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Veterinary Toxicology GINTARAS DAUNORAS VETERINARY TOXICOLOGY Lecture notes and classes works Study kit for LUHS Veterinary Faculty Foreign Students LSMU LEIDYBOS NAMAI, KAUNAS 2012 Lietuvos sveikatos moksl ų universitetas Veterinarijos akademija Neužkre čiam ųjų lig ų katedra Gintaras Daunoras VETERINARIN Ė TOKSIKOLOGIJA Paskait ų konspektai ir praktikos darb ų aprašai Mokomoji knyga LSMU Veterinarijos fakulteto užsienio studentams LSMU LEIDYBOS NAMAI, KAUNAS 2012 UDK Dau Apsvarstyta: LSMU VA Veterinarijos fakulteto Neužkre čiam ųjų lig ų katedros pos ėdyje, 2012 m. rugs ėjo 20 d., protokolo Nr. 01 LSMU VA Veterinarijos fakulteto tarybos pos ėdyje, 2012 m. rugs ėjo 28 d., protokolo Nr. 08 Recenzavo: doc. dr. Alius Pockevi čius LSMU VA Užkre čiam ųjų lig ų katedra dr. Aidas Grigonis LSMU VA Neužkre čiam ųjų lig ų katedra CONTENTS Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………… 7 SECTION I. Lecture notes ………………………………………………………………………. 8 1. GENERAL VETERINARY TOXICOLOGY ……….……………………………………….. 8 1.1. Veterinary toxicology aims and tasks ……………………………………………………... 8 1.2. EC and Lithuanian legal documents for hazardous substances and pollution ……………. 11 1.3. Classification of poisons ……………………………………………………………………. 12 1.4. Chemicals classification and labelling ……………………………………………………… 14 2. Toxicokinetics ………………………………………………………………………...………. 15 2.2. Migration of substances through biological membranes …………………………………… 15 2.3. ADME notion ………………………………………………………………………………. 15 2.4. Possibilities of poisons entering into an animal body and methods of absorption ……… 16 2.5. Poison distribution …………………………………………………………………………. 17 2.6. Poison biotransformation …………………………………………………………………… 19 2.7. Poison excretion …………………………………………………………………………….. 20 3. Toxicodynamics ………………………………………………………………..…………….. 24 3.1. Mode of action of toxicants ………………………………………………………………... 24 3.2. Factors affecting actions of toxicants ……………………………………………………… 24 3.3. Common causes of toxicoses …………………………………………………………….… 26 3.4. Toxicity and toxicometrics ………………………………………………………………… 26 3.5. Types of poisoning ……………………………………………..……………………….… 30 4. Toxins by damaging organ system ……………………….…………………………………. 31 4.1. Substances Potentially Associated with Blindness ……………………………………… 31 4.2. Substances Potentially Associated with Cardiac Abnormalities ………….……………. 31 4.3. Substances Potentially Associated with Gastrointestinal Abnormalities ………………. 31 4.4. Substances Potentially Associated with Hemolysis …………………………………….. 31 4.5. Substances Potentially Associated with Hemostasis Abnormalities ……………………. 31 4.6. Substances Potentially Associated with Hepatic Abnormalities ……………………….. 32 4.7. Substances Potentially Associated with Hyperthermia ………………………………… 32 4.8. Substances Potentially Associated with Depression ……………………………………. 32 4.9. Substances Potentially Associated with Excitation ………………………….…………… 32 4.10. Substances Potentially Associated with Renal Abnormalities ………………………… 32 4.11. Substances Potentially Associated with Respiratory System ………………………… 32 4.12. Substances Potentially Associated with Skeletal Muscle Abnormalities ……………… 33 4.13. Substances Potentially Associated with Excessive Oral Irritation ……………………. 33 5. General principles for making poisoning diagnosis ………………………………………… 34 6. First-aid tactics ……………………………………………………………………………… 37 6.1. At the veterinary clinic …………………………………………………………………….. 38 6.2. The ABCs of critical patient care …………………………….…………………………… 38 6.3. Controlling seizures and tremors …………………………………………………………… 40 6.4. Assessment of metabolic status ……………………..…………………………………….. 41 6.5. Gastrointestinal decontamination …………………………………………………………. 43 6.6. Acute management of non-ingested toxins ……………………………………………….. 44 7. Basic principles of treatment of poisoning …………………………………………………. 46 7.1. Respiratory aid ……………………………………………………………………………... 46 7.2. Cardiovascular aid …………………………………………………………………………. 49 7.3. Temperature ………………………………………………………………………………… 54 7.4. Neurological aid …………………………………………………………………………….. 55 7.5. Gastrointestinal help ……………………………………………………………………… 59 7.6. Renal aid …………………………………………………………………………………… 61 7.7. Hepatic aid ………………………………………………………………………………… 61 7.8. Hematological help ………………………………………………………………………… 62 7.9. General principles in the care of critically ill patients …………………………………….. 67 7.9.1. The recumbent patient ……………………………………………………………………. 68 7.9.2. The unconscious patient …………………………………………………………………. 68 7.10. Treatment with antidotes ………………………………………………………………… 71 7.11. Detoxicants ……………………………………………………………………………….. 75 7.12. Intestinal protectants …………………………………………………………………….. 76 7.13. Some symptomatic treatments important in toxicology ……………………………….. 77 8. Poisoning prevention measures ……………………………………………………………… 80 9. PARTICULAR VETERINARY TOXICOLOGY …………………………………………… 81 8.1. Poisoning by barium compounds …………………………………………………………. 81 8.2. Toxicity of copper compounds …………………………………………………………… 83 8.3. Poisoning by lead compounds …………………………………………………………….. 85 8.4. Arsenic poisoning …………………………………………………………………………. 87 8.5. Poisoning by fluorine compounds ………………………………………………………… 89 8.6. Toxicity of selenium compounds …………………………………………………………. 91 8.7. Poisoning by mercurium compounds ……………………………………………………… 93 8.8. Toxicity of molybdenum compounds ……………………………………………………… 93 8.9. Toxicity of cadmium compounds ………………………………………………………… 95 8.10. Toxicity of zinc compounds …………………………………………………………… 98 8.11. Poisoning by organic chlorine compounds …………………………………………… 100 9.12. Poisoning by organic phosphorus compounds ……………………………………… 105 9.13. Poisoning by mercury and mercury organic compounds …………………………… 110 9.14. Poisoning phenoxy acid compounds ………………………………………………… 115 9.15. Toxicity of phenolic compounds …………………………………………………….. 117 9.16. Poisoning by triazine compounds …………………………………………………… 117 9.17. Cyanide poisoning …………………………………………………………………… 118 9.20. Poisoning by carbamic acid compounds …………………………………………….. 121 9.21. Poisoning by urea and urea compounds ……………………………………………… 121 9.22. Chlorate poisoning …………………………………………………………………… 122 9.23. Poisoning by rodenticides …………………………………………………………… 122 9.24. Toxicity of nitrates and nitrites ………………………………………………………… 127 9.25. Poisoning by sodium chloride ………………………………………………………….. 133 9.26. Poisoning by smoke compounds (carbon monoxide) ………………………………… 134 9.27. Poisoning by hydrogen sulphide ………………………………………………………… 142 9.28. Poisoning by petroleum products ……………………………………………………… 143 9.29. Poisoning by detergents, solvents, corrosives and other household preparations …… 146 10. Mycotoxicology …………………………………………………………………………… 148 10.1. General mycotoxicosis profile ………………………………………………………….. 148 10.2. Aflatoxicosis ……………………………………. ………………………………………. 149 10.3. Ochratoxicosis ………………………………………………………………..………….. 150 10.4. Ergotism ………………………………………………………………………………….. 154 10.5. Zearalenosis …………………………………………………………………………….. 157 10.6. Fitomycotoxicosis ……………………………………………………………………… 158 10.7. Fumonisins toxicosis …………………………………………………………………… 159 10.8. Lupinosis ……………………………………………………………………………….. 160 10.9. Paspalum stagers …………………………………………………………………………. 160 10.10. Slaframine toxicosis …………………………………………………………………… 161 10.11. Trichotecenoses ………………………………………………………………………… 161 11. Poisoning by animal baiting ………………………………………………………………. 164 11.1. Poisoning by snakes ……………………………………………………………………. 164 11.2. Poisoning by bees ……………………………………………………………………. 165 11.3. Poisoning by arthropods baiting ……………………………………………………… 166 11.4. Poisoning by Marine toxins …………………………………………………………… 167 11.5. Toxicity of Clostridium botulinum toxin ……………………………………………… 169 12. Ecotoxicology …………………………………….……………………………………… 184 12.1. Global pollution problems and trends in the world …………………………………… 184 12.2. Environmental toxicology and contaminants ………………………………………… 189 12.2.1. Environmental fate of chemicals in the environment ……………………………….. 198 12.2.2. Availability of chemicals in the environment ……………………………………….. 198 12.2.3. The future of Ecotoxicology …………………………………………………………. 199 12.3. Introduction to food toxicology ………………………………………..……………… 200 SECTION II. LABORATORY CLASSES ………………………………………………… 219 1. First laboratory work ……………………………………………………………………… 219 1.1. Feed and pathological material samples collecting and transfer for toxicological analysis, requirements ………………………………………………………………………………… 219 1.2. Nomenclature of analysis performed in Lithuania veterinary laboratories ………………. 222 2. Second laboratory work …………………………………………………………………… 223 2.1. Significant plant toxicants ………………………………………………………………… 223 2.2. Poisoning by plants synthesising neurotropic alkaloids ………………………………….. 224 2.3. Poisoning by Methylxanthines (chocolate) ……………………………………………… 228 3. Third laboratory work ……………………………………………………………………… 232 3.1. Poisoning by plants, affecting the autonomic nervous system …………………………… 232 3.2. Poisoning by plants disturbing the movement coordination ……………………………… 234 3.3. Poisoning by plants synthetizing hepatotoxic substances ………………………………… 234 4. Fourth laboratory work ……………………………………………………………………. 236 4.1. Poisoning by plants synthesising phototoxicity causing materials ……………………… 236 4.2. Poisoning by plants, causing an allergic reactions ……………………………………… 236 5. Fifth laboratory work ……………………………………………………………………… 238 5.1. Poisoning by plants synthesising antigenically acting phytotoxins ……………………… 238 5.2. Poisoning by plants producing cardiac alkaloids and glycosides ………………………… 240 6. Sixth laboratory work ……………………………………………………………………… 245 6.1. Poisoning by plants producing solanine glucoalkaloides ………………………………… 245 6.2. Poisoning by plants containing antraglycosides ………………………………………….
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