ Hertfordshire TQ Hertfordshire 1 South 1 North Essex 1 South 1 North Essex SEossuethx ESsosuethx Essex Essex TL TL TL TL 0 TL 0 TL e 0 TL e 0 TL r r 0 i TQL TQ 0 i TQL TQ e 0 e h h 0 r r

9 i TQ 9 i TQ 0 s South TQ 0 s South TQ 9 h TQTL TL 9 h TQTL m m s Middlesex SEossuethx South s Middlesex ESsosuethx South TL 0 a 0 0 a m South South m South 0 h Middlesex Essex TQ Essex h Middlesex Essex TQ ESsosuethx

a TQ a TQ g g

h Essex h Essex

n South Essex n South Essex i i g g k k n n e e e South e i i South r r c c

Essex r Essex r i i i i k k e e u u e h h e h r r h c Essex c Essex i i r

9 9 r

B 9 B s s i 9 s i e e s u u h h r r h h 9 i 9 i B B m m s s m 9 9 m s

Middlesex Middlesex s h h

a 8 a 8 a a 9 e Middlesex 9 e Middlesex e m m s s e r r m m h Middlesex h Middlesex r h r h i i i a a

8 8 i a a g g m m

g Middlesex

g Middlesex h h h h h 9 Middlesex 9 Middlesex h h n n h a a n s s 9 9 n s i i s i g g i g g h h k k k k n n m m m i i n m n g Middlesex g Middlesex c c c i c i a a k k a

Inner Inner a n Middlesex n Middlesex k u u k u u i i h h c c h h c c k k B B

Inner B Inner B g g u u g London London g u u c c n n n B B n i i u u i B i London London B

8 k 8 k

8 k 8 k B B c c c 8 8 c

u 8 u

u 8 7 7 u

8 B 8 B B B 7 Inner 7 Inner 8 Inner 8 8 Inner Inner 8 Inner LIonnndeorn London LIonnndeorn London LIonnndeorn London LIonnndeorn London LonIndnoenr Inner LonIndnoenr Inner 7 London 7 London 7 London 7 London 7 7 7 7 7 6 7 6 6 West Kent 6 West Kent 7 West Kent 7 7 West Kent 7 Surrey Surrey Surrey Surrey

6 West Kent 6 West Kent 6 West Kent 6 West Kent 6 West Kent 6 Surrey 6 West Kent 6 Surrey 6 5 West Kent 6 5 West Kent Surrey Surrey Surrey 5 West Kent West Kent Surrey 5 West Kent West Kent 6 Surrey 6 6 Surrey 6 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (201W8) est Kent Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (201W8) est Kent Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Surrey Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Surrey Surrey 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Surrey 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Monk Parakeet 5 Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) 5 Confirmed Breeding 2008-13 5Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) 5 Confirmed Breeding 2008-13 5Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22018) 3 Con4firmed Breeding5 2008-13 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22018) 3 Con4firmed Breeding5 2008-13 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Contain0s OS data © Crown copy1right and database right2 (2018) 3 Prob4able Breeding 25008-13 6 Contain0s OS data © Crown copy1right and database right2 (2018) 3 Prob4able Breeding 25008-13 6 Probable Breeding 2008-13 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Probable Breeding 2008-13 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Par0akeet 1 2 3 Possib4le Breeding 20058-13 6 Monk Para0keet 1 2 3 4 5 6 Monk Par0akeet 1 2 3 Possib4le Breeding 20058-13 6 Monk Para0keet 1 2 3 4 5 6 Monk Parakeet Possible Breeding 2008-13 Monk Parakeet Monk Parakeet Possible Breeding 2008-13 Monk Parakeet Monk CPaornafkiermeted Breeding 2008-13 Present 2008-13 OOverwinteringverwintering 2007/08-201 22007/08-2012/13/13 Monk CPaornafkiermeted Breeding 2008-13 Present 2008-13 Overwintering 2007/08-2012/13 CConfirmedonfirmed Breeding 2Breeding008-13 2008-13 Present 2008-13 CConfirmedonfirmed Breeding 2Breeding008-13 2008-13 Present 2008-13 Overwintering 2007/08-2012/13 Alexandrine Parakeet Present 2008-13 Overwintering 2007/08-2012/13 Senegal Parrot Present 2008-13 Overwintering 2007/08-2012/13 PCroonbfairbmle dB Breredeidnign g2 02080-81-313 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 AleOxabnsderirnvee Pda Fralykienegt Over 2007-13 PCroonbfairbmle dB Breredeidnign g2 02080-81-313 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 SenOebgasle Prvarerdo tFlying Over 2007-13 Probable Breeding 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2007-13 Probable Breeding 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2007-13 ProbableConfirmed Bre eBreedingding 2008-13 2008-13 ObservedObserved Flying OFlyingver 2008- 1Over3 2008-13 ObservedOverwintering 20 Flying07/08-2012 Over/13 2007-13 ProbableConfirmed Bre eBreedingding 2008-13 2008-13 ObservedObserved Flying OFlyingver 2008- 1Over3 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2007-13 Porosbsaibbllee BBrreeeeddiinngg 22000088--1133 Porosbsaibblele BBrreeeeddiningg 22000088--1133 Overwintering 2007/08-2012/13 PoPsrsoibbaleb lBer Beeredeindgin 2g0 20080-183-13 Observed Flying Over 2007-13 PoPsrsoibbaleb lBer Beeredeindgin 2g0 20080-183-13 Observed Flying Over 2007-13 PPossibleroessseibnlte 2 B0r0e8e-d1 i3Breedingng 2008-13 2008-13 PPossibleroessseibnlte 2 B0r0e8e-d1 i3Breedingng 2008-13 2008-13 PrPeossesnitb 2le0 B08re-1e3ding 2008-13 PrPeossesnitb 2le0 B08re-1e3ding 2008-13 OPrbesseernvte 2d0 F0l8y-in1g3 Over 2008-13 OPrbesseernvte 2d0 F0l8y-in1g3 Over 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 OPbsresrveendt 2F0ly0i8n-g1 O3 ver 2008-13 OPbsresrveendt 2F0ly0i8n-g1 O3 ver 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 12 13

Figure 19: Distribution map of Blue-fronted Hertfordshire Hertfordshire North Essex North Essex Amazon, all months 2007-131 Blue-fronted Amazon 1 Peach-faced Lovebird Hertfordshire Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex 1 North Essex 1 TL 1 Hertfordshire 0 TL 0 North Essex TQ 1 South TQ Amazona aestiva South Agapornis roseicollis Essex Essex TL TL 0 e r 0 i TQL e h r

0 9 i TQ s South 9 h TQTL m The Blue-fronted Amazon is a native of South America, including s Middlesex ESsosuethx The Peach-faced Lovebird is a native of southwestern Africa, where it occurs 0 a

m South

h Middlesex Essex

a TQ g

h Essex n i

g South k n e i c r Essex i k e parts of Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia and Argentina, where it occurs up to u up to 1500m above sea level. Like the Budgerigar and the Cockatiel, it is a r c h i

9 B e s u r h

9 i B s m h Middlesex 8

9 a s e m Middlesex r h i a 8 m g Middlesex h h a

1600m above sea level (Forshaw, 2010). There were up to two in the 9 n popular cage bird and is readily and cheaply available, along with several s g i h k n g m i

c Middlesex k n a Inner i u c h k Inner B u

g London c n B u Ring-necked Parakeet roost at Hersham between 2000 and 2006 (Self, 8 i London other species of Lovebird. Self (2014) reports surprisingly few records of k B

8 c 8 u 7 B 7 2014). Then, there were no further records until January 2013, when a 8 Inner this species at large in the London area, with just two records, one in 2003 LIonnndeorn LIonnndeorn London Inner single bird was reported to be at large in Stoneleigh. It survived for at 7 and the other in 2007. There was just one further record in the London area 7 London 7 6 6 West Kent 7 West Kent least 16 months, being last recorded in May 2014. It associated with Surrey during the current atlas period of a possible Peach-faced (observer uncertain Surrey

6 Ring-necked Parakeets, and was recorded from several streets in the 6 West Kent of the bird’s identity) and then three further records, one definite the others 6 5 West Kent Surrey 5 West Kent 6 Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database Wrighet (s2t0 1K8)ent area, from gardens (Neil Batten, http://londonbirders.wikia.com/wiki/ Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) uncertain (to 2015). However, this species has bred elsewhere in the wild 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Surrey 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 December_2013). There has been no reported evidence of breeding by this 5 in Britain. A small colony was established in Dunbar, Lothian from 2002 5 Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Parakeet 5Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Confirmed Breeding Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22018) 3 4 Confirmed Bre5eding 6 species in the wild in Britain and it is not one of the species listed by Lever 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 until 2006, with breeding confirmed in at least two of those years (Holling 0 1 2 3 4 Probable Bree5ding 6 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Probable Breeding Monk Par0akeet 1 2 3 4Possible Breedin5g 6 Monk Parakeet Possible Breeding (2005) as naturalised anywhere in the world. A naturalised population Monk CPaornafkiermeted Breeding Present and RBBP, 2011). This species has apparently become naturalised in North CConfirmedonfirmed Breeding Breeding PresentPresent BluePC-froroonbnfaitrebmdl eA dmB aBrzeroendeidnigng Observed Flying Over Probable Breeding Observed Flying Over ProbableConfirmed Bre eBreedingding Observed Flying Over was however reported from Stuttgart, Germany although this population Porosbsaibblele BBrreeeeddiningg America, with populations in Arizona, USA (Forshaw, 2010; Butler, 2005). Possible Breeding Probable Breeding PPossibleroessseibnlte Breed iBreedingng Present Possible Breeding might be more accurately described as a population of principally Yellow- OPrbesseernvted Flying Over Observed Flying Over FigureOPbsresrveendt F ly20ing Ov:e rFrequency map of Blue-fronted Figure 23: Records of Peach-faced Lovebird and Figure 24: Frequency map of Peach-faced headed Amazon Amazona oratrix, together with Blue-fronted Amazon Observed Flying Over Hertfordshire Hertfordshire North Essex North Essex Amazon Hertfordshire 1 Lovebird and Lovebird Sp. Hertfordshire Hertfordshire North Essex Lovebird Sp., all months 2007-131 Hertfordshire North Essex and hybrids of the two (Martens et al, 2013; Martens & Woog, 2017). Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex 1 North Essex 1 North Essex 1 1 1 Hertfordshire 1 Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex Interestingly, these birds nest in large cavities within London Plane trees 1 North Essex Hertfordshire 1 TL Hertfordshire HHeretfrotfrodrsdhsirheire North Essex 1 Hertfordshire 0 TL HHeretfrotfrodrsdhsirheire North Essex NorNtho Ertshs Eexssex North Essex TQ NorNtho Ertshs Eexssex 1 TL 0 1 TL and tolerate a winter climate which is colder than in London. Sibley (2000) 11 0 1 TL South TQ 11 0 TL TQ TQ 0 TL ESsosuethx 0 TL 0 South TQ 0 South TQ TQ Essex TQ ESsosuethx ESsosuethx South TL South Essex TL Essex lists Blue-fronted Amazon as free-living, if not breeding, in North America 0 e Essex r Essex 0 i TQL e h r

TL 9 i TQ TL e 0 e s South r r h 0 i TL 9 TQ 0 i TL e TL e

TL m TL s South h h

r Middlesex r

9 i TQ Essex 9 i TQ a

0 s 0 s e 0 e

0 m South 0 h h r r

h Middlesex 9 i TQ Essex 9 i TQ a TQ m m and Butler (2005) described this species as breeding in Florida. s South TQ s South TQ Middlesex g Middlesex h h h 9 a Essex 9 a n s s

m South m South i

g South h EsseSxouMthiddlesex h EsseSxouMthiddlesex a a k m m n g g e

Middlesex i Middlesex h h

Essex c Essex r a a n Essex n

Essex i Essex k i i g g e u h h r c h k k n n i

9 B i i g g e s c c u r h k k n n i e e u 9 u i i B s m c c r r h

i Middlesex i k k B 8 B e e

9 a u u s e m c c h h r r e e

i Middlesex i r 9 h 9 r r B B s s i a 8 u u i i m h h 8 g Middlesex 8 h 9 h 9 h h B B s s a m m

9 9 n 9

Middlesex s Middlesex g i s 8 s 8 h a a m m k Middlesex n Middlesex g m i h h m 8 m 8 a a Middlesex c Middlesex Middlesex k n g g a Inner a a i h h u c n n h h h k i i g Inner g B u

g London g g c k Inner k Inner n n i i n B c c n n u i i i k Inner London k Inner

u 8 u

London k London B k k c Inner c Inner c B B c c u London 8 u London u u u B London 8 7 B London B 8 B 7 8 B 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 Inner 8 7 7 LIonnndeorn 7 Inner LIonnndeorn Inner Inner London Inner LonIdnonner Inner LonIdnonner London 7 London London 7 London London 7 7 6 7 7 6 6 West Kent 7 6 7 6 West Kent7 West Kent 7 6 West Kent 6 West Kent Surrey 6 West Kent Surrey West Kent Surrey Surrey West Kent Surrey Surrey Surrey Surrey 6 6 West Kent 6 6 5 West Kent 6 6 5 West Kent Surrey 5 West Kent 6 5 West Kent 6 5 West Kent 6 Surrey 6 5 West Kent 5 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database Wrighet (s2t0 1K8)ent 5 Surrey Contains OS data © CWroewsn tc oKpyerignhtt and database right (2018) Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Surrey Contains OS data © WCroewsn tc oKpyerignhtt and database right (2018) Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Surrey Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22018) 3 4 5 6 Surrey 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Surrey Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22018) 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 5 Monk Parakeet 5 5 Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Parakeet 5 Monk Parakeet Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Parakeet 5 No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 5 Confirmed Breeding 5 No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Parakeet Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22018) 3 4 Confirmed Bre5eding 6 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 6 Contain0s OS data © Crown copy1right and database right2 (2018) 3 4 Probable Bree5ding 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 6 Contains0 OS data © Crown copy1right and database righ2t (2018) 3 4 5 1 6 Probable Breeding Contains0 OS data © Crown copy1right and database righ2t (2018) 3 4 5 1 6 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 2 6 Monk Par0akeet 1 2 3 4Possible Breedin5g 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 2 6 2 Monk Parakeet Possible Breeding 2 Monk Parakeet 32 - 4 Monk Parakeet Present Monk Parakeet 32 - 4 MNo.onk P aofrake eYearst Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 3-4 CConfirmedonfirmed Breeding Breeding Present MNo.onk P aofrake eYearst Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 3-4 No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 3 - 4 Confirmed Breeding Present No. of Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 3 - 4 NBo.l uoef -Yfreoanrste Rde Acomrdaezdo n 2006-2015 (all seasons) 53 - 84 PeacPChro-ofnabfcairebmdl e/ L dBo Bvrerbeiderdidnigng Observed Flying Over NPoe. aocf Yhe-faarcse Rde /c Lorodveedb i2rd006-2015 (all seasons) 53 - 84 1 5 - 8 Probable Breeding Observed Flying Over 1 5 - 8 No. o1f Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 5-8 ProbableConfirmed Bre eBreedingding Observed Flying Over No. o1f Years Recorded 2006-2015 (all seasons) 5-8 1 95 - 180 Porosbsaibblele BBrreeeeddiningg 1 95 - 180 2 9 - 10 Possible Breeding 2 9 - 10 21 Probable Breeding 21 2 9-109 - 10 PPossibleroessseibnlte Breed iBreedingng 2 9-109 - 10 3 - 4 Present 3 - 4 32 - 4 Possible Breeding 32 - 4 OPrbesseernvted Flying Over 53 - -8 4 Observed Flying Over 53 - -8 4 5 - 8 OPbsresrveendt Flying Over 5 - 8 Figure 21: Breeding season distribution map of Figure95 - -1 80 22: Winter distribution map of Blue- Figure 25: Breeding season distribution map of Figure95 - -1 80 26: Winter distribution map of Peach- Hertfordshire 9 - 10 Observed Flying Over Hertfordshire 9 - 10 Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex North Essex 9 - 10 North Essex 9 - 10 Blue-fronted Amazon 1 fronted Amazon Peach-faced Lovebird and1 Lovebird Sp. faced Lovebird and Lovebird Sp. 1 1

Hertfordshire Hertfordshire Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex 1 1 Hertfordshire 1 1 Hertfordshire North Essex TL North Essex North Essex TL North Essex 1 Hertfordshire 1 Hertfordshire 1 Hertfordshire 1 Hertfordshire 1 0 North Essex TL North Essex 1 0 North Essex TL North Essex 0 TQ 0 TQ TQ 1 Hertfordshire TQ Hertfordshire 1 South North Essex 1 South 1 North Essex SEossuethx ESsosuethx Essex Essex TL TL TL TL 0 TL 0 TL e e 0 TL 0 TL r r

i TQ 0 i TQL TQ 0 TL TQ e e

0 h 0 h r r

i TQ 9 i TQ 9

0 s 0 s South TQ South TQ h 9 h TQTL TL 9 TQTL m s TL m s South South South South Middlesex Essex 0 Middlesex Essex a 0 a 0

m 0 m South South

South TQ h Middlesex South h Middlesex Essex TQ Essex Essex TQ Essex a a TQ g g h h Essex Essex n n South Essex South Essex i i g g

South k k n e n e e e

i South i r c r

c Essex

Essex r r i i i i k k e e u u Essex h e e h r h h c r c Essex i i 9 r 9 r B s

B 9 9 s i i e s s e u u h h r r h h i 9 i 9 B m s B m s 9 m 9 m Middlesex s Middlesex s h h e a 8 a 8 a a e 9 e Middlesex 9 Middlesex m r s e m s r r i m m h Middlesex h Middlesex r h h i i a

8 i a 8 h a a g m g m

g Middlesex g Middlesex h h h Middlesex h h Middlesex 9 9 s 9 n h h a n s a n n s 9 i s i g i i g g g h h k m k k k n n m m i m i n n g

g Middlesex

Middlesex c c a c c i Middlesex i a a k k

Inner a

Inner n

n Middlesex u k k u h u u i i h h c c h c c g k B k B Inner

Inner B B g g u u London London g u u c n c n n i B n B i i u u i B London B London k k 8 k 8

8 8 k B c B c c 8 c 8 u u u 8 8 u

7 B 7

8 B 8 B 7 7 B 8 Inner 8 Inner 8 Inner Inner Inner 8 Inner LIonnndeorn London LIonnndeorn London Inner London Inner London London Inner London London LonIndnoenr Inner Inner London 7 London 7 7 London 7 London 7 7 7 7 7 6 7 6 6 West Kent 6 West Kent 7 West Kent 7 7 West Kent 7 Surrey Surrey Surrey Surrey

6 West Kent 6 West Kent 6 West Kent 6 West Kent 6 West Kent 6 Surrey 6 West Kent 6 Surrey 6 5 West Kent 6 5 West Kent Surrey Surrey Surrey 5 West Kent West Kent Surrey 5 West Kent West Kent 6 Surrey 6 6 Surrey 6 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (201W8) est Kent Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (201W8) est Kent Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Surrey Surrey 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Surrey 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Monk Parakeet 5 Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) 5 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) 5Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Confirmed Breeding 2008-13 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) 5 Confirmed Breeding 2008-13 5Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22018) 3 Con4firmed Breeding5 2008-13 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22018) 3 Con4firmed Breeding5 2008-13 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Contain0s OS data © Crown copy1right and database right2 (2018) 3 Prob4able Breeding 25008-13 6 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Contain0s OS data © Crown copy1right and database right2 (2018) 3 Prob4able Breeding 25008-13 6 Probable Breeding 2008-13 Probable Breeding 2008-13 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Monk Par0akeet 1 2 3 Possib4le Breeding 20058-13 6 Monk Parakeet Monk Par0akeet 1 2 3 Possib4le Breeding 20058-13 6 Monk Para0keet 1 2 3 4 5 6 Monk Parakeet Possible Breeding 2008-13 Monk Parakeet Monk Parakeet Possible Breeding 2008-13 Monk Parakeet M onk CConfirmedPaornafkiermeted Breeding 2Breeding008-13 2008-13 PresentPresent 2008- 12008-133 OOverwinteringverwintering 2007/08-201 22007/08-2012/13/13 M onk CConfirmedPaornafkiermeted Breeding 2Breeding008-13 2008-13 PresentPresent 2008- 12008-133 OOverwinteringverwintering 2007/08-201 22007/08-2012/13/13 Confirmed Breeding 2008-13 Confirmed Breeding 2008-13 Present 2008-13 Blue-fronted Amazon Present 2008-13 BluOe-vfreornwteindt Aerminagzo 2n007/08-2012/13 Peach-faced / Lovebird Overwintering 2007/08-2012/13 PCroonbfairbmle dB Breredeidnign g2 02080-81-313 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2007-13 PCroonbfairbmle dB Breredeidnign g2 02080-81-313 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 PeaOchb-sfaecrevde d/ LFolvyeinbgir dOver 2007-13 Probable Breeding 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2007-13 Probable Breeding 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2007-13 ProbableConfirmed Bre eBreedingding 2008-13 2008-13 ObservedObserved Flying OFlyingver 2008- 1Over3 2008-13 ObservedOverwintering 20 Flying07/08-2012 Over/13 2007-13 ProbableConfirmed Bre eBreedingding 2008-13 2008-13 ObservedObserved Flying OFlyingver 2008- 1Over3 2008-13 ObservedOverwintering 20 Flying07/08-2012 Over/13 2007-13 Porosbsaibbllee BBrreeeeddiinngg 22000088--1133 Porosbsaibblele BBrreeeeddiningg 22000088--1133 Observed Flying Over 2007-13 PoPsrsoibbaleb lBer Beeredeindgin 2g0 20080-183-13 PoPsrsoibbaleb lBer Beeredeindgin 2g0 20080-183-13 Observed Flying Over 2007-13 PPossibleroessseibnlte 2 B0r0e8e-d1 i3Breedingng 2008-13 2008-13 PPossibleroessseibnlte 2 B0r0e8e-d1 i3Breedingng 2008-13 2008-13 PrPeossesnitb 2le0 B08re-1e3ding 2008-13 PrPeossesnitb 2le0 B08re-1e3ding 2008-13 OPrbesseernvte 2d0 F0l8y-in1g3 Over 2008-13 OPrbesseernvte 2d0 F0l8y-in1g3 Over 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 OPbsresrveendt 2F0ly0i8n-g1 O3 ver 2008-13 OPbsresrveendt 2F0ly0i8n-g1 O3 ver 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 14 15

Figure 27: Records of Budgerigar , allHertfo rmonthsdshire Hertfordshire North Essex North Essex 1 2007-13 1

Budgerigar Hertfordshire Cockatiel Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex 1 North Essex 1 TL 1 Hertfordshire 0 TL 0 North Essex TQ 1 South TQ Melopsittacus undulatus ESsosuethx Nymphicus hollandicus Essex TL TL 0 e r 0 i TQL e h r

0 9 i TQ s South 9 h TQTL m s Middlesex ESsosuethx 0 a The Budgerigar is a native of inland Australia, where it is found in m South The Cockatiel is a compatriot of the Budgerigar in Australia, where it

h Middlesex Essex

a TQ g

h Essex n i

g South k n e i c r Essex i k e u r c h i

open habitats of arid and semi-arid regions, often near water, forming 9 B forms small to large flocks (Forshaw, 2010). Perhaps unsurprisingly as e s u r h

9 i B s m h Middlesex 8

9 a s e m Middlesex r h i a 8 m g Middlesex h h a

9 n s g i

flocks which feed on the ground (Forshaw, 2010). Self (2014) reports h probably the second most popular of the parrot species as a pet, it is one k n g m i

c Middlesex k n a Inner i u c h k Inner B u

g London c n B u 8 i London k the occasional presence of free-flying pairs in the London area during B of the most frequently reported escapes in the London area, where it was 8 c 8 u 7 B 7 8 Inner the late 19th and early 20th century, with many records of single birds LIonnndeorn first reported in 1985 (Self, 2014). During the current atlas period, it was LIonnndeorn London Inner 7 subsequently. During the current atlas period, this species was reported 7 London reported annually, with 47 reports made during 2007 to 2013 (all months). 7 6 6 West Kent 7 West Kent Surrey in all years especially from the well-watched wetland sites. As probably Surrey One report was of two birds and the remainder were single birds. Once

6 the most commonly kept parrot species, it is a frequent escape and there 6 West Kent again, these records came from the well-watched wetland sites. There 6 5 West Kent Surrey 5 West Kent 6 Surrey Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database Wrighet (s2t0 1K8)ent is no suggestion that any escaped birds survive in the London area for Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) is no suggestion that any of these escaped birds survived for very 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Surrey 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 5 very long. Elsewhere, a semi-wild population occurred on the Scilly Isles 5 Monk Parakeet long. Indeed, there are no known naturalised populations of Cockatiel Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Parakeet 5Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Confirmed Breeding Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22018) 3 4 Confirmed Bre5eding 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 from 1970 to 1976 but this has now died out (Butler, 2002) and there are 0 1 2 3 4 Probable Bree5ding 6 anywhere in the world (Lever, 2005; Sibley, 2000). Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Probable Breeding Monk Par0akeet 1 2 3 4Possible Breedin5g 6 Monk Parakeet Possible Breeding naturalised population of this species in Japan, Florida and, possibly, the Monk CPaornafkiermeted Breeding Present CConfirmedonfirmed Breeding Breeding PresentPresent BudPCgeroornibgfairrbmle dB Breredeidnigng Observed Flying Over Probable Breeding Observed Flying Over ProbableConfirmed Bre eBreedingding Observed Flying Over Canary Islands (Lever, 2005). There is no winter distribution map as there Porosbsaibblele BBrreeeeddiningg Possible Breeding Probable Breeding PPossibleroessseibnlte Breed iBreedingng Present Possible Breeding were no winter records during the atlas period. OPrbesseernvted Flying Over Observed Flying Over Figure 30: Records of Cockatiel, all months OPbsresrveendt Flying Over Hertfordshire Hertfordshire North Essex Observed Flying Over Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire 1 Figure 31: Frequency map of Cockatiel North Essex Figure 28: Frequency map of Budgerigar Hertfordshire North Essex 2007-13 1 Hertfordshire Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex 1 North Essex 1 North Essex 1 1 1 Hertfordshire 1 Hertfordshire North Essex Hertfordshire North Essex 1 North Essex Hertfordshire 1 TL Hertfordshire HHeretfrotfrodrsdhsirheire North Essex 1 Hertfordshire 0 TL HHeretfrotfrodrsdhsirheire North Essex NorNtho Ertshs Eexssex North Essex TQ NorNtho Ertshs Eexssex 1 TL 0 1 TL 0 1 TL South TQ 11 0 TL 11 TQ 0 TQL ESsosuethx 0 TL 0 South TQ 0 South TQ TQ Essex TQ ESsosuethx ESsosuethx South TL South Essex TL Essex

0 e

r Essex 0Essex i TQL e h r

9 i TQ TL TL 0 e e s South r r h i i TL 9 TQ 0 TL 0 TL e

m TL e TL s South h h Middlesex r r

Essex 9 i TQ i 9 TQ a

0 s e

0 s e 0 0 m South 0 h r h r

h Middlesex

Essex i TQ i TQ 9 9 a TQ m

s TQ m

s TQ South South g Middlesex Middlesex h h h

Essex a 9 a 9 n s m

s South m South i

g South h SouMthiddlesex h EsseSxouMthiddlesex Essex a a k m n g m g e

i Middlesex h

Middlesex c Essex h

Essex r a Essex n a n

i Essex Essex k i i g e u g h h r c h k k n i n

9 B i g e i g s c u c r h k n k i n e 9 u e i u B i s m c r c r h

Middlesex i k i B k

B 8 e

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8 k B B c c 8 8 c u u 8 8 7 7 u B 8 B 7 7 B 8 Inner 8 Inner Inner 8 Inner LIonnndeorn LIonnndeorn London LIonnndeorn LIonnndeorn London LonIndnoenr LonIndnoenr Inner 7 London 7 London 7 London 7 7 7 7 6 7 6 6 West Kent 6 West Kent 7 West Kent 7 West Kent 7 Surrey Surrey Surrey Surrey West Kent 6 6 6 6 West Kent West Kent 6 West Kent 6 Surrey 6 5 West Kent 6 5 West Kent Surrey Surrey 5 West Kent Surrey 5 West Kent West Kent 6 Surrey 6 Surrey 6 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (201W8) est Kent Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (201W8) est Kent Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Surrey Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Surrey 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Surrey 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Surrey 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Monk Parakeet 5 Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Parakeet Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) 5 Confirmed Breeding 2008-13 5 Confirmed Breeding 2008-13 5Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22018) 3 Con4firmed Breeding5 2008-13 6 Contains O0S data © Crown copyrig1ht and database right (22018) 3 Con4firmed Breeding5 2008-13 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Contain0s OS data © Crown copy1right and database right2 (2018) 3 Prob4able Breeding 25008-13 6 Contain0s OS data © Crown copy1right and database right2 (2018) 3 Prob4able Breeding 25008-13 6 Probable Breeding 2008-13 Probable Breeding 2008-13 Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2018) Monk Par0akeet 1 2 3 Possib4le Breeding 20058-13 6 Monk Par0akeet 1 2 3 Possib4le Breeding 20058-13 6 Monk Para0keet 1 2 3 4 5 6 Monk Parakeet Possible Breeding 2008-13 Monk Parakeet Possible Breeding 2008-13 Monk Parakeet M onk CConfirmedPaornafkiermeted Breeding 2Breeding008-13 2008-13 PresentPresent 2008- 12008-133 M onk CConfirmedPaornafkiermeted Breeding 2Breeding008-13 2008-13 PresentPresent 2008- 12008-133 OOverwinteringverwintering 2007/08-201 22007/08-2012/13/13 Confirmed Breeding 2008-13 Present 2008-13 Confirmed Breeding 2008-13 Cockatiel Present 2008-13 Overwintering 2007/08-2012/13 BudPCgeroornigbfaairrbmle dB Breredeidnign g2 02080-81-313 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 PCroonbfairbmle dB Breredeidnign g2 02080-81-313 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 CocOkbatsielrved Flying Over 2007-13 Probable Breeding 2008-13 Probable Breeding 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2007-13 ProbableConfirmed Bre eBreedingding 2008-13 2008-13 ObservedObserved Flying OFlyingver 2008- 1Over3 2008-13 ProbableConfirmed Bre eBreedingding 2008-13 2008-13 ObservedObserved Flying OFlyingver 2008- 1Over3 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2007-13 Porosbsaibblele BBrreeeeddiningg 22000088--1133 Porosbsaibblele BBrreeeeddiningg 22000088--1133 Overwintering 2007/08-2012/13 Possible Breeding 2008-13 Possible Breeding 2008-13 Probable Breeding 2008-13 Probable Breeding 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2007-13 PPossibleroessseibnlte 2 B0r0e8e-d1 i3Breedingng 2008-13 2008-13 PPossibleroessseibnlte 2 B0r0e8e-d1 i3Breedingng 2008-13 2008-13 Present 2008-13 Present 2008-13 Possible Breeding 2008-13 Possible Breeding 2008-13 OPrbesseernvte 2d0 F0l8y-in1g3 Over 2008-13 OPrbesseernvte 2d0 F0l8y-in1g3 Over 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 OPbsreesrveendt 2F0ly0i8n-g1 3Over 2008-13 OPbsresrveendt 2F0ly0i8n-g1 O3 ver 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 Observed Flying Over 2008-13 16 17

Conclusion Dudley, S. P. (2010). Non-native bird species and the Ogilvie, M. A., & RBBP (2000). Non-native birds Strubbe, D., & Matthysen, E. (2011). A radiotelemetry British List. BOU ProcNet http://www. bou. org. uk/ breeding in the United Kingdom in 1998. British study of habitat use by the exotic Ring-necked Despite the frequency with which species of parrot bouproc-net/non-natives/dudley20100531. Birds 93: 428–433. Parakeet Psittacula krameri in Belgium. Ibis, escape or are released, there does not currently Fera (2009). Rose-ringed parakeets in England: a Ogilvie, M. A., & RBBP (2001). Non-native birds 153(1), 180-184. appear to be much prospect of any species of parrot scoping study of potential damageto agricultural breeding in the United Kingdom in 1999. British Tayleur, J. R. (2010). A comparison of the following the Ring-necked Parakeet to become interests and management measures. Food and Birds 94: 518–522. establishment, expansion and potential impacts of widespread and numerous in the London area. Environment Research Agency. Ogilvie, M. A., & RBBP (2002). Non-native birds two introduced parakeets in the United Kingdom. However, this may be dependent on the continued Fletcher, M., & Askew, N. (2007). Review of the breeding in the United Kingdom in 2000. British BOU Proceedings–The Impacts of Non-native control of the Monk Parakeet. Continued surveillance status, ecology and likely future spread of Birds 95: 631–635. Species, 1-12. and more reporting of escaped or feral birds is parakeets in England. York: Central Science Ogilvie, M. A., & RBBP (2003). Non-native birds Woodward, I., Arnold, R., & Smith, N (2017) The important, particularly with our changing climate. Laboratory. breeding in the United Kingdom in 2001. British London Bird Atlas. The London Natural History Forshaw, J. M. (2010). Parrots of the World. Princeton Birds 95: 631–635. Society and John Beaufoy Publishing. Acknowledgements University Press. Ogilvie, M. A., & RBBP (2004). Non-native birds Wheatley, J. (2007) Birds in Surrey. Surrey Bird Club. This publication would not have been possible without Harrop, A. H., Collinson, J. M., Dudley, S. P., & Kehoe, breeding in the United Kingdom in 2002. British the many volunteers who submitted their records to C. (2013). The British list: a checklist of birds of Birds 97: 633–637. the BTO, London Bird Atlas project and the LBR, many Britain. Ibis, 155(3), 635-676. Pârâu, L. G., Strubbe, D., Mori, E., Menchetti, M., of whom we acknowledge personally in the London Hewlett, J. (2002). The breeding birds of the London Ancillotto, L., Kleunen, A. V., ... & Clergeau, P. Bird Atlas. We would also like to express thanks to area. London Natural History Society, London. (2016). Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri Tom Perks who assisted with the maps. Holling and RBBP (2007). Non-native breeding birds populations and numbers in Europe: a complete Thanks to John Beaufoy Publishing, joint in the United Kingdom in 2003, 2004 and 2005. overview. The Open Ornithology Journal, 9(1). publishers of The London Bird Atlas, for kindly British Birds, 100, 638-649. Peck, H. L. (2013). Investigating ecological impacts providing design style sheets for these supplements Holling and RBBP (2011). Non-native breeding birds of the non-native population of Rose-ringed - www.johnbeaufoy.com in the United Kingdom in 2006, 2007 and 2008. parakeets (Psittacula krameri) in the UK (Doctoral British Birds, 104, 114-138. dissertation, PhD thesis). References Hume, J. P., & Walters, M. (2012). Extinct birds. A&C Peck, H. L., Pringle, H. E., Marshall, H. H., Owens, I. Balmer, D. E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B., Swann, R. L., Black. P., & Lord, A. M. (2014). Experimental evidence Downie, I. S., & Fuller, R. J. (2013). Bird Atlas 2007- Lever, C. (2005). Naturalised birds of the world. A&C of impacts of an invasive parakeet on foraging 11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Black. behavior of native birds. Behavioral Ecology, Ireland. Thetford: BTO. Le Louarn, M., Couillens, B., Deschamps-Cottin, M., 25(3), 582-590. Butler, C. (2002). Breeding parrots in Britain. British & Clergeau, P. (2016). Interference competition Pithon, J. A. (1999). The status and ecology of the Birds, 95(7), 345-348. between an invasive parakeet and native bird ring-necked parakeet Psittacula krameri in Great Butler, C. J. (2003). Population biology of the species at feeding sites. Journal of ethology, Britain (Doctoral dissertation, University of York). introduced Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula 34(3), 291-298. Pithon, J. A., & Dytham, C. (1999a). Breeding krameri in the UK (Doctoral dissertation, Marchant, J. (2016) Monk Parakeet Factsheet. GB performance of Ring-necked Parakeets Psittacula University of Oxford). Non-native Species Secretariat. krameri in small introduced populations in Butler, C. J. (2005). Feral parrots in the continental Martens, J., Hoppe, D., & Woog, F. (2013). Diet and southeast England. Bird Study, 46(3), 342-347. United States and United Kingdom: past, present, feeding behaviour of naturalised Amazon Parrots Pithon, J. A., & Dytham, C. (1999b). Census of the and future. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, in a European city. Ardea, 101(1), 71-76. British Ring-necked Parakeet Psittacula krameri 19(2), 142-149. Martens, J. M., & Woog, F. (2017). Nest cavity population by simultaneous counts of roosts. Bird Butler, C. J., Cresswell, W., Gosler, A., & Perrins, characteristics, reproductive output and Study, 46(1), 112-115. C. (2013). The breeding biology of Rose-ringed population trend of naturalised Amazon parrots in Pithon, J. A., & Dytham, C. (2001). Determination of Parakeets Psittacula krameri in England during a Germany. Journal of Ornithology, 158(3), 823-832. the origin of British feral Rose-ringed Parakeets. period of rapid population expansion. Bird Study, Morgan, D. H. (1993). Feral rose-ringed parakeets in British Birds, 94(2), 74-79. 60(4), 527-532. Britain. Environment, 86, 561-564. Self, A. (2014). The Birds of London. A&C Black. Butler, C., Hazlehurst, G., & Butler, K. (2002). First Newson, S. E., Johnston, A., Parrott, D., & Leech, D. I. Sibley, D. (2000). The North American Bird Guide. nesting by blue-crowned parakeet in Britain. (2011). Evaluating the population-level impact of an Pica. British Birds, 95(1), 17-20. invasive species, Ring-necked Parakeet Psittacula Strubbe, D., & Matthysen, E. (2009). Experimental Clergeau, P., & Vergnes, A. (2011). Bird feeders may krameri, on native avifauna. Ibis, 153(3), 509-516. evidence for nest-site competition between sustain feral Rose-ringed parakeets Psittacula Ogilvie, M. A., & RBBP (1999) Non-native birds invasive ring-necked parakeets (Psittacula krameri in temperate Europe. Wildlife biology, breeding in the United Kingdom in 1996. British krameri) and native nuthatches (Sitta europaea). 17(3), 248-252. Birds 92: 176–182. Biological Conservation, 142(8), 1588-1594. 18 19

Appendix 1 Naturalised and Escaped Parrot Species of the World Naturalised parrot species of the world, derived from Lever (2005), Sibley (2000) and Butler (2005). Species naturalised (alien) in Europe: Common Name Scientific Name Source Common Name Scientific Name Locations Galah Elophus roseicapilla L Yellow-collared Lovebird Agapornis personatus Spain, Germany Little Corella Cacatua sanguinea L Blue-fronted Amazon Amazona aestival Spain, Germany, Poland, Sweden Tanimbar Corella Cacatua goffiniana L Yellow-crowned Amazon, including Amazona ochrocephala, Amazona oratrix Germany Yellow-crested Cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea L Yellow-headed Amazon Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galerita L Blue-crowned Parakeet Aratinga acuticaudata Spain Kuhl’s Lorikeet Vini kuhlii L Red-masked parakeet Aratinga erythrogenys Spain, Germany Red Shining Parrot Prosopeia tabuensis L Mitred parakeet Aratinga mitrata Spain, Germany Crimson Rosella Platycercus elegans L Budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus widespread but not breeding? Eastern Rosella Platycercus eximius L Monk Parakeet Myiopsitta monachus widespread Budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus L Nanday Parakeet Nandayus nenday Spain Eclectus Parrot Electus roratus L Alexandrine parakeet Psittacula eupatria Spain, Germany, Poland, Belgium, UK Ring-necked Parakeet Psittacula krameri L Ring-necked Parakeet Psittacula krameria widespread Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria L Source: EASIN http://alien.jrc.ec.europa.eu/SpeciesMapper Grey-headed Lovebird Agapornis cana L Fischer’s Lovebird Agapornis fischeri L NB: Yellow-crowned Amazon, Yellow-headed Amazon and Yellow-naped Amazon (A. auropalliata) are sometimes treated as conspecific and sometimes separate species, EASIN has both interpretations. Yellow-collared Lovebird Agapornis personatus L Blue and Yellow Macaw Ara ararauna L Chestnut-fronted Macaw Ara severus L Blue-crowned Parakeet Aratinga acuticaudata L Mitred Parakeet Aratinga mitrata L Green Parakeet Aratinga holochlora L Red-masked Parakeet Aratinga erythrogenys L Orange-fronted Parakeet Eupsittula canicularis L Brown-throated Parakeet Aratinga pertinax L Nanday Parakeet Nandayus nenday L Monk Parakeet Myiopsitta monachus L Green-rumped Parrotlet Forpus passerinus L Canary-winged Parakeet Brotogeris versicolurus L Yellow-chevroned Parakeet Brotogeris chiriri L Hispaniola Parrot Amazona ventralis L Red-crowned Parrot Amazona viridigenalis L Lilac-crowned Parrot Amazona finschi L Yellow-headed Amazon or Parrot Amazona oratrix L Yellow-crowned Amazon or Parrot Amazona ochrocephala L Orange-winged Amazon or Parrot Amazona amazonica L Red-lored Amazon or Parrot Amazona autumnalis S Blue-fronted Amazon or Parrot Amazona aestival S Mealy Amazon or Parrot Amazona farinosa S Yellow-naped Amazon or Parrot Amazona auropalliata S White-fronted parrot Amazona albifrons S Yellow-lored parrot Amazona xantholora S Thick-billed Parrot Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha S Dusky-headed Parakeet Aratinga weddellii S White-winged Parakeet Brotogeris versicolurus S Green-cheeked Amazon Amazona viridigenalis B Peach-faced Lovebird Agapornis roseicollis B L = Lever, S= Sibley, B = Butler 20 21

Appendix 2 The most frequently imported parrot taxon, excluding Appendix 3 Escapes and introduced parrots of the London Area, derived Budgerigar and Cockatiel, from 1975 to 2005 from Self (2014) and the London Bird Report (to 2015)

Rank Common Name Scientific Name Numbers Imported Common Name Scientific Name Source 1 African Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus 66405 Galah Elophus roseicapilla S 2 Senegal Parrot Poicephalus senegalus 63565 Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galerita S 3 Fischer’s Lovebird Agapornis fischeri 49256 Solomon’s Cockatoo Cacatua ducorpsii LBR 4 Orange-winged Amazon Amazona amazonica 39166 Cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus S 5 Ring-necked Parakeet Psittacula krameri 26319 Red Lory Eos bornea S 6 Timneh Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus timneh 21058 Papuan Lorikeet Charmosyna papou S 7 Blue-fronted Amazon Amazona aestiva 19995 Eastern Rosella Platycercus eximius S 8 Meyer’s Parrot Poicephalus meyeri 12804 Red-rumped Parrot Psephotus haematonotus S 9 Peach-faced Lovebird Agapornis roseicollis 12024 Budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus S 10 Yellow-crested Cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea 11321 Superb Parrot Polytelis swainsonii S 11 Plum-headed Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala 8133 Princess Parrot Polytelis alexandrae S 12 Blue-crowned Parakeet Aratinga acuticaudata 7310 Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria S 13 Nanday Parakeet Nandayus nenday 7309 Ring-necked parakeet Psittacula krameri S 14 Patagonian Conure or Burrowing Parrot or Parakeet Cyanoliseus patagonus 6653 Plum-headed Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala S 15 Blue-crowned Hanging Parrot Loriculus galgulus 6570 Blossom-headed Parakeet Psittacula roseata S 16 White Cockatoo Cacatua alba 6295 Peach-faced Lovebird Agapornis roseicollis S 17 Yellow-collared Lovebird Agapornis personatus 6287 Fischer’s Lovebird Agapornis fischeri S 18 Maximillian Pionus Pionus maximiliani 6263 African Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus S 19 Maroon-bellied Parakeet Pyrrhura frontalis 6144 Senegal Parrot Poicephalus senegalus S 20 Monk Parakeet Myiopsitta monachus 6013 Nanday Parakeet Nandayus nenday S 21 Yellow-crowned Amazon Amazona ochrocephala 5496 Patagonian Conure or Burrowing Parrot or Parakeet Cyanoliseus patagonus S 22 Mealy Amazon Amazona farinosa 5234 Monk Parakeet Myiopsitta monachus S 23 Blue-and-yellow Macaw Ara ararauna 4677 Blue-crowned Parakeet Aratinga acuticaudata S 24 White-eyed Parakeet Aratinga leucophthalma 4593 Scarlet-fronted Parakeet Aratinga wagleri S 25 Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria 4413 Mitred Parakeet Aratinga mitrata S 26 Tucumán Amazon Amazona tucumana 4281 Sun Parakeet Aratinga solstitialis S 27 Mitred Parakeet Aratinga mitrata 4220 Military Macaw Ara militaris S 28 Salmon-crested cockatoo Cacatua moluccensis 3945 Blue and yellow Macaw Ara ararauna S 29 Red-breasted parakeet Psittacula alexandri 3907 Blue-fronted Amazon Amazona aestival S 30 Red-fronted Parrot Poicephalus gulielmi 3904 Orange-winged Amazon Amazona amazonica S Yellow-crowned or Yellow-fronted Amazon Amazona ochrocepha LBR 101 Red-rumped Parrot Psephotus haematonotus 422 Species in bold are naturalised somewhere in the world according to Lever (2005), Sibley (2000) or Butler (2002). S = Self. Species in bold have bred or probably bred at least once in Britain Source: https://trade.cites.org/