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Native Language Preservation Native Languages Archives Repository Project Reference Guide REFERENCE GUIDE SUMMARY To share with future generations, this Reference Guide was developed in support of the Native American Languages Act of 1992 to assure the survival and continuing vitality of Native languages. This Reference Guide – Native Language Preservation, Establishing Archives and Repositories - was produced with funding provided by the Administration for Native Americans (ANA) through an Interagency Agreement with the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI). Native heritage languages are indeed endangered and immediate action is needed to save them. Language experts estimate that ninety percent of the 175 Native American languages spoken today are at risk and could disappear over the next two decades. This Reference Guide looks at the complex matter of saving languages through an intensely focused lens of language materials preservation and it provides practical ways in which communities, people and entities can marshal forces, combine efforts and apply resources to this emergency need. In conducting this project and preparing the Reference Guide, the first question that needed to be answered was: What is a language repository? A language repository is a collection of language materials that is being preserved in an orderly and accessible manner. The second question was: What is preservation? Preservation is an act to prevent further deterioration of any kind to records or materials. The old lines between archives, libraries, museums and repositories are blurring, if not disappearing, along with strict distinctions between electronic and physical repositories. While types of repositories are discussed in this Reference Guide the focus is on language repositories broadly and on language preservation and archival issues in detail. This Reference Guide contains chapters on the reasons and methods for preserving language materials and developing language repositories, as well as chapters on legal, policy and cost considerations. Specifically, this Reference Guide contains the following sections: Chapter 1 – Why Preserve Native Heritage Language Materials? Chapter 2 – What to Preserve: A Practical Approach to Preservation Chapter 3 – What Is a Language Repository? Chapter 4 – How to Build Infrastructure to Preserve Native Language Materials Chapter 5 – Where to Locate Resources in Selected Native Repositories and How to Find Selected Native Language Materials Chapter 6 – Where to Locate Resources in Selected Educational, Federal and Other Repositories Chapter 7 – What Does Preservation Cost? i Leading the project to develop this Reference Guide and recommendations for a language repository was Dr. Helen Maynor (Scheirbeck) (Lumbee), NMAI Assistant Director for Public Programs, who served as the Principal Investigator for the NMAI Project, and Ms. Sheila K. Cooper (Seneca), ANA Director of Program Operations, who served as the Project Officer to oversee and implement this agreement. Ms. Suzan Shown Harjo (Cheyenne & Hodulgee Muscogee), President of the Morning Star Institute, served as the Project Director and oversaw and assessed archival site visits and contracted field work; conducted two Advisory Work Group seminars; and completed the report on options and policy considerations regarding Native language repositories. The Project Directors assembled a core team with expertise in revitalizing heritage languages; developing pertinent federal law and policy; protecting tribal cultural rights; preserving Native cultural materials; managing collections; and evaluating archives, libraries and related repositories. The Project Team Members: Senior Advisor on Language Models Darrell R. Kipp (Blackfeet); Cultural Property Rights Specialist Victoria A. Santana (Blackfeet); Archivists June I. Degnan (Yupik), Eunice Kahn (Navajo) and Gayle Yiotis (Pamunkey); Program Assistant David Sanborn (Penobscot); Technology Specialist Thomas Davis; Grants and Contracts Officer (SI Office of Sponsored Projects) Julian Palinski; Public Programs Specialist Loren Bird Rattler (Blackfeet); Technology Production Assistant, Jimmy Locklear (Lumbee); and Research Interns India Comosona (Zuni Pueblo) and Jessica Fawn White (Hoopa). This project also had an outstanding and insightful Advisory Work Group (AWG). These members graciously contributed their time and expertise to provide guidance and clarity to this project. The AWG members: Jimmy Arterberry (Comanche), Dr. David Beaulieu (White Earth Chippewa), Virginia R. Beavert (Yakama), Dr. Carol Cornelius (Oneida), Dr. William G. Demmert, Jr. (Tlingit & Oglala Sioux), Hon. Joel M. Frank, Sr. (Seminole & Miccosukee), Dr., Karen Gayton Swisher (Standing Rock Sioux), Jennifer Dahle Harrison, Gerald L. Hill, Esq. (Oneida), Hon. Melvin Juanico (Acoma Pueblo), Hon. Arden Kucate (Zuni Pueblo), Cindy LaMarr (Paiute & Pit River), Margaret Mauldin (Muscogee Creek), Dr. Beatrice Medicine (Sihasapa Lakota), Dr. Tessie Naranjo (Santa Clara Pueblo), Dr. Jon Allan Reyhner, Lois J. Risling (Hoopa, Yurok & Karuk), Dr. Gloria E. Sly (Cherokee), Marianne Smith, Faith Spotted Eagle (Ihanktonwan Nakota), Dr. Robert H. Stauffer, Della C. Warrior (Otoe-Missouria), Albert White Hat, Sr. (Sicangu Lakota) and Dr. Ofelia Zepeda (Tohono O’odham). The publication and distribution of this technical assistance Reference Guide was done in partnership with ACKCO, Incorporated under a special project contract provision with ANA as Training and Technical Assistance provider (FY 2002 – 2006) for the Western United States. All edits and modification of text structure necessary to produce this Reference Guide are the responsibility of ANA. Any additional information or inquiries regarding this project, funding, recommendations, and technical assistance services can be obtained by contacting ANA at 202.690.7776. ii Chapter 1 Why Preserve Native Heritage Language Materials? Chapter 2 What to Preserve: A Practical Approach to Preservation Native Language Preservation Chapter 3 A Reference Guide for What Is a Language Repository? Establishing Archives and Repositories Chapter 4 How to Build Infrastructure to Preserve Native Language Materials Chapter 5 Where to Locate Resources in Selected Native Repositories and How to Find Selected Native Languages Materials Chapter 6 Where to Locate Resources in Selected Educational, Federal and Other Repositories Chapter 7 What Does Preservation Cost? Appendix Native Languages Archives Repository Project Reference Guide Table of Contents Reference Guide Summary i Foreword iii Chapter 1 Why Preserve Native Heritage Language Materials? 1 Preface 1 U.S. Policy Respecting Native American Heritage Languages 3 Voices of Language Warriors on Preservation of Heritage Languages and Materials 3 A Perspective on Language Preservation: Historical Trauma Response 4 Preservation of Native Languages 6 The Research Literature 7 Elders of Native Nations and Native Languages Communities 8 Yakama Nation Language Elders 8 Preservation in Native Language Communities 9 Chickaloon Village Traditional Council 10 Lakota Language at Sinte Gleska University 11 Zuni Pueblo A:shiwi Language 12 Survey of Native Language Programs in Selected School Districts in Alaska 13 Survey of Native Language Programs and Archives in Selected States 16 Eastern and Southern States 16 Minnesota 17 South Dakota 18 Oklahoma 19 Chapter Notes: “Why Preserve Native Heritage Language Materials?” 20 Chapter 2 What to Preserve: A Practical Approach to Preservation 22 A Perspective on What to Preserve 22 General Guidelines 23 What to Preserve: A Viewpoint from Linguistics 24 What Are the Priorities? Why Prioritize? 26 Why Preserve Anything and Other Questions 27 Cherokee Nation Language Preservation 28 Comanche Language Preservation and New Media Technology 28 Santa Clara Pueblo’s Tewa Language Preservation Objectives 30 Preserving Specific Newspapers, Dictionaries and Other Collections 31 Preservation of History and The Archives at Haskell Indian Nations University 32 Survey of Selected Native Language Programs and Archives in California 33 Chapter Notes, “What to Preserve” 41 Chapter 3 What Is a Language Repository? 42 Language Repositories: Options and Considerations 42 Electronic Language Repositories 43 What Is an Electronic Language Repository? 43 Lenape Language Project 44 Ulukau, Language Revitalization for Hawaiians 44 American Indian Studies Research Institute 44 NMAI and Queensland University’s Indigenous Knowledge Management System 46 NMAI’s Metadata Effort 48 Education and Scholarship 48 Reasons for Creating an Electronic Language Repository 49 Building an Electronic Language Repository 50 The Trail to Building a Virtual Language Repository 52 Conclusion 55 Physical Repositories 55 Building a Physical Repository 55 Remodeling an Existing Structure 59 Hazardous Materials and Contaminated Objects in Archives, Repositories and Museum Collections 62 Resources on Hazardous and Contaminated Materials 65 Chapter Notes, “What Is a Language Repository?” 66 Chapter 4 How to Build Infrastructure to Preserve Native Language Materials 70 What Is Infrastructure? 70 Human Resources 70 Place 71 Types of Programs 71 Ethical Standards for Use of Cultural Properties 72 Considerations in Sharing Materials 72 How Materials Can Be Shared 74 Internal Application 74 External Application 75 Tools for Preserving 75 Tribal Codes and Ordinances 75 In Relation to a Program Repository 75 In Relation to Tribal Laws about Language 76 In Relation to the Protection of Cultural Property 76 Operational
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