ResourcesResources forfor workingworking withwith thethe IndigenousIndigenous LanguagesLanguages ofof NorthNorth AmericaAmerica andand thethe PacificPacific IslandsIslands Keira Ballantyne, Ph.D. Mari B. Rasmussen, Ph.D. National Clearinghouse for English Language Acquisition (NCELA) National Association for Bilingual Education Annual Conference, February 2011, New Orleans, LA

NCELA is operated under contract ED-04-CO-0094/0002 from the US Department of Education to The George Washington University. Our mission is to provide technical assistance information to state education agencies, local education agencies, and others regarding the education of English language learners. NationalNational ClearinghouseClearinghouse forfor EnglishEnglish LanguageLanguage AcquisitionAcquisition

 Authorized through Title III of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act

 Contract betweenbetween George Washington University and Office of English Language Acquisition  Purpose:

 Collect, analyze, synthesize and disseminate information about language instruction education programs for limited English proficiency children,

 Coordinate activities with Federal data and information clearinghouses,

 Develop a system for improving the operations and effectiveness of federally funded language instruction education programs and

Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 2 CollectCollect informationinformation on:on:

 EducationalEducational researchresearch andand processesprocesses relatedrelated toto limitedlimited EnglishEnglish proficientproficient children,children,  AccountabilityAccountability systemssystems thatthat monitormonitor thethe academicacademic progressprogress ofof limitedlimited EnglishEnglish proficientproficient childrenchildren inin languagelanguage instructioninstruction educationeducation programs.programs.

Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 3 PresentersPresenters  KeiraKeira G.G. Ballantyne,Ballantyne, PhDPhD

 NCELA

 PhD in Linguistics from the University of Hawaii, Mānoa

 Dissertation Research – Narrative in Yapese (Micronesia)  MariMari B.B. Rasmussen,Rasmussen, PhDPhD

 NCELA

 PhD in Teaching and Learning from the University of North Dakota

 Dissertation Research – ELL/Bilingual Teacher Perceptions/25 years work with Native American bilingual/language development programs in North Dakota Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 4 AgendaAgenda

 Introduction & Overview  Language endangerment  Participants  North American Languages  Heritage languages and curriculum  Programs & Materials  Native American and Native Alaska Children in Schools Program  Pacific Languages  Language maps  What is Happening in the Classroom & What are the Needs?  What are your resources?  What do you need?  Research and Resources  NCELA’s resource collection

 Session Adjourned/EvaluationsIndigenous languages – NABE 2011 5 LinguisticLinguistic DiversityDiversity && LanguageLanguage EndangermentEndangerment

 HowHow manymany languageslanguages areare therethere inin thethe world?world?

 AlmostAlmost 7,0007,000 (www.ethnologue.com)  TheseThese languageslanguages areare notnot distributeddistributed evenlyevenly aroundaround thethe worldworld  AA strangestrange map:map: whatwhat ifif eacheach countrycountry werewere sizedsized basedbased onon thethe numbernumber ofof languageslanguages ratherrather thanthan geographicalgeographical area?area?

6 Parkvall, M. (2006). Limits of Language. William, James & Co.: Sherwood, OR. Reprinted with the kind permission of the author.

7  MichaelMichael Krauss:Krauss: estimatesestimates thatthat 50%50% ofof thethe worldworld’’ss languageslanguages willwill havehave beenbeen lostlost byby 2100.2100. (Note: This is an estimate with a wide margin of error!)

WhenWhen dodo wewe loselose aa language?language?

WhenWhen thethe lastlast speakerspeaker dies?dies? OrOr whenwhen thethe childrenchildren stopstop learninglearning itit asas theirtheir mothermother tongue?tongue?

8 LanguagesLanguages inin thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates

 EthnologueEthnologue listslists 245245 languageslanguages spokenspoken inin thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates  6565 ofof thesethese areare extinctextinct  7474 areare endangeredendangered (with(with onlyonly elderlyelderly speakersspeakers left)left)

9 10 HowHow manymany kidskids inin USUS schoolsschools speakspeak NativeNative AmericanAmerican languages?languages? Navajo 11,032 Yupic 6,362 Inupiaq 2,010 Dakota 1,342 Ojibwa 1,327 Cherokee 1,240 Zuni 683 North American Indian 275 Native Amer Indian 224

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

Data are from state-reported Consolidated State Performance Reports, 2008-09. States report the “top five” languages spoken by English learner students. States must use ISO 639-2 codes to enter languages in the reporting system. There are 545 languages in the ISO 639-2 list.

11 HowHow manymany kidskids inin USUS schoolsschools speakspeak indigenousindigenous PacificPacific languages?languages?

Tagalog 28,175

Ilocano 4,371

Marshallese 2,824

Filipino Pilipino 2,762

Chuukese 1,866

Tongan 656

Samoan 656

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000

Data are from state-reported Consolidated State Performance Reports, 2008-09. States report the “top five” languages spoken by English learner students. States must use ISO 639- 2 codes to enter languages in the reporting system. There are 545 languages in the ISO 639- 2 list. 12 Varesave foki nai-len pengi nogi chib, si kokoro posh foki. A people without their own language is only half a people. Romani saying

Heb iath, heb genedl. No language, no nation. Welsh proverb

(Nettle & Romaine 2000, p. 23)

13 ParticipantsParticipants

 WhereWhere areare youyou from?from?  DoDo youyou workwork inin thethe classroom?classroom?  WhatWhat isis thethe languagelanguage backgroundbackground andand cultureculture ofof thethe studentsstudents youyou workwork with?with?  AreAre thethe languageslanguages vitalvital oror endangered?endangered? ToTo whatwhat degree?degree?

Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 14 NorthNorth AmericanAmerican LanguagesLanguages

Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 15 Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 16 Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 17 Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 18 TopTop NativeNative AmericanAmerican LanguagesLanguages DistrictsDistricts ReportReport toto thethe USUS DepartmentDepartment ofof EducationEducation

 NavajoNavajo  CherokeeCherokee  UpicUpic  ZuniZuni  InupiaqInupiaq  ShoshoneShoshone  Lakota/DakotaLakota/Dakota  BlackfootBlackfoot

Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 19 WhyWhy UseUse ChildrenChildren’’ss HomeHome LanguageLanguage  IncreasesIncreases AcademicAcademic AchievementAchievement

 DecreasesDecreases DropDrop--outout RatesRates

Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 20  IncreasesIncreases EnglishEnglish LanguageLanguage ProficiencyProficiency

 IncreasesIncreases PostPost--secondarysecondary SuccessSuccess

 FostersFosters PositivePositive RelationshipsRelationships withwith CommunityCommunity

21 WhatWhat isis HappeningHappening withwith NativeNative LanguagesLanguages inin Classrooms?Classrooms?

Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 22 ExamplesExamples ofof SchoolSchool DistrictDistrict ProgramsPrograms

Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 23 InstructionalInstructional MaterialsMaterials

Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 24 InstructionalInstructional ApproachesApproaches

 DevelopDevelop aa PlanPlan  UseUse thethe communitycommunity

 Elders  TeachTeach holisticallyholistically  IncorporateIncorporate languagelanguage introintro thethe curriculumcurriculum  ConnectConnect toto StateState ContentContent StandardsStandards

 Example - Blackfoot language and Math

 http://www.opi.mt.gov/PDF/IndianEd/Search/Mathema tics/GK%20Shapes%20in%20Blackfeet.pdf

Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 25 StateState PoliciesPolicies

 Minnesota – Curriculum Frameworks  The Indian Education Office provides a selection of high- quality, culturally relevant curriculum frameworks in a variety of subject areas. These frameworks are available to classroom teachers, parents and students and can help bring American Indian culture, values, traditions and history into the classroom. They can also be used at home to enrich student learning in these areas. The frameworks provide lesson guidance for the intermediate, middle and high school levels.  http://education.state.mn.us/MDE/Academic_Excellence/ Indian_Education/K12_Curriculum/index.html

Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 26 StateState PoliciesPolicies

 MontanaMontana –– IndianIndian EducationEducation ForFor AllAll

 StateState legislationlegislation providingproviding fundingfunding forfor allall MontanansMontanans inin schoolschool toto learnlearn aboutabout thethe distinctdistinct andand uniqueunique heritageheritage ofof AmericanAmerican Indians.Indians.  http://www.opi.mt.gov/programs/indianed/http://www.opi.mt.gov/programs/indianed/

Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 27 StateState PoliciesPolicies

 NorthNorth DakotaDakota ––  SenateSenate BillBill 23392339

 FundingFunding forfor languagelanguage programsprograms inin schoolsschools

Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 28 TitleTitle IIIIII NativeNative AmericanAmerican andand AlaskaAlaska NativeNative ChildrenChildren inin SchoolsSchools ProgramProgram

GrantsGrants toto supportsupport languagelanguage instsructioninstsruction educationeducation projectsprojects forfor limitedlimited EnglishEnglish languagelanguage learnerlearner studentsstudents (Els)(Els) fromfrom NativeNative American,American, AlaskaAlaska Native,Native, nativenative Hawaiian,Hawaiian, andand PacificPacific IslanderIslander backgrounds.backgrounds.

Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 29  EligibleEligible applicants:applicants:

 IndianIndian tribes,tribes,

 TriballyTribally sanctionedsanctioned educationaleducational authorities,authorities,

 EducationalEducational organizations,organizations,

 BIE,BIE, grantgrant andand contractcontract schools,schools, oror

 ConsortiumConsortium ofof schools.schools.  EstimatedEstimated rangerange ofof awards:awards:

 $175,000$175,000 -- $200,000$200,000  ProjectProject Period:Period:

 fivefive yearsyears

Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 30 CompetitiveCompetitive PrioritiesPriorities

1.1. NoviceNovice ApplicantsApplicants 2.2. IncreasingIncreasing postpost secondarysecondary successsuccess 3.3. EnablingEnabling moremore datadata--basedbased decisiondecision--makingmaking

Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 31 InvitationalInvitational PrioritiesPriorities

1.1. ParentalParental involvementinvolvement toto improveimprove schoolschool readinessreadiness andand successsuccess 2.2. SupportingSupporting NativeNative AmericanAmerican languagelanguage instructioninstruction

Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 32 FurtherFurther informationinformation

 NCELANCELA WebsiteWebsite  http://www.ncela.gwu.edu/grants/nam/http://www.ncela.gwu.edu/grants/nam/  TriniTrini TorresTorres CarrionCarrion  USUS DepartmentDepartment ofof EducationEducation  OELAOELA  202202--4010144540101445  [email protected]@ed.gov

Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 33 LanguagesLanguages ofof thethe Pacific:Pacific: TheThe AustronesiaAustronesia LanguageLanguage FamilyFamily

 1,2571,257 languages,languages, oror moremore thanthan 18%18% ofof thethe worldworld’’ss languagelanguage belongbelong toto thisthis family.family.

 ItIt isis thethe worldworld’’ss largestlargest languagelanguage familyfamily inin bothboth numbernumber ofof languageslanguages andand geographicgeographic areaarea..

34 Scanned map of the Pacific ocean courtesy of University of Texas Libraries Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection. 35 AustronesiaAustronesia LanguageLanguage FamilyFamily includes:includes:  IndigenousIndigenous languageslanguages ofof TaiwanTaiwan  LanguagesLanguages ofof thethe PhilippinesPhilippines  LanguagesLanguages ofof IndonesiaIndonesia  ManyMany languageslanguages ofof MelanesiaMelanesia  LanguagesLanguages ofof MicronesiaMicronesia  LanguagesLanguages ofof PolynesiaPolynesia  Malagasy,Malagasy, spokenspoken inin Madagascar,Madagascar, offoff thethe coastcoast ofof AfricaAfrica

36 StatesStates wherewhere ELEL studentsstudents speakspeak PacificPacific languageslanguages

Data are from state-reported Consolidated State Performance Reports, 2008-09. States report the “top five” languages spoken by English learner students. States must use ISO 639-2 codes to enter languages in the reporting system. There are 545 languages37 in the ISO 639-2 list. HighHigh IncidenceIncidence LanguagesLanguages

 LanguagesLanguages ofof thethe Philippines,Philippines, includingincluding TagalogTagalog andand IlokanoIlokano  MicronesianMicronesian languages:languages: MarshalleseMarshallese (in(in ArkansasArkansas && HawaiHawai’’i)i) andand ChuukeseChuukese (in(in HawaiHawai’’i)i)  PolynesianPolynesian languages:languages: SSāāmoanmoan andand TonganTongan (in(in UtahUtah && HawaiHawai’’i)i) andand HawaiianHawaiian

38 Resources:Resources: ’’AhaAha PPūūnananana LeoLeo

 ““LanguageLanguage NestNest”” preschoolspreschools  Vision:Vision: EE olaola kaka ‘‘ōōlelolelo HawaiHawai‘‘ii,, thethe HawaiianHawaiian languagelanguage shallshall live.live.  BeganBegan inin 19831983——fewerfewer thanthan 5050 childrenchildren underunder 1818 werewere fluentfluent speakersspeakers  AlmostAlmost 3030 yearsyears later,later, studentsstudents cancan earnearn HawaiianHawaiian languagelanguage doctorate.doctorate.  http://www.ahapunanaleo.org/http://www.ahapunanaleo.org/

39 Resources:Resources: PacificPacific ResourcesResources forfor EducationEducation andand LearningLearning (PREL)(PREL)  PALMPALM (Pacific(Pacific AreaArea LanguageLanguage Materials)Materials) ApproxApprox 800800 materialsmaterials itemsitems inin 1111 PacificPacific languages:languages: Carolinian,Carolinian, Chamorro,Chamorro, Chuukese,Chuukese, Kosraean,Kosraean, Marshallese,Marshallese, Palauan,Palauan, Pohnpeian,Pohnpeian, Samoan,Samoan, Ulithian,Ulithian, Woleaian,Woleaian, YapeseYapese  http://www.prel.org/palm/http://www.prel.org/palm/

40 LamaanLamaan BoechiBoechi EaEa GamanmaanGamanmaan (Yapese(Yapese text:text: AnimalAnimal Noises)Noises)

41 Resources:Resources: PacificPacific ResourcesResources forfor EducationEducation andand LearningLearning (PREL)(PREL)  PacificPacific LanguageLanguage EarlyEarly ReadersReaders 1010 KK--33 books,books, somesome withwith audioaudio files,files, availableavailable in:in: Carolinian,Carolinian, Chamorro,Chamorro, Chuukese,Chuukese, Kosraean,Kosraean, Marshallese,Marshallese, Palauan,Palauan, Pohnpeian,Pohnpeian, Samoan,Samoan, YapeseYapese  http://www.prel.org/products/re_/earlyhttp://www.prel.org/products/re_/early readers/index.htmlreaders/index.html

42 Resources:Resources: PacificPacific ResourcesResources forfor EducationEducation andand LearningLearning (PREL)(PREL)  TEAMSTEAMS (Teaching(Teaching EducatorsEducators AboutAbout MicronesianMicronesian Students)Students)  http://www.prel.org/teams/index.asphttp://www.prel.org/teams/index.asp

 FAQsFAQs aboutabout MicronesianMicronesian studentsstudents

 TeacherTeacher ResourceResource onon SelectedSelected PacificPacific CulturalCultural TopicsTopics (Teach(Teach ReSPCT)ReSPCT) ““aa compendiumcompendium ofof culturalcultural knowledgeknowledge aimedaimed atat servingserving thethe childrenchildren ofof thethe PacificPacific ””

 FurtherFurther webweb resourcesresources andand more!more!

43 Resources:Resources: PacificPacific ResourcesResources forfor EducationEducation andand LearningLearning (PREL)(PREL)

 IslandIsland AlphabetAlphabet BooksBooks http://www.prel.org/products/reading-and- literacy/island-alphabet-books.aspx

44 HHōōkkūūlele’’aa && thethe PolynesianPolynesian VoyagingVoyaging SocietySociety  HHōōkkūūlele’’aa isis aa traditionaltraditional PolynesianPolynesian voyagingvoyaging canoecanoe launchedlaunched inin 1975.1975.  http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/

Polynesian Voyaging Society Resources include: Classroom resources & activities Maps Songs & chants Film & video

45 SharingSharing ResourcesResources

 WhatWhat areare youyou doingdoing toto supportsupport NativeNative languageslanguages inin youryour classroom/school/community?classroom/school/community?

 WhatWhat keykey resourcesresources dodo youyou havehave inin youryour communitycommunity toto share?share?

 WhatWhat resourcesresources dodo youyou need?need?

46 NCELANCELA ResourceResource LibraryLibrary

47 NCELANCELA ResourceResource LibraryLibrary

48 NCELANCELA ResourceResource LibraryLibrary

49 NCELANCELA ResourceResource LibraryLibrary

50 NCELANCELA ResourceResource LibraryLibrary

51 NCELANCELA ResourceResource LibraryLibrary

52 NCELANCELA ResourceResource LibraryLibrary

53 NCELANCELA ResourceResource LibraryLibrary

 HowHow cancan youyou useuse thethe ResourceResource LibraryLibrary inin youryour schoolschool oror community?community?

 HowHow cancan wewe improveimprove thethe ResourceResource LibraryLibrary toto helphelp youyou inin youryour work?work?

 HowHow cancan NCELANCELA supportsupport youyou inin youryour work?work?

54 ThankThank you!you!

AhAhééhee'hee' (Navajo)(Navajo) AshogeAshoge (Apache)(Apache) KamKam magarmagar (Yapese)(Yapese) Pidamaya!Pidamaya! (Dakota)(Dakota) Mahalo!Mahalo! (Hawaiian)(Hawaiian) NitsNitsííniiyi'taki!niiyi'taki! (Blackfoot)(Blackfoot) QuyanaQuyana (Central(Central Yup'ik)Yup'ik) ContactContact InformationInformation

 KeiraKeira G.G. BallantyneBallantyne

 [email protected]@gwu.edu  MariMari B.B. RasmussenRasmussen

 [email protected]@gwu.edu

 NCELANCELA  800800--321321--62236223  http://www.ncela.gwu.edu/http://www.ncela.gwu.edu/

Indigenous languages – NABE 2011 56