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Costing Models for Language Maintenance, Revitalization, and Reclamation in Canada

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Costing Models for Language Maintenance, Revitalization, and Reclamation in Canada Costing Models for Language Maintenance, Revitalization, and Reclamation in Canada May 2018 Heather Bliss, PhD and Myles Creed, MA for First Peoples’ Cultural Council 1A Boat Ramp Road Brentwood Bay, B.C. V8M 1N9 www.fpcc.ca [email protected] Tables of Contents 1. Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... 3 2. Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 3 3. Background & Context ......................................................................................................... 5 3.1. Situating Ourselves .................................................................................................5 3.2. Purpose of the Report .............................................................................................5 3.3. Limitations of the Research ....................................................................................6 4. Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 7 4.1. Costing Language Education ..................................................................................8 4.2. Costing Language Skills Training ............................................................................9 4.3. Costing Community Programs .............................................................................. 10 4.4. Costing Language Documentation ........................................................................ 12 4.5. Costing Media and Arts ........................................................................................ 13 5. Language Maintenance Model ......................................................................................... 13 5.1. Language Maintenance: Years 1-5 ....................................................................... 14 5.2. Language Maintenance: Years 6-10 ..................................................................... 18 5.3. Language Maintenance: Years 11-15 .................................................................... 21 6. Language Revitalization Model ....................................................................................... 23 6.1. Language Revitalization: Years 1-5 ...................................................................... 24 6.2. Language Revitalization: Years 6-10 ...................................................................29 6.3. Language Revitalization: Years 11-15 ................................................................... 32 7. Language Reclamation Model ......................................................................................... 35 7.1. Language Reclamation: Years 1-5 ........................................................................ 36 7.2. Language Reclamation: Years 6-10..................................................................... 40 7.3. Language Reclamation: Years 11-15 ..................................................................... 43 8. Additional Infrastructure Costs ......................................................................................46 9. Accounting for Diversity .................................................................................................... 47 9.1. Variables Impacting the Costs of Language Revitalization .................................... 47 9.2. Challenges with Developing Urban Models ............................................................... 49 9.3. Language Reclamation .............................................................................................. 50 10. Best Practices in Researching Costs of Indigenous Language Revitalization .. 52 References ........................................................................................................................................ 53 List of Appendices ......................................................................................................................... 56 First Peoples’ Cultural Council Costing Models, p. 2 1. Acknowledgements The development of this report would not be made possible without the assistance from the many contributors to this project. Our sincere thanks to the following people for generously sharing of their time and expertise: Zachary Bastoky, Ayaprun Elitnaurvik Don Braun, Piitoayis (Eagle Lodge) Family School Lisa Crowshoe, Peigan Board of Education Dr. Henry Davis, University of British Columbia Ida Denny, Essissoqnwey Siawa'sik-l'nuey Kina'matinewo'kuo'm / Eskasoni Immersion School Krista Falkner, University of British Columbia Jessie Fiddler-Kiss, Calgary Board of Education Dianne Friesen, University of Victoria Dr. Inge Genee, University of Lethbridge Dr. Suzanne Gessner, University of Victoria and University of British Columbia Blaire Gould, Mi’kmaw Kina’matnewey Jessica Grieg, Niitsitapi Learning Centre Allan Hayton, Doyon Foundation Dr. Marie-Odile Junker, Carleton University Tina Jules, Yukon Native Language Centre Sarah Kell, Indigenous language curriculum consultant Amos Key Jr., Woodland Cultural Centre and University of Toronto Megan Lukaniec, University of California Santa Barbara Dr. Marguerite MacKenzie, Memorial University of Newfoundland Brian Maracle, Onkwawenna Kentyohkwa Terry Lynn Marshall, Eskasoni School Board Robert Matthew, T'selcéwtqen Clleq'mel'ten/Chief Atahm School Dr. Mizuki Miyashita, University of Montana Aliana Parker, First Peoples’ Cultural Council Elizabeth Paul, Ta'n L'nuey Etl-mawlukwatmumk Mi'kmaw Resource Centre Hishinlai’ Peter, University of Alaska Fairbanks Dr. Christine Schreyer, UBC Okanagan Sharon Snowshoe, Gwich’in Tribal Council Department of Cultural Heritage Linda Staats, Kawenni:io/Gaweni:yo School Arlene Stevens, Ta'n L'nuey Etl-mawlukwatmumk Mi'kmaw Resource Centre Tye Swallow, WS̱ ÁNEĆ School Board Dr. Edosdī Judy Thompson, University of Northern British Columbia Dr. Wanosts’a7 Lorna Williams, Professor Emerita University of Victoria 2. Executive Summary This report details the costs of Indigenous language revitalization at the community level for three different scenarios: language maintenance (for a high-readiness community with mid/high language vitality), language revitalization (for a mid/low-readiness community with mid/low language vitality) and language reclamation (for a low readiness community with low language vitality). For each scenario, costs are outlined in three five-year blocks, totaling a fifteen-year period, representing the time projected for the mid-range model (language revitalization) to develop capacity for costs to stabilize. First Peoples’ Cultural Council Costing Models, p. 3 Our methodology involved consulting with language educators, language revitalists, and other experts to acquire information about the operational needs of different language revitalization programs and strategies, and then developing frameworks and budgets that reflect the costs of implementing these programs and strategies effectively. The costing models include frameworks for developing capacity to develop and implement programs and strategies for language education, language skills training, community programs, language documentation, and media and arts and are summarized in Tables 1-3 below. Beyond the three community-based costing models, this report also discusses the types of national and/or regional infrastructure that are needed to support community-based models, types of diversity amongst Indigenous communities that can impact costs, and our recommendations for best practices for conducting this type of research. Table 1. Projected Costs of Language Maintenance over a 15-year period1 Timeline: Years 1-5 Years 6-10 Years 11-15 TOTALS Education 23,035,000 12,855,000 13,085,000 48,975,000 Language skills training 1,585,000 935,600 594,300 3,114,900 Community programs 4,317,900 4,253,900 4,383,900 12,955,700 Language documentation 867,600 1,213,820 384,750 2,466,170 Media and arts 619,200 3,900,000 3,900,000 8,419,200 TOTALS 30,424,700 23,158,320 22,347,950 75,930,970 AVERAGE COST PER YEAR 6,084,940 4,631,664 4,469,590 5,062,065 Table 2. Projected Costs of Language Revitalization over a 15-year period Timeline: Years 1-5 Years 6-10 Years 11-15 TOTALS Education 12,200,000 7,415,000 9,875,000 29,490,000 Adult language skills training 4,269,933 5,471,333 4,622,667 14,363,933 Community programming 6,259,467 11,596,000 13,958,000 31,813,467 Language documentation 1,524,453 2,240,917 1,438,250 5,203,620 Media and arts 945,000 4,375,000 3,913,333 9,233,333 TOTALS 25,198,853 31,098,250 33,807,250 90,104,353 AVERAGE PER YEAR 5,039,771 6,219,650 6,761,450 6,006,957 Table 3. Projected Costs of Language Reclamation over a 15-year period Timeline: Years 1-5 Years 6-10 Years 11-15 TOTALS Education 9,000,000 8,070,000 7,385,000 24,455,000 Adult language skills training 832,500 4,430,100 4,274,000 9,536,600 Community programming 1,802,000 5,726,000 5,950,000 13,478,000 Language documentation 1,411,060 2,747,100 1,861,100 6,019,260 Media and arts 0 8,819,000 13,390,000 22,209,000 TOTALS 13,045,560 29,792,200 32,860,100 75,697,860 AVERAGE PER YEAR 2,609,112 5,958,440 6,572,020 5,046,524 1 All figures are in Canadian dollars (CAD). All budgetary tables included in this report are also available as Excel spreadsheets with formulae for calculating totals and averages. First Peoples’ Cultural Council Costing Models, p. 4 3. Background & Context 3.1. Situating Ourselves We come to this work as non-Indigenous
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