www.globalvillagefestival.ca

Global Village Festival 2015

Publisher: Silk Road Publishing Founder: Steve Moghadam General Manager: Elly Achack Production Manager: Bahareh Nouri Team: Mike Mahmoudian, Sheri Chahidi, Parviz Achak, Eva Okati, Alexander Fairlie Jennifer Berry, Tony Berry Phone: 416-500-0007 Email: offi[email protected] Web: www.GlobalVillageFestival.ca Front Cover Photo Credit: © Kone | Dreamstime.com - Toronto Skyline At Night Photo Contents

08 Greater Toronto Area 49 Recreation in Toronto 78 Toronto sports 11 History of Toronto 51 Transportation in Toronto 88 List of sports teams in Toronto 16 Municipal government of Toronto 56 Public transportation in Toronto 90 List of museums in Toronto 19 Geography of Toronto 58 Economy of Toronto 92 Hotels in Toronto 22 History of neighbourhoods in Toronto 61 Toronto Purchase 94 List of neighbourhoods in Toronto 26 Demographics of Toronto 62 Public services in Toronto 97 List of Toronto parks 31 Architecture of Toronto 63 Lake Ontario 99 List of shopping malls in Toronto 36 Culture in Toronto 67 York, Upper Canada 42 Tourism in Toronto 71 Sister cities of Toronto 45 Education in Toronto 73 Annual events in Toronto 48 Health in Toronto 74 Media in Toronto

3 www.globalvillagefestival.ca

The Hon. Yonah Martin SENATE SÉNAT L’hon Yonah Martin

CANADA

August 2015 The Senate of Canada Le Sénat du Canada Ottawa, Ontario Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0A4 K1A 0A4

August 8, 2015 Greetings from the Honourable Yonah Martin Greetings from Senator Victor Oh On behalf of the Senate of Canada, sincere greetings to all of the organizers and participants of the I am pleased to extend my warmest greetings to everyone attending the 2015 North York 2015 North York Festival. Festival partnered with the Healthy Marrow Canada charitable organization. The North York Festival provides an opportunity to celebrate Canada and the diverse cultural North York Festival helps build bridges of understanding between different cultural groups. This year’s festival showcases a diverse repertoire of artists, representing various backgrounds of Canadians, featuring the rich traditions from a diverse group of performers and cultural groups. Such initiatives encourage members of our community to explore their artists. cultural identity while fostering cross cultural exchanges with fellow Canadians. These efforts greatly contribute to the broader goal of promoting the richness of our nation’s cultural diversity and Canadian values of mutual respect and multiculturalism. I would also like to acknowledge the organizers, volunteers, entertainers and sponsors for their contributions to make the North York Festival possible. I would like to thank all organizers, performers and volunteers who made this event successful. Your contributions to the inclusive character of our wonderful country are much appreciated. Best wishes for a successful festival.

Please accept my best wishes for a memorable and enjoyable event. Sincerely, Sincerely,

The Honourable Victor Oh The Honourable Yonah Martin Senator ­ Ontario Deputy Leader of the Government in the Senat e 胡子修 联邦参议员 August 8, 2015

Dear Friends, As Leader of the Official Opposion, I am pleased to extend warm greengs to everyone gathered at the 2015 North York Fesval. The North York fesval brings together members of the community from all backgrounds and walks of life—community leaders, cultural groups, local businesses and arsts—to celebrate Canada’s diversity through music, dance and arsc performances. It’s a great opportunity to share in the tradions and experience the richness of the many cultures that make up our country. Thank you to all those who worked so hard to make this fesval a resounding success! Again, on behalf of Canada’s New Democrats, I wish you an enjoyable celebraon. Sincerely,

Hon. Tom Mulcair, P.C., M.P. (Outremont) Leader of the Official Opposion New Democrac Party of Canada

A Personal Message from MPP Bas Balkissoon It is with great pleasure that I extend warm greetings to all those attending August 8, 2015 the 2015 North York Festival today at Mel Las tman Square. The festival highlights Toronto as one of the most multicultural cities in the world as it Greengs, welcomes members from all over the city to share their cultures and traditions with others. I would like to thank the countless volunteers who support this event for all your hard work and dedicaon in making the North York Fesval The North York Festival is a wonderful family oriented event that welcomes such a great success. all residents and visitors to enjoy in the Diaspora Book Fair, magic show, The North York Fesval promotes our cultural diversity in a country where dance performances, music, stilt walkers and more. The North York Festival we are free to do so. This fesval, partnered with the Healthy Marrow recognizes the cultural diversity that makes Ontario a great and inclusive Canada charitable organizaon encourages community members to share province where everyone can enjoy being Canadian. their cultures and tradions, not just with each other, but with the world. I would like to commend everyone involved for their hard work and Thank you for your commitment to preserving our rich mulcultural dedication in theplanningand organizing ofthe 2015 North York Festival. history. On behalf of the Ontario Legislature, please accept my best wishes for a successful event and thank you for theoppor tunity to share this occasion Sincerely, with you. I wish you continued success and prosperity.

Sincerely,

Bas Balkissoon, MPP Queen’s Park, Toronto Paul Calandra, MP Scarborough-Rouge River August 8th, 2015 Oak Ridges‐Markham

As the Member of Provincial Parliament for Davenport, I extend my sincerest congratulations to the organizers of the 2015 North York Festival. This annual celebration emphasizes Ontario’s dynamic and engaged community through a variety of entertaining performances and fun activities.

The North York Festival plays a significant role in promoting Ontario’s diverse community, making our province a brighter place to live.

Congratulations on the continued success of your festival.

Cristina Martins MPP Davenport

Marie-France Lalonde, MPP / Députée Ottawa-Orléans August 8th, 2015 Thank you I am delighted to offer greetings and welcome to for attending the 2015 North York Festival North York Festival. This is an exciting and fun-filled day to explore and celebrate our diversity. This festival, offers many activities, performances and food, with something for everyone to enjoy. August 8th 2015

It is exciting to have so many community members, local On behalf of the riding of Oawa‐Orléans, I would like to extend my warmest businesses , and artists, co ming together in Willowdale today. I greengs to those aending the North York Fesval 2015. In sending you my regrets, I hope everyone has an opportunity to experience and celebrate the would like to thank you for the kind invitaon to this wonderful event. many cultures and traditions during today’s festivities This fesval gives Canadians the opportunity to create friendships and experience the heritage, food and arts of all those communies that create the fabric of our great I offer the attendees, organizers, and volunteers my best wishes for province. a successful festival. I would like to thank all the organizers, performers, and volunteers for your hard work and talents in making this event successful.

Best wishes,

Hon. David Zimmer, MPP Willowdale Marie‐France Lalonde, Member of Provincial Parliament, Oawa‐Orléans

Constuency Office / Bureau de circonscripon 206‐250, boul.Centrum Blvd., Orléans, ON K1E 3J1 Tel / Tél. 613.834.8679 | Fax / Téléc. 613‐834‐7647 | Email / Courriel mfl[email protected] Queen’s Park 5th Floor/5e étage, Édifice Mowat Block, 900 rue Bay St,Toronto ON M7A 2E1 Tel / Tél. 416.325.1400 | Email / Courriel mfl[email protected] www.mariefrancelalonde.onmpp.ca Image Source: Flickr by Christine Wagner at http://flickr.com/photos/68807626@N04/15793926555

Etymology The term Greater Toronto has been used in writing as early as the 1900s, although at the time, the term only referred to Greater the old City of Toronto and its immediate townships and villages, which became Metropolitan Toronto in 1954 and Toronto Area became the current city of Toronto in 1998. The usage of the term involving the four regional municipalities came into formal use in the mid-1980s, after it was used in a widely The Greater Toronto Area (GTA) is the discussed report on municipal governance restructuring in most populous metropolitan area in the region and was later made official as a provincial Canada. At the 2011 census, it had a planning area. However, it did not come into everyday population of 6,054,191, and the census usage until the mid- to late 1990s. In 2006, the term began metropolitan area had a population of to be supplanted in the field of spatial planning as provincial 5,583,064. The Greater Toronto Area is policy increasingly began to refer to either the "Greater defined as the central city of Toronto, Toronto and Hamilton Area" (GTHA) or the still-broader and the four regional municipalities that "Greater Golden Horseshoe". The latter includes communities surround it: Durham, Halton, Peel, and likeBarrie, Guelph and the Niagara Region. The GTA York. The regional span of the Greater continues, however, to be in official use elsewhere in the Toronto Area is sometimes combined Government of Ontario, such as the Ministry of Finance. with the city of Hamilton, Ontario and its surrounding region, to form the Greater Census metropolitan area Toronto and Hamilton Area. The Greater Some municipalities that are considered part of the GTA are Toronto Area is the northern part of the not within Toronto's Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) Golden Horseshoe. whose land area (5,904 km in 2006) and population (5,583,064 as of the 2011 census) is thus smaller than the land area and population of the GTA planning area. For example, Oshawa, which is the centre of its own CMA, yet deemed part of the Greater Toronto Area. Other municipalities, such as New Tecumseth in southern Simcoe County and Mono Township inDufferin County are included in the Toronto CMA but not in the GTA. These different border configurations result in the GTA's population being higher than the Toronto CMA by nearly one-half million

8 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Greenbelt, many of these areas including protected sections of the Oak Ridges Moraine, Rouge Park and the Niagara Escarpment. Nevertheless, low-density suburban developments continue to be built, some on or near ecologically sensitive and protected areas. The provincial government has recently attempted to address this issue through the "Places to Grow" legislation passed in 2005, which emphasizes higher-density growth in existing urban centres over the next 25 years. people, often leading to confusion amongst people when trying to sort out the urban population of Toronto. Climate Other nearby urban areas, such as Hamilton, Barrie or St. The Greater Toronto Area is classified as a humid Catharines-Niagara and Kitchener-Waterloo, are not part of continental climate (Köppen Dfa/Dfb), according the GTA or the Toronto CMA, but form their own CMAs that to the Köppen climate classification. In winter, are in fairly close proximity to the GTA. Ultimately, all the which begins in December and ends in March, aforementioned places are part of the Golden Horseshoe typical high temperatures will range from −5 to 2 metropolitan region, an urban agglomeration, which is the °C (23 to 36 °F) and low temperatures from −11 fifth most populous in North America. When the Hamilton, to −6 °C (12 to 21 °F). Occasional cold spells Oshawa and Toronto CMAs are agglomerated with Brock and hold daytime highs below −10 °C (14 °F) for Scugog, they have a population of 6,170,072. It is part of several days, while low temperatures sometimes theGreat Lakes Megalopolis, containing an estimated 54 drop below −18 °C (0 °F). Mild spells are also a million people. feature of Toronto's winter, with temperatures occasionally surpassing 5 °C (41 °F) for several Geography days. Spring is short and often mild, although The Greater Toronto Area covers a total area of 7,125 km snow sometimes falls as late as April. Summer is (2,751 sq mi). The region itself is bordered by Lake Ontario warm, sometimes hot and humid and begins in to the south, Kawartha Lakes to the east, the Niagara June and ends in late September. High Escarpment to the west, and Lake Simcoe to the north. The temperatures typically range from 24 °C (75 °F) region creates a natural ecosystem known as the Greater to 31 °C (88 °F) while low temperatures hover Toronto Bioregion. around 15 °C (59 °F) in the suburbs and 18–20 °C (64–68 °F) downtown and near the lake. Vast parts of the region remain farmland and forests, making Although fairly sunny, summers do feature it one of the distinctive features of the geography of the GTA. occasional heavy, thundery showers. Heat wave Most of the urban areas in the GTA holds large urban forest. conditions featuring temperatures between 32 °C For the most part designated as parkland, the ravines are (90 °F) and 35 °C (95 °F) are not uncommon. largely undeveloped. Rouge Park is also one of the largest Temperatures are lower near the lake and higher nature parks within the core of a metropolitan area.Much of inland. Although rare, the mercury sometimes these areas also constitute the Toronto ravine system, and a rises above 38 °C (100 °F). Autumn alternates number of conservation areas in the region which are between wet and dry periods. Temperatures fall managed by Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. sharply in November and by December, cold and In 2005, the Government of Ontario also passed legislation to snowy weather is not uncommon. prevent urban development and sprawl on environmentally Markham also attracted the highest concentration sensitive land in the Greater Toronto Area, known as the

9 www.globalvillagefestival.ca extensive land base), towards more intensive enterprises of high tech companies in Canada, and because of it, has including greenhouse, floriculture, nursery, vegetable, positioned itself as Canada's High-Tech Capital. The fruit, sheep and goats. Greater Toronto Area is currently the second largest The most numerous farms types however in the GTA is automotive centre in North America (after Detroit). miscellaneous specialty farms (including horse and pony, Currently,General Motors, Ford and Chrysler run six sheep and lamb, and other livestock specialty), followed assembly plants in the area, with Honda and Toyota by cattle, grain and oilseed, dairy and field crop farms. having assembly plants just outside the GTA. General Although the output of dairy production has dropped with Motors, Ford, Honda, KIA, Mazda, Suzuki, Nissan, farms from within the GTA, dairy has remained the most Volkswagen, Toyota, Hyundai, Aston Martin, Jaguar, productive sector in the agricultural industry by annual Land Rover, Subaru, Volvo, BMW, and Mitsubishi have gross farm receipts. Despite the decreased amount of chosen the Greater Toronto Area for their Canadian farmland around the region, farm capital value increased headquarters. Magna International, the world's most from $5.2 billion in 1996 to $6.1 billion in 2001, making diversified car supplier, also has its headquarters located in the average farm capital value in the GTA continued to be Aurora. The entire automobile industry within the region the highest in the province.province. accounts for roughly 10% of the region's GDP.

Agriculture Mother tongue languages, Toronto CMA (2011) While it was once the most dominant industry for residents in the Greater Toronto Area, agriculture now English 57.0% 70.4% 58.6% Italian 3.2% 2.1% 1.3% occupies a small percentage of the population, but still a Cantonese 3.2% 1.5% 1.2% large part of land in the surrounding four regional Punjabi 3.0% 1.5% 1.4% Chinese 2.9% 1.6% 1.5% municipalities. Census data from 2006 has shown that Tagalog 2.5% 1.3% 0.9% there are 3,707 census farms in the GTA, down 4.2% Spanish 2.3% 1.5% 1.3% from 2001 and covering 274,363 hectares (677,970 acres). Urdu 2.2% 1.1% 0.6% Tamil 2.1% 1.0% 0.4% Almost every community in the GTA is currently Portuguese 2.0% 1.2% 0.7% experiencing a decrease in the acreage of farmland, with Mandarin 1.8% 1.0% 0.6% Mississauga seeing the most significant. The only French 1.6% 4.4% 22.0% Persian 1.5% 0.8% 0.5% communities in the GTA which are experiencing a growth Russian 1.4% 0.8% 0.5% in the acreage of farmland are Aurora, Georgina, Polish 1.4% 1.1% 0.6% Arabic 1.3% 1.2% 1.1% Newmarket, Oshawa, Richmond Hill and Scugog, with Gujarati 1.2% 0.6% 0.3% Markham experiencing neither any growth nor decline. Korean 1.0% 0.5% 0.4% Most of the farmland in the GTA is located in Durham Hindi 0.9% 0.4% 0.3% Vietnamese 0.9% 0.5% 0.5% Region, with 55% of their total land area being farmland. Greek 0.8% 0.5% 0.4% This is followed by York Region with 41% of their lands German 0.7% 1.2% 1.3% Bengali 0.6% 0.3% 0.2% being farm land, Peel Region with 34%, and Halton Ukrainian 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% Region with 41%. Toronto's remaining farmland is Romanian 0.5% 0.3% 0.3% completely withinRouge Park in the Rouge Valley. The Serbian 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% Croatian 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% average size of the farm in the GTA (183 acres (0.74 km) Somali 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% is much lower than the farms in the rest of Ontario Macedonian 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% (averaging 233 acres (0.94 km). This has been attributed Albanian 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% Turkish 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% to the shift of farm types in the GTA, shifting from the Armenian 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% traditional livestock and cash crop farms (requiring an Hebrew 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% Dutch 0.2% 0.5% 0.4% Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area

10 www.globalvillagefestival.ca History of Toronto

The history of Toronto, Canada begins several millennia ago. Archaeological finds in the area have found artifacts of First Nationssettlements dating back several thousand years. The Wyandot people were likely the first group to live in the area, followed by theIroquois. When Europeans first came to Toronto, they found a small village known as Teiaiagon on the banks of the Humber River. Between visits by European explorers, the village was abandoned by the Iroquois, who moved south of Lake Ontario and theMississaugas, a branch of the Ojibwa settled along the north shore of the lake.

The French first set up trading posts the in the area, including Fort Rouillé in Americans

1750, which they abandoned as the forcing the Image Source: William Armstrong (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Old_City_Hall.jpg) British conquered French North British to America. In 1788, the British retreat. The Americans, who lost continued to grow by annexing negotiated the first treaty to take their commanding officer in the outlying villages up until the early possession of the Toronto area from battle, sacked the town and burned 1900s. After World War II, another the Mississaugas. After the United down the government buildings, but major influx of immigrants came to States War of Independence, the area did not take possession of York. the region, leading to the growth of north of Lake Ontario was held by Peace came after only two years of numerous suburban villages. the British who set up the province the war which ended in a stalemate. However, the suburban villages did ofUpper Canada in 1791. In 1793, During peacetime, York steadily not have the tax base to build the Lieutenant Governor John Graves grew in population, although its infrastructure to support the growth Simcoe moved the capital of Upper infrastructure lagged, leading to the in population. To support the Canada to Toronto, which he named nickname of "Muddy York". As the suburban growth, the Government of York, not wanting an aboriginal village grew, tensions grew between Ontario set upMetropolitan Toronto, name. Simcoe originally planned for the ruling class in York and growing a regional government encompassing York to be a city and military outpost merchant and worker classes who Toronto and its suburbs, in 1954. The and set up a capital in the area of advocated for reforms. York was regional government built roads, London, Ontario, but he abandoned incorporated and renamed Toronto in water treatment and highways in the plan and York was named the 1834, leading to the first Toronto Toronto, although the central city permanent capital in 1796. The elections. Toronto's first mayor remained the largest municipality Mississaugas set up a settlement William Lyon Mackenzie, a and occasionally defeated regional reserve in the area of Port Credit to reformer, persisted in his efforts to projects, such as the Spadina the west of York, and eventually reform Upper Canada, culminating Expressway and other expressways moved further to the west. in his organization of a rebellion in and the clearing of the Toronto 1837. Upper Canada forces defeated Islands. In the second half of the Simcoe only lived in York for three the rebels, and Mackenzie and others 20th century, Toronto surpassed years, but he directed its initial fled to the United States. Montreal as Canada's largest city and settlement on a gridiron layout near became the economic capital of the the mouth of the Don River. In 1797, Peace again returned to Toronto and country. In 1998, the "megacity" of the garrison which became Fort York the city steadily grew during the 19th Toronto was formed by the was built at the entrance to Toronto century, a major port of distribution dissolution of the regional Harbour. Tensions between the as Upper Canada was settled. government and the amalgamation of British and Americans persisted and Toronto businesses grew including the Toronto municipalities into one war broke out in 1812. In 1813, the the meat packing business, leading to municipality. garrison was attacked and overrun by the nickname of "Hogtown". Toronto

11 www.globalvillagefestival.ca In the 21st Century, Toronto has to the village ofTeiaiagon. Another is became a hot spot for French fur integrated the core and the suburbs that the term is from the Mohawk traders. In 1710, Captain Alexandre under one government, although word tkaronto meaning "where there Dagneau established a trading post many bylaws enacted by the former are trees standing in the water", on the Humber River near the Lake municipalities remain in effect. A which could refer to either Toronto Ontario shore to counter British division has persisted between the Bay (Toronto Harbour) or Lake trade. The French established interests of those who live in the Simcoe, Lake Simcoe being at one another trading post in 1750 on the former suburbs and those of the time known as Lake Toronto. As the Humber River. It was successful central core. The central core has portage route grew in use, the name enough to encourage the French to seen unprecedented office growth became more widely used and was establish Fort Rouillé, on the current and residential growth, particularly eventually attached to a French Exhibition Grounds in 1751. After of condominium apartments, while trading fort just inland from Lake the fall of Fort Frontenac and Fort the former suburbs and further Ontario on the Humber. Niagara, it was abandoned in 1759, outlying suburbs have seen the bulk Part of this confusion can be and by 1760 the British had defeated of new industrial investment. A attributed to the succession of the French who withdrew from what major metropolis of over 2.5 million peoples who lived in the area during would later become Canada in 1763. persons, Toronto is also one of the the 17th century and before: the In 1760, Robert Rogers, with an most diverse ethnically in the world. Neutral,Seneca, Mohawk, Cayuga army of two hundred men and a All of this growth took place on the and Wendat nations. The flotilla of fifteen whale boats came to lands of the original Toronto Mississaugas arrived in the late 17th secure Toronto for the British. Purchase, of which final agreement or early 18th century, driving out the From 1776 to 1783, United Empire was only finally reached between the occupying Iroquois, and settling Loyalists, American colonists who Mississaugas and the Government of along the Lake Ontario shore, refused to accept being divorced Canada in 2010. including the Port Credit area. from the United Kingdom after the American Revolution, or who felt Pre-European period Early European settlement unwelcome in the new republic of Toronto is located on the northern European settlement in central the United States, fled from the shore of Lake Ontario, and was Canada was quite limited before newly formed United States to the originally a term of indeterminate 1775, amounting to only a few mostly unsettled lands north of Lake geographical location, designating families, but it began growing Erie and Lake Ontario; some had the approximate area of the future quickly in the aftermath of the fought in the British army and were city of Toronto on maps dating to the American Revolution. Although he paid with land in the region. In 1787, late 17th and early 18th century. left no written record, it is believed the British negotiated the purchase of Eventually, the name was anchored that the first European to set foot on more than a quarter million acres to the mouth of the Humber River, the shores ofLake Ontario in the (1,000 km²) of land in the area of the end of the Toronto Carrying- vicinity of what is now Toronto was Toronto with the Mississaugas of Place Trail portage route from French explorer Étienne Brûlé. New Credit. After surveying the Georgian Bay; this is where the city Toronto was very crucial for its land, the Mississaugas objected to of Toronto is located today. series of trails and water routes that the purchase and it was declared There are several explanations for led from northern and western invalid. Another agreement would be the source and meaning of the name Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. made in 1805, but this agreement too "Toronto". One claim is that the Known as the "Toronto Passage", it fell into dispute, and was only origin is the Seneca wordGiyando, followed the Humber River as an eventually settled two centuries later meaning "on the other side", which important overland shortcut between in 2010 for CA$145 million. A was the place where the Humber Lake Ontario and the upper Great townsite was surveyed in 1788 by River narrows at the foot of the pass Lakes. For this reason, Toronto Captain Gother Mann, and laid out in

12 www.globalvillagefestival.ca a gridiron, with government and small river on the inland side today's Kingston Road. Russell military buildings around a central (Garrison Creek). Rejecting Mann's established the first jail. He expanded square. town plan, Simcoe had another town the town westward and northward plan set up. This was a more and during his term, the first St. Town of York compact plan, a gridiron settlement Lawrence Market was built in 1803. In May 1793, Lieutenant-Colonel of ten square blocks, closer to the The first church of what was to John Graves Simcoe, the first eastern end of the harbour, entirely become today's St. James Cathedral lieutenant-governor of the newly behind the peninsula, near what is was built in 1807. When Russell died organized province of Upper now Parliament Street. The ten in 1808, the town's population was Canada, visited Toronto for the first blocks are known today as the "Old now up to 500. time. Simcoe was unhappy with the Town" neighbourhood. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, then-capital of Upper Canada During Simcoe's time in Toronto, York was attacked and partially Newark, and proposed moving it to two main roads were laid out in the burned by American forces led by the site of present-day London, city Dundas Street, named after Sir Zebulon Pike. Fort York was lightly Ontario but was dissuaded by the Henry Dundas and Yonge Street, manned at the time, and realizing difficulty of building a road to the named after Sir George Yonge, the that a defence was impossible, the location. Rejecting Kingston, the British Secretary of State for War. troops retreated and set fire to the choice of British Governor Lord The Queen's Rangers and magazine. It exploded as the US Dorchester, the Toronto purchase site conscripted German settlers hacked forces were entering the fort, killing was then chosen by Simcoe on July out the wagon path of Yonge Street Pike and a contingent of his men. In 29, 1793, as the temporary capital of as far north as the Holland River. return, the forces sacked the town Upper Canada. Simcoe and his wife Government buildings were erected and burned the Parliament Buildings. set up in a large tent at the water's near Parliament and Front Street. After the US forces departed, a new edge near the foot of today's Bathurst Simcoe had hoped to found a and much stronger fort was Street. Toronto would remain university in York during his time constructed several hundred yards to "temporary" in status until 1796. but was successful in establishing the west of the original position. The town, which Simcoe named law courts in York. Labour was in Another American attack in 1814 "York", rejecting the aboriginal short supply, and slaves were still was defeated, the landing force never name, was built within a large allowed at this time, but Simcoe being able to approach the shoreline. protected bay formed by the Toronto arranged for the gradual abolition of Due to land reclamation, this fort Islands, which – at the time – was a slavery, passing legislation banning now lies hundreds of metres inland. long sandy peninsula, which formed any further slaves, and the children After the Napoleonic Wars, York a large natural harbour, featuring a of slaves would be freed when they experienced an influx of poor great wetland marsh – fed by the reached their 25th birthday. Due to immigrants from the United Don River – at the eastern end (long ill health, Simcoe returned to Kingdom, which was in a since filled in), with the only opening England in July 1796 on leave, but depression. The area to the northeast to the lake at the western end (it was did not return and he gave up his of St. James' became a slum. York only later, in 1858, that the "Eastern position in 1799. By this time, York had a red-light district on Lombard Gap", was punched through the was estimated to have a population Street and numerous taverns sprung peninsula by a storm, creating the of 240 persons. up around St. Lawrence Market. true Island). This large natural Peter Russell was named harbour was defended with the administrator by Simcoe. Between Early Toronto construction of a garrison (later to be 1799 and 1800, a road was The town was incorporated on known as Fort York), guarding the constructed east of Toronto to the March 6, 1834, reverting to the name entrance on what was then a high mouth of the Trent River by Asa Toronto to distinguish it from New point on the water's edge, with a Danforth. This was the making of York City, as well as about a dozen

13 www.globalvillagefestival.ca other localities named 'York' in the interrupted Mayor Mackenzie "to Hospital at the northwest corner of province (including the county in propose to the Meeting a vote of King Street and John Street. The which Toronto was situated), and to censure on his conduct as Mayor." In epidemic also killed the first Bishop disassociate itself from the negative the resulting pandemonium, the two of Toronto, Michael Power, while connotation of dirty Little York, a sides agreed that they would hold a providing care and ministering to common nickname for the town by second meeting the next day. The Irish immigrants fleeing the Great its residents. William Lyon Tories called the meeting for three in Famine. Mackenzie was its first mayor. the afternoon so that the working The April 7, 1849 Cathedral Fire The new Reform-dominated class "mechanics" would not be able destroyed the "Market Block" north municipal council quickly set to to attend. The inability of the of Market Square and St. Lawrence work to correct the problems left mechanics to attend was their saving Market, as well as the first St. James' unchecked by the old Court of grace, for the meeting ended in a Cathedral and a portion of Toronto's Quarter Sessions. Unsurprisingly for terrible tragedy when the packed first City Hall. While Toronto had a "Muddy York", the new civic gallery overlooking Market Square firefighting brigade and two fire corporation made roads a priority. collapsed, pitching the onlookers halls, the force could not stop the This ambitious road improvement into the butcher's stalls below, killing large fire and many businesses were scheme put the new council in a four and injuring dozens. The Tory lost. A period of rebuilding followed. difficult position; good roads were press immediately placed the blame After the Upper Canada Rebellion, expensive, yet the incorporation bill on Mackenzie, even though he didn't resentments between the ruling had limited the ability of the council attend. The Toronto mechanics, factions of the Family Compact and to raise taxes. An inequitable ironically spared the carnage because the Reform elements in Toronto taxation system placed an unfair of the hour at which the meeting was continued. As Irish and other burden on the poorer members of the appointed, did not appear to be Catholics migrated to Toronto and community. Mackenzie decided to swayed by the tory press. In the became a larger part of the take the matter directly to the October 1834 provincial elections, population, the Orange Order citizens and called a public meeting Mackenzie was overwhelmingly representing Protestant elements at the Market Square on July 29, elected in the second riding of York; loyal to the British Crown fought to 1834 "for six, that being the hour at Sheriff William Jarvis, running in the keep control of the ruling which the Mechanicks and labouring city of Toronto, lost to reformer government and civil services. The classes can most conveniently attend James Edward Small by the slim police constabulary and the fire without breaking on a day's labour." margin of 252 to 260 votes. Toronto departments were controlled through Mackenzie met with organized was the site of the key events of the patronage and were under Orange resistance, as the newly resurrected Upper Canada Rebellion in 1837, led control. Orange elements were "British Constitutional Society", with by Mackenzie. known to use violence against William H. Draper as president, Tory In 1841, the first gas street lamps Catholics and Reformers and were aldermen Carfrae, Monro and appeared in Toronto. Over 100 were immune to prosecution. It would not Denison as vice-presidents, and installed that year, in time for author be until the 20th Century that common councilman and newspaper Charles Dickens' visit in May 1842. Toronto would have its first Catholic publisher George Gurnett as Dickens described Toronto as "full of mayor. secretary, met the night before, and life, motion, business and "from 150 to 200 of the most improvement. The streets are well- Latter 19th century respectable portion of the community paved and lighted with gas." Dickens Toronto grew rapidly in the late 19th assembled and unanimously resolved was on a North American tour. century, the population increasing to meet the Mayor upon his own During the Typhus epidemic of 1847, from 30,000 in 1851 to 56,000 in invitation." Sheriff William Jarvis 863 Irish immigrants died of typhus 1871, 86,400 in 1881 and 181,000 in took over the meeting and at fever sheds built at the Toronto 1891. The total urbanized population

14 www.globalvillagefestival.ca was not counted as it is today to to its beaches. At the time, Toronto's close ties to basic science, and in include the greater area, those just own beaches were far too polluted to 1904 it also merged into the outside the city limits made for a use, largely a side effect of dumping University of Toronto Faculty of significantly higher population. The garbage directly in the lake. Other Medicine. 1891 figure also included population radial lines connected to suburbs. Toronto modernized and counted after recent annexations of As the city grew, it became bounded professionalized its public services in many smaller, adjacent towns such by the Humber River to the west, and the late 19th and early 20th as Parkdale, Brockton Village, West the Don River to the east. Several centuries. No service was changed Toronto, East Toronto, and others. smaller rivers and creeks in the more dramatically than the Toronto Immigration, high birth rates and downtown area were routed into Police. The introduction of influx from the surrounding rural culverts and sewers and the land emergency telephone call boxes population accounted for much of filled in above them, including linked to a central dispatcher, plus this growth, although immigration bothGarrison Creek and Taddle bicycles, motorcycles and had slowed substantially by the Creek, the latter running through the automobiles shifted the patrolman's 1880s if compared to the generation University of Toronto. Much of duties from passively walking the prior. Castle Frank Brook became covered beat to fast reaction to reported Rail lines came to the waterfront during this time. At the time, they incidents, as well as handling harbour area in the 1850s. A planned were being used as open sewers, and automobile traffic. After the Great "Esplanade" land-fill project to were becoming a serious health Fire of 1849, Toronto improved its create a promenade along the problem. The re-configuration of the fire code. This was followed by an harbour, instead became a new right- Don River mouth to expansion of the fire of-way for the rail lines, which make a ship channel services and the eventual extended to new wharves on the and lake shore formation of Toronto Fire harbour. Three railway companies reclamation project Services in 1874. built lines to Toronto: the Grand occurred in the 1880s, In 1879, the first Toronto

Trunk Railway, (GTR) the Great again largely driven 1845 Toronto City Hall building Industrial Exhibition was Western Railway and Northern by sanitary concerns at Front and Jarvis held. A provincial

Railway of Canada. The GTR built and establishing Image Source: Agricultural Fair was held Toronto Public Library the first Union Station in 1858 in the effective port https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: in Ontario on a rotating downtown area. The advent of the commerce. Toronto Toronto_City_Hall_1868.jpg basis since the 1850s, and railway dramatically increased the had two medical after Toronto held the 1878 numbers of immigrants arriving and schools, both independent: Trinity exhibition at King and Shaw streets, commerce, as had the Lake Ontario Medical School and the Toronto it wanted to hold the fair again. The steamers and schooners entering the School of Medicine (TSM). During request was turned down and the port. The railway lands would the 1880s, the TSM added Industrial Exhibition was organized. dominate the central waterfront for instructors, expanded its curriculum, The City arranged a lease of the the next 100 years. In 1873, GTR and focused on clinical instruction. garrison commons and moved its built a second Union Station at the Enrollments grew at both schools. Crystal Palace building to the site. same location. Critics found proprietary schools Eventually, the garrison commons New rail transportation networks lacking especially for their failure to became taken over by the Exhibition were built in Toronto, including an offer sufficient instruction in the and the annual exhibition continues extensive streetcar network in the basic sciences. In 1887, the TSM today as the Canadian National city (still operational), plus long- became the medical faculty of the Exhibition. The grounds became distance railways and radial lines. University of Toronto, increasing its Exhibition Place and hold sports One radial line ran mostly along emphasis on research within the venues, exhibition venues, trade and Yonge Street for about 80 km to medical curriculum. Trinity realized convention space used year-round. Lake Simcoe, and allowed day trips that its survival depended as well on Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Toronto

15 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Municipal government of Toronto

The municipal government of Toronto, or City of Toronto, is a public corporation providing services to Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is administered by 44 elected councillors (representing around 55,000 people each), who along with the mayor, make up the Toronto City Council. Torontonians elect a new council every four years, in October.

Administration Manager. The following senior staff CA$2.0 billion for special purpose The City of Toronto is legally bound report to the City Manager: bodies including the Toronto Public by the City of Toronto Act, an Five Directors Library and Toronto Zoo, CA$1.7 Ontario law. It lays down the three Deputy City Managers billion of directly controlled money, division of powers, responsibilities (including one as Chief and CA$900 million for capital and required duties of the Financial Officer) financing and other programs. corporation. The City Council is the 22 Directors (including The city's net debt stood at $4.4 only power able to enact Toronto Executive Directors, Acting ED, billion as of the end of 2010 and has laws, known as "by-laws", which Project Directors) an AA credit rating from Standard & govern the actions of the corporation · 11 Managers (including Poor's, and an Aa1 credit rating from and/or matters within its jurisdiction, General Managers, Acting Moody's. Toronto is expected to pay such as administration of the General Managers) $400 million of the debt in 2011. The Canadian Criminal Codewithin its one Treasurer city's debt increased by $721 million borders. The Council itself forms three Officers (Chief in 2010. several committees after every Information Officer, Chief election to divide the administration Corporate Officer, Medical History of the corporation. The Council also Officer of Health) The City of Toronto was forms several "Community City officials reporting directly to incorporated in 1834, succeeding Councils" which hear matters City Council: York, which was administered relating to narrower, district issues, Auditor General directly by the then-province of such as building permits and Integrity Commissioner Upper Canada. The new city was developments requiring changes to Lobbyists Registrar administered by an elected council, zoning by-laws. Community Council Ombudsman which served a one-year term. The decisions, as well as those of the City Solicitor first mayor, chosen by the elected Mayor, must be approved by City City Clerk councillors, was William Lyon Council at regular sessions. Mackenzie. The first law passed was The top civil servant in the Finances "an Act for the preventing & corporation is the City Manager, who The City of Toronto represents the extinguishing of Fires". The first reports to the Mayor and City fifth largest municipal government in mayor directly elected to the post Council. Prior to 2005, the city had North America, and has an operating was Adam Wilson, elected in 1859. various departments headed by budget of CA$7.8 billion. The most Through 1955 the term of office for Commissioners. These heads were recent operating budget was the mayor and council was one year; simplified by replacing the composed of CA$2.5 billion of it then varied between two and three departments with divisions headed funds from the Government of years until a four-year term was by Deputy Manager. All department Ontario for purposes they mandate adopted starting in 2006. (See List of heads now report to the City such as Toronto Public Health, Toronto municipal elections.)

16 www.globalvillagefestival.ca To finance operations, the This new municipality could borrow Etobicoke, North York, East York, municipality levied property taxes. In money on its own for capital projects York, and Scarborough were 1850, Toronto also started levying and it received taxes from all amalgamated into Toronto the income taxes. Toronto levied personal municipalities including Toronto, "megacity". Mel Lastman, the long- income taxes until 1936, and which meant that the Toronto tax time mayor of North York before the corporate income taxes until 1944. base was now available to support amalgamation, was the first mayor Until 1914, Toronto grew by the suburban growth. The new (62nd overall) of the new "megacity" annexing neighbouring regional government built highways, of Toronto, which is the successor of municipalities such as Parkdale and water systems and public transit, the previous City of Toronto. Seaton Village. After 1914, Toronto while the thirteen townships, Existing by-laws of the individual stopped annexing bordering villages, towns, and cities continued municipalities were retained until municipalities, although some to provide some local services to such time that new city-wide by-laws municipalities overwhelmed by growth their residents. To manage the yearly could be written and enacted. New requested it. After World War II, an upkeep of the new infrastructure, the city-wide by-laws have been extensive group of suburban villages new regional government levied its enacted, although many of the and townships surrounded Toronto. own property tax, collected by the individual differences were Change to the legal structure came in local municipalities. continued, applying only to the 1954, with the creation of the On January 1, 1967, several of the districts where the by-laws applied, Municipality of Metropolitan smaller municipalities were such as winter sidewalk clearing, and Toronto (known more popularly as amalgamated with larger ones, garbage pickup. The existing city "Metro") in 1954. This new regional reducing their number to six. Forest halls of the various municipalities government, which encompassed Hill and Swansea became part of were retained by the new Toronto and the smaller communities Toronto; Long Branch, Mimico, and corporation. The City of York's civic of East York, Etobicoke, Forest Hill, New Toronto joined Etobicoke; centre became a court office. The Leaside, Long Branch, Mimico, New Weston merged with York; and existing 1965 City Hall of Toronto Toronto, North York,Scarborough, Leaside amalgamated with East became the city hall of the new Swansea, Weston and York, was York. This arrangement lasted until megacity, while the "city hall" of the created by the Government of 1998, when the regional level of Metro government is used as Ontario to support suburban growth. government was abolished and municipal office space. Divisions

 Toronto Support Services Division  Toronto Police Service  Social Development  Toronto Solid Waste Management  Toronto EMS  Employment & Social Services  Toronto Water  Toronto Fire Services  Facilities & Real Estate  Toronto Technical Services Division  Toronto (CAN-TF3) Heavy Urban  Finance & Administration  Toronto Transportation Services Search and Rescue - unit with the  Special Events Division emergency services (police, re,  Financial Planning  Toronto Homes for the Aged Division EMS)  Special Projects  Toronto Children's Services Division  Accounting Services  Strategic Communications  Toronto Employment and Social  Affordable Housing Of ce  Fleet Services Services Division  Pension, Payroll & Employee Bene ts  Human Resources  Toronto Parks, Forestry and  Policy, Planning, Finance &  Toronto Building Recreation Division Administration  Human Rights Of ce  Toronto Shelter, Support & Housing  City Clerk's Of ce  Toronto Environment Of ce Administration Division  Toronto Public Health  Information & Technology  Toronto Economic Development and  City Planning  Toronto Of ce of Partnerships Culture Division  Purchasing & Materials Management  Legal Services  Toronto Public Library  Corporate Finance  Licensing & Standards  Emergency Services Division  Revenue Services  Waterfront Secretariat  Toronto Hydro  Court Services  Of ce of Emergency Management Corporations Bodies  Toronto Community Housing  Toronto District School Board Toronto Parking Authority

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_government_of_Toronto

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5292 Yonge St FOR INQUIRIES OR APPOINTMENTS: North York, Ontario M2N 5P9 CALL: 416-223-6666 South of Finch Ave W & North of Sheppard Ave E EMAIL: [email protected] (Closest subway station is North York Centre) Geography of Toronto

The geography of the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, covers an area of 630 km(243 sq mi) and is bounded by Lake Ontario to the south, Etobicoke Creek and Highway 427to the west, Steeles Avenue to the north, and the Rouge River to the east. In addition to Etobicoke Creek and the Rouge River, the city is trisected by two minor rivers and their tributaries, the Humber River in the west end and the Don River east of downtown. Both flow southward to Lake Ontario at Humber Bay and Toronto Harbour respectively, which are part of the longer Waterfront. The concentration and protection of Toronto's ravines allows for large tracts of densely forested valleys with recreational trails within the city. Approximately 26–28% of Toronto is covered with over 10 million trees, a fairly high percentage within a large city in North America and there are ambitious proposals to double the coverage.

The shoreline of the former includes many watersheds Frankfurt; Melbourne; Seoul Lake Iroquois is a major that drain into Lake Ontario. and London, UK. west−east geological feature, Some parts of Toronto, such which was formed at the end as High Park and the lower Climate of the last glacial period. In Humber River are located in Toronto's continental climate the west end, Davenport Road the most northern parts of the is moderated by Lake follows the ancient shoreline Carolinian forest zone found Ontario; its climate is among with the steps to Casa Loma in North America. the mildest in Canada east of rising above and downtown In March 2005, the the Rocky Mountains. skyscrapers clearly visible to Government of Ontario Downtown Toronto sits in a the southeast. It merges with unveiled the boundaries of a pocket of the humid current Lake Ontario greenbelt around the Greater continental climate (Köppen shoreline at the Scarborough Toronto Area, a 7,200 climate classification Dfa) Bluffs promontory. km(2,800 sq mi) area zone found at the south- Toronto's immediate stretching from Niagara Falls western end of Lake Ontario neighbours are Mississauga to Peterborough. The green covering the southern part of and Brampton within the belt is designed to curb urban the city – including Regional Municipality of sprawl and to preserve downtown, where the annual Peel, Vaughan and Markham valuable natural areas and average temperature exceeds within the Regional farmland surrounding the 9 °C (48 °F). It is located in Municipality of York, and city. However, some types of hardiness zone 7a.There is a Pickering within the Regional development including high degree of variability Municipality of Durham. The detached single residential, from year to year and Greater Toronto Area (GTA) quarries and commercial sometimes even over a period includes theregional facilities continue to get of days, particularly during municipalities of Halton, approved, exerting pressure the winter months. Peel, York and Durham. and population growth on the Lake Ontario's water The GTA is part of a larger, Greenbelt. Toronto is the temperature varies due to natural ecosystem known as latest in a line of cities that upwelling of colder water or the Greater Toronto have implemented growth warmer pools of surface Bioregion. This ecosystem is boundaries of some kind as a water creating very localized bounded by Lake Ontario, method of restricting urban thermal contrast; the deeper theNiagara Escarpment, and growth, including waters of the lake, far from the Oak Ridges Moraine, and Ottawa;Portland, Oregon; the shore, remain at a near

Background Image Source: This is a picture clicked by Swatigsood of the Scarborough Bluffs in August 2006 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ScarboroughBluffs10.jpg

19 www.globalvillagefestival.ca constant water temperature of 4 °C Winter and snowfall the downtown Toronto weather (39 °F), the effect of which is either Despite being cold, extended snow station at the University of Toronto cooling or warming (in winter). This free periods occur in most winter (Trinity College near Queens Park) creates generally warmer nights seasons and precipitation can be recorded an average season's worth through the colder season. When rainfall with temperatures sometimes of 118.4 cm (46.6 in) of snow, much offshore winds occur in summer, climbing above 10 °C (50 °F). of it lake effect from Lake Ontario they warm as they blow toward the Average winter snowfall is 121.5 cm and a monthly record for January, lakeshore in the evening; conversely, (47.8 in) at the weather station in but fell short of the snowiest month the cooling effect by the lake is most Downtown Toronto and 108.5 cm overall March 1870, with 158.5 cm pronounced on spring afternoons, (42.72 in) at Toronto Pearson (62.4 in), of which 89 cm (35.0 in) which affects Toronto even more International Airport. fell over a 5-day span. February than other cities on the Great Lakes The average January 2008 set a record a snowfall record as during spring onshore east to maximum/minimum is −1 °C (30 for the month with 76.8 cm (30.2 in) southeast winds are predominant, on °F)/−7 °C (19 °F) in the city.There falling at the airport. The winter of some days, the temperatures can be are usually a few colder periods 2007–08 brought accumulated as much as 10°C (18°F) cooler than where temperatures remain below seasonal snowfall totals of 209.7 cm areas located far enough away from −10 °C (14 °F) and less frequently (82.6 in) downtown and 194.0 cm the Lake Ontario, an effect that below −20 °C (−4 °F) at night (76.4 in) at the airport. The heavy wanes by summer when the (especially in the northern suburbs), winter snows, in combination with dominant windflow becomes more with wind chills making it feel like record rains during June–July of that southwesterly. −30. year made 2008 the wettest year on Springs and autumns are briefer than These storms can produce strong the climate record with over 1,070 summers and winters, and feature easterly driven winds that fetch mm (42.1 in) of total precipitation. varied weather with alternating additional moisture from Lake On the opposite extreme, the winter periods of dry, sunny weather and Ontario. They frequently come with of 2011–12 had the lowest seasonal rain. Many days in these seasons are a volatile mix of snow, ice pellets, snowfall total with 41.8 cm (16.5 in). sunny with pleasant rather than freezing rain and sometimes just March 2012 was the warmest March warm or cold temperatures. Nights ordinary rain, all of which can on record. The least snowfall in a are generally cool, but frosts are rare. disrupt transportation, and in severe calendar year was 2006, with only Snow can fall in early spring or late cases, interrupt power supply. A 32.4 cm (12.8 in). The El Niño fall but usually melts quickly after sustained freezing rain event influenced winter of 2009–10 had contact with the ground. At these occurred on December 22, 2013 52.4 cm (20.6 in), March 2010 changeable times of the year, plunging 30% of the city into recorded no measurable snow, the temperature contrasts (up to 30 °C darkness, some until after Christmas first such occurrence in any March (54 °F) in extreme cases) can occur Day. since 1946, this was followed by the within a short period due to rapidly Such storms can also produce large warmest April ever on record. changing air masses that sweep snowfall amounts, higher totals across the continent. Toronto's found in areas closer to Lake Summer weather is affected by the relative Ontario, sometimes falling over a Maximum temperatures typically position of the polar jet stream and series of days or weeks creating range from 23 to 31 °C (73 to 88 °F) storm track, both of which pass over havoc. On January 13, 1999, former with moderate to high humidity, the area with some frequency. Toronto mayor Mel Lastman called proximity to Lake Ontario and the Annual average precipitation is 831 in the Canadian Armed Forces to other lakes contribute to summer mm (32.72 in). assist with snow removal and moisture content but far away clearing streets. Within twelve days, sources like the Gulf of Mexico also

20 www.globalvillagefestival.ca factor in. Temperatures over 32 °C The tropical storm remnant of 26 °C (79 °F) still holds as the (90 °F) occur but usually no longer Hurricane Hazel caused 81 deaths in warmest month. At the airport, the than over a period of a few days and October 1954 due to flooding that highest monthly maximum average they very rarely exceed 38 °C (100 swept homes along river banks into was 31.2 °C (88 °F) in July 1955. °F). Night temperatures generally Lake Ontario. A sudden hover close to 20 °C (68 °F) in the downburstduring a strong Upward temperature trend city but during hotter spells can thunderstorm was believed to have Based on public records provided by remain closer to 25 °C (77 °F). played a contributing factor in the Environment Canada, the average Summer heat episodes are usually Air France Flight 358 crash in annual temperature has increased 1.5 broken by cooler, drier periods not August 2005 and just a few weeks °C (2.7 °F) at Pearson Airport over experienced further south on the later record-breaking intense rainfall, the last decade as compared to the continent. But intense heat episodes the worst since Hazel, deluged north- thirty−year normals from pose a health risk to some as they central sections of the city within a 1971–2000, more of this increase often arrive with high humidity and couple of hours resulting in record occurred at night: the average dangerous levels of airborne smog. insurance claims. Some rain gauges minimum temperature was 1.9 °C Summer thunderstorms are a regular recorded 175 mm (7") of rain, over (3.4 °F) higher last decade. Average occurrence and can pop up quickly, 100 mm (4") in just one hour. precipitation during the same period especially west and north of the city Another large rainstorm with intense, was close to the average of the in areas more prone to the "lake record rainfall amounts struck a wide previous period, snowfall totals breeze front" or "lake breeze swath of the city during the down only marginally with slightly thunderstorms" phenomenon, in afternoon rush hour on July 8, 2013 higher rainfall. By month in order, which intense, sharply defined squall flooding city streets, subway tunnels, the largest mean temperature lines develop quickly on summer basements and knocking out power increases occurred in September, afternoons amplified by localized for over 2 million residents, August, January, April and wind patterns between the Great stranding commuters, some having November while only a marginal Lakes.These storms sometimes move to be rescued from a submerged average increase was observed for into the city causing localized train. A daily rainfall record of 126.4 May. Part of this warming is likely flooding, intense lightning and mm (5") was set at Pearson Airport, attributed to increased urban growth severe winds knocking down trees most falling in an hour and a half. surrounding the airport. and powerlines. Flood insurance claims are likely to An older study conducted in the Severe weather and records exceed the 2005 storm due to a wider 1990s analysed the heat island effect In addition to snowstorms, ice area affected. comparing data from selected storms, windstorms and heavy During the 1936 North American regional stations, including both rainfall events associated with heat wave, downtown temperatures Downtown Toronto and Pearson tropical storms, very severe in Toronto exceeded 40 °C (104 °F) Airport. thunderstorms or tornadoes are rare, on three consecutive days (July 8 – The table below is preliminary but do occur. Tornado warnings have July 10), The city was ill equipped at average temperature data for the last been posted for the city on a few that time to handle such a prolonged decade provided by Environment occasions in the past few years, extreme heat wave, and heat stroke Canada's climate database. It might however no touchdowns have been claimed 225 lives in the city,not be noted that the decades between confirmed in the city since a weak counting indirect deaths from causes the 1930-1950s were warmer in tornado hitScarborough in the such as drowning.The hottest month Toronto than the period from the mid−1990s. A pair of dangerous F2 recorded, however, was July 1921, 1960s through to the first half of the tornados did touchdown in when the average maximum 1990s, a large part of the latter neighbouring Vaughan on August 20 temperature downtown was 31.7 °C timespan is included in the during the 2009 tornado season. (89 °F), and a mean temperature of 1971–2000 climate averages.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Toronto

21 www.globalvillagefestival.ca History of neighbourhoods in Toronto

Throughout its history, Toronto has been a city divided into many communities and neighbourhoods. As An 1837 planned extension of the New Town, showing the city has grown, new neighbourhoods have been created out of primarily agricultural land. Over the area west of Peter Street to Garrison Creek at time, the neighbourhoods within existing areas have also been altered and rearranged. The variety and Niagara Road. breadth of neighbourhoods within the city has led to the moniker "the city of neighbourhoods". Image Source: Toronto Public Library

New Town and Old Town variety of still existing landmarks farms that covered most of the Before incorporation as a city in including three subway stations. As region. These tended to develop at 1834, Toronto was known as York. Toronto grew, more wards were the intersection of two concession For about two decades from its created, still named after prominent roads and were usually based around inception in 1793, most residents saints. St. James Ward is preserved a post office or a small church. settled in an area bounded by in the modern St. James Town present-day Jarvis and Parliament neighbourhood, while the northern Railway towns streets, south of Queen Street East ward of St. Paul's has continued to In the second half of the nineteenth (then known as Lot Street), and north the present as a federal and century, several rail lines were built of Front Street, which at the time provincial electoral district. across the Toronto area. This led to was at the waterfront. By 1815, this another group of towns being area was known as Old Town, as a Rural villages founded as rail lines and rail stations new neighbourhood formed to its Early 19th century Toronto was a quickly became focal points for the west. Extending from present-day town of a few thousand people. Most creation of new towns and Jarvis street to Peter Street (and Blue of the rest of the region that today neighbourhoods. The most important Jay Way), south of Queen Street makes up the city was rural farmland was the Grand Trunk Railway line West and north of Front Street, this dotted with small villages. Some running along the shore of Lake became known as New Town. towns such as Norway, Ontario have Ontario. The central Union Station Sparsely populated in 1815, New disappeared leaving only a few was the meeting point of a number of Town grew rapidly during the 1820s traces, but many others, such as lines, and this contributed to the and 1830s, and a rivalry formed Malvern and Wexford have become growth of industry throughout the between the two neighbourhoods, well known neighbourhoods in the area between Queen Street and the especially for the location of the Toronto suburbs. On the main routes lakeshore. East and west of Parliament Buildings. leaving the city, small inns and downtown, the major stations were taverns were established, often established at Parkdale and Riverside The early ward system around the toll booths that were South, they both became centres of The earliest Toronto neighbourhoods placed on the early highways and activity. Hotels, such as the were the five municipal wards that these often developed into small Gladstone and New Broadview the city was split into in 1834. The towns. There were three main routes House, opened to serve travellers. wards were named for the patron out of the city:Kingston Road Parts of town that had once been saints of the four nations of the leading to the east, Yonge Street home to small rural communities British Isles (St. George, St. Andrew, going north, and Dundas Street were transformed by the railway into St. Patrick, and St. David) and St. heading west. Weston Road was major industrial areas. To the Lawrence, the patron saint of another early route that saw some northwest of the city, the small towns Canada. Today, only St. Lawrence communities develop. A second type of Carleton and Davenport were remains a well-known of town that developed in the subsumed into The Junction and it neighbourhood name. The others hinterland surrounding early Toronto became the site of many large have attached their names to a were small towns to support the factories and warehouses. To the

22 www.globalvillagefestival.ca east, the towns of Strangford and into another important name of the park it surrounds having Mortlake became known as neighbourhood just to the east. been changed the same way. Scarborough Junction. Middle and upper class residents left In 1925, the Post Office divided Further away from town, the the core and moved into new areas Toronto into ten postal zones (see railways also altered geography. further out, creating a number of map), in an effort to facilitated mail New communities developed around new neighbourhoods. A ring of sorting in an era before postal codes. railway yards and facilities to house former farmland around the city was There was no obligation to use the the workers. The largest of these thus developed into new residential zone numbers, and were originally wasEast Toronto, which developed areas. These included The Annex, not widely adopted. After the east of the city around the Grand named for its annexation to the city Second World War, the zone Trunk's main yards. In the eastern of Toronto, and the former village of numbers did begin to be used part of Scarborough, Irish railway Yorkville. This process accelerated extensively. The postal districts workers built up the town of West considerably at the end of the became one of the primary ways of Hill. The existing small town of century with the introduction of the dividing up the city. Residents Leaside grew rapidly after a streetcar. The streetcar allowed frequently described themselves as maintenance yard was built nearby. residents living outside the central living in Toronto 2 or Toronto 10. business district to travel to work The system was retained until 1971, Urban slums and with ease. New areas, with gradual modification. New streetcar suburbs again mostly middle and zones were added as the city By the end of the 19th upper class, grew up expanded outwards and downtown century, the centre of old along the streetcar lines zones were subdivided as the Toronto had become an creating new number of homes and businesses in almost wholly industrial neighbourhoods the core increased. By 1966, the and commercial area. A pair of semi-detached bay- likeRiverdale, The urban areas of the city were covered and-gable houses, a style found Some residents stayed throughout Toronto in the late Beaches, Birch Cliff, by 19 zones, while more distant 19th and early 20th century behind in these districts, North Toronto, and areas had one-letter codes, such as R Image Source: Author-SimonP generally poorer citizens https://commons.wikimedia.org/ Parkdale. Working class for Rexdale and W for Willowdale. wiki/File:Bay-and-gable.JPG and newly arrived streetcar suburbs immigrants. These developed in New The suburbs and downtown became some of Toronto's first Toronto, Mimicoand Long Branch clearances ethnically-based neighbourhoods. in what is now Etobicoke. The years after the Second World The working class Irish who War saw a dramatic change to the laboured in many of the factories Postal districts neighbourhoods of Toronto. The were concentrated in the eastern part By the 1920s, most the automobile made even more distant of the city, and these neighbourhoods of old Toronto had suburbs possible, and the baby neighbourhoods were named been established. In a non- boom encouraged their rapid Cabbagetown and Corktown after comprehensive list a 1925 writer to construction. them. Jewish immigrants also began the Toronto Star listed Rosedale, The next arriving in considerable numbers at Riverdale, ParkdaleHigh Park, thirty years the end of the 19th century, and they Junction, Danforth, Earlscourt, saw an settled in a region that was known as Wychwood, Willowvale, North explosion of The Ward, centred at the corner of Toronto, Beach, and Leaside. All of growth in the Bay Street and a collection of side these neighbourhoods are still townships St. James Town. streets that would later become commonly used today, with the around the

Dundas Street. In the early 20th exception of Willowvale, which is city, and the Image Source: Author- SimonP https://commons.wikimedia.org/ century,Chinatown would develop now known as Christie Pits, the region that wiki/File:St_James_Town1.jpg

23 www.globalvillagefestival.ca soon became known as Metro crime ridden, while many of the most of the growth in brand new Toronto. Scarborough, North York, untouched parts of Cabbagetown developments occurring in the belt and Etobicokewere transformed were quickly becoming some of the around Toronto known as the 905. from largely rural farmland into vast most desirable in the city. Under This same era saw the rapid stretches of housing. The early mayor David Crombie, new deindustrialization of Toronto, as suburban developers did not put attempts at social housing were almost all the factories and much emphasis on creating launched, such as the St. Lawrence warehouses that had once dominated neighbourhoods, though in time neighbourhood. These have the waterfront disappeared. This many of these areas developed managed to obtain similar densities created wide expanses for new strong communities. Some suburbs without the social problems of developments and new embraced the names of the small earlier projects. neighbourhoods. A number of new villages that had once been there. communities have developed and Many others were given monikers Neighbourhood revival are developing in these post- invented by real estate agents In the post-war years many industrial zones, the largest of them attempting to market the land. traditional neighbourhood names being CityPlace on the former During this same era the downtown faded as postal district numbers railway lands. To the west and east neighbourhoods saw significant were in common use and many other residential and cultural zones changes. The Financial District was older neighbourhoods declined. The have appeared in areas such as growing northwards and The Ward name Riverdale was one that faded Liberty Village and the Distillery and many of the oldest parts of as the once middle class area District. Other stretches of the Chinatown were demolished to became much poorer. A real estate waterfront, such as the West make way for new projects, such as agent working in the area for several Donlands, and the Portlands are still Toronto City Hall. The Yorkville years in the 1970s also reported mostly empty, and awaiting neighbourhood was also never hearing the area referred to as redevelopment programmes. transformed from one of homes to Riverdale. Older neighbourhood one of hotels and stores. names were restored, such as With the disappearance of open The government also demolished Riverdale, though not before an spaces in the city of Toronto and the many other areas labelled as attempt by real estate agents to revitalization of the downtown there "slums", replacing them with rechristen the area Cabbagetown II, has been considerable condominium modern housing projects that were after the rapidly gentrifying area construction creating residential hypothesized to lead to much better across the river. Other areas that had communities in areas that were once lives for the inhabitants. Thus large never before had clear names were almost wholly commercial, such as parts of Cabbagetown and Corktown given them. Some like Leslieville the Financial District and Yorkville. were levelled to build Regent Park were taken from historic villages and Moss Park, while St. James that once existed in the area. Others The suburbs have also seen Town was transformed into a series were based upon neighbouring considerable densification. North of massive highrises similar to Le districts such as the Upper Beaches. York Centre has grown into a large Corbusier's "Towers in the Park" Not all such attempts at naming cluster of condominiums and office plan. In the suburbs, municipal areas were successful. Attempts to buildings and a similar, though less governments also created new high dub areas as Chester Village or the dramatic process, is occurring at rise neighbourhoods such as South Annex never won acceptance. Scarborough City Centre. Since the Flemingdon Park and Crescent completion of the Sheppard subway Town. Such projects came to a halt Post-industrial Toronto line in 2002, there has been a boom by the end of the 1970s when it was By the 1980s almost all the open in condominium construction along realized that such housing projects areas within the limits of Metro the route. often became poverty stricken and Toronto had been developed, with

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_neighbourhoods_in_Toronto

24 www.globalvillagefestival.ca

Demographics of Toronto

The demographics of Toronto, Ontario, Canada make Toronto one of the most multicultural cities in the world. Data released by Statistics Canada as part of the 2006 censusindicated that 49.9% of Toronto's population is foreign-born. According to the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) performed by Statistics Canada, that percentage had dropped - only slightly - to 48.6%

The most common reported ethnic (2.4%), Sri Lankans (2.3%), Grenadians, Macedonians, origins of Toronto residents are Spanish (2.2%), Greeks (2.2%), Mexicans, Nepalis, Romanians, those from England (12.9%), people from the British Isles in Salvadorans, Serbs, China (12.0%), Canada (11.3%), general (2.0%), Koreans Somalis,Tibetans, Trinidadians, Ireland (9.7%), Scotland (9.5%), (1.5%),Dutch (1.5%), Iranians and Vincentians are also India (7.6%),Italy (6.9%), the (1.4%), Vietnamese (1.4%), recognized. Established ethnic Philippines (5.5%), Germany Pakistanis (1.2%), Hungarians neighbourhoods such as (4.6%), France (4.5%), Poland (1.2%), Guyanese (1.1%), and Chinatown, Corso Italia, Little (3.8%), Portugal (3.6%), and Welsh (1.0%). Communities of Italy, Little India, Greektown, Jamaica (3.2%), or are of Jewish Afghans, Albanians, Koreatown,Little Jamaica, Little ethnic origin (3.1%). There is also Arabs,Barbadians, Bangladeshis, Portugal and Roncesvalles a significant population of Bulgarians, Colombians, Croats, celebrate the city's Ukrainians (2.5%), Russians Ecuadorians, Ethiopians, multiculturalism.

Christianity is the largest faith group the religion of 3.0% of Torontonians, Persian, Arabic, Russian, Polish, in Toronto's census metropolitan closely followed bySikhism, which Gujarati, Korean, Vietnamese, and area, adhered to by 56.7% of the is the religion for 2.9% of the Greek. Canada's other official population, with Roman Catholics in population; there are also 2.2% of language, French, is spoken by 1.2% particular being 30.4% of the residents of the Toronto CMA that of the population. population. 21.1% of the population are Buddhists. Protestant has no religious affiliation. Islam is denominations such Of the 25 City of Toronto MPs, 11 are the second most popular religion asPentecostalism (1.8%), of non-British/non-French origin, and with 8.2% of the population, Presbyterianism (1.7%), and Baptists in particular: Chinese (3), Jewish (2), followed by Hinduism at 5.9%. As (1.5%) follow. East Indian (1), Iranian (1), Italian (1), regards Protestant denominations, Pakistani (1), Polish (1), Somali (1). the Anglican Church accounts for While English is the predominant 4.1% of the population, with the language spoken by Torontonians, Taking into account the whole of United Church of Canada only Statistics Canada reports that other GTA: East Indian (10), Chinese (4), slightly lagging, at 3.7%. The language groups are significant, Jewish (3), German (2), Iranian (2), Eastern stream of Christianity is including Chinese varieties Italian (2), Danish (1), Grenadian adhered to by that 3.7% of the (particularlyCantonese and (1), Pakistani (1), Polish (1), population of the Toronto CMA that Mandarin), Italian, Punjabi, Spanish, Portuguese (1), Somali (1), Syrian are Christian Orthodox. Judaism is Tagalog, Urdu, Tamil, Portuguese,

26 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Toronto Census Annual Growth Rate Metropolitan Area (2011 0.9% ensus)

City of Toronto 5,583,064 (2011 census) Lakeshore (7.3%), and Toronto North York: Willowdale East Population 2,615,060 Centre (7.3%); actually, the (66.7%), Bayview Village (42.4%), The last complete following four (4) ridings in the Willowdale West (31.6%), Lansing- census by Statistics Canada GTA have had a higher population Westgate (24.4%), Banbury-Don estimated there were 2,615,060 increase even than Trinity-Spadina, Mills (16.7%), Bathurst Manor people living in Toronto, making it and along with the aforementioned (15.2%), Newtonbrook West the largest city in Canada, and the City of Toronto riding constitute the (12.5%), Englemount-Lawrence fifth most populous municipality in five (5) Ontario ridings with the (10.1%) North America. highest increase in population: Oak Scarborough: Rouge (59.6%), Ridges-Markham (35.5%), Halton Clairlea-Birchmount (24.0%), (33.9%), Vaughan (27.1%), and Bendale (21.4%) Toronto's population grew by 1.0% Bramalea-Gore-Malton (25.8%). On Etobicoke: Islington-City Centre from 2001 to 2006, with an annual the contrary, the population in the West (20.9%), Kingsway South growth rate of 0.2%. As of 2001, Davenport riding actually decreased (11.9%) 17.5% of the population was 14 (-2.2%), whereas in Scarborough- East York: Thorncliffe Park (15.7%) years and under, and 13.6% was 65 Agincourt (+0.2%) and Toronto- It is in the neighbourhoods of Corso years and over; the median age was Danforth (+0.3%) it only marginally Italia-Davenport (-12.8%), 36.9 years. Most recent studies show increased (these are the lowest Greenwood-Coxwell (-11.9%), this has dropped to around 35.4 years figures for the GTA at large too). Regent Park (-11.3%), and Little of age, and the growth rate has The neighbourhoods in the City of Portugal (-10.3%) in the old city of increased to 0.4%. Toronto that experienced the highest Toronto; and Caledonia-Fairbank (- increase in population from 2001 to 10.4%) and Beechborough- 2011 Census population data for the 2011 are: Greenbrook (-10.0%) in York that City of Toronto are to found readily Toronto: Waterfront Communities- population has declined the most. aggregrated at a finer level than the The Island (133.6%), Niagara city as a whole at i. the electoral (83.4%), Bay Street Corridor Cultural diversity district (riding) level (2003 (37.7%), Church-Yonge Corridor In 2004, the United Nations redistribution) and ii. the (29.6%), Mount Pleasant West Development Programme (UNDP) neighbourhood level. The three (25.4%), Moss Park (24.3%), reported that Toronto had the second- ridings with the largest increase in Junction Area (15.5%), largest proportion of foreign-born population between 2006 and 2011 Cabbagetown-South St. James Town residents of major world cities, in the City of Toronto have been (13.7%), Casa Loma (12.3%), behind only Miami, Florida. While Trinity-Spadina (25.5%), Etobicoke- University (11.4%) Miami's foreign-born population is

27 www.globalvillagefestival.ca dominated by those of Cuban and of Toronto; of this, approximately According to a study released by the Latin American descent, Toronto's 70% are of Asian ancestry. Annually, Toronto District School Board in foreign-born population is not almost half of all immigrants to December 2012 found that 66 dominated by any particular ethnic Canada settle in the Greater Toronto percent of students ages 4 through 18 or geographical group. Area. In March 2005,Statistics came from visible minorities. East Canada projected that the combined Asians made the largest ethnic group The 2011 National Household visible minority proportion will (33 percent) along with South Asians Survey (NHS) indicates that 49.1% comprise a majority in both Toronto (28 percent) coming in second of the of Toronto's population is composed andVancouver by 2012, a projection city of Toronto's overall population. of visible minorities; 1,264,395 non- which, given the 49.1% figure in the In particular, the progression of the Whites, or 20.2% of Canada's visible 2011 NHS, may actually prove true, percentage of visible minorities in minority population, live in the city at least for the case of Toronto. the city of Toronto from 1996 to

Visible Minorities as % of Population Country of birth Visible Minority 2011 NHS 2006 Census 2001 Census 1996 Census of Torontonians South Asian 12.3 12.0 10.3 8.1 Chinese 10.8 11.4 10.6 9.3 Black 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.1 Filipino 5.1 4.1 3.5 2.8 Arab/West Asian 3.1 2.6 2.4 2.1 Latin American 2.8 2.6 2.2 2.0 Southeast Asian 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.4 multiple 1.5 1.3 0.8 0.7 Korean 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.0 not included elsewhere 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.2 Japanese 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Canadian-born Total 49.1 46.9 42.8 37.3 Foreign-born

Visible minority and Aboriginal population

Population group Population (2011) % of total population (2011) Population (2006) % of total population (2006)

White 1,292,365 50.2% 1,300,330 52.5%

Visible minority group South Asian 317,100 12.3% 298,370 12% Chinese 278,390 10.8% 283,075 11.4% Black 218,160 8.5% 208,555 8.4% Filipino 132,445 5.1% 102,555 4.1% Latin American 71,205 2.8% 64,855 2.6% Arab 28,920 1.1% 22,485 0.9% Southeast Asian 46,825 1.8% 37,495 1.5% West Asian 50,235 2% 42,755 1.7% Korean 37,225 1.4% 34,220 1.4% Japanese 12,315 0.5% 11,965 0.5% Visible minority, n.i.e. 33,670 1.3% 25,195 1% Multiple visible minorities 37,920 1.5% 31,100 1.3%

Total visible minority population 1,264,395 49.1% 1,162,630 46.9%

Aboriginal group First Nations 12,990 0.5% 9,130 0.4% Métis 4,875 0.2% 3,650 0.1% Inuit 305 0% 195 0% Aboriginal, n.i.e. 920 0% 485 0% Multiple Aboriginal identities 180 0% 145 0%

Total Aboriginal population 19,265 0.7% 13,605 0.5% Total population 2,576,025 100% 2,476,565 100%

28 www.globalvillagefestival.ca The top visible-minority groups Religion per Community Council (2006 Roman Catholics accounted for (including large number of Sunni Census) are as follows: 33.4% of the population of the city and Ahmadiyya members), of Toronto in 2001, followed by Hinduism (4.1%), Judaism (3.5%), Toronto & East York (643,015): Protestants with 21.2%. Members Buddhism (2.1%), Sikh (1%), and White: 66.9%, Chinese: 10.2%, South Asian: 6.3%, Black: of Christian Orthodox churches other communities; 16.6% reported 5.6% accounted for 4.9%, and other no religious affiliation. Toronto's North York (635,260): White: Christians (those not specifically Baha'i community is one of the 52.3%, Chinese: 13.2%, South identifying as Catholic, Protestant strongest of its kind and is a Asian: 9.1%, Black 6.7%, or Orthodox) formed 3.9%. The 'learning site' by which other Filipino: 4.6%, West Asian: city's religious makeup also Baha'i communities can learn 3.6%, Korean: 3.0% includes Islam with 5.5% from. Scarborough (602,645): White: 32.6%, South Asian: 22.0%, Chinese: 19.5%, Black: 10.3%, Filipino: 6.5% In particular, the 2001 Census data religious affiliation 11.3%, Muslim Etobicoke York (595,420): showed the following data per pre- 6.9%, Hindu 4.9%, Christian White: 59.5%, Black: 11.4%, South Asian: 11.3%, Latin amalgamation municipality: Orthodox 4.3%, Christian, not included elsewhere 3.5%, Sikh 3.3% American: 4.9% · Toronto (667,320) : Catholic While the progression of the 31.1%, No religious affiliation The 2011 National Household percentage of visible minorities 26.2%, Protestant 20.8%, Jewish Survey found that Roman Catholics in the aforementioned 5.0%, Muslim 4.0%, Christian accounted for 28.2% of the Community Councils (pre- amalgamation municipalities or Orthodox 3.7%, Buddhist 3.4% population in the city of Toronto in pairs thereof) has not been · North York (603,060) : Catholic 2011, followed by those of no uniform: 30.2%, Protestant 18.0%, No religious affiliation at 24.1%, "Other religious affiliation 15.8%, Jewish Christian" at 9.7%, and Muslims at Toronto & East York: 1996: 10.1%, Muslim 7.8%, Christian 8.2%. Besides those registered in the 28.7% -> 2001: 32.6% (+3.9) - Orthodox 5.2%, Christian, not "other christian" category there were > 2006: 33.1% (+0.5) (Total: other Christian denominations who +4.4) included elsewhere 4.6%, Hindu were also registered in the census, North York: 1996: 39.7% -> 4.1% 2001: 42.6% (+2.9) -> 2006: including Anglicans(3.8%), Baptists · Scarborough (588,675) : Catholic 47.7% (+5.1) (Total: +8.0) (1.4%), Christian Orthodox (4.3%), 26.2%, Protestant 22.8%, No Scarborough: 1996: 51.9% -> Lutheran (0.6%), Pentecostal (1.6%), religious affiliation 19.7%, Hindu 2001: 60.0% (+8.1) -> 2006: Presbyterian (1.5%), and United 9.7%, Muslim 7.8%, Christian 67.4% (+7.4) (Total: +15.5) Church (3%). Buddhists (2.7%), Etobicoke York: 1996: 31.1% - Orthodox 5.1%, Christian, not Hindu (5.6%), Judaism(3.8%), Sikh > 2001: 37.1% (+6.0) -> 2006: included elsewhere 4.7%, (0.8%), Aboriginal spirituality 40.5% (+3.4) (Total: +9.4) · Etobicoke (334,570) : Catholic (0.03%) and "Other religions" (0.5%) 39.6%, Protestant 24.6%, No were also included. Source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Toronto

29 www.globalvillagefestival.ca

Image Source: Devxchaube (https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CNTowerRogersCentreNight.jpg) Architecture of Toronto The CN Tower, and the Rogers Centre are notable landmarks distinct to the city's skyline. Brook eld Place may be seen in the The architecture of Toronto is most marked by its being the financial capital of Canada, as well as background. the political capital of Ontario. Once an important port and manufacturing centre, today Toronto's economy is dominated by the service sector. The growth of the city is influenced by the geography of the city, most notably the Toronto ravine system and the Greenbelt a permanently protected area of green space, farmland, forests, wetlands, and watersheds within the Golden Horseshoe. The natural geography of the city also provided builders with a variety of resources to build from. The most raw material was the shale layer underlying the city, making brick an especially cheap and abundant material, and resulting in many of the city's buildings being built from brick.

The architecture of the city is Iroquois. This large flat expanse avenues. influenced by its history and its presents few natural limits to These avenues run straight with few culture, with many of the city's older growth, and throughout its history, diversions for long stretches, and buildings adopting designs from the Toronto has sprawled outward and Toronto is notable for the British Empire, such as Georgian, today has a ring of suburbs that considerable length of its major Victorian, and Edwardian spans hundreds of square streets. Most of the avenues go from architecture. As the city's post- kilometres. In 2005, the provincial one side of town to the other, and World War economy shifted to the government has attempted to place often continue deep into the financial and service sectors, the city an artificial limit to this growth in neighbouring suburbs. Yonge Street, increasingly adopted a number of the form of a Greenbelt around the the city's most prominent modern and postmodern city. thoroughfare, is by some measure architectural designs, such as the Toronto was planned out on a grid the longest street in the world, international style. Toronto was system with the major streets though it has been excluded from traditionally a peripheral city in the forming wide avenues. Early in the most lists as much of Yonge Street's architectural world, embracing city's history, major avenues were purported length is actually Ontario styles and ideas developed in established running along each Highway 11 not officially Europe and the United States with concession line that separated rural considered part of Yonge Street. only limited local variation. landholdings. As the city spread These wide avenues that even run However, many of the world's most outward, these routes have been through the central city, have also prominent architects have done maintained and even in the distant made it easier for Toronto to retain a work in Toronto, including Toronto suburbs a very regular grid of streetcar system, which was among native Frank Gehry, Daniel avenues spaced about two thefew North American cities to do Libeskind, Norman Foster, Will kilometres apart continues. Within so. Alsop, I. M. Pei, and Ludwig Mies the suburbs built since the Second The most important obstacle to van der Rohe. A few World War, the grid construction is Toronto's network of unique styles of system has been ravines. Historically, city planners architecture have abandoned in favour of filled in many of the ravines, and emerged in Toronto, such networks of crescents when this was not possible, planners as the bay and gable and cul-de-sacs. In mostly ignored them, though today style house and the keeping with the the remaining ones are embraced for The Toronto ravine system Annex style house. acted as a natural barrier dominant design ideas their natural beauty. Ravines have towards urban development, resulting in many of the ravines of the time, these are helped isolate some central left close to their natural state. Geography The ravine system had since designed to reduce and neighbourhoods from the rest of the been adopted as a central piece Landscape of Toronto's landscape. slow traffic, with city, and have contributed to the Image Source: Uploaded by Jess Toronto is built on the at https://www.flickr.com vehicles being exclusivity of certain /photos/38693531@N08 former lake bed of Lake /4688231722/ redirected to the neighbourhoods such as Rosedale.

31 www.globalvillagefestival.ca readily available building buildings have been converted into material, with large deposits lofts and offices. Most have been Building quarried from the Credit River demolished, and in their place, materials valley. More expensive than brick, dozens of condominium towers have Thanks to its Due to the predominance of clay but more ornate, it was used for been erected by the lake shore. There in the underlying area, brick was vast hinterland, the most commonly used many early landmarks such as the are also still large stretches of material for construction. The Toronto Don Valley Brick Works was one Ontario Legislature, Old City abandoned industrial land in the Port of the local brickworks providing designers have such materials. Hall, and Victoria College. It is Lands district and other parts of Image Source: had access to a https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki also the main material used in the Toronto, awaiting a redevelopment /File:ADonValleyBrickworks.jpg wide array of unique Annex style house. plan. raw materials for construction. Due to the clay Industrial architecture Residential architecture sediments of the former lake bed that The city of Toronto originally formed Nineteenth century: Toronto is built upon, and but more as a result of its good harbour, and Few structures survive from the prominently the shale layer the port was the source of the city's earliest period of Toronto's history. underlying this area of North prosperity for most of its early Two of Toronto's oldest surviving America, brick has been an especially history. The oldest parts of the city houses are Campbell House andThe cheap and available material for are thus by the harbour, with newer Grange. Both are brick structures almost the city's entire history. Much growth spreading out in all directions built in the Georgian style during the of it was provided by the Don Valley possible. Around the harbour grew up first half of the 19th century, Brick Works, Domtar's brick division, a belt of industrial structures, reflecting the tastes of Toronto's elite Canada Brick and Brampton Brick, especially just east and west of in that era. The Georgian style had whose output can still be found in downtown. These included massive long been out of favour in the United thousands of structures across the city facilities such asGooderham and States by this period, rejected because and throughout the surrounding Worts whiskey distillery and Massey the Colonial stylewas considered too regions. Throughout the city most Ferguson's farm equipment factories. British for the newly independent homes from all eras are made of In the later half of the nineteenth nation. In the Loyalist dominated brick. Commercial and industrial century therailways became Toronto's Upper Canada, the style was builders also long embraced brick, main connection with the outside embraced with fervour in part with the Distillery District being a world, and further industrial areas because of its British connections. prominent example, though today grew up around the freight lines, in Incongruously it had also fallen out more efficient materials, such as areas such as Weston and East York. of fashion in Britain by this time, cinder blocks, are more common for In the 1970s, deindustrialization where it was considered outmoded, commercial projects. Prominent began to have a dramatic effect on but in Toronto it remained popular landmarks have also gone to greater Toronto. By the 1990s, almost all of until the 1850s. When the Colonial expense and generally eschewed the older factories by the waterfront revival was embraced in the United simple brick. Older banks and were gone. Some States in the 1890s, Georgian government buildings used stone, and of the newer architecture also returned to modern attempts to marvel have facilities further Toronto. Structures continue to embraced modern materials such as north still be built in the style today. It has concrete and aluminum, in addition to remain, but are been especially popular with the extensive glazing. Even today, the constantly city's elite and many Georgian The Distillery District holds the largest collection of Victorian- overwhelming bulk of residential disappearing. era industrial architecture in manors can be found in wealthy buildings constructed in Toronto are Many of the North America. neighbourhoods such as clad in brick. more historic Image Source: Author-Jdstrung Rosedale and the Bridle Path. https://commons.wikimedia.org/ Sandstone was also historically a industrial wiki/File:Gooderham_and_ The late nineteenth century Worts_Distillery.jpg

32 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Torontonians embraced Victorian Underground Railroad, though they of Toronto campus. Parkdale also architecture and all of its diverse were later cleared for had a demographic shift from a revival styles. Victorian-style redevelopment. The Ward largely upper middle class to a housing dominates a number of the (including the city's first poorer population. Many central city's older neighbourhoods, most Chinatown) was demolished to neighbourhoods did also remain notably Parkdale, which has one of construct the new City Hall and popular and prosperous, such as the largest collections of Victorian Nathan Phillips Square in the early Riverdale andYonge and Eglinton. houses in North America. During 1960s. Toronto suburbs are different in this period Toronto also developed character than those of other North some unique styles of housing. The Rise of the suburbs American cities. During the 1960s bay-and-gable house was a simple The post war years and the rise of and 1970s, city planners tried to and cost effective design that also the personal automobile saw the curb sprawl by encouraging high aped the elegance of Victorian rapid rise of the suburbs, as population density in the suburbs, mansions. Built of the abundant red occurred across North America. with small lots and many apartment brick, the design was also well The most important suburban buildings placed in areas far from suited to the narrow lots of Toronto. development was that of Don Mills the downtown core. This has had Mostly built in lower and middle in North York. Begun in 1952, it mixed results. Toronto is class areas the style could be used was the first planned community in considerably denser than most other both for town houses, semi- Canada, and it initiated many North American cities, which has detached, and stand alone practices that would become reduced sprawl and made it easier buildings. Hundreds of examples standard in Toronto suburbs. The to provide city services such as still survive in neighbourhoods Don Mills project put into practice mass transit. At the same time, such as Cabbagetown and Parkdale. many of the ideas of the Garden planners avoided creating mixed- A residential architectural style city movement, based on the ideas use areas, forcing suburban unique to Toronto is the Annex developed by Sir Ebenezer residents to work and shop style house. Built by the city's Howard, creating a multi-use elsewhere. As these suburban wealthy and mostly found in the community focused on distinct districts have aged the housing neighbourhood they are named neighbourhoods. stock has declined and certain areas after, these houses contain diverse Suburban growth has continued to of suburban Toronto have stagnated and eclectic elements borrowed this day, with new projects in far and experienced higher crime rates, from dozens of different styles. flung regions such as Milton. The such as Jane and Finch, Rexdale, These houses are built of a mix of Toronto suburbs are far vaster than and Malvern. Modern planners brick and sandstone, turrets, domes, those of other Canadian cities, with have been trying to adjust this, and and other ornamentation abound. Mississauga, the largest of its several Toronto suburbs have been suburbs, itself being one of working to build their own central Early 20th century Canada's largest cities. business districts and move beyond During the early 20th century, Toronto never experienced the being bedroom suburbs to being Toronto developed a few slum inner city collapse that affected centres of business and industry as neighbourhoods, such as the Ward, many American cities, although well. as the city received many some neighbourhoods have become Apartments and condominiums immigrants during the late 19th lower income. Many of the The postwar years also saw the rise century and the early 20th century, mansions of the Annex were of apartment style housing. In the primarily from Europe with some subdivided into apartments, and in 1960s and 1970s, this kind of from East Asia and some being the 1950s, the area became home to housing was mostly focused on low descendants of African American a mix of Hungarian immigrants and to middle income residents. slaves who fled via the students from the nearby University Beginning in the 1950s, the city

33 www.globalvillagefestival.ca bulldozed older lower income The towers were built further Commerce Court complex. It is a neighbourhoods, replacing them from the sidewalk, leaving room cluster of four office buildings. with housing projects, ultimately on the property around the edifice The first building, known since destroying large sections of for parking, lawns, trees, and the 1970s as Commerce Court Victorian housing. The earliest other landscaping. They are North, was built in 1930 as the and most notorious example of typically simple, brick-clad high- headquarters. Designed by the such projects rise buildings with firm Pearson and Darling, the 34- was Regent rectangular footprints storey tower was the tallest Park. It replaced and little building in the British a large portion of ornamentation other Empire/Commonwealth of Cabbagetown than repeating series Nations until 1962. In 1972, three with a series of of balconies for each other buildings were erected, thus low-rise and apartment. creating the Commerce Court high-rise complex: Commerce Court West Modernist apartment towers of St. James buildings that Town, based on Le Corbusier's "towers in Commercial designed by I. M. Pei (the tallest the park" concept. quickly became architecture building in the complex, at 57 crime-ridden and Financial district storeys, and the tallest building in even more Image Source: Author Ma7ged Toronto is the Canada from 1972–1976), https://commons.wikimedia.org/ depressed than wiki/File:St-_Jamestown_high_ commercial centre of Commerce Court East (14 the rises_2014-03-30_00-06.jpg Canada. Many of the storeys), and Commerce Court neighbourhood it country's largest firms South (5 storeys). Across the replaced. In later years, similar are based there, and most others intersection on the northwestern projects such as Moss Park and keep a major presence in the city. corner is First Canadian Place, Alexandra Park were less Among Canada's oldest and most housing the main Toronto offices disastrous, but also far from prominent firms are the Big Five of the Bank of Montreal. It was successful. Canada's densest banks and the banks have erected designed by Edward Durell Stone community, St. James Town, was many of Toronto's most and originally clad in Carrara built in this era as a high-rise prominent buildings. The marble. Since 1975, it has held community of private and public Financial District is centred on the title of Canada's tallest office housing in separate towers, also the intersection of Bay and King building with a height of 298 replacing a Victorian in the heart of downtown. The metres. Scotia Plaza, headquarters neighbourhood. These patterns blocks at each corner of this of Scotiabank, is the second changed dramatically beginning intersection are home to office tallest building in Canada and is in the 1970s and gentrification towers for the major banks. This the newest of the Bay and King began transforming once poor cluster includes four of Canada's office towers having been neighbourhoods, such as five tallest buildings. completed in 1988. Just beyond Cabbagetown, into some of the At the southwest of Bay and King Bay and King, a number of other city's most popular and expensive is Mies van der Rohe's Toronto- towers are found. To the south is real estate. Dominion Centre, a complex of the Royal Bank Plaza, the Royal six black International Style Bank of Canada's main building Outside of the core, even new towers. Its tallest tower once in Toronto. At Bay and neighbourhoods experienced dominated the Toronto skyline as Wellington is TD Canada Trust significant high-rise apartment the city's first modern skyscraper Tower, the third tallest building in building construction, as builders and the tallest building in Canada Canada, and its mate the Bay embraced the "towers in the park" from 1967 to 1972. On the Wellington Tower. design, invented by Le Corbusier. southeast corner is CIBC's

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Toronto

34 www.globalvillagefestival.ca

Culture in Toronto

Toronto is the largest city of Canada and one of its most ethnically diverse; many immigrant cultures have brought their traditions,languages and music. It is a city of many museums, Caribana parade participants, theatres, festival events and sports activities. 2006.

Image Source: https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Roy_Thomson_Hall.jpgg Art and exhibits Toronto's Royal Ontario Museum ("the ROM") is world- renowned, as well as the Art Gallery of Ontario (the "AGO") which is one of North America's largest. Toronto holds many other major museums and galleries, such as the Gardiner Museum, Bata Shoe Museum, Recently opened Michael Lee- Chin Crystal, an addition to the Design Exchange,Museum of Inuit Art, Museum of Royal Ontario Museum. Contemporary Canadian Art, Fort York, TIFF Bell Image Source: Author-Staka https://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Royal_Ontario_Museum- Lightbox, Canadian Air and Space Museum, CBC Michael_Lee-Chin_Crystal.jpg Museum, Hockey Hall of Fame, John Street Roundhouse, Institute for Contemporary Culture, TD Gallery of Inuit Art, Textile Museum of Canada, Harbourfront Centre,Allen Lambert Galleria, Ontario Science Centre and the Aga Khan Museum. There are also museums, such as the Parliament Interpretive Centre, operated by Ontario Heritage Trust, purposed for education about the Some prominent artists who have called Toronto home War of 1812 and the history and anthropology of the are Tom Thomson, the Group of Seven members, province and city. Douglas Coupland, Shary Boyle, General Idea's Prominent art scenes and collections are also found in the members, and Frank Gehry. city's major institutions, like the Ontario College of Art Gallery devotees to contemporary art include the Power and Design University, the University of Toronto Art Plant, Design Exchange, Museum of Contemporary Centre, Ryerson Image Centre, and the Art Gallery of Canadian Art, First Canadian Place gallery and many York University.The city also runs its own historic private galleries in Yorkville, the Distillery District, museums which include Casa Loma and Spadina House. Queen Street West, The Junction, and elsewhere. Nuit Lastly, there is also a place called Graffiti Alley, a Blanche Toronto is a free celebration of contemporary art network of alleyways around Queen St and Spadina Ave which features public art commissions, all-night that features kilometres of graffiti art. exhibitions, live performances and programs throughout The governments of Toronto and Ontario also each have the city. Luminato is a comparable annual event that runs collections of important archives, historic artifacts and for ten days at the beginning of June. documents, as well as artworks of significance. The City During Doors Open Toronto, which takes place annually of Toronto Archives and Archives of Ontario house these in May, over 140 buildings of architectural, historic or in separate buildings, but may be available for public cultural significance are open to the public for a city-wide viewing. The Toronto Reference Library also holds celebration. The annual Toronto International Art Fair historic documents from the world and hosts exhibitions. showcases modern, multi-disciplined art with a focus on Toronto also has the largest public library system in the the latest international developments. The Queen West world. Art Crawl is an annual weekend-long festival celebrating

36 www.globalvillagefestival.ca with 10 000 sq. ft of his works found inside the structure, as well as a large mural at the sides of it. Exhibition Place is the home of both the Canadian National Exhibition, a large annual outdoor fair, and the Canadian International Air Show. Nearby Ontario Place is Home of the Toronto Symphony a popularamusement park on the waterfront. Orchestra A vibrant visual arts scene includes several artist-run cooperatives regularly presenting contemporary art Image Source: https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Roy_Thomson_Hall.jpgg exhibitions. ArtsScene, a group hosted by Business for the Arts, an alliance of banks and insurance companies, aims to encourage more young business professionals to engage with the arts. ArtsScene holds monthly events at different arts organizations, organizes events to arrange volunteer board and committee memberships in Canadian arts and The annual Taste of Danforth festival held in Toronto. heritage organizations, and maintains a website to connect potential volunteers on-line with arts

Image Source: organizations. https://www.flickr.com/ photos/39761777@N00/41277937 Toronto's fashion scene is primarily focused in Queen West, King West, and Yorkville. The city has LG Fashion The Canadian National Exhibition remains Week, and also recently has had "Rogue Fashion Week" a focal point of Toronto's culture for designers who choose not to show with the official festival. There is also a Fashion Film Festival. Toronto has one of the highest count of film festivals in the world, most famously the Toronto International Film Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/ Festival, which opened a new headquarters in 2010 called wiki/File:TheEXCNE.jpg theTIFF Bell Lightbox, which houses film screenings the arts on Queen Street West. The Toronto Outdoor Art (mostly Canadian, art-house, international, etc. films), Exhibition is another annual weekend event at Nathan restaurants, and exhibition and gallery spaces. The city Phillips Square, gathering more than 500 visual artists also has Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary and craftspeople mainly from Ontario and Quebec. Works Festival, Inside Out Toronto Lesbian and Gay Film and including Native art, contemporary sculpture, and Video Festival, ReelHeART International Film Festival, architectural models can be seen within the rotunda of Toronto After Dark Film Festival, Toronto Reel Asian Toronto's City Hall. Art is also showcased within the International Film Festival, and WILDsound Film Toronto subway system, most notably on the Sheppard Festival. Toronto also has the National Film Board of line and stations north of Bloor St, as well as Pearson Canada. Airport, featuring international and Canadian art. Public art and sculpture in the city are abundant, and have Performing arts representations of many artists like Henry Moore, Toronto is home to Canada's most active English Richard Serra, Sol LeWitt, Menashe Kadishman, Douglas language theatre scene; indeed, the Canadian actor, Coupland,Bernard Schottlander, Jaume Plensa, Rowan playwright and theatre critic David Gardner has claimed: Gillespie, William McElcheran, Joe Fafard, and "With over 168 nonprofit companies and a host of traditional Inuit art, among others. Public art also finds a independent commercial enterprises, Toronto has home at the Toronto Sculpture Garden, with its temporary emerged as the world's third-largest centre for English- outdoor exhibitions. The Princess of Wales Theatre also language theatre, behind only London and New York." has the largest work of American painter Frank Stella, Toronto's Soulpepper Theatre Company regularly stages

37 www.globalvillagefestival.ca classic works by Ibsen, Chekhov and Shakespeare, while The Toronto Music Garden, designed with Yo-Yo Ma as a the Canadian Stage Company has mounted performances consultant, also hosts free outdoor orchestras in the of Shirley Valentine, Frankenstein and It's a Wonderful summer. Life. Harold Green Jewish Theatre has staged such pieces Toronto hosts the annual Toronto Student Film Festival. as Kindertransport and Tuesdays with Morrie. Tarragon TSFF is a free submission film festival, that screens short Theatre not only has performed pieces byStrindberg, films created by students 12–18 years old. This festival Chekhov, etc., but has helped playwrights to develop and attracts submissions from across the world. stage new works. Several Broadway theatrical hits originated in Toronto, Literature such as the 1993 revival of Show Boat and Ragtime. The Greater Toronto Area is the centre of English Venues for theatre include the historic Canon Theatre Canadian literature, and a list of fiction set in Toronto (formerly the "Pantages"), the Elgin and Winter Garden reveals many titles by writers such as Margaret Atwood, Theatres, the Princess of Wales Theatre, the Royal Michael Ondaatje, Robertson Davies, M. G. Vassanji and Alexandra Theatre, the Poor Alex Theatre, and the Timothy Findley. Other prominent Toronto-based writers Harbourfront Centre. Theatres such as The Factory include Marshall McLuhan, Rohinton Mistry, Morley Theatre andTheatre Passe Muraille aim to produce Callaghan, Michael Ignatieff, George Elliott Clarke and distinctly Canadian theatre and have nurtured local artists the late George Faludy and Jane Jacobs. Canada's mostly including George F. Walker, Michael Healey and Ann- Toronto-based English-language publishing industry Marie MacDonald. includes McClelland and Stewart and smaller firms like Other prominent venues include St Lawrence Centre for House of Anansi Press, Key Porter Books and Coach the Performing Arts, Young Centre for the Performing House Books. Since 1974 the Toronto Book Awards have Arts, Young People's Theatre, Imperial Oil Opera honoured authors of books evocative of Toronto. PEN Theatre, and theRoyal Conservatory of Music. Canada is an activist group working since 1926 in Musical venues in Toronto include Roy Thomson Hall, defence of freedom of expression throughout the world. home to Toronto Symphony Orchestra (TSO); the North America's largest literary festival, the annual Toronto Centre for the Arts in North York; Sony Centre International Festival of Authors, takes place each fall in for the Performing Arts, (previously the Hummingbird Toronto. Centre) and Massey Hall. The Canadian Opera Company Canada's main English-language national newspaper, The built Canada's first purpose-built opera house, the Four Globe and Mail, as well as the National Post and Seasons Centre, which opened in 2006. The National Canada's largest-circulating daily newspaper (Toronto Ballet of Canada, which had previously appeared at the Star) are based in Toronto, as are many other major Sony Centre with the COC, also moved into the Four magazines and periodicals. Seasons Centre at the same time. The city is also home to the renowned Toronto Children's Chorus. Tourism events As Canada's recording industry centre, Toronto is also Toronto's most iconic landmark is the CN Tower. The home to many Canadian pop, rock, and hip hop tourism industry has not fully recovered from a 2003 musicians. Live music is centred primarily in the so- SARS outbreak, while the strong Canadian dollar and called Entertainment District on Queen Street West, tighter Canadian customs controls influenced by U.S. though many music venues exist in other homeland security paranoia have resulted in fewer US neighbourhoods. Established acts play at venues such as visitors, while tourists from overseas continue to Lee's Palace, The Opera House, The Horseshoe Tavern, increase. The Mod Club, The Phoenix Concert Theatre, The Toronto plays host to a variety of different events year- Guvernment and Kool Haus. Major concert tours usually round. In September, Hollywood actors, writers, directors book into larger venues such as Air Canada Centre, Sony and producers descend on the city for the Toronto Centre for the Arts, Rogers Centre and Molson International Film Festival, which competes with other Amphitheatre at Ontario Place. major film festivals at Cannes, Venice and the Sundance

38 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Festival in four Utah locations. communities express a character distinct from commercial skyscrapers, and Victorian- and Edwardian- Luminato is a 10-day festival in June featuring over a era residential buildings can be found in enclaves such as thousand local and international artists for theatre, dance, Rosedale, Forest Hill, Cabbagetown, The Annex, the music, visual arts, books and film events. In July, Bridle Path and Moore Park. Caribana, the largest Caribbean festival in North Before 1998, Toronto proper was a much smaller America, attracts more than a million celebrants for the municipality and formed part of the regional district of concerts, the food, the King and Queen of the Bands Metropolitan Toronto. When the city amalgamated that competition, and the popular Caribana parade. The year, Toronto absorbed the former municipalities of York, Ontario civic holiday — called Colonel By Day in East York, North York, Etobicoke and Scarborough. Each Ottawa, Peter Robinson Day in Peterborough and Simcoe of these former municipalities still maintains a certain Day in Toronto and in most of Ontario — is named after distinctness, and residents still use the names of these the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, John municipalities. The area known as Toronto before the Graves Simcoe. amalgamation is sometimes called the Central District or The last week of June is Pride Week, where lesbian, gay, simply "Downtown". bisexual and transgender people gather to celebrate The "old" City of Toronto is the business centre and is, by diversity of sexualities and gender identities. The week is far, the most populous and dense part of the city. The celebrated with a Pride Parade and a Dyke March, along "inner ring" suburbs of York and East York are older, with various other pro-LGBT events, and rivals similar middle-income and ethnically diverse areas. Much of the Gay pride celebrations in Montreal, San Francisco, housing stock in these areas consists of old pre-war Sydney and São Paulo. Gay Pride Week is organized by single-family houses, such as the uniquely Torontonian Pride Toronto, a non-profit volunteer organization. bay-and-gablehousing style, and post-war high-rises. Many of the neighbourhoods in these areas were built up Food as streetcar suburbs and contain many dense and mixed- Toronto's cosmopolitan atmosphere is reflected in its use streets. They share many characteristics with sections cuisine, with many world cooking styles represented. The of the "old" city that are outside of the downtown core. city celebrates its ethnic diversity through numerous food The "outer ring" suburbs of Etobicoke, Scarborough, and festivals: North York are much more suburban but are developing Summerlicious and Winterlicious – city-wide urban centres of their own, such as North York Centre festivals celebrating culinary diversity around Mel Lastman Square. Taste of Danforth – Greek Corso Italia – Italian Parks and ravines Toronto Chinatown Festival – Chinese Ravine System Rib Fest – Etobicoke, Scarborough The ravine system, a distinctive Taste of Lawrence – Caribbean, Lebanese feature of the geography of Toronto Beer Festival Toronto, is a network of deep Sante Wine Festival ravines forming an urban forest that Salsa on St. Clair – Latin American runs throughout much of the city. Festival of South Asia – Bangladeshi, Indian, For the most part designated as Pakistani, Sri Lankan parkland, the ravines are largely Rosedale Ravine and its undeveloped. Toronto's ravines associated valley. Neighbourhoods have been presented as central to Image Source: Toronto bills itself "the city of neighbourhoods" because Toronto's character. Architect Larry https://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Rosedale_Valley_ of their continuing strength and vitality within the Richards describes Toronto as Road_(1).jpg metropolis. The city has over 240 distinct topographically being "San neighbourhoods within its boundaries; residential Francisco turned upside down." They appear in the works

39 www.globalvillagefestival.ca of major Toronto writers such as Margaret Atwood, Anne ation of nightclubs, bars, and restaurants in the city. There Michaels,Morley Callaghan and Ann-Marie MacDonald. are approximately 90 nightclubs located in this one Robert Fulford has declared: The ravines are the chief square kilometre area. characteristic of the local terrain, its topographical With recent condominium developments in the signature. Canadian journalist Robert Fulford had Entertainment District, many condo tenants have made described the ravine system as "both a tangible (though noise complaints against nightclubs and their rowdy often hidden) part of our surroundings and a persistent patrons. Condo tenants are pressing for nightclub owners force in our civic imagination. They are the shared to move away from the newly established residential subconscious of the municipality, the places where much areas. However, the Entertainment district is still a of the city's literature is born.” nightlife destination, and there are many other areas in the city that are becoming increasingly popular at night. Toronto parks Other neighbourhoods that come alive at night include Numerous parks and gardens add to the livability of the "The Annex" (serving the university student population), city. "Little Italy" on College Street, "Yonge and Eglinton", Edwards Gardens "Church and Wellesley", "Queen West" (between Spadina Avenue and Bathurst Street), "Greektown," and the "St. Riverdale Farm Lawrence Market" neighbourhood (the numerous bars and restaurants on Front Street East and The Esplanade). Guildwood Park Ossington Avenue and Dundas Street West has become a new and vibrant nightlife destination that attracts mainly High Park hipsters and other bohemian-type patrons. Parkdale, which is in the city's west end, is another area that is Allan Gardens starting to become very popular at night with notable venues such as The Beaver, The Drake Hotel, The James Gardens Gladstone Hotel and The Cadillac Lounge. The city's many dance and live music venues host a Toronto Music Garden plethora of international and Canadian performers, and its comedy clubs have served as training grounds for stars Toronto Island Gardens such asJim Carrey, Russell Peters, The Kids in the Hall and SCTV. Toronto Zoo Music Don Valley Brick Works Toronto is home to three professional orchestras, including the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, Esprit Nightlife Orchestra, and Tafelmusik Baroque Orchestra & The city's art community attracts and has top theatre Chamber Choir, in addition to several small chamber groups, galleries, and ensembles specializing in Baroque, Classical, Romantic, other high culture attractio Modern and World music. As is common in many cities ns. in North America, choral ensembles that perform with The bar scene is housed professional instrumental ensembles are amateur. The in many different sections largest of these is the Toronto Mendelssohn Choir, which of the city, each with its performs large works for choir and orchestra. The The El Mocambo marquee on own flavour and Spadina Ave. type of professional core of this choir is the Elmer Iseler Singers. patrons. The "Entertai The Amadeus Choir is also a high-caliber ensemble. nment District," Image Source: Author-Mikerussell however, Canada's largest professional opera company, the https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki has the highest /File:ElMacomboSpadinaAve concentr Canadian Opera Company makes its home in the Four Toronto.JPG

40 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts, the first true underground, having had little success outside of Canada opera house in Toronto and in Canada. There are a until much recently. Artists who have achieved moderate number of smaller professional opera ensembles, some of mainstream success include Kardinal Offishall, k-os, which specialize in new music, such as Tapestry New Choclair, Maestro Fresh-Wes, Saukrates, Dream Opera. Other professional ensembles based in Toronto Warriors, K'naan and Drake. The post-2010 era has seen a include the Hannaford Street Silver Band and Canadian stark change in the hip-hop landscape of Toronto, mostly Sinfonietta. attributed to the success of Drake in the late 2000's to Three-piece rock band Rush has been active in Toronto early 2010's. The city is quickly becoming a larger player since 1968; band members Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson in hip-hop with artists such as Jazz Cartier, grew up in the city. An instrumental named "YYZ" after PARTYNEXTDOOR, Tory Lanez, P Reign, Roy Woods, theToronto Pearson International Airport's IATA airport OB O'Brian, and Sean Leon among others, finding code was featured on the band's 1981 album Moving success. Many of the newer artists coming out of Toronto Pictures, and has been a mainstay of their subsequent live are signed to Drake's own label OVO Sound. shows. Dance-punk duo Death from Above 1979 began R&B and soul music have been prominent in Toronto in Toronto and recorded one studio album (You're a since the 1990s. Artists such as Deborah Cox, Glenn Woman, I'm a Machine) before breaking up in 2006. Lewis, Melanie Fiona and The Weeknd have achieved In 1971 the Canadian Electronic Ensemble was formed in mainstream success outside of Canada. Toronto. It is the oldest continuously active live- Toronto's goth scene emerged from the punk and new electronic performing group in the world. During the late romantic alternative music scene in the early 1980s. 1980's through the 1990's, Toronto was home to one of Originally called "freaks", the subculture became the largest Drum and Bass (Jungle) scenes in the world. significant in Toronto's night club and fashion culture in the After recently coming out of a recession, the many late 1990s. After the Columbine High School massacre in abandoned warehouses in the city became a breeding Colorado, the goth scene experienced an understandable ground for Toronto's emerging rave scene. Parties, often decline. The goth-industrial scene is largely situated in the only accessible by phoning into local hotlines or getting neighbourhood of West Queen West, and a few signed and hold of flyers, were occurring all over the industrial areas independent goth and industrial bands are based in Toronto. of the city. The grassroots Jungle scene then grew from borderline illegal warehouse parties to dominating the Sports clubs across the city. Soon, Drum and Bass in Toronto Regular sporting events, such as home games of the was big business. International acts flocked to play in the Toronto Maple Leafs, Blue Jays, Toronto Raptors, city and promoters threw bigger and bigger events. Toronto FC, Toronto Marlies, Toronto Rock, and the However, two student deaths connected to the rave-scene Argonauts, bring tourists to the city every year, while the in 1999 prompted the city to take action. Provincial Honda Indy, held every July, attracts fans of auto racing. legislation, in the form of Bill 73 (the Raves Act of Hockey stirs much passion and interest, giving Toronto 2000), forced parties to apply for permits and made the sobriquet "Hockey capital". A championship by a police presence standard at all events. This made hosting major pro sports team is often marked by celebrations the rave parties the scene had become accustomed to including a parade for the victorious team. unsustainable. Events quickly moved into clubs and more Toronto nurtures sports rivalries with other Great Lakes established locations to escape the strict regulation, but cities such as Hamilton (begun in 1873) as well as an this had the unintended effect of removing people under intense historical rivalry withMontreal; the cities were the age of 19 from the scene. Over time, less youths two of the Original Six teams to contest the Stanley Cup. engaging with the scene caused its gradual decline. Less There is also a growing rivalry with the Ottawa events began to be hosted and Toronto eventually lost its Senators(dubbed the "Battle of Ontario") and the Buffalo intentional reputation for its Jungle scene. Sabres. Despite a hip-hop music scene active since the 1980s, Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_in_Toronto Toronto's hip-hop artists are usually considered

41 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Tourism in Toronto

Toronto is one of Canada's leading tourism destinations.[1] In 2009, Toronto region received 9.62 million overnight visitors, of which 6.42 million were domestic visitors and 1.99 million were from the United States.[2] Toronto has an array of tourist attractions, and a rich cultural life.

Attractions

Museums The city of Toronto consists of more than 25 unique and famous museums. The Royal Ontario Museum is Canada's largest museum of natural history and world cultures. It presents engaging galleries of art, archaeology and natural science from around the world. It is located at 100 Queens Park, Toronto Ontario. The Royal Ontario Museum offers a unique platform to engage with cultures from all around the world at the centre of one of North America's busiest cities. Furthermore, The Bata Shoe Museum consists of shoes from many different geographic areas, time periods, and cultural groups. It is located on 327 Bloor Street West Toronto ON. The Bata Shoe Museum contains 12,500 artifacts that are exhibited time to time at specific exhibitions. For Hockey fans, the Hockey Hall of Fame is the biggest attraction as it is more than 57,000 square feet of interactivity, hands-on games, theatres, the Stanley Cup and the finest collection of hockey artifacts from not only Canada, but from all around the world. Other Museums include The Gardiner Museum of Ceramic Art, Ukraine Museum of Canada, Toronto Police Museum and Discovery Centre, Textile Museum of Canada, The Museum of Inuit Art, Oral History Museum and many more.

Zoos and Aquarium The Toronto Zoo is Canada's premier zoo that includes over 5000 animals which represent about 500 different species. Two Giant Pandas have recently been added to the zoo's population. Giant Pandas are endangered species and as a part of an agreement they will be moved to another zoo in 2018, till then they will reside in the Toronto Zoo. The High Park Zoo is also located in Toronto. It comprises 399 acres of land which includes animals like peacocks, deers, sheep and many more. More than 250,000 people visit the High Park Zoo every year. Various Farms are also present in Toronto, which include substantial amount of farm animals. Furthermore, Ripley's Aquarium of Canada is an attraction that is located in downtown Toronto. It is Canada's largest indoor aquarium which means that it is easily accessible not only in the summer but also in the winter time. It consists of 5.7 million litres of water, representing the marine and freshwater habitats from all around the world.

CN Tower The CN Tower is Canada's National Tower and it is one of the attractions that is open 364 days a year. It is visited by approximately 2 million people every year. In 1995, the CN Tower was classified as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers and for more than 30 years it was the world's The Toronto Eaton Centre is the tallest free-standing structure. The CN tower consists of many inner attractions like the most visited tourist attraction in Glass Floor, Skypod, 360 restaurant and the newest addition; Edgewalk. Edgewalk is a Toronto full circle hands-free walk on a 5 feet wide ledge encircling the top of the Tower, which is 1168 feet above the ground. It has also been mentioned in the Guinness Book of World Records, for the highest external walk on a building. Also, the CN tower provides various services for individuals with disabilities and special needs.

Image Source: Author-Christopher Woo https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Toronto File:Eaton_Centre_HDR_style.jpg

42 www.globalvillagefestival.ca

Education in Toronto

Education in Toronto, like education everywhere, happens in many ways, including via internal motivation, parental guidance, through play and interacting with other children, and from courses and other formal learning. Education in Toronto is distinguished by the diversity of its citizenry and by the diversity of education options. Toronto is home to four publicly funded K12 school boards, one non-publicly funded religious K12 school board, a variety of K12 private and preparatory schools, plus a diversity of other religious, cultural, vocational, career and specialty schools/institutions. As a global city, Toronto is also home to a number of post-secondary educational institutions, comprising five degree-granting institutions of university status, plus the principal campuses of four publicly funded Ontario colleges as well as the campus of one other publicly funded Ontario college.

School boards Metropolitan Toronto School English language public school Board boards · Conseil scolaire de district · Toronto District School catholique Centre- Board (TDSB), formed Sud (seven schools in 1998 from a merger of were part of the Les school boards: Conseil des écoles Toronto Board of catholiques du

Education (TBE) The TDSB Education Centre, Grand Toronto) located at 5050 Yonge Street, is East York Board of the headquarters of the Toronto Before 1998, in Education (EYBE) District School Board. Metropolitan Toronto, Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/ Etobicoke Board of wiki/File:TorontoDistrictSchoolBoard Les Conseil des écoles Education (EBE) EducationCentre_-_2015May30.jpg catholiques du Grand North York Board Toronto (the of Education (NYBE) Metropolitan Separate School Board, Scarborough Board of now the Toronto Catholic District Education (SBE) School Board) and the North York Board of Education for the City Board of Education operated French- of York (YBE) language schools. In 1980 the Metropolitan Toronto School separate school board operated five University College at the Board (MTSB) Catholic schools and North York University of Toronto. Image Source: Author-Nat Toronto Catholic District School operated two of them. Maurice https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Board (TCDSB), previously the Bergevin, the vice principal of the University_College,_University_of_Toronto.jpg Metropolitan Separate School Etienne Brule School, stated that a Board (MSSB) study from Montreal in 1971 stated Religious non-public school boards that if francophones in Toronto had Board of Jewish Education of French language public school the same proportion of schools that Toronto boards anglophones had in Montreal, there Toronto Adventist District Conseil scolaire Viamonde would be 31 francophone schools in School Board (previously Conseil scolaire de Metropolitan Toronto. According to a district du Centre-Sud-Ouest) 1971 Canadian federal census, Religious schools Conseil des écoles françaises de Toronto had 160,000 francophones. Christian l0a communauté urbaine de Peoples Christian Academy Toronto - part of the

44 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Yorkland School (CIC) annual financial endowmentand Willowdale Christian School Crescent School (Toronto) commonly ranked among the top De La Salle College universities in the world, with its Islamic FutureSkills High School main campus in Downtown Toronto Al Ashraf Islamic School The Giles School and two satellite campusesin Al Azhar Islamic School Greenwood College School Scarborough and Mississauga Al-Azhar Academy Of Canada (GCS) · York University, the third largest Alashraf Islamic School Havergal College university in Canada which also Salahedin Islamic School Hawthorn School for Girls contains Glendon College and the Amanah Islamic Academy (HSG) Osgoode Hall Law School, which Islamic Institute of Toronto Halton High School contains the largest law library in the Madinatul-Uloom Academy Of Independent Learning Centre Commonwealth of Nations Canada (ILC) · Ryerson University, located in Madrasatul-Banaat Islamic Khalsa Community School Downtown Toronto, has a student school (KCS) base of 36,000 full-time students, Um al-Qura Islamic school Master Academy Toronto and 60,000 continuing education Abu-Huraira Islamic school (Experiential learning) students. Mariyah Islamic school Metropolitan Preparatory · University of Guelph-Humber, a Islamic foundation Islamic Academy satellite campus of the University of school Montcrest School Guelph ISNA Islamic school Royal St. George's College · OCAD University, fourth-largest art Islamic community school (RSGC) school in North America and the Iqra Islamic school St. Clement's School oldest in Canada Tayyibah Islamic academy St. Michael's College School · Tyndale University College and As-Sadiq Islamic schools (SMCS) Seminary, a private degree-granting Baitul Mukarram Academy Toronto French School (TFS) institution which began as a Bible Jewish · Toronto New School college and seminary Bnei Akiva Schools of Toronto Toronto Waldorf School Netivot HaTorah Day School University of Toronto Schools Colleges Tanenbaum Community Hebrew (UTS) Toronto has the principal campuses Academy of Toronto Upper Canada College (UCC) of four post-secondary Ontario Eitz Chaim, an elementary The York School (TYS) college, as well as the campus of one school with almost 1000 other Ontario college, scattered students on three campuses Universities and colleges across the city in 29 campuses: Toronto is home to a number of · Centennial College Private and/or independent K-12 educational institutions, including · George Brown College schools the largest (University of Toronto) · Seneca College A partial list of well-known private and third largest (York University) · Humber College and/or independent elementary, high universities in Canada. Toronto · Collège Boréal (francophone) school and university-preparatory universities total approximately Recently, Toronto's community schools includes: 187,000 undergraduate students. colleges have begun offering their Bayview Glen School (BVG) own bachelor's degree programmes, Bishop Strachan School (BSS) Universities as well as joint degree programmes Branksome Hall · University of Toronto, the largest with neighbouring universities.’ College of Toronto (CofT) and one of the oldest universities in Columbia International College Canada, which acquires the highest

45 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Other cities, hosts a growing number of Miscellaneous education · University of Guelph-Humber is a publicly funded and private English The Toronto Japanese School is the University-College Partnership as a Second Language (ESL) Japanese weekend supplementary between University of Guelph and schools and is home to as many as school serving the city's Japanese Humber College. Graduates receive 10,000 ESL students at a time. Canadian and Japanese national a degree from Guelph as well as a These are either visa students population. diploma from Humber. primarily from Latin America, Asia · Academy of Applied and Europe, or newly arrived landed Historical list of defunct Pharmaceutical Sciences, an immigrants and Canadian citizens. institutions English-language private post- Collège des Grands-Lacs (publicly secondary career college specializing Alternative Schools funded francophone Ontario college, in pharmaceutical, food and There is a strong alternative school 1995–2002) healthcare training. movement. The Toronto District Toronto Academy, an early high School Board has many alternative school located on Front Street Speciality schools. The oldest is ALPHA between Bay and York Streets and Other schools include the: Alternative School, which opened in had ties to Knox College, Toronto. Royal Conservatory of Music and its 1972. There are also private Established in 1846 as an alternative associated Glenn Gould School, alternative organizations. to provincial schools, broke ties to which are internationally recognised The first conference for publicly the Knox in 1849 and closed after centres for musical training funded alternative schools in the 1852. William Lyon Mackenzie's Ontario Science Centre Science Greater Toronto Area happened in son, future Chief Justice Thomas School Nov, 2012. Moss as well as first African National Ballet School Canadian doctor Anderson Ruffin Toronto, like many other Canadian Abbott. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Toronto

Vari Hall at York University

Image Source: Author-Andremet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vari_Hall.jpg

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www.DoctorAdvertise.com Health in Toronto

Several factors affect citizens' health in Toronto. The city has many opportunities for citizens to be physically active, including bike lanes, walkways, and parks throughout the city. Given the cultural diversity of the city, there is also great diversity in the foods that citizens can consume, which determines their personal nutrition. Many foods for example enter the city through the Ontario Food Terminal, located on the west side.

The city is also part of the Toronto Public Health Toronto Police Services ($707,573,000, 2004) Division, and is home to many hospitals. Other factors Toronto Public Health ($182,672,000, 2004) affecting health in the city include air quality in regard to Toronto Water Division smog. Smog alerts are issued by Toronto Public Health when the air quality is poor enough to warrant informing Organizations some segments of the public to limit their exposure to the The city is home to many health organizations, including: smog, such as children, the elderly, and people with lung List of hospitals in Toronto diseases or heart conditions. The best and worst years for Canadian Association of Food Banks smog in the city within the last five years were Centre for Addiction and Mental Health respectively 2006 with 11 smog alerts, and 2005 with 48 The Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of Canada smog alerts. Another risk to health for citizens is exposure Heart and Stroke Foundation to crime in the city. Toronto has a rate of violent crime of Canadian Cancer Society 738 incidents per 100,000 people, though this is still Alzheimer Society of Canada lower than the national average of 951, according to 2006 Alzheimer Society of Ontario Statistics Canada data, and far lower than other cities of Alzheimer Society of Toronto comparable size (particularly those in the United States). Leukemia & Lymphoma Society of Canada A vehicle emissions testing program known as Ontario's Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation Drive Clean began in 1999, and has had a minimal impact Canadian Foundation for AIDS Research on smog in Toronto. 2005 was Toronto's worst year on Cystic Fibrosis Canada record for smog with a total of 48 smog alert days. The Canadian Mental Health Association Ontario Medical Association estimated in 2005 that total ALS Society of Canada air pollution (from all sources) would cause some 5,800 Canadian Organization for Rare Disorders deaths and 17,000 hospital admissions that year. The Canadian Hearing Society JDRF Governance Kidney Foundation of Canada Several municipally funded programs affect health in the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada city. They are listed below, and where possible their Muscular Dystrophy Canada annual budgets are provided. Provincial and federal The city was also the host of the 2006 XVI International programs also affect health in Toronto, such as the AIDS Conference. provincial Smoke-Free Ontario Act which bans cigarette https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Toronto smoking in enclosed spaces in the province. Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation Division ($239,953,000, 2004)

48 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Recreation in Toronto

Recreation in Toronto consists of a varied selection of activities and events throughout the city year-round. Toronto boasts renowned theatre and arts communities, has a wide range of recreational public services, and offers many attractions for both residents and tourists.

Art and culture attendance of 1.3 million. Toronto has a broad and diverse cultural sector, and is a Toronto's Caribana festival is one of North America's major scene for theatre and other performing arts. More largest street festivals, taking place from mid-July to than fifty ballet and dance companies, six opera early August of every summer. The first Caribana took companies, and two symphony orchestras are located in place in 1967 when the city's Caribbean community the city. Toronto is home to the National Ballet of celebrated Canada's Canada, the Canadian Opera Company, and the Toronto Centennial year. Forty years Symphony Orchestra. Notable performance venues later, it has grown to attract include the Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts, one million people to Roy Thomson Hall, the Princess of Wales Theatre, the Toronto's Lake Shore Royal Alexandra Theatre, Massey Hall, the Toronto Boulevard annually. Centre for the Arts, the Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres Tourism for the festival is in

and the Hummingbird Centre. the hundred thousands, and Eaton's Santa Claus Parade, 1918. Having arrived at the Eaton's store, Santa is readying The Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) is a major museum each year, the event his ladder to climb up onto the building. Image Source: This image is available from the Archives of for world culture and natural history. The Art Gallery of generates about $300 Ontario under the item reference code F 229-308-0-794 Ontario contains a large collection of Canadian, million in revenues. European, African and contemporary artwork. The Pride Week takes place in mid-June, and is one of the Gardiner Museum of ceramic art consists of more than largest LGBT festivals in the world. It attracts more than 2,900 ceramic works from Asia, the Americas, and one million people from all over the world, and is one of Europe. The Bata Shoe Museum also features many the largest events to take place in the city. Toronto is unique exhibitions. TheDon Valley Brick Works is a major centre for gay and lesbian culture and former industrial site, which opened in 1889, and has entertainment, and the gay village is located in the recently been restored as a park and heritage site. Church and Wellesley area of Downtown. Annual events The Toronto Santa Claus Parade is the world's longest- The oldest annual fair running children's parade. Held annually in mid- in the world, the November, the event draws more than half a million Canadian National visitors each year. The parade is also televised and Exhibition, is held broadcast around the world. annually at Exhibition Numerous other events take place in the city. These are Place. It is Canada's sponsored by federal, provincial and municipal largest annual fair and government, by local business and international the fifth largest in the companies, by community groups, and by volunteer, The recently opened Michael Lee-Chin Crystal, an addition to the Royal Ontario Museum. world, with an average charitable, educational and religious organizations. Image Source: Author-Mb1000 https://commons.wikimedia.org Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreation_in_Toronto /wiki/File:ROM_Crystal.jpg

49 www.globalvillagefestival.ca EVENTS VIEW

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416-500-0007 www.EventsView.com Transportation in Toronto

Toronto's transport forms the hub of the road, rail and air networks in the Greater Toronto Area and much of southern Ontario. There are many forms of transport in the city of Toronto, including highways and public transit. Toronto also has an extensivenetwork of bicycle lanes and multi-use trails and paths.

Railways the city's downtown, by Bay, Dundas, Edward and Toronto is a major rail which is shared with Elizabeth Streets, while its arrivals transportation hub in GO Transit's building is located across Elizabeth Canada and central North commuter trains. Street from the departures building. America, with most The Union Pearson Intercity coach companies operating commercial rail freight The main entrance of Union Express, an airport rail services out of the terminal include: Station. operations carried out by link from Toronto Greyhound Canada, Coach Canada, two Class I railways, Image Source: Author-Peregrine981 Pearson International Trailways of New York, and https://commons.wikimedia.org/ Canadian National wiki/File:Union_Station,_Toronto.jpg Airport to Union Megabus is now expanding its Railway and Canadian Station and the central business from the terminal. The Pacific Railway. Both business district, Terminal is connected, via the companies operate major yards and started operation on June 6, 2015. It PATHnetwork, directly to Dundas intermodal facilities in various parts was completed in time for the 2015 Subway Station. of Toronto to serve manufacturing Pan American Games. Megabus and 'Ne-On'-branded and logistics customers. Although at Greyhound USA services to New one time, both railways saw most of Bus terminals York City operate from the sidewalk their operations based out of the GO Transit operates all of its in front of the Fairmont Royal York waterfront area, over time they have commuter bus services into and out Hotel, across Front Street from shifted to facilities in suburban of downtown Toronto from the Union Station. Toronto or adjacent municipalities. Union Station Bus Terminal, a Most waterfront trackage has been terminal owned and operated by GO Highways scaled back and abandoned in favour Transit and adjacent to Union There are a number of freeways that of real-estate development, with the Station. This bus terminal was serve both the city proper and the remaining main lines in this area opened in 2003, removing GO buses Greater Toronto Area. Bisecting the being almost the exclusive domain of from the Toronto Coach Terminal. city from passenger carriers. Significant GO Transit also operates the west to portions of the railway network in Yorkdale Bus Terminal atYorkdale east the City of Toronto have been sold Shopping Centre and several across its by the commercial railways to GO terminals at subway stations, inner

Transit, the provincialcommuter rail including Finch Bus Terminal, suburbs, Highway 401 as seen from the McCowan over pass looking operator. Scarborough Centre Bus Terminal Highway west Toronto is served by inter-city Via and York Mills Bus Terminal. 401 (or Image Source: Author-Eja2k Rail to other Canadian cities and Most intercity coach services operate simply, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:401atMcCowan.JPG Amtrak's daily New York City trains out of the Toronto Coach Terminal. "the 401") through Union Station, a grand Its departures building fills the acts as a neoclassical structure in the heart of northern half of the block bounded bypass of the downtown core, and is

51 www.globalvillagefestival.ca both the busiest and widest highway of Highway 427, the Gardiner There are some anomalies; for in Canada. At its interchange with becomes Queen Elizabeth Way example, Lawrence Avenue and St. Highway 400, where it spans 18 (often called the QEW, or simply Clair Avenue are both split into two lanes, it sees over 400,000 vehicles "The Q.E."), which heads towards sections by the Don Valley, and, in on an average day, making it one of Hamilton, Niagara Falls, and Fort the case of St. Clair Avenue, the the world's busiest highways. Erie (and theCanada–United States drive between the two sections is At the western edge of the city, the border in the vicinity of Buffalo). almost 15 minutes. Roads sometimes 401 meets Highway 427, an Highway 407 ETR is not located change names, and the 1998 important north-south artery between within Toronto proper, but is a major Amalgamation has caused some Toronto Pearson International highway in the Greater Toronto Area doubling in road names, although Airport and the Gardiner that acts as a secondary bypass this is usually confined to smaller, Expressway. It mainly serves the around the northern end of the city, more residential, roads. airport and the western suburbs stretching from Burlington in the The main north-south arteries, from outside the city of Toronto. In the west to Pickering in the east. It is an west to east, are Kipling Avenue, same area, the short length of electronic toll road with no physical Islington Avenue, Royal York Road, Highway 409 connects the airport toll booths, instead depending on Jane Street, Keele Street/Weston directly to the traffic flow of the 401. automatic recognition of vehicle Road, Dufferin Street, Bathurst Moving east, the 401 then platesor electronic toll collection. Street, Avenue Road/University intersectsHighway 400, which leads Avenue, Yonge Street, Bayview north to Barrie, the recreational areas Roads Avenue, Leslie Street,Don Mills of Ontario's "Cottage Country" and Toronto has 9500 roads or 5200 Road, Victoria Park Avenue, Warden beyond, to the northern reaches of kilometres across Avenue, Kennedy Road, the province. East of the 400, the 401 the city. McCowan Road, Markham meets Allen Road, and then the Don Toronto is largely Road, and Morningside Valley Parkway/Highway 404, built on a grid-based Avenue. The main east-west before continuing eastwards out of road system with a arteries, from north to south, Toronto into the suburbs of few notable are Steeles Avenue, Finch The corner of College St. and exceptions. These Beverley St. in downtown Avenue, Sheppard Avenue, Pickering, Ajax, Whitby, and Toronto Oshawa. include streets such Wilson Avenue/York Mills Image Source: Author-IRT.BMT.IND The Allen Road is an expressway as Davenport https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: Road/Ellesmere Road (the from Eglinton Avenue to Sheppard Roadand Vaughan College-beverly.jpg latter two connected by Avenue north of the 401. The Don Road, which follow Parkwoods Village Drive), Valley Parkway is a north-south an old native trail, while others, such Lawrence Avenue, Eglinton Avenue, expressway that links downtown as Kingston Road, were originally St. Clair Avenue, Bloor Toronto to the 401. Beyond the 401, constructed to link Toronto with Street/Danforth Avenue, Dundas this route is known as Highway 404, other settlements in Ontario. The Street, Queen Street West and East, and connects the more distant outer downtown core is built to a fine and Lake Shore Boulevard/Kingston suburbs of Markham, Richmond grain, human scale, mostly Road. Hill, Aurora, and Newmarket to the consisting of four-lane arterial and Roads in Toronto are often potted 401. collector roads. Outside the with potholes due to freezing and The Gardiner Expressway (or downtown core, most arterial roads thawing in the winter-spring seasons. colloquially, "the Gardiner") roughly have two or three lanes of traffic in On average, there are 100 major follows the northern shore of Lake each direction. Toronto's road system potholes reported with a high of Ontario, and connects the western was mainly designed for vehicular 1000. Potholes are repaired by city suburbs to the downtown core. West traffic, and is quite easy to navigate. crews. Full paving is done by

52 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Dolphin Jet, crossing the Kattegat between Aarhus and Kalundborg in Denmark. The International Marine Passenger Image Source: Author- Secondarywaltz Terminal at 8 Unwin https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TTC_DonMills_01.JPG Avenue in the Port Lands, built to nor accommodate multiple visits per day th of the city, the by The Breeze, is currently only used Sheppard subway, and York Region's and a couple of times a year to VIVA bus service. Urban sprawl is a lower the costs accommodate visiting cruise ships. major factor: some commuters travel commuters by having a "single fare" The Toronto Ferry Company's significant distances within the city ticket. This fare system is the Presto private ferry operation was taken and GTA for employment. card. At that time, the federal, over by the Toronto Transit Downtown-to-suburb and suburb- provincial, and municipal Commission in 1927. The Royal suburb commutes have been governments jointly announced a Canadian Yacht Club has operated its increasing as well, which existing tripartite funding infusion of $1 two private ferries, the Hiawatha and public transit services are not set up billion for the TTC. In May 2004, Kwasind, for over a century. to efficiently accommodate. This the Ontario government, in The city also operates a ferry service contributes to gridlock: many single- partnership with the federal to take passengers to and from the occupant vehicles idle en route, government, announced a $1 billion Billy Bishop Island Airport with its adding to travel times and smog. A plus investment in the expansion of terminal at the foot of Bathurst 2010 study showed that gridlock GO Transit. On March 23, 2006, the Street. costs the GTA's economy Government of Ontario announced approximately $5 billion annually in funding for the extension northward Future prospects and concerns lost revenue and that the average of the TTC's Spadina Subway Line The population of Toronto is commute time in Greater Toronto to the York University campus and increasing dramatically. The regional Area exceeds that of 19 larger or beyond into the proposed Vaughan population is expected to reach 7 comparable sized cities. Metropolitan Centre (formerly million within the next 10 years from In March 2004, the Ontario known as Vaughan Corporate the current 5.5 million and the government announced the creation Centre) at Highway 7 and Jane Street growth rate is among the fastest for of the "Greater Toronto Transit in neighbouring Vaughan, York any city in North America. Over the Authority" (GTTA - not to be Region. When completed, it will be last couple of decades, vehicle and confused with GTAA, acronym for the first extension of the TTC (in particular) highway traffic has the Greater Toronto Airport subway system beyond the current been increasing steadily in the Authority), renamed Metrolinx in post-1998 municipal border of Greater Toronto December 2007, with the goal Toronto. In addition, Metrolinx is Area; however, of facilitating improved providing $8.4 billion of funding to road and transit integration between the city construct four light rail lines investments have and suburban transport throughout the City, including light been limited to systems. One key element to rail lines along Eglinton Avenue, projects such as this integration would be a Finch Avenue West, and Sheppard HOV lanes on A TTC ALRV at the east end of the 501 Queen streetcar route single ticket or fare to Avenue East, as well as the Highway 404, the improve the synchronisation Scarborough RT replacement, all of construction of Image Source: Author-Eja2k https://commons.wikimedia.org/ of transfers between which are expected to be completed wiki/File:UTDC_streetcar_4222_ Highway 407 to the leaving_the_Neville_Park_loop.jpg neighbouring transit systems and in operation by 2020.

53 www.globalvillagefestival.ca The RCYC's private ferry Kwasind in 2009.

Images Source: Author- Randolph Croft https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kwasind,_Royal_Canadian_Yacht_Club_Ferry,,_a_ferry_built_in_1912_-b.jpg

contractors when the need arises. Authority). Airports Toronto Pearson International Toll roads Buses and streetcars Airport From the 1820 to 1896, tolls were The rest of the city is primarily Toronto's primary airport is Toronto collected on roads leaving the old served by a network of about 150 Pearson International Airport (YYZ), city boundaries: bus routes, many of them forming a straddling Toronto's western Yonge and King grid along main streets, and all of boundary withMississauga. Pearson's Yonge and College/Carlton them (except for the #99 and #171 air traffic is over 38.5 million Yonge Street and Bloor Street routes) connecting to one or more passengers in 2014, and it is the Yonge Street at Gallows Hill subway or RT stations. A more world's largest originator of air traffic Queen Street West and distinctive feature of the TTC is the into the United States. It is the Ossington Avenue streetcar system, one of the few busiest airport in Canada and is the No Toronto roads have been tolled remaining in North America with a largest hub for Air Canada. It is the since 1896; the closest is Highway substantial amount of in-street world's 15th busiest airport by flights 407 in Durham Region, York Region operation. The city of Toronto has as of 2014. and Peel Region; the expressway the largest streetcar system in the Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport runs northeast, north and northwest Americas. (Island Airport) of the city, respectively. The city also has a small commercial Metro rail airport, the Billy Bishop Toronto Public transport The backbone of the TTC is a basic City Airport (YTZ), commonly Within the city, the Toronto Transit subway system with two main lines, known as the 'island airport' on Commission (TTC) operates an Line 1 Yonge–University and Line 2 Toronto Island, south-west of extensive system of subways, buses, Bloor–Danforth, running along downtown. The airport is used for and streetcars, covering 1,200 km principal streets and connecting civil aviation, medevac flights, and (750 mi) of routes and heavily used Toronto's outlying areas with its regional airlines using STOL-type by people who live in or near the downtown core. turboprop aircraft. Since 1984, city. A single flat fare applies for any regional carriers have included City trip within the city regardless of Commuter rail Express, Jazz Air and since 2006, distance or transfers required with Inter-regional commuter rail and bus Porter Airlines. Airport access is via the exception of contracted routes service is provided by GO Transit. a short ferry ride or tunnel. 508,574 that travel outside of the city and GO trains and buses connect the city passengers used the airport in 2008, downtown express routes. Toronto to the rest of the Greater Toronto making it the busiest one-airline has the third highest transit system Area. Ontario Northland Motor served airport in the world. In 2009 it ridership in North America (after the Coach Services operates buses to surpassed Thunder Bay International Mexico City Metro and New York destinations in northern Ontario. Airport to become the 3rd busiest air City'sNew York City Transit facility in Ontario (after Toronto-

54 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Pearson and Ottawa International) includes a planned 500 km of on- from their website. serving 770,000 passengers, and street bike lanes, and another 250 km growing to handle 2.3 million of off-road paved trails. Walking passengers in 2014. To date, only a small portion of the A 2013 study by Walk Score ranked Nearby airports network has been built. Gaining Toronto the 2nd most walkable city The Hamilton International Airport is approval to put in the on-street bike in Canada. an alternate, relief airport to Pearson, lanes has proven to be a serious but not in the GTA. Situated in problem, and less than 90 km of the Ferries Hamilton, 85 km (53 mi) southwest planned 500 km have been set up so A ferry transporting passengers. of Toronto, it is also a terminus far. The small coverage also reduces The principal ferry service to the forlow-cost carrier, charter airline, the overall usefulness of the network, Toronto Islands is provided by the and courier traffic. as many of the lanes do not connect city's Parks, Forestry and Recreation Travellers from Toronto to the with each other (seeMetcalfe's Law). division. Ferries run year-round from United States are increasingly using Two major off-road paved trails the Toronto Ferry Docks at the foot Buffalo-Niagara International along the Don and Humber river of Bay Street to Hanlan's Point, Airport (BUF). Located outside of valleys provide a backbone for Centre Island, and Ward's Island. Buffalo, New York, the lower transport on the east and west side of airfares offered to U.S. destinations the downtown area. However, both A high-speed passenger/vehicle ferry make travelling from BUF a cost trails are non-continuous and quite service across Lake Ontario to effective alternative, despite the time narrow in areas, making them Rochester, New York was launched needed to make the 170-kilometre unsuitable as major transport routes. on June 17, 2004, using the vessel (110 mi) trip by motor vehicle. The two trails are ostensibly Spirit of Ontario I under the Detroit, some 400 km distant by road connected together via a lakeside marketing term "The Breeze". After is also used as an alternative for air route, but due to a massive build-out experiencing a financing-caused travel within the United States, of this area during the 1990s, the service interruption, it returned to especially to western destinations. "trail" through much of the service June 30, 2005, under the There are a number of other general downtown area exists in name only. ownership of the City of Rochester aviation airports in and around the Nevertheless, Toronto has an and operated by Bay Ferries Great city, including Buttonville Municipal extensive bicycle culture, and most Lakes Limited, using the marketing Airport, Markham Airport, Oshawa areas of the city are reasonably term "The Cat". After an unprofitable Airport, Brampton Airport, bicycle-friendly. The municipal summer of operation mostly due to andBurlington Air Park (also known government encourages bicycle use delays, and despite adequate as Burlington Executive Aerodrome). through itsToronto Bike Plan. Some ridership, the newly elected Mayor TTC buses have bicycle racks of Rochester announced on January Cycling attached to their fronts, and all will 10, 2006, that the service would be Cycling in Toronto has improved be equipped by early 2013. Bicycles discontinued and the City would sell over the years as the residents and are allowed on the subway outside of the ship, which was purchased by municipal government have become the morning and evening rush hours. UK-based Euroferries Ltd, for more interested in it as a form of Since the late 2000s, the Toronto- service across the English Channel. transportation. Toronto has a major Niagara Bike Train Initiative has It was finally sold in April 2007 to program in place to dramatically helped connect Toronto cyclists with the German company Förde Reederei expand the network through on-road Niagara Region bike trails via Via Seetouristik (FRS) for a ferry service separate bike lanes, with the goal of Rail. between Spain and Morocco across having any cyclist in the city proper An extensive City of Toronto Bicycle the Strait of Gibraltar, and the Spirit within a five-minute ride of a Map is available from the City of of Ontario I was renamed HSC designated bike route. The network Toronto free of charge as well as Tanger Jet II and later as HSC

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Toronto

55 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Public transportation in Toronto

Public transportation in Toronto dates back to 1849 with the creation of a horse-drawn stagecoach company. Today, Toronto's mass transit is primarily made up of an extensive system of subways, buses, and streetcars, covering 1,200 km (750 mi) of routes run by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) and inter-regional commuter rail and bus service is provided by GO Transit.

History railway passed into the hands of the There came to be problems with Williams Omnibus Bus Line bondholders, and in 1869 the interpretation of the franchise terms, (1849–1862) company was sold. In 1873 a new act for the city. A series of annexations, Williams Omnibus Bus Line was the of incorporation was obtained under especially in 1908–12, significantly first mass transportation system in the old name. extended the city limits to include the old City of Toronto, Canada with In 1874, extensions were made, and such areas as Dovercourt, Earlscourt, four six-passenger buses. Established new cars were ordered. New lines East Toronto, Midway (formerly in 1849 by local cabinetmaker Burt were added until the 30-year between Toronto and East Toronto), Williams, it consisted of horse-drawn franchise expired on March 26, North Toronto, and West Toronto. stagecoaches operating from the St. 1891. The City operated the system After many attempts to force the Lawrence Market to the Red Lion briefly, but soon elected to pass on TRC to serve these areas, the city Hotel in Yorkville. The bus line was the rights to a new company, the created its own street railway a great success, and four larger Toronto Railway Company on operation, the Toronto Civic vehicles were added in 1850. After a September 1, 1891 for another thirty Railways, to do so, and built several few years, even more buses were in years under James Ross and William routes. Repeated court battles did use, and were operating every few Mackenzie. force the TRC to build new cars, but minutes. In 1861, the city gave a 30- Toronto Railway Company they were of old design. In 1921, year franchise to Toronto Street (1891–1921) with the TRC franchise ending, the Railway, which built a horse car line, The Toronto Railway Company city merged TRC and TCR into the and the gauge of the buses was (TRC) was the first operator of Toronto Transportation Commission. modified so as to fit between the horseless streetcars in Toronto. Toronto Transportation tracks. The bus system lasted only Formed by a partnership between Commission (1921–1953) until 1862, when it was bought out James Ross and William Mackenzie, In 1920, a Provincial Act created the by the TSR. a 30-year franchise was granted in Toronto Transportation Commission Toronto Street Railway 1891 to modernize transit operations (TTC) and, with the expiration of the (1861–1891) after a previous 30 year franchise TRC's franchise in 1921, the After the Williams Omnibus Bus that saw horse car service from the Commission took over and Line had become heavily loaded in Toronto Street Railway (TSR). At amalgamated nine existing fare 1861, the city of Toronto issued a the end of the TSR franchise, the systems within the city limits. transit franchise (Resolution 14, By- city ran the railway for eight months, Between 1921 and 1953, the TTC law 353) for a horse-drawn street but ended up granting another 30- added 35 new routes in the city and railway. The winner was Alexander year franchise to a private operator, extended 20 more. Easton's Toronto Street Railway the TRC. The first electric car ran on The Great Depression and World which opened the first street railway August 15, 1892, and the last horse War II both placed heavy burdens on line in Canada on September 11, car ran on August 31, 1894, to meet the ability of municipalities to 1861, operating from Yorkville Town franchise requirements. When the finance themselves. During most of Hall to the St. Lawrence Market. The TRC franchise ended in 1921, the the 1930s, municipal governments second line was on Queen Street. On Toronto Transportation Commission had to cope with general welfare other routes, the TSR continued to was created. costs and assistance to the operate omnibuses. By 1868, the Toronto Civic Railways (1912–1921) unemployed. The TTC realized that https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transportation_in_Toronto

56 www.globalvillagefestival.ca improvements had to be made, other regional transit providers such Blue Night Network are operated despite the depression, and in 1936, as the TTC and Via Rail. using streetcars as well. purchased the first of the newly developed PCC streetcars. The war Current system Commuter rail and buses put an end to the depression and Rapid transit system Inter-regional commuter rail and bus increased migration from rural to Platform level at Don Mills Station service is provided by GO Transit. urban areas. After the war, on the TTC's Line 4 Sheppard GO trains and buses connect the city municipalities faced the problem of The backbone of the TTC is a basic to the rest of the Greater Toronto extending services to accommodate subway system with two main lines, Area. Ontario Northland Motor the increased population. Ironically, the U-shaped Line 1 Coach Services operates buses to the one municipal service that Yonge–University and the east–west destinations in northern Ontario. prospered during the war years was Line 2 Bloor–Danforth, running along public transit; employers had to principal streets and connecting Paratransit stagger work hours in order to avoid Toronto's outlying areas with its Wheel-Trans is a specialized overcrowding the streetcars. Toronto downtown core. Each line also accessible transit service in Toronto, continued their program of connects to a secondary feeder near provided by the TTC. It involves purchasing PCC cars, running the one of its outer ends: Line 4 Sheppard door-to-door accessible transit service world's largest fleet, including many in the north and Line 3 Scarborough for persons with physical disabilities obtained second-hand from U.S. in the east; the latter uses a different using its fleet of accessible minibuses. cities that abandoned streetcar technology (Intermediate Capacity The TTC also operates designated service. Transit System) from the rest of the 400-series community routes. Toronto Transit Commission rapid transit lines. (1954–present) Airport rail link Public transit was one of the Buses and streetcars The Union Pearson Express (UP essential services identified by A TTC ALRV at the east end of the Express) is an airport rail link Metropolitan Toronto's founders in 501 Queen streetcar route service. It runs between Canada's 1953. On January 1, 1954, the The rest of the city is primarily two busiest transportation hubs: Toronto Transportation Commission served by a network of about 150 Union Station in Downtown Toronto was renamed the Toronto Transit bus routes, many of them forming a andToronto Pearson International Commission (TTC) and public grid along main streets, and all of Airport along GO Transit's Kitchener transit was placed under the them (except for routes 99 and 171, line. jurisdiction of the new Municipality both of which connect to bus of Metropolitan Toronto. The assets garages) connecting to one or more Ferry system and liabilities of the TTC became the rapid transit stations. A more The Toronto Island Ferry connects sole provider of public transportation distinctive feature of the TTC is the the Toronto Islands in Lake Ontario services in Metro Toronto until the streetcar system, one of the few to the mainland of Toronto. The ferry creation of GO Transit in 1968. remaining in North America with a provides access to the islands for GO Transit (1968–present) substantial amount of in-street recreational visitors and access to the GO Transit is an inter-regional operation. The city of Toronto has mainland for island residents from public transit system in the Greater the largest streetcar system in the the Jack Layton Ferry Terminal A Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) Americas. Most of the eleven ferry and tunnel provide access to the conurbation, with operations streetcar routes are concentrated in Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport extending to several communities in the downtown core and all connect to (island airport) from the foot of the Greater Golden Horseshoe. The the subway. The TTC also operates a Bathurst Street. GO network employs diesel trains night bus service called the Blue and coach buses; it connects with Night Network. Four routes of the

57 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Economy of Toronto

The economy of Toronto is the largest contributor to the Canadian economy, at 20% of national GDP, and an important economic hub of the world.[1] Toronto is a commercial, distribution, financial and industrial centre. It is the banking and stock exchange centre of Canada, and is the country's primary wholesale and distribution point. Ontario's wealth of raw materials and hydroelectric power have made Toronto a primary centre of industry. The metropolitan area of Greater Toronto produces more than half of Canada's manufactured goods.

Growth

Toronto is located on a crossroads dating back to aboriginal times with excellent harbours with many rivers. The economy grew based on the settlement of Ontario. During the late 19th century, Toronto became the centre of railways and the supplier of goods to Ontario. Its status as a political centre gave it some stability during periods of economic uncertainty. Toronto saw a large boom after World War II when immigrants, especially from war- decimated Europe, chose the area to settle. Manufacturing, notably automotive manufacturing, grew to supply the growth in population. Toronto grew at a faster rate than the other great centre of Canada at the time, Montreal, and surpassed it in the 1970s. Shipping by water was instrumental in Toronto's early growth, but this has diminished to the point where the harbour is lightly used by industry. The area aroundPearson Airport, the country's busiest airport, has become one of the largest industrial areas. Further growth in the Toronto area is often attributed to the rise of Quebec separatism, though the extent of its influence is still contested by some, who argue that its effect was exaggerated by the English media. During the 1970s, the Quebec Liberal Party and the Parti Québécois enacted a series of French-language laws, which were perceived as unfavourable towards English-language businesses (especially multinational corporations, whose markets extended far beyond Quebec's borders) and English-speaking Montrealers. Some of the former (including the Bank of Montreal) and a number of the latter subsequently relocated to Toronto, where French proficiency is not a necessity for business or employment. In the past 25 years, Toronto has lost most of its manufacturing capacity, most of it moving to outlying suburbs in the Greater Toronto Area, seeking lower land The distinctly black skyscrapers of the costs and land for expansion. This is not a new trend; it Toronto-Dominion (TD) Centre in the has been present for over 100 years. Early suburbs, such as heart of downtown, designed by West Toronto, developed for industry and were later Ludwig Mies van der Rohe engulfed by the expansion of the City of Toronto. West Toronto once had a large stock yards, which has moved Image Source: Author-SimonPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: well north of the city. Much of the older industrial land has TD_Centre_View_from_Yonge_and_King.JPG been converted into new residential neighbourhoods, supporting loft and condominium development and the industrial concerns have moved further away. Toronto itself has diversified into service-based industries. It is the centre of the Anglophone The Financial District in Toronto similar to Silicon Valley in media industry in Canada, the centers on Bay Street, the equivalent California. It is the third largest advertising industry, the to Wall Street in New York. The city center for information and entertainment industry, the fashion hosts the headquarters of all five of communications technology in industry, the pharmaceutical Canada's largest banks, and was North America, coming in behind industry, the retail industry and the ranked as the safest banking system New York City and Silicon Valley, centre of the financial industry in in the world between 2007 and 2014 with over 168,000 people and Canada. The area is a large site of the World Economic Forum. 15,000 companies working in the computer software development. The city's budget for the fiscal year Toronto technology sector alone. Toronto has also become the site of 2008 was $8.170 billion and is Toronto is also home to a large many headquarters of companies, funded primarily by property taxes startup ecosystem. In 2013, the city which have their primary activities (the net budget) totaling $3.322 was ranked as the 8th best startup elsewhere, such as mining and real billion. scene in the world and 3rd when it estate, which need to stay close to came to performance and support. the centre of finance. As Toronto The region has also emerged as the developed, it has also developed its Media Canada's largest biotechnology tourism industry, developing Toronto is one of the centres of cluster, with over 50% of the attractions such as the Toronto Canada's film and television country's life sciences companies Eaton Centre, Rogers Centre, Air industry, due in part to the lower based in the area. Toronto's biotech Canada Centre, Roy Thomson Hall, cost of production in Canada. The industry is centered around the Art Gallery of Ontario and most city's streets and landmarks are seen Discovery District, a 2.5 km area of notably the CN Tower, though it is in a variety of films, mimicking the the downtown core hosting a also a communications tower. scenes of American cities such as number of large hospitals, leading Chicago and New York. The city research institutions, and the MaRS Finance provides a diversity of settings and buildings. As the business and financial capital neighbourhoods to shoot films, with of the country, and one of the production facilitated by Toronto's Tourism world's largest financial centres as Film and Television Office. Toronto is home to a sprawling and per the British Global Financial A major new film studio, Filmport, diverse commercial infrastructure. Centres Index, Toronto hosts the started construction in 2006, with The Toronto Eaton Centre is the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), the the first phase opening in March primary tourist attraction in Toronto, third largest stock exchange in the 2008 and the second phase in 2010, with over 47 million visitors per Americas by market capitalization and features the largest sound year. Other commercial areas that and ninth in the world as of January stagein North America, at 4,000 receives many tourists include the 31, 2015. It was the first North square metres (43,000 sq ft). The PATH network, which is the world's American exchange to employ city also hosts the annual Toronto largest underground shopping decimal pricing, and one of the first International Film Festival (TIFF), complex and the eclecticKensington in the world to use a fully one of the largest in North America, and St. Lawrence Market. The Mink computerized system. The world's as well as Hot Docs Canadian Mile and Yorkville neighbourhood first exchange-traded fund (ETF) International Documentary Festival, is one of the most elegant shopping was listed in the exchange in 1990. the largest such festival in the and dining districts in Toronto. The TSX is the world's largest continent. Along Queen Street East, Toronto's exchange for the mining, oil and gas Toronto's film industry has extended biggest camera stores can be found industry, the leader in cleantech beyond the Toronto CMA into there. Big-box stores are not listings, and is second in North adjoining cities such as Hamilton generally found in downtown America in the number of and Oshawa. Toronto, but the suburbs have many technology companies listed. large malls, big-box stores, as well Toronto is the fastest growing Technology as specialty stores, for example, financial center in North America Toronto is a large hub of the stores selling discount fashions and and the second largest in North Canadian and global technology lighting nearby Orfus Road close to America, after New York City and industry, generating $52 billion in Yorkdale Shopping Centre. Chicago, with approximately revenues annually. The area bound The fashion district is located near 205,000 staff in the Canada's biggest between the Greater Toronto Area, King and Spadina, close to the old banks and brokerages. In 2008, theKitchener-Waterloo region and Chinatown to the north and Forbes Magazine named Toronto the the City of Hamilton was termed a entertainment district to the east. 10th most economically powerful "digital corridor" by the Branham Sunday shopping in Toronto first got city in the world, ahead of Madrid, Group, a region highly concentrated its start in the fashion district in the Philadelphia and Mexico City. with technology companies and jobs 1980s.

59 www.globalvillagefestival.ca St. Lawrence Market is a large, city limits, such as BlackBerry, nt and films; part of Corus historic vendors market with an IBM Canada,Citibank Canada, Entertainment) - Global HQ open air section in summer selling General Motors, Magna  Oxford Properties (property fresh locally grown produce. International, and Microsoft management) - Global HQ Kensington Market also has an Canada.  Porter Airlines (regional airline) outdoor vendor section located close Other companies with head offices  Rogers Communications to Chinatown. in Toronto: (telecommunications and media The city itself has many large and  ASUS (computers and mobile - radio, television, cellular) unique malls and shopping centres. phones) - Canadian operations  Onex Corporation (private Shopping in Toronto has become a  BMG Music Canada (media - equity and investment firm) - large draw for tourists, with, for music) - Canadian operations Global HQ example, the Eaton Centre being  Brookfield Asset Management  Sirius Canada (satellite radio) - designated as a tourist attraction in (property management) - Global Canadian operations the 1980s. Toronto and its HQ  Sunwing Airlines, a discount immediate area also boasts many  Coca-Cola Company (non- vacation airline operating large ethnic shopping malls, the alcoholic beverages) - Canadian Boeing 737s and Boeing 767s. largest of which is Pacific Mall in operations  Toyota Motor Manufacturing Markham, catering to the area's  Cookie Jar Group (children's Canada (automaker) - Canadian large Chinese population. entertainment and films) - Global operations The Toronto Islands are a major HQ  ·XM Radio Canada (satellite tourist draw, attracting people for  Fairmont Hotels and Resorts radio) - Canadian operations the beauty of the scenery, the ban of (hotelier) - Global HQ Prior to its dissolution, Canada private motor vehicles on the islands  McClelland & Stewart (media- 3000, an airline, was headquartered outside of the airport, and proximity publisher) - Global HQ in the city, near Toronto Pearson to downtown Toronto. As well, the  McDonald's Canada (fast food International Airport. CN Tower, Casa Loma, Toronto's restaurants) - Canadian theatre and musicals are all magnets operations https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Toronto for tourists.  Manulife Toronto boasts a wide variety of Financial different high-end cuisines, because (insurance of its cultural diversity. As Toronto and is the most multicultural city in the financial world (based on percentage of services) - residents being foreign born), Global HQ Toronto has immigrants from every  Marriott corner of the world, including little Internationa Indias, Chinas, Korea, and even a l (formerly little Malta. It has recently become Marriott noted for the availability of quality Hotels & restaurants. Resorts, Canada- List of corporate headquarters in also home toronto to Toronto Half of the largest companies in Marriott Canada are headquartered in the Eaton Rogers Building, the Rogers Greater Toronto Area as of 2013. A Centre, Communications head of ce building number of major corporations are Marriott's in Toronto based in the city, including the flagship Hudson's Bay Company, Manulife Canadian Financial, TD Canada Trust, hotel) - Image Source: Author- SimonP https://en.wikipedia.org/ Canadian Imperial Bank of Canadian wiki/File:Rogers_AT%26T_Centre.JPG Commerce,Royal Bank of Canada, operations Scotiabank, Bank of Montreal,  Nortel Celestica, Four Seasons Hotels and (telecom) - Resorts, Rogers Communications, Global HQ and many others. Many other  Nelvana companies are also based in the (children's Greater Toronto Area outside of the entertainme

60 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Toronto Purchase

The Toronto Purchase was the surrender of lands in the Toronto area from theMississaugas of New Credit to the British crown. An initial, disputed, agreement was made in 1787, in exchange for various items. The agreement was revisited in 1805, intended to clarify the area purchased. The agreement remained in dispute for over 200 years until 2010, when a settlement for the land was made between the Government of Canada and the Mississaugas for the land and other lands in the area.

1787 purchase flowered flannel, and 96 The 1787 purchase, gallons of rum. First Nations according to British At the time, the Chehalk records, was conducted on Mississaugas believed that Queneperion September 23, 1787, at the the agreement was not a Okemaperesse "Carrying-Place" of Bay purchase extinguishing Wabensse of Quinte. The British their rights to the land, but Kenebonecence A map of the Toronto purchase. notable is crown and the a rental of the lands for Osenego the British surveyor's insistence on using a Mississaugas of New British use in exchange for Acheton grid, instead of using the natural features to demarcate boundaries, such as Etobicoke Creditmet to arrange for gifts and presents in Creek. the surrender of lands perpetuity. The land sold consists Image Source: from James Salmon collection; http://gencat. eloquent-systems.com/webcat/systems/toronto. along Lake Ontario. In the of: arch/resource/fo1231%5Cf1231_it0174.jpg case of the Toronto area, 1805 indenture former city of Etobicoke the Mississaugas of New An Indenture (a revision) of former city of North York shoreline. Credit exchanged 250,808 the deal was made on former city of Toronto 2010 settlement acres (101,498 ha) of land August 1, 1805. Both the former city of York Starting in 1986, the in what became York 1787 Purchase and its 1805 former borough of East Mississaugas opened a County (most of current Indenture were registered as York land claims settlement Toronto and the Regional Crown Treaty No. 13. City of Vaughan process with the Municipality of York The Purchased was signed King Township Government of Canada to bounded by Lake Ontario by Sir John Johnson, western end of Markham rectify its grievance over to the south, William Claus (deputy (or Thornhill) the Toronto Purchase and approximately Etobicoke superintendent of Indian western end of a smaller plot of land near Creek/Highway 27 to the Affairs representing the Whitchurch Burlington Bay. In 2010, west, approximately Crown). Witness consisted For this revision, the Canada agreed to pay Ashbridge's of: Mississaugas were given $145 million for the lands, Bay/Woodbine Avenue- the amount of ten based on the ancient value Highway 404 to the east British shillings. of the land, extrapolated to and approximately south Captain JW Williams of The Mississaugas of New current dollars. The of Sideroad 15- the 49th Regiment Credit First Nation also money was distributed to Bloomington Road to the P Selby claimed the Toronto the band government, with north) for some money, Confirming Indian Chief Islands, which was not each of the 1,700 present 2,000 gun flints, 24 brass Totems part of the purchase as the day Mississaugas kettles, 120mirrors, 24 JB Rousseaux '(Jean agreement only went to receiving $20,000, with laced hats, a bale of Rousseaux) the Lake Ontario the rest placed in trust for

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Purchase

61 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Public services in Toronto

The Robarts Library at the Public services in Toronto are funded by municipal property taxes, financial transfers University of Toronto. from the Government of Ontario and Government of Canada, or are operated and financed by the higher-level governments. Funding for services provided by the municipal government is determined by a vote of the Toronto City Council in favour Image Source: of the year's proposed operating budget; Toronto's operating budget in 2007 was https://commons.wikimedia.org/ $7.8 billion, and its capital budget was 1.43 billion. wiki/File:Robarts_Library_in_UofT.jpg

Operational finances scolaire de district du Centre-Sud- funded by the municipal government Revenue sources for the city's Ouest and the Conseil scolaire de and user receipts, but infrastructure operational budget consist of district catholique Centre-Sud projects may receive funding from transfers and subsidies from the manages public and Roman Catholic provincial and federal sources. provincial and federal governments French-language schools. Roads within the city are a municipal ($1.944 B), user fees ($1.205 B) and The University of Toronto, responsibility, but major highways, withdrawals from the reserve fund established in 1827, is a leading such as the 400-series highways, are ($0.5 B). Property taxes represent public research institution and a provincially funded and operated. In 42% of the budget ($3.221 B), which worldwide leader in biomedical the winter, the city provides snow is referred to as the Net Operating research. York University, another removal services on its roads and on Budget. All other sources total institution located in Toronto, houses property it owns, such as parking lots approximnately $1.0 B. the largest law library in the at libraries and swimming pools. The most significant expenditures Commonwealth of Nations. The city are: is also home toRyerson University, Water and wastewater  ·Police Services Board (24.4% of Ontario College of Art & Design, Toronto has a vast network to expenditures) and the University of Guelph- manage water delivery and to  ·Debt financing (12.2%) Humber. process wastewater.  ·Fire services (10.4%)  ·Social services (8.4%) Recreation Waste management  ·Shelter, Support and Housing There are numerous recreation areas The city's waste is collected by Administration (8.0%) owned and operated by the city, private operators under contract to  Toronto Transit Commission including swimming pools, bicycle the city. Some businesses make (includes WheelTrans service) and jogging trails, and parks. It also separate arrangements for their (7.4%) operates the Toronto Zoo and other waste, as do hospitals for some of  ·Parks, Forestry and Recreation public spaces, such as Nathan Phillips their waste. Collection includes (7.0%) Square and Downsview Park. garbage, recyclable materials, and  ·Transportation services (5.7%) compostable materials. Hazardous  ·Solid Waste Management Health waste is also handled separately. The services (5.7%) Health services in Toronto are quite city's green bin program for  ·Toronto Public Library (4.6%) extensive, and benefit from the compostable material was first tested All other services individually intensive and broad medical research in parts of Etobicoke, a suburb in the represent less than 2% of conducted in the city. Hospitals are northwest. expenditures. publicly financed, primarily by the provincial government, but also via Law enforcement Education federal government transfers to the The Toronto Police Service is one of Although private schools are province, some private sources (e.g. - the oldest English-language modern plentiful in Toronto, most students lotteries) and through charitable and municipal police departments in the receive their education via the public philanthropic donations. world. Its operational is funded via school system, operated by school Family doctors have private practices the municipal government, and boards funded by the province via funded by the provincial represents the single-greatest yearly provincial income tax and federal government. Paramedic and expenditure in the city's operating financial transfers to the provincial ambulatory services are funded by budget. government. The Toronto District the city. Also, non-profit palliative School Board (TDSB) operates 451 care services exist. Emergency services public schools and 102 secondary or Emergency services in the city high schools, the Toronto Catholic Transportation include paramedic and ambulatory District School Boardmanages the Various modes of transportation are services, as well as fire services. city's publicly funded Roman available in the city. Operation of the Catholic schools, while the Conseil Toronto Transit Commission is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_services_in_Toronto

62 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Lake Ontario

Lake Ontario (French: Lac Ontario) is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is surrounded on the north, west, and southwest by the Canadian province of Ontario, and on the south and east by the American state of New York, whose water boundaries meet in the middle of the lake. Ontario, Canada's most populous province, was named for the lake. In the Wyandot (Huron) language, ontarío means “Lake of Shining Waters”. Its primary inlet is the Niagara River from Lake Erie. The last in the Great Lakes chain, Lake Ontario serves as the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence River.

Geography and among years (owing to longer large numbers of plant and animal Lake Ontario is the easternmost of term trends in precipitation). These species, as well as providing the Great Lakes and the smallest in water level fluctuations are an important rest areas for migratory surface area (7,340 sq mi, 18,960 integral part of lake ecology, and birds. Presqu'ile, on the north shore km), although it exceeds Lake Erie produce and maintain extensive of Lake Ontario, is particularly in volume (393 cu mi, 1,639 km). It wetlands. The lake also has an significant in this regard. One unique is the 14th largest lake in the world. important freshwater fishery, feature of the lake is the Z-shaped When its islands are included, the although it has been negatively Bay of Quinte which separates lake has a shoreline that is 712 miles affected by factors including over- Prince Edward County from the (1,146 km) long. As the last lake in fishing, water pollution and invasive Ontario mainland, save for a 2-mile the Great Lakes' hydrologic chain, species. (3.2 km) isthmus near Trenton; this Lake Ontario has the lowest mean feature also supports many wetlands surface elevation of the lakes at 243 Baymouth bars built by prevailing and aquatic plants, as well as feet (74 m) above sea level; 326 feet winds and currents have created a associated fisheries. (99 m) lower than its neighbor significant number of lagoons and Major rivers draining into Lake upstream. Its maximum length is 193 sheltered harbors, mostly near (but Ontario include the Niagara River, statute miles (311 kilometres; 168 not limited to) Prince Edward Don River, Humber River, Trent nautical miles) and its maximum County, Ontario and the easternmost River, Cataraqui River, Genesee width is 53 statute miles (85 km; 46 shores. Perhaps the best-known River,Oswego River, Black River, nmi). The lake's average depth is 47 example is Toronto Bay, chosen as Little Salmon River, and the Salmon fathoms 1 foot (283 ft; 86 m), with a the site of the Upper Canada River. maximum depth of 133 fathoms 4 (Ontario) capital for its strategic feet (802 ft; 244 m). The lake's harbour. Other prominent examples Geology primary source is the Niagara River, include Hamilton Harbour, The lake basin was carved out of draining Lake Erie, with the St. Irondequoit Bay, Presqu'ile Bay, and soft, weak Silurian-age rocks by the Lawrence River serving as the outlet. Sodus Bay. The bars themselves are Wisconsin ice sheet during the last The drainage basin covers 24,720 the sites of long beaches, such as ice age. The action of the ice square miles (64,030 km). As with Sandbanks Provincial Park and occurred along the pre-glacial all the Great Lakes, water levels Sandy Island Beach State Park. Ontarian River valley which had change both within the year (owing These sand bars are often associated approximately the same orientation to seasonal changes in water input) with large wetlands, which support as today's basin. Material that was

63 www.globalvillagefestival.ca pushed southward by the stacked on it. It is still from the north to ice sheet left landforms rebounding about 12 southern Ontario, they such as drumlins, kames, inches (30 cm) per retained the Iroquois and moraines, both on the century in the St. name. modern land surface and Lawrence area. Since the The first documented the lake bottom, ice receded from the area European to reach the reorganizing the region's last, the most rapid lake was Étienne Brûlé in entire drainage system. rebound still occurs there. 1615. As was their As the ice sheet retreated This means that the lake practice, the French toward the north, it still bed is gradually tilting explorers introduced dammed the St. southward, inundating other names for the lake. Lawrence valley outlet, the south shore and In 1632 and 1656, the so that the lake surface turning river valleys into lake was referred to as was at a higher level. bays. Both north and Lac de St. Louis or Lake This stage is known as south shores experience St. Louis by Samuel de Lake Iroquois. During shoreline erosion, but the Champlain that time the lake drained tilting amplifies this andcartographer Nicolas through present-day effect on the south shore, Sanson respectively Syracuse, New York into causing loss to property (likely for Louis XIV of the Mohawk River, owners. France) In 1660 Jesuit thence to the Hudson historian Francis River and the Atlantic. History Creuxius coined the The shoreline created Ontario, or 'beautiful nameLacus Ontarius. In a during this stage can be great lake' derives its map drawn in the easily recognized by the name from the Iroquois / Relation des Jésuites (now dry) beaches and Haudenosaunee first (1662–1663), the lake wave-cut hills 10 to 25 nation which inhabited bears the legend "Lac miles (15 to 40 km) from the area around the lake Ontario ou des Iroquois" the present shoreline. until about 1700. The with the name "Ondiara" When the ice finally lake was a border in smaller type. A French receded from the St. between the Huron and map produced in 1712 Lawrence valley, the their vassals and the (currently in the outlet was below sea Iroquois Confederacy in Canadian Museum of level, and for a short time pre-European times. In Civilization), created by the lake became a bay of the 1600s, the Iroquois military engineer Jean- the Atlantic Ocean, in drove out the Huron from Baptiste de Couagne, association with the southern Ontario and identified Lake Ontario Champlain Sea. settled the northern as "Lac Frontenac" Gradually the land shores of Lake Ontario. named after Louis de rebounded from the When the Iroquois Buade, Comte de Map of Lac de Frontenac (now Lake Ontario), showing Teiaiagon and Lac Taronto (now Lake Simcoe) release of the weight of withdrew and the Frontenac et de Palluau. about 6,500 feet (2,000 Anishnabeg / Ojibwa / He was a French soldier,

Image Source: Part of the James Salmon collection m) of ice that had been Mississaugas moved in courtier, and Governor

64 www.globalvillagefestival.ca General of New France from 1672 to of birds, fish, reptiles amphibians classified as part of the Mixedwood 1682 and from 1689 to his death in 1698. and plants. Many of these special Plains Ecozone by Environment species are associated with Canada, or as the Eastern Great Artifacts which are believed to be of shorelines, particularly sand dunes, Lakes and Hudson Lowlands by the Norse origin have been found in the lagoons, and wetlands. The United States Environmental area of Sodus Bay, indicating importance of wetlands to the lake Protection Agency, or as the Great possible earlier visits by Europeans, has been appreciated, and many of Lakes Ecoregion by The Nature but this remains unproven. the larger wetlands have protected Conservancy. Deforestation in the A series of trading posts was status. However, these wetlands are vicinity of the lake has had many established by both the British and changing in part because the natural negative impacts, including loss of French, such as Fort water level fluctuations have been forest birds, extinction of native Frontenac(Kingston) in 1673, Fort reduced. Many wetland plants are salmon, and increased amounts of Oswego in 1722, Fort Rouillé dependent upon low water levels to sediment flowing into the lake. In (Toronto) in 1750. After the French reproduce. When water levels are some areas more than 90 percent of and Indian War, all forts around the stabilized, the area and diversity of the forest cover has been removed lake were under British control. The the marsh is reduced. This is and replaced by agriculture. Certain United States did not take possession particularly true of meadow marsh tree species, such as hemlock, have of forts on present-day American (also known as wet meadow also been particularly depleted by territory until the signing of the Jay wetlands); for example, in Eel Bay past logging activity. Guidelines for Treaty in 1794. Permanent, non- near Alexandria Bay, regulation of restoration stress the importance of military European settlement began lake levels has resulted in large maintaining and restoring forest during the American Revolution. As losses of wet meadow. Often this is cover, particularly along streams and the easternmost and nearest lake to accompanied by the invasion of wetlands. the Atlantic seaboard of Canada and cattails, which displace many of the The open water is less-affected by the United States, population centres native plant species and reduce plant shoreline features, such as wetlands, here are among the oldest in the diversity. Eutrophication may and more affected by nutrient levels Great Lakes basin, with Kingston, accelerate this process by providing that control the production of algae. Ontario, formerly the capital of nitrogen and phosphorus for the Algae are the basis of the open water Canada, dating to the 1670s (Fort more rapid growth of competitively food web, and the source of primary Frontenac). The lake became a hub dominant plants. Similar effects are production that ends up as Lake of commercial activity following occurring on the north shore, in Trout and Walleye at the top of the theWar of 1812 with canal building wetlands such as Presqu'ile, which open water food web. on both sides of the border and have interdunal wetlands called heavy travel by lake steamers. pannes, with high plant Steamer activity peaked in the mid- diversity and many 19th century before competition unusual plant species. from railway lines. Most of the forests around the lake are Ecology and environmental deciduous forests concerns dominated by trees Lake Sturgeon were abundant in 1860 and had been driven to near extinction by 1960. The Great Lakes watershed is a including maple, oak, region of high biodiversity, and Lake beech, ash and Image Source: NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory Ontario is important for its diversity basswood. These are

65 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Like the other Great Lakes, Lake but an ice sheet covering between such as Quebec City, which averages Ontario used to have an important 10% and 90% of the lake area 135 inches (340 cm), and Sapporo, commercial fishery. It has been typically develops, depending on the Japan, which receives 250 inches largely destroyed, mostly by over- severity of the winter. Ice sheets (640 cm) each year and is often fishing. Consider the Lake Sturgeon typically form along the shoreline regarded as the snowiest city in the as but one example. Lake sturgeon and in slack water bays, where the world. Foggy conditions (particularly are huge fish—they can grow up to lake is not as deep. During the in fall) can be created by thermal three meters long and exceed 190 kg winters of 1877 and 1878, the ice contrasts and can be an impediment in weight. The females mature sheet coverage was up to 95–100% for recreational boaters. In a normal slowly and require decades to reach in most of the lake. In the winter of winter, Lake Ontario will be at most sexual maturity. It was once an 1812, the ice cover was stable one quarter ice-covered, in a mild abundant species in Lake Ontario. enough that the American naval winter almost completely unfrozen. "In 1860, this species, taken on commander stationed at Sackets Lake Ontario has completely frozen incidental catches of other fishes, Harbor feared a British attack from over on five recorded occasions: was killed and dumped back in the Kingston, over the ice. from about January 20 to about lake, piled up on shore to dry and be When the cold winds of winter pass March 20, 1830; in 1874; in 1893; in burned, fed to pigs, or dug into the over the warmer water of the lake, 1912; and in February 1934. earth as fertilizer." It was even they pick up moisture and drop it as Lake breezes in spring tend to retard stacked like cordwood and used to lake-effect snow. Since the fruit bloom until the frost danger is fuel steamboats. Once its value was prevailing winter winds are from the past, and in the autumn delay the realized, "They were taken by every northwest, the southern and onset of fall frost, particularly on the available means from spearing and southeastern shoreline of the lake is south shore. Cool onshore winds also jigging to set lines of baited or referred to as the snowbelt. In some retard early bloom of plants and unbaited hooks laid on the bottom to winters the area between Oswego flowers until later in the spring trapnets, poundnets and gillnets." and Pulaski may receive twenty or season, protecting them from Over 5 million pounds were taken more feet (600 cm) of snowfall. Also possible frost damage. Such from adjoining Lake Erie in a single impacted by lake-effect snow is the microclimatic effects have enabled year. The fishery collapsed, largely Tug Hill Plateau, an area of elevated tender fruit production in a by 1900. They have never recovered. land that is about 20 miles (32 km) continental climate, with the Like most sturgeons, the lake east of Lake Ontario, creating ideal southwest shore supporting a major sturgeon is rare now, and is protected conditions for lake-effect snowfall. fruit-growing area. Apples, cherries, in many areas. Populations in the The "Hill", as it is often referred to, pears, plums, and peaches are grown Oswego River are being actively typically receives more snow than in many commercialorchards around managed for recovery. any other region in the eastern Rochester. Between Stoney Creek United States. As a result, Tug Hill is and Niagara-on-the-Lake on the Climate a popular location for winter Niagara Peninsula is a major fruit- The lake has a natural seiche rhythm enthusiasts, such as snow-mobilers growing and wine-making area. The of eleven minutes. The seiche effect and cross-country skiers. Lake-effect wine-growing regionextends over the normally is only about ⁄4 inches (2 snow often extends inland as far as international border into Niagara and cm) but can be greatly amplified by Syracuse, with that city often Orleans counties. Apple varieties that earth movement, winds, and recording the most winter snowfall tolerate a more extreme climate are atmospheric pressure changes. accumulation of any large city in the grown on the lake's north shore, Because of its great depth, the lake United States. Other cities in the aroundCobourg. as a whole never freezes in winter, world receive more snow annually,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ontario

Background Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Fort_Niagara_aiming_at_Toronto.jpg

66 www.globalvillagefestival.ca retributi on the site of the garrison. York, Upper Canada on Dundas Streetwas built to attack connect York to towns to The Town of York was the second capital of the district of Upper Canada and the predecessor to Toronto (1834). It was established in was the west. In the 1820s, the 1793 by Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe as a "temporary" location for the capital of Upper Canada, while he made plans to build made town experienced a surge a capital near today's London, Ontario. Simcoe renamed the location on the of immigrants, expanding York after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, George III's second son. Simcoe gave up his plan to build a capital at London, Americ from 1,000 residents to and York became the permanent capital of Upper Canada on February 1, 1796. That year Simcoe returned to Britain and was an over 9,000 by the time the temporarily replaced by Peter Russell. capital town was incorporated as of the City of Toronto in Washin 1834. During its existence, gton. the town did not have its After own government; it was Image Source: Telegram staff (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harbour_of_York,_Upper_Canada,_1803.jpg) the war governed by the province The original townsite was a the British army retreated, was over, the town of Upper Canada, with a compact ten blocks near it blew up the garrison, continued to grow, mix of elected officials and the mouth of the Don River leading to the death of expanding to the west, an aristocracy known as and a garrison was built at numerous American leaving the original town the Family Compact the channel to Toronto soldiers and the American site, a less desirable controlling the Harbour. Government general commanding the location, somewhat government. By 1830, this buildings and a law court attack. The victorious undeveloped A new led to an ongoing political were established. Yonge Americans sacked the town parliament building was conflict which would later Street was built, lead to the 1837 connecting York to Upper Canada the Holland River Rebellion. to the north. To the east, Kingston History Road was built to When Europeans the mouth of the first arrived at the Trent River. In site of present-day 1797, the town site Toronto, the was expanded to vicinity was the west to allow inhabited by the for public Iroquoian Seneca

buildings and Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canada_Ontario_relief_location_map.jpg tribe (from the expansion. One of Five Nations the new area's Iroquois of New public functions, a public and burned down the erected, near the original York State), who by then market, was started in government buildings. The location, but this burned had displaced the Huron 1803. It continues today as Americans chose not to down and a new building tribes that had occupied the St. Lawrence Market. occupy the town and the was built in the new lands region for centuries before The garrison was attacked British eventually returned to the west. A permanent c. 1600. By 1701, the during the War of 1812. As without conflict. A fort, Fort York, was built Iroquoian villages that had

67 www.globalvillagefestival.ca been established along the Don (Keating Channel did In 1791, Upper Canada of Upper Canada. north shore of Lake not exist yet). Other than was established, with Ontario during the Lake Ontario, other Newark its first capital. The townsite was first sixteenth century had been waterways into old town The first Lieutenant- surveyed in 1788, but abandoned. The Algonkian included the Don and Governor John Graves Simcoe developed a new Mississaugas then moved several other small creeks, Simcoe arrived in 1792 and town plan. The Town of into the Toronto region, such asGarrison Creek and first visited the Toronto York was laid out in ten created alliances with the Taddle Creek. Purchase site in May 1793. original blocks between former Iroquoian residents, Impressed by the site and today's Adelaide and Front and established their own Between 1710 and 1750, harbour, he moved the streets (the latter following settlements; one near the French traders established capital to Toronto, on a the shoreline) with the first former Seneca village of two trading posts on the "temporary" basis, while church (St James Teiaiagon on the Humber Humber River, whose he worked on plans to Anglican), Town Hall and River. success led the French to build a capital in the Wharf (named St build Fort Rouillé on the vicinity of London, Lawrence after the river) The name Toronto is likely current Exhibition grounds Ontario. Simcoe renamed on the west and the first derived from the Mohawk in 1750. It only lasted until the townsite York, rejecting parliament buildings, word tkaronto, meaning 1759, abandoned after the the aboriginal name. The blockhouse and windmill "place where trees stand in fall of Fort Niagara, when name of York was chosen on the east.Taddle Creek the water". It refers to the the French retreated to to please King George, as a lay on the eastern northern end of what is Montreal. The British compliment to the Duke of boundary, the Don River now Lake Simcoe, where arrived the next year with York, his son. Simcoe and and its wetland further to the Huron had planted tree an army to secure the his family took residence the east. Two main roads saplings to corral fish. A location. in July 1793. They found were laid out: Dundas portage route from Lake the location to be an Street (today's Queen Ontario to Lake Huron During the American isolated wilderness, with Street) and Yonge Street, running through this point, Revolutionary War, the dense forest right to the which was built as far the Toronto Carrying-Place region saw an influx of shore. A few families of north as the Holland River. Trail, led to widespread use British settlers as United Mississauga were the only In 1797, a garrison was of the name. Empire Loyalists fled for residents and "immense built east of modern-day the unsettled lands north of coveys of fowl." They Bathurst Street, on the east The shoreline was likely Lake Ontario. In 1787, the lived in a tent that once bank of Garrison Creek. sandy and parts sloping British negotiated the belonged to Captain James In August 1796, Charles down to Lake Ontario (see Toronto Purchase with the Cook the explorer, at the McCuen, a soldier in the Geography of Toronto). Mississaugas of New foot of today's Bathurst Queen's Rangers, murdered The original shoreline Credit, thereby securing Street. It would be the Wabakinine, a Mississauga followed what is now Front more than a 250,000 acres temporary capital until chief and one of the signers Street. Everything now (1,000 km) of land in the 1796, when Simcoe of the Toronto Purchase, on south of Front Street is the Toronto area. The purchase abandoned his plans to the waterfront. The murder result of land fill. The was disputed in 1788, and make London the capital. of Wabakinine and his wife Toronto Islands were still a further agreement was The first parliament of threatened to derail the connected to the mainland. made in 1805, but a final Upper Canada convened in peace between the British It was wooded, with settlement of the purchase June 1797 in York, after and the Mississaugas. The marshes in what is now would only come 200 years Simcoe had returned to Mississaugas, already Ashbridge's Bay and the later in 2010, for a total of England and Peter Russell frustrated by the failed then natural mouth of the CA$145 million. was named administrator promises of the Toronto

68 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Purchase, considered a residences west of York on Lane, off King, west of to report for night duty as counter attack, either on Yonge, Front and Dundas Church, south to Market special constables for a the capital itself or on streets, and as far west as (Wellington today), which fixed number of nights a nearby pioneer farms. The the garrison. In in 1832 was a center of a year under the penalty of York authorities brought comparison, the original choleraepidemic. Pearson fine or imprisonment in a McCuen to trial for murder town site itself was not recalls the muddy and system known as "watch but he was ultimately fully developed by the time filthy lane as being the site and ward".The first police acquitted due to lack of of incorporation. The of a few shanties inhabited office was opened in 1826, evidence. An uprising was Parliament buildings, by widows, who kept only open from 11 a.m to 2 averted through the efforts destroyed in 1813 by war cows. The cows would be p.m daily except Sunday, of Joseph Brant, a First and later by fire, were led to the garrison common Christmas Day and Good Nations interpreter, guide moved to the west, helping each day to graze. Two Friday. The number of and diplomat. to draw persons to the stables were also nearby, constables was eleven in All land south of Dundas west. The town became making the neighbourhood 1810, twenty in 1820 and Street was reserved for fully developed as far west "odiferous" in his opinion. twelve in 1830. expansion of the Town or as York Street, with some The area around Henrietta There was a major cholera Fort by the government as built-up areas west to would eventually be epidemic in Upper Canada 'the Commons'. North of Peter. North of Lot Street, cleared of the slum, its from 1832–1834. There Dundas Street was the Spadina Avenue was north end on King closed were two outbreaks in "Liberties", the eventual already laid out to the off first, and the area York, in 1832 and 1834. rural Township of York. It north, and the two north- redeveloped around the About 1,000 persons died was divided into large 'park south roadways that would new Colborne Street. in the two outbreaks. The d lots' where the city's become University Avenue. March Street (Lombard moneyed elite built their 150 acres (61 ha) of land today) was also noted as Reform opposition estates, such as 'the had been purchased in being rough and having a Reform activity emerged in Grange' and 'Moss park.' 1825 to be the campus of red-light district. the 1830s when those With time, some of these King's College, today's As the town grew, fire suffering the abuses of the estate lots were subdivided, University of Toronto, at prevention became more Family Compact began to like the Macaulay family the north end of the roads. important. Starting in emulate the organizational estate between Yonge St Rougher conditions existed 1820, homes were required forms of the British and Osgoode Hall (now in several area. to have two leather buckets Reform Movement, and Toronto City Hall) which "Macaulaytown", (named on the front of their houses. organized Political Unions became a working-class after the Queen's Ranger If a fire alarm was raised, a under the leadership of neighbourhood known as who had been given the line of citizens from the William Lyon Mackenzie. Macaulaytown. The park lot) basically a shanty bay to the burning building The British Political original townsite area is town, and the site of many passed the buckets. In Unions had successfully today known as the "Old poor immigrants, was north 1826, the first fire company petitioned for the Great Town". of Lot and west of Yonge. was inaugurated and a fire Reform Act of 1832 that The chief business part of Squatters lived a meager hall was built on Church eliminated much of the the town was King and existence along the Don Street. Soldiers at nearby political corruption in the Front streets, the western River and the lakefront. Fort York also assisted in English Parliamentary limit being Yonge street, Conditions were poor on fire fighting when needed. system. Prominent and the eastern limit the both sides of Church Street There was no official politicians in reform city Don bridge. There were, in back lanes. The worst police force. Able-bodied politics included James however, many private was reputed to be Henrietta male citizens were required Lesslie, a bookseller and

69 www.globalvillagefestival.ca isease, poorly judicial power in Upper sought to solidify their who were related to understood at the time Canada from the 1810s personal positions into him. Another and caused by to the 1840s. It was noted family dynasties and prominent member of contaminated food or for its conservatism and acquire all the marks of the Compact was Sir water, was acutely opposition to democracy. gentility. They used John Beverley infectious. The number their government Robinson who was the Upper Canada did not of patients overwhelmed positions to extend Chief Justice of Upper have a hereditary the hospital and special their business and Canada for 34 years nobility. In its place, sheds had to be built speculative interests. from 1829. The rest of senior members of adjacent to house the the members were Upper Canada The centre of the patients. mostly descendants of bureaucracy, the Compact was York. Its United Empire Family Compact Executive Council of most important Loyalists or recent The Family Compact Upper Canada and member was the Rev. upper-class British was a small closed Legislative Council of John Strachan; many settlers such as the group of men who Upper Canada, made of the other members Boulton family, exercised most of the up the elite of the were his former builders of the Grange. political, economic and Compact. These men students, or people founder of the Mechanics Institute, Bank of the People General, and the act was performed in broad daylight in and House of Refuge & Industry; Jesse front of William Allan, bank president and magistrate. Political conflict They were never charged, and it was left to Mackenzie to In 1826, in the "Types Riot", the printing press of William launch a civil lawsuit instead. Lyon Mackenzie was destroyed by the young lawyers of the Juvenile Advocate's Society with the complicity of the There are three implications of the Types riot according to Attorney General, the Solicitor General and the historian Paul Romney. First, he argues the riot illustrates magistrates of Toronto. how the elite's self-justifications regularly skirted the rule Mackenzie had published a series of satires under the of law they held out as their Loyalist mission. Second, he pseudonym of "Patrick Swift, nephew of Jonathan Swift" demonstrated that the significant damages Mackenzie in an attempt to humiliate the members of the Family received in his civil lawsuit against the vandals did not Compact running for the board of the Bank of Upper reflect the soundness of the criminal administration of Canada, and Henry John Boulton the Solicitor General, in justice in Upper Canada. And lastly, he sees in the Types particular. Mackenzie's articles worked, and they lost riot “the seed of the Rebellion” in a deeper sense than control. In revenge they sacked Mackenzie's press, those earlier writers who viewed it simply as the start of a highly throwing the type into the lake. The 'juvenile advocates' personal feud between Mackenzie and the Family Compact. were the students of the Attorney General and the Solicitor Romney emphasizes that Mackenzie's personal harassment, the

Population York, Upper Canada York's population was primarily British (from Scotland, England, Wales and Year Pop. ±% Ireland) with a few other European settlers (French, German and Dutch). York 1793 3 — being a garrison town meant there were one or more regiments of Imperial 1796 600 +19900.0% troops stationed there. The officers were considered an acquisition to society, 1812 1,460 +143.3% and, "many of the fair daughters of York formed marriages with these gallant 1813 720 −50.7% fellows." The town saw a wave of English immigrants in the later 1820s. In 1825 1,600 +122.2% 1826, the population was 1,700, in 1830, 2,860 and in 1834, 9,254 1832 5,500 +243.8% 1834 9,250 +68.2%

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York,_Upper_Canada

70 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Sister cities of Toronto are cities with which Toronto is twinned Sister cities of Toronto geographically and politically, with the goal of fostering human contact and cultural interchange.

Relationships Canadian city The city maintains two types of relationships with other · community groups must raise funds to support exchanges cities, partnership and friendship. Partnership cities are with Friendship Cities to which they have committed selected by city staff, with a focus toward economic · the federal government must have a relationship with the development. Friendship cities activities are proposed by the community and endorsed by a member of Toronto City Council.

Partnership Cities: United States Chicago, Illinois, United States (1991) China Chongqing, China (1986) Germany Frankfurt, Germany (1989) Italy Milan, Italy (2003)

Friendship Cities: Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (2006) Ukraine Kiev, Ukraine (1991) Ecuador Quito, Ecuador (2006) Japan Sagamihara, Japan (1991) Poland Warsaw, Poland (1990)

Formation of relationships Toronto's city council considers requests to form relationships with other cities through its International Alliance Program. The criteria for both Partnership Cities and Friendship Cities were adopted by council December 5–7, 2005. Forming a relationship is primarily dependent on budget constraints of the Economic Development Committee, the municipal office which administers the program. Proposals for new relationships are requested by city staff, of their own volition or on behalf of a third party. These proposals are analyzed for political and financial impact, and a recommendation is then presented to the Economic Development Committee. country in which the candidate city is located Proposals for new candidates are submitted to the General Principles for new relationships Manager of Economic Development; all proposals are In order to prevent spurious proposals, cities that are analyzed and compiled into a yearly recommendation candidates for a relationship with Toronto must satisfy the which coincides with the city's budget process. following conditions: · there can be no more than one relationship in any region Criteria for Friendship cities · the candidate city cannot have a relationship with another To be considered for Friendship City status, a candidate

71 www.globalvillagefestival.ca city must fulfill the following criteria: Economic Development, it is reviewed by staff to · it must be sponsored by a member of Toronto City determine the candidate's status and applicability for Council formation of a relationship with Toronto. Whereas the criteria identified are minimal requirements, the review · it must be co-sponsored by an individual, group or process is a more thorough investigation of the candidate association in the community that will assume city. responsibility for all activities with the Friendship city · it must have support from the candidate city with respect Recommendations to accept a proposal are often made only for cities which have strong similarities to, or compatibility with, Toronto. It must exhibit a diverse economic structure, instead of being dependent on one factor only, such as tourism. It should have sizeable population in the city core, and be the centre of an urban agglomeration.

Proposals for 2006 On June 14, 2006, a report analyzing the candidacy of four cities was presented to, and considered by city council. Four cities were discussed:

· Lisbon was deemed to meet most of the criteria for a relationship, but was ultimately rejected because of Toronto's numerous relationships in the region, citing that "adding one more European city to an already unbalanced international portfolio is not recommended". The report noted that Lisbon and Toronto have very strong community and business relationships, as well as Toronto having a significant Portuguese population.

· Manila was rejected because it already has a relationship with another Canadian city, and also because Toronto has a relationship with a city in that region

· Monte Carlo was rejected because it does not have a to community interest and participation diverse economy, being dependent on tourism, and because it does not match demographically with Toronto · it must be a community of interest, with active support in Toronto and the Friendship city · Montego Bay was rejected for lack of compatibility both demographically and economically with Toronto; the · it must follow the international policy framework report noted the strong presence of Jamaican culture in approved by Council in May 2002 Toronto, and its lack of relationship with cities from the Candidate analysis Caribbean Once a proposal is presented to the General Manager of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_cities_of_Toronto

72 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Annual events in Toronto

Numerous festivals, shows and exhibitions are held annually in Toronto. They include:

January February March

 Winterlicious  Canadian International AutoShow - at the  Cinéfranco  Toronto Design Week Metro Convention Centre  St Patrick's Day Parade  Winter City  Canadian Music Week

June  Luminato a festival of arts and creativity established in 2007  North by Northeast, an annual ve-day live music and lm festival and music conference  Pride Week is the world's second largest April May gay pride festival  Toronto Downtown Jazz Festival - various  Sporting Life 10K  Cabbagetown Forsythia Festival - Held indoors and located throughout the  Hot Docs the rst Sunday in May. downtown core  Khalsa Day parade, rst held in 1986  Doors Open Toronto  MuchMusic Video Awards  Toronto Fashion Week  Science Rendezvous  Toronto International Dragon Boat Festival  Anime North - Usually held the weekend - Centre Island following Victoria Day, although some  Fête de la Musique (World Music Day) - times during the long weekend. June 21 annually. Musicians from all over  Walk for Values in Yonge-Dundas Square the world perform free concerts throughout the city  Taste of Toronto - The beautiful Fort York National Historic Site is the setting for one of the top global food festivals

July August September  Toronto Fringe Festival, Toronto's largest  The Canadian National Exhibition (CNE,  The Canadian International Air Show -off theatre festival or "the Ex"). CNE grounds over Lake Ontario  Honda Indy Toronto at Exhibition Place  The Taste of the Danforth festival  The Terry Fox Run  Caribana is North America's largest street showcases the mostly Greek culture of  The Toronto International Film Festival is festival, showcasing Caribbean/West The Danforth and has expanded to considered one of the big three global lm Indian culture (in some years early include other cultures of the area. events, with Cannes and Berlin, with more August).  Fan Expo Canada screens and more lms than either.  Beaches International Jazz Festival - The  Cabbagetown Fall Festival, - Held the Beaches second weekend in September.  Summerlicious  Virgin Festival, based on the British  ConBravo! fandom convention festival  Brickfete LEGO Fan Festival  Word on the Street - Canada's largest, annual outdoor book and magazine festival  Taste of the Kingsway - September 9-11. A celebration of food and music, the Taste November of the Kingsway festival is a family-friendly way to honour the community.  The Toronto Santa Claus Parade (Started in 1904 with just a single oat, it now boasts over 24 oats, 24 bands, and 1700 participants. It is one of the biggest productions in North America, and October broadcast to many countries around the December world.)  Cavalcade of Lights.  Nuit Blanche  Reviving the Islamic Spirit  The Royal Agricultural Winter Fair, an  The Toronto Waterfront Marathon - run annual fall fair started in 1922. along the waterfront starting and ending in downtown Toronto  The Toronto After Dark Film Festival

Article Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_events_in_Toronto

73 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Media in Toronto

This is a list of television and radio stations along with a list of media outlets in and around Toronto, Ontario including the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Toronto is Canada's largest media market, and the fourth-largest market in North America (behind New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago).

TV stations

OTA virtual channel (PSIP) OTA channel Rogers Cable Bell Fibe TV Call Sign Network Notes

3.1 10 (VHF) 20 202 CKVR-DT CTV Two Transmitted from Barrie 5.1 20 (UHF) 6 205 CBLT-DT CBC Television 9.1 9 (VHF) 8 201 CFTO-DT CTV 11.1 15 (UHF) 11 211 CHCH-DT Independent Transmitted from Hamilton 19.1 19 (UHF) 2 209 CICA-DT TVOntario Provincial public educational broadcaster 25.1 25 (UHF) 12 101 CBLFT-DT Ici Radio-Canada Télé Toronto's only OTA French language station. 36.1 36 (UHF) 9 651 CITS-DT Yes TV Religious/family entertainment, transmitted from Hamilton 40.1 40 (UHF) 14 207 CJMT-DT Omni Television (OMNI 2) Multicultural (Africa/Asia/Middle East), sister station to CFMT 41.1 41 (UHF) 3 203 CIII-DT-41 Global 47.1 47 (UHF) 4 206 CFMT-DT Omni Television (OMNI 1) Multicultural (America/Caribbean/Europe), sister station to CJMT 57.1 44 (UHF) 7 204 CITY-DT City – – 10 – – Rogers TV Community channel for Rogers Cable subscribers – – 13 145 – TFO Provincial Franco-Ontarian public educational broadcaster – – 24 503 – CP24 24-hour local news channel – – – 1 – TV1 Community channel for Bell Fibe TV subscribers

The incumbent cable provider in the Toronto area is CW). Many of these stations can be seen over the air Rogers Cable, which originally secured the cable throughout the Greater Toronto Area. franchise for most of the pre-amalgamation city of Toronto has seven times the population of the Buffalo Toronto, and later purchased the systems in surrounding market. In particular, WUTV and WNED rely heavily on areas. Since 2010, Bell Fibe TV (an IPTV terrestrial viewership from Toronto; both have long identified as service operated by Rogers' rival Bell Canada) has been serving "Buffalo/Toronto," and also have sales offices in available in most neighbourhoods in the Greater Toronto the city. More than half of WNED's members live in Area. Independent IPTV television services such as Toronto. Vmedia and Zazeen have also become available. Most of Canada's cable television networks also have American network affiliates on Toronto cable are piped in national operations based in Toronto; for more from Buffalo, New York, including WGRZ (NBC), information, see List of Canadian television channels. See WIVB (CBS), WKBW-TV (ABC), WUTV (Fox), and Digital television in Canada for information relating to the WNED-TV (PBS). Digital cable subscribers can also transition to HDTV in Canada. watch WNYO-TV (MyNetworkTV) and WNLO (The

74 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Radio Toronto stations (AM)

Frequency Call sign Branding Format Owner Notes

AM 590 CJCL Sportsnet 590 The Fan sports Rogers Media AM 640 CFMJ AM 640 talk Corus Entertainment AM 680 CFTR 680 News news Rogers Media AM 740 CFZM Zoomer Radio pop standards ZoomerMedia AM 860 CJBC Ici Radio-Canada public news/talk CBC French AM 1010 CFRB Newstalk 1010 news/talk Bell Media AM 1050 CHUM TSN Radio 1050 sports radio Bell Media AM 1430 CHKT Fairchild Radio multilingual Fairchild Radio AM 1540 CHIN CHIN Radio multilingual CHIN Radio/TV International Rebroadcaster at 91.9 FM. Station created by Johnny Lombardi AM 1610 CHHA Voces Latinas Spanish community San Lorenzo Latin American station Community Centre AM 1690 CHTO multilingual Canadian Hellenic Toronto Radio

FM

Frequency Call sign Branding Format Owner Notes FM 88.1 CIND-FM Indie 88 indie rock Rock 95 Broadcasting Approved by the CRTC on Ltd./Central Ontario September 12, 2012, on CKLN Broadcasting -FM's former frequency FM 88.9 CIRV multilingual Frank Alvarez used by Fairchild Radio for FM coverage FM 89.5 CIUT University of Toronto Community Radio campus/community University of Toronto campus radio FM 90.3 CJBC Ici Musique public music Canadian Broadcasting Corporation French FM 91.1 CJRT JAZZ-FM91 jazz/public CJRT-FM Inc. FM 91.9 CHIN-1 CHIN Radio multilingual CHIN Radio/TV International Rebroadcaster of CHIN (AM), not to be confused with CHIN -FM FM 92.5 CKIS KISS 92.5 CHR Rogers Media FM 93.5 CFXJ 93.5 The Move Rhythmic CHR Newcap Radio FM 94.1 CBL CBC Radio 2 public music Canadian Broadcasting Corporation FM 95.9 CJKX-FM-2 KX96 country Durham Radio Rebroadcaster of CJKX-FM Ajax FM 96.3 CFMZ Classical 96.3 classical music MZ Media Inc. (Moses Znaimer) FM 96.9 CKHC Radio Humber campus radio Humber College FM 97.3 CHBM boom 97.3 adult hits Newcap Radio FM 98.1 CHFI 98.1 CHFI adult contemporary Rogers Media FM 98.7 CKFG G98.7 Urban contemporary/ smooth jazz Intercity Broadcasting FM 99.1 CBLA CBC Radio One public news/talk Canadian Broadcasting Corporation FM 99.9 CKFM 99-9 Virgin Radio CHR Bell Media FM 100.7 CHIN CHIN Radio multilingual CHIN Radio/TV International FM 101.3 CJSA Diversity FM multilingual Diversity Media Group FM 102.7 CJRK EASTFM.CA multilingual East FM - 8041393 Canada Inc FM 103.9 CIRR 103.9 PROUD FM LGBT community radio Evanov Communications FM 104.5 CHUM 104.5 CHUM FM Hot AC Bell Media FM 105.1 CHOQ Radio-Toronto Franco-Ontarian community Cooperative Radio-Toronto French FM 105.5 CHRY VIBE 105-5 Urban hip hop/R&B Board of Directors of CHRY Community Radio, Inc. FM 107.1 CILQ Q107 Active rock Corus Entertainment

75 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Former stations Other alternative Please see former City of Toronto radio stations at the C C Times (???? ) - simplified and traditional Canadian Communications Foundation. Chinese characters, with a moderate preference · CFBN towards Mandarin as spoken in mainland China in · CHEV transliterations; free weekly · CKAV-FM China Today Wen Wei Po (??? ) - simplified · CKLN-FM · CKRG-FM Chinese characters Chinese Canadian Voice (??? ) - traditional Print Chinese characters; monthly Newsstand at Yonge and Queen, 1922 Global Chinese Press (???? ) - traditional Newspapers Chinese characters; free weekly National dailies New Star Times (????? ) - traditional Chinese · The Globe and Mail · National Post characters; free weekly Weekly Hankook - Korean; free weekly Local dailies Ajit Weekly - Punjabi language Community The Contact Weekly - English language The Bulletin - monthly broadsheet paper mailed in 24 Hours — owned by Sun Media Downtown Toronto, covering the M5A, M5B, M5C, CanIndia News M5E, M5H, M5J, M5K, M5L, M5V, M5X, M4M, El Centro - Spanish M4X and M4Y postal codes Corriere Canadese - Italian; appears not to be Metroland Media Group is a subsidiary of Torstar publishing print editions Corporation which publishes the Toronto Star. Korea Times - Korean Metro — formerly Metro Today, an amalgamation of Metroland publishes a series of neighbourhood Metro and GTA Today papers three times a week. These newspapers cover Ming Pao Daily News (?? ) - traditional Chinese very local issues not otherwise covered by the large characters, with a moderate preference towards dailies. They are distributed free of charge and have Cantonese in transliterations captured a large portion of the neighbourhood flyer Panj Pani - Punjabi market. Some of these newspapers are: El Popular - Spanish; appears not to be publishing Beach Mirror print editions Bloor West Villager Sing Tao Daily (???? ) - traditional Chinese City Centre Mirror characters, with a moderate preference towards East York Mirror Etobicoke Guardian Cantonese in transliterations North York Mirror South Asian Observer Parkdale Villager ???? Today Daily news ( ) - traditional Chinese Scarborough Mirror characters York Guardian Toronto Standard - appears not to be publishing print Independent community newspapers include the editions Town Crier and Post City Magazines chains, Beach Toronto Star Metro News, the Annex Gleaner, the Liberty Gleaner Toronto Sun The Weekly Voice - Punjabi and Hindi news and theMarklander. World Journal (???? ) - traditional Chinese Ethnic media The Caribbean Camera - Canada's largest newspaper characters, with a heavy preference towards on Caribbean affairs Mandarin, especially as spoken in Taiwan, in "Vision Newspaper Canada" - the double award transliterations winning Caribbean community newspaper Caribbean Weekly - Canada's only Caribbean Alternative Exclaim! Entertainment newspaper Eye Weekly / The Grid - defunct Correio da Manhã - Portuguese language NOW Magazine Gujarat Abroad - Canada's oldest and largest Toronto Special - appears defunct newspaper for the Gujarati community; weekly; Xtra! - last print edition February 2015 published every Friday since 2002; caters to over

76 www.globalvillagefestival.ca 250K population mainly in the greater Toronto area Former newspapers through its print and online e-paper; mainly For the newspapers of York see York, Upper distributed through major Indian grocery stores and Canada#MediaThe Globe - 1844 to 1936; merged with religious places The Mail and Empire to form The Globe and MailGrip - Kanadai-Amerikai Magyars - Hungarian language 1873 to 1894; satirical newsweeklyThe Leader - 1852 to weekly 1878 Kanadan Sanomat - Finnish language weekly The Mail and Empire - 1895 to 1936; merged with Pakistan Post - Canada's largest and oldest Pakistani The Globe to form The Globe and Mail newspaper; weekly covering community news relevant to the South Asian community, mainly those The News - 1881 to 1919; changed name to The from Pakistan; includes entertainment, news from Times in March 1919, which lasted until September abroad, regular columns, fashion and special features of that year Pride News Magazine - Canada's African and Caribbean Canadian newspaper The Sentinel - newspaper of the Orange Order Russian Express - Russian language Salam Toronto - Persian-English weekly paper The Star Weekly - 1910 to 1973; Sunday edition of Share - weekly community newspaper which has the Toronto Star, later a weekend supplement in the served the Black and Caribbean community in the Saturday Toronto Star greater Toronto area since April 9, 1978 The Toronto Mail - 1872 to 1895; merged with The StarBuzz Weekly- entertainment and lifestyle weekly Empire to form The Mail and Empire for South Asians; published in English from Toronto Sunday Times - Urdu language weekly Toronto Telegram - 1876 to 1971; much of the staff Thangatheepam - Tamil language weekly Thoi Bao - Vietnamese language then formed the Toronto Sun Urdu Khabarnama - Urdu language weekly Magazines Latin media  Canadian Living CHHA  Canadian Business LATIDOS  Chatelaine Latinos Multicultural Magazine  Elle O Milénio  fab Toronto Hispano  Flare WaveMagazine.ca - "Bringing Brazilians and  FutuRéale  Maclean's - national magazine based in Toronto Canadians Together”  MoneySense  Novella Student newspapers  NUVO Canadian University Press  Outlooks The Dialog - George Brown College  Saturday Night - no longer in print East York Observer - Centennial College  Shameless The Excalibur - York University  Spacing The Eyeopener - Ryerson University  Sportsnet magazine Humber Et Cetera - Humber College  This Magazine The Medium - University of Toronto  Toronto Life The Newspaper - University of Toronto  The Walrus The Ryersonian - Ryerson University  Women's Post Senecan - Seneca College The Scene - Seneca College Book publishers The Strand - University of Toronto  Coach House Press The Toronto Observer - Centennial College  Cormorant Books The Underground - University of Toronto  House of Anansi Press The Varsity - University of Toronto  McClelland and Stewart The Woodsworth Howl - University of Toronto  Tundra Books  University of Toronto Press

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Toronto

77 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Toronto sports

The City of Toronto has a long history of sport. It is home to a number of clubs, including: the Granite Club (est. 1836), the Royal Canadian Yacht Club (est. 1852), the Toronto Cricket Skating and Curling Club (est. pre-1827), the Argonaut Rowing Club (est. 1872), Toronto Argonauts football club (est. 1873), the Toronto Lawn Tennis Club (est. 1881), and the Badminton and Racquet Club (est. 1924).[1] A number of historic venues have been developed in Toronto such as: Christie Pits (est. 1899), Ricoh Coliseum (est. 1921), Varsity Arena (est. 1926), Maple Leaf Gardens (est. 1931).

Clubs Professional sports teams based in the Greater Toronto Area

Club League Venue Established Championships Forbes valuation (year)

Toronto Argonauts Canadian Football League BMO Field 1873 16 —

Toronto Maple Leafs National Hockey League Air Canada Centre 1917 13 $1.15 billion USD (2015)[2]

Toronto Blue Jays Major League Baseball Rogers Centre 1977 2 $900 million USD (2016)[3]

Toronto Raptors National Basketball Association Air Canada Centre 1995 0 $980 million USD (2016)[4]

Toronto Rock National Lacrosse League Air Canada Centre 1999 5 —

Toronto Marlies American Hockey League Ricoh Coliseum 2005 0 —

Toronto FC Major League Soccer BMO Field 2007 0 $175 million USD (2015)[5]

Brampton Beast ECHL Powerade Centre 2013 0 —

Toronto FC II USL Pro Ontario Soccer Centre 2015 0 —

Raptors 905 NBA D-League Hershey Centre 2015 0 —

Toronto Wolfpack League 1 Lamport Stadium 2017 0 —

Toronto has teams in nearly every Toronto has not won a Stanley Cup Boulevard. The Rogers Centre was major professional sport, including since 1967, the city is renowned as a the first stadium to have a fully the Toronto Blue Jays (MLB), hockey town. retractable motorized roof. BMO Toronto Argonauts (CFL), Toronto Air Canada Centre (home of the Field (home of Toronto FC) and Raptors (NBA), Toronto Rock Leafs, Raptors, and Rock) and Ricoh Coliseum (home of the (NLL), Toronto FC (MLS), and the Rogers Centre (home of the Toronto Marlies) are located at Toronto Maple Leafs (NHL). Argonauts and Blue Jays) are Exhibition Place, situated just Throughout the sports world, located in the downtown core and outside the downtown core, while Toronto is perhaps best known for are within walking distance from also being within walking distance the Toronto Maple Leafs. Although one another via Bremner from one another.

Semi-professional sports teams[edit]

Club League Venue Established Championships

Toronto Maple Leafs Intercounty Baseball League Christie Pits 1969 8

Toronto Croatia Canadian Soccer League Centennial Park Stadium 1956 8

Serbian White Eagles Canadian Soccer League Centennial Park Stadium 1968 1

North York Astros Canadian Soccer League Esther Shiner Stadium 1990 0

Toronto Rush American Ultimate Disc League Varsity Stadium 2013 1

Toronto FC Academy League1 Ontario KIA Training Ground 2014 1

Sanjaxx Lions League1 Ontario Monarch Park Stadium 2015 0

North Toronto Nitros League1 Ontario Varsity Stadium 2016 0

78 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Hockey ownership of two NHA teams, but the inaugural 1917–18 NHL season. The city is known for the Toronto after the Pacific Coast Hockey Although the team had no official Maple Leafs of the National Hockey Association raids left him with only name, it was made up mostly of League, a team with passionate enough players for one team, he former Blue Shirts and ss a result, support in the city, and the most transferred Shamrocks players to the the newspapers still called the team financially successful sport franchise Blueshirts and only the Blueshirts the Blue Shirts or the Torontos, as in the country. The team built Maple competed in the 1915–16 NHA they always had. The Arena Leaf Gardens, a sporting venue season. When Livingstone failed to Company had originally promised to which served as the home arena for sell the Shamrocks, the NHA seized return the Toronto players to the Maple Leafs, and was also used the franchise, which was left Livingstone if no transfer could be for cultural and other events. Since dormant for the year before being arranged. Instead, before the 1999, they have played in the Air reactivated in 1916–17, awarding it 1918–19 season, it formed a new Canada Centre. The team's roots to a Canadian military team, the club, which was known as stretch back to the Toronto Toronto 228th Battalion. When the theToronto Arenas.This new Blueshirts of the National Hockey regiment was ordered overseas in franchise was separated from the Association, the predecessor to the February 1917, the team was forced Arena Company. The dispute with NHL. The NHA was founded in to withdraw. That left the NHA with Livingstone forced the Arena 1909 without any teams from an odd number of teams, and as a Company into bankruptcy. The Toronto. In 1911, the Mutual Street result the team owners, who wanted Arenas were sold to a group headed Arena was being built and Ambrose Livingstone out of the league, by Charles Querrie for $5000, who O'Brien, who had operated four decided to suspend operations of the renamed them the Toronto St. NHA franchises but decided to get Blueshirts for the remainder of the Patricks. In 1927, with the team in out of the business, sold two of his season. Following the end of the trouble financially due to Querrie franchises to Toronto-based groups. season, Toronto was reinstated, with having lost a lawsuit to former The Toronto Hockey Club the condition that the club was to be Livingstone, Querrie put the St. Pats purchased one, which would sold within 60 days. However, up for sale and agreed in principle to become known as the Blueshirts, Livingstone obtained a court order sell them for $200,000 to a group and a second was sold to a group to prevent the sale. that would move the team to affiliated with the Tecumseh Before the start of the 1917–18 Philadelphia. However, Conn Lacrosse Club for $500 cash and season, the NHA owners announced Smythe persuaded Querrie that civic promissory notes for $2,000 which that the league would not operate in pride was more important than would be called the Toronto the 1917–18 season. About two money and put together a syndicate Tecumsehs. They were scheduled to weeks later, all of the owners except that bought the St. Pats. Smythe begin play in the 1911-12 season, Livingstone announced that they himself invested $10,000 of his own but construction delays led to the were creating a new league, the money and his group contributed two Toronto teams being dropped National Hockey League. $75,000 up front and a further from the schedule and they instead Livingstone was not invited to $75,000 due 30 days later, with began play in 1912-13. participate in the new league. minority partner Jack Bickell After a year of play, the Tecumsehs However, the other teams wished to retaining his $40,000 share in the were sold and renamed the Toronto continue a team in Toronto, and also team. The deal was finalized on Ontarios. The following year the needed a fourth team to balance the Valentine's Day, and the new owners team was purchased by Eddie schedule. Accordingly, Livingstone's quickly renamed the team the Livingstone, who renamed them the landlord, the Toronto Arena Toronto Maple Leafs. Toronto Shamrocks in January 1915. Company, was given a temporary When the World Hockey Later that year, Livingstone franchise in the NHL and leased Association, a rival league to the purchased the Blueshirts giving him Livingstone's Torontos players for NHL, awarded Doug Michel an

79 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Ontario-based franchise in 1971 for until 1925 when they folded. manager. $25,000 to play in the WHA's In 2003, the Toronto Roadrunners of Toronto interests long pursued a inaugural 1972–73 season, Toronto the American Hockey League played major league team for the city. was one of several cities under their inaugural season out of a Toronto was proposed as the home consideration as home for the team. renovated Ricoh Coliseum in for a National League (NL) team Harold Ballard, owner of the Maple Exhibition Place. They served as a byAlbert Spalding when he was Leafs and Maple Leaf Gardens, farm club for the NHL's Edmonton established the league in 1876. offered to rent the arena to the team, Oilers. After a season of bad Exhibition games were played by but Michel found the rent excessive. attendance, the team relocated to both the NL and American He then tried to base the team in Edmonton, Alberta. However, with League(AL) of Major League Hamilton, but the city did not have the Ricoh Coliseum vacated, a new Baseball (MLB) in Toronto in the an appropriate venue. Michel settled tenant for the facility was found with 1910s.Member of Parliament onOttawa and the team became the the Maple Leafs relocating their Bernard Rickart Hepburn was Ottawa Nationals. However, after a AHL farm team, the St. John's granted a Toronto franchise by the season at the Ottawa Civic Centre, Maple Leafs, from St. John's, Federal League, a rival major league the team decided to relocate and Newfoundland and Labrador to to the NL and AL, for its inaugural played their home playoff games at Toronto as the Toronto Marlies in season in 1914, after the franchise Maple Leaf Gardens. During this 2005. was revoked from Cleveland. But time, the team was referred to as the Toronto has also hosted various after speculation the franchise would Ontario Nationals. The team moved international hockey tournaments, be returned to Cleveland or moved to Toronto permanently for the hosting parts of the 1972 and 1974 toCincinnati, it was transferred to following season after being sold Summit Series, parts of the 1976 and Brooklyn to become the Brooklyn toJohn F. Bassett, son of former 1991 Canada Cups, parts of the2004 Tip-Tops prior to playing a game in Leafs part-owner John Bassett. World Cup of Hockey, and parts of Toronto. Hepburn cited his inability Future Leafs owner Steve Stavro was the 2015 World Junior Ice Hockey to find a park to play at in short a minority shareholder. They were Championship. notice as the reason the team didn't renamed the Toronto Toros in June Toronto is also home to the CWHL launch. However, he secured an 1973. However, they could only (Canadian Women's Hockey League) agreement with the league which attract a fraction of the attendance Toronto Furies. A professional granted him the rights to a team for numbers the competing Leafs drew. women's hockey team. the following season. Though In their inaugural season, they played Toronto would be proposed as the out of Varsity Arena, but played the Baseball new home to the Kansas City next two seasons out of Maple Leaf Professional baseball has had a Packers Federal League franchise for Gardens. The team played their final presence in the city at the minor the 1915 season, no team ever came game in Toronto in 1976, after which league level since 1896 with the to fruition in the city. a drop in attendance and onerous Toronto Maple Leafs of the Toronto interests put forward a bid to lease terms at the Gardens forced AAAInternational League. It was in buy the Washington Nationals to them to relocate to Birmingham, a game against the Leafs on move them to Toronto in 1918 when Alabama as the Birmingham Bulls. September 4, 1914 at Hanlan's Point there was discussion of the team There have been numerous attempts Stadium where Babe Ruth hit his relocating. The following year it was to establish a second NHL team in first ever professional home runwhile reported that there were plans for the the Greater Toronto Areaor nearby also pitching a complete game one- Boston Red Sox, Chicago White Sox Hamilton. The latter briefly had the hitter for the visiting Providence and New York Yankees, which were Hamilton Tigers in the NHL from Grays. Hall of famer Sparky dissatisfied with the President of the 1920, when local interests purchased Anderson was also a member of the AL Ban Johnson, to break away and and relocated the Quebec Bulldogs, Leafs as both a player and a form their own new major league,

80 www.globalvillagefestival.ca which would include Toronto.In expansion team in 1960, but found Brewing Company, MLGL and 1922 a Toronto group attempted to the expansion terms too onerous, and Robert Hunter, the former President purchase the Boston Red Sox to considered purchasing the Cincinnati of the International League Maple relocate them to Toronto The owner Reds for Toronto in 1961 after their Leafs, in addition to Canadian of the Boston Braves, Lou Perini, owner died. Baseball Co. Lorne Duguid, vice- tried to sell his team to Toronto In 1967, with mounting losses, the president of Hiram Walker Distillers interests in the early 1950s before owner of the baseball Maple Leafs and MLGL executive, led MLGL's relocating them to become the sough a buyer to keep the team in bid. Milwaukee Braves. While owning Toronto. Maple Leaf Gardens In 1975 the owner of the Baltimore the Maple Leafs baseball team, Jack Limited, owner of the Maple Leafs Orioles stated that he was in Kent Cooke set his sights on of the NHL, considered purchasing negotiations to sell his team to a bringing MLB to Toronto. He made the team, but the deal ultimately fell Toronto group. The following a bid on the St. Louis Browns in apart due to concerns about the January, San Francisco Giants owner 1953, but the team was sold to a team's home, Maple Leaf Stadium, Horace Stoneham agreed to sell the competing group which relocated which needed up to $250,000 in team for $13.25 million to a group them to become the Baltimore repairs and whose owner wanted $4 headed by Labatt intending to Orioles the following season. The million to purchase it. Harold relocate it to Toronto. The team AL considered Toronto as a potential Ballard, part owner of MLGL, said would have begun play in the 1976 home for thePhiladelphia Athletics that the company's interest was due season atExhibition Stadium, and be before they became the Kansas City in part to help position itself to go called the Toronto Giants. However Athletics in 1955, after Cooke bid on after a MLB franchise for Toronto. the plan to move the Giants was them, but the city's lack of a major The team was subsequently relocated quashed by a U.S. court. The MLGL league venue was an obstacle to out of Toronto to Louisville, group also bid on the Giants, with acquiring a team. Cooke Kentucky. Ballard stating that they had offered unsuccessfully bid on the Detroit In 1967 a Toronto group was one of $15 million for the team, after Tigers in 1956, reportedly to move six to submit a bid for a NL having previously negotiated with them to Toronto. In 1957 he expansion team. In 1971, Howard the owners of the Baltimore Orioles, submitted a bid for a NL expansion Webster, chairman of the Globe and Chicago White Sox, Cleveland team for Toronto. In 1958, Cooke Mail, made an offer to purchase Indians and Oakland Athletics in offered to withdraw from Toronto if theSan Diego Padres and relocate their attempt to acquire a team for the Los Angeles Dodgers, who were them to Toronto but it was refused. Toronto. considering relocating, moved to the In early 1974, MLGL announced The Labatt group then pursued a NL city, in exchange for partial plans to build a new baseball stadium expansion team, but when the NL ownership of the club. That same in Toronto, but the city ultimately only agreed to consider expanding in year it was reported that Toronto was decided to renovate Exhibition March 1976, while the AL voted to one of the cities that the owner of the Stadium to make it suitable for grant Toronto a team, they switched Washington Senators was baseball.Later that year a group gears. A second Toronto group considering relocating his team to. In called Canadian Baseball Co. led by backed by Carling O'Keefe also 1959 Cooke became one of the Sydney Cooper submitted an applied for the AL expansion team. founding owners in the Continental application to both the AL and NL Less than a week later, the AL League, a proposed third major for a franchise. Cooper had awarded the team to the Labatt league of baseball, getting a team for previously been part of Webster's group, which included Webster, and Toronto for a fee of $50,000, but the group. At the time it was reported the Canadian Imperial Bank of league disbanded a year later without that there were at least four groups Commerce (CIBC), for $7 million. ever staging a game. Cooke later bidding for a Toronto team, A few days later the NL had their applied to the AL for a Toronto including ones led by Labatt own vote on expanding to Toronto

81 www.globalvillagefestival.ca and Washington, but while receiving game in the city was an exhibition considering purchasing the team in a majority support of 10-2 it failed to between the Fort Wayne Zollner 1976, but the owners eventually pass due to lack of unanimity and Pistons and Rochester Royals of the chose to move the team to San was put off for two weeks. The NL National Basketball League at the Diego. objected to the AL's expansion in to Gardens in 1946. The first game of When Toronto was awarded an Toronto, arguing that the NL was a the professional Basketball expansion NBA franchise in 1974 better match for the city with a Association of America, forerunner for the 1975-76 season MLGL was natural rivalry with the Montreal of the National Basketball one of three groups to bid for the Expos, and asked baseball Association (NBA), was contested at rights to the team, but the club never commissioner Bowie Kuhn to Maple Leaf Gardens (MLG) materialized since no group was able intervene so they could reconsider between the Toronto Huskies and the to secure funding for the expansion their own expansion plans. Kuhn New York Knickerbockers on fee of at least $6.15 million. MLGL requested a moratorium on the AL's November 1, 1946. However, the attempted to purchase and relocate expansion plans, but a second non- Huskies folded after the league's the Houston Rockets in 1975, which unanimous vote by the NL on inaugural season follow losses were seeking $8 million for the team, expanding to Toronto left Toronto thought to total $60,000. Numerous but the teams lease ultimately uncontested to the AL. The Toronto exhibition and regular season NBA prevented a relocation. In 1976 Blue Jays inaugural campaign was in and American Basketball Association MLGL attempted to buy the Atlanta 1977 with Exhibition Stadium (ABA) games were held at both Hawks. In 1979 a Toronto group chosen as the site for the team's MLG and SkyDome over the years, which included Balard again pushed home games. Built in the 1950s, it including a total of 16 regular season for an expansion franchise, but lost was rebuilt in 1976 to satisfy the Buffalo Braves games at MLG from out to the Dallas Mavericks. requirements for baseball. In 1989, 1971-75 in an attempt to gauge the Toronto interests considered the team moved to the newly built city's interest in a full-time team. purchasing and relocating the Kansas SkyDome (now known as theRogers Ruby Richman, the former coach of City Kings in 1979. In 1983, Centre). Although the team Canada's national basketball team, Cleveland Cavaliers owner Ted performed poorly, placing last in the working with the head of Maple Leaf Stepien stated that "the chances are American League East for each of its Gardens Limited (MLGL) Harold 999-to-1" that his team would be first three years, successful drafting Ballard, pursued a number of relocated and renamed the Toronto and team management resulted in existing ABA and NBA teams to Towers, playing their games in improved performance that led to the relocate to the city in the 1970s. MLG, with Carling O'Keefe thought team's first pennant in 1985, and Richman had a tentative agreement to be involved financially in the deal, culminated with consecutive World to purchase both the Miami but he ultimately sold it to a local Series victories in 1992 and 1993. Floridians and Pittsburgh Condors of group. A Toronto group which The city is also home to the Toronto the ABA with the plan to merge included Bill Ballard, son of Harold, Maple Leafs baseball club of the them into a single Toronto-based and Basketball Hall of Famer Wilt Intercounty Baseball League. team, but the deal fell through. Later Chamberlain submitted an Toronto has also hosted parts of the Richman held negotiations with the application and $100,000 deposit for 2009 World Baseball Classic. Detroit Pistons, which were seeking a NBA expansion franchise for $5 million for the franchise, but MLG in 1986, but of the six cities to Basketball pulled out when the price was raised apply Toronto was not one of the Although not as historically to $8.25 million. MLGL attempted four which were successful. Larry entrenched in Toronto culture as to purchase the Braves for $8.5 Tanenbaum attempted to purchase other sports, basketball does have million and relocate them to Toronto and relocate the Denver Nuggets to significant milestones in the city. The in 1974, and again several times Toronto in 1991, but the team could first major professional basketball later, with Carling O'Keefe also not get out of its lease at the

82 www.globalvillagefestival.ca McNichols Arena. Tanenbaum later The team is also known as the 10,000 fans at Maple Leaf Stadium pursued the New Jersey Nets and double blue because of the franchise on 8 November 1926.The NFL has San Antonio Spurs unsuccessfully. colours (Oxford blue and Cambridge had a presence in Toronto since 1959 Ultimately, the NBA awarded an blue); the colour blue has become when the Argonauts hosted three expansion franchise to John Bitove, emblematic of the city and most of NFL teams in a three-season span. over Tanenbaum's group which had its sport franchises. The Argos also The nearby Hamilton Tiger-Cats also partnered with the Maple Leafs and a draw the highest per-game hosted a game against the Buffalo third group lead by Bill Ballard and attendance of any sports team in Bills, then an American Football Michael Cohl, and the Toronto Toronto and draw the second highest Leagueteam. Several decades later, Raptors joined the NBA for the per-game TV ratings nationally of the American Bowl and later the 1995–96 season, giving the city its any Toronto-based sports team (after Bills Toronto Series brought both own team once again. The franchise the Maple Leafs hockey club). In the preseason and regular season games was one of two Canadian expansion early 1970s, Maple Leaf Gardens to the Rogers Centre. teams announced by the NBA in Limited announced plans to apply There have been several failed 1993, the other being the Vancouver for a second Canadian Football attempts to establish a professional Grizzlies, which moved south of the League team to be based in Toronto American football franchise in border to Memphis after the 2000–01 which would play at Varsity Toronto in the past. A Toronto group season. Stadium, but the proposal never went submitted a bid for an American The Toronto Tornados of the minor anywhere. During his tenure as Football League expansion team for league Continental Basketball owner of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, the city in 1960, the expansion fee Association played in the city from Ballard repeatedly threatened to set at $125,000, with plans to play in 1983-85 before being relocated to move the franchise to Varsity the league's second season in the Pensacola, Florida in the middle of Stadium, but the move was vetoed following year. Toronto interests their third season to become the by the Argos. continued pursuing an AFL team for Pensacola Tornados. Toronto also has a long history with several years, with the league Toronto has also hosted parts of the American football. The first naming the city as a potential 1994 FIBA World Championship. professional U.S. football team to expansion market in 1965. In 1964 a Toronto hosted the 2016 NBA All- play a home game in Toronto was the Toronto group applied for a United Star Game weekend February 12–14, Los Angeles Wildcats of the Football League franchise, but 2016. American Football League of 1926, ultimately withdrew their bid for a the first major competitor to the team.Following the season, a Football National Football League for the Toronto group attempted to purchase Toronto is home to the oldest dominance of professional football. the Canton Bulldogs of the UFL to professional football team in North While the Wildcats nominally relocate them to Toronto. When the America, the Toronto Argonauts, represented Los Angeles, California, Continental Football League was who have won the Grey Cup frequent travel to the west coast still established for the 1965 season with championship a record 15 times. posed a major obstacle so the team former UFL teams, the Quebec Toronto has also played host to the was instead a traveling team based in Rifles of the UFL were admitted and Grey Cup Championship 46 times, Illinois and played most of its games transferred to Toronto to become the more than any other city and most in the home stadiums of its Toronto Rifles due to a lack of a recently the 100th Grey Cup in 2012, opponents, with the exception of the suitable facility in Montreal. The which was won by the home town Toronto game. The Wildcats lost the Rifles competed in the Continental Argonauts. The Argos were founded regular season game to the New York League from 1965–67, but the in 1873 by the Argonaut Rowing Yankees (which would join the owners pulled out in the middle of Club, and is referred to as the National Football League (NFL) the their final season after having lost a Boatmen in honour of that heritage. following year) 28-0 in front of reported $400,000 in their final full

83 www.globalvillagefestival.ca season.The league took over the club Larry Tanenbaum, part owner of played during the same weekend in and planned to have it play all of its Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment the city. games on the road, but several weeks (MLSE), and Edward Rogers III, Toronto was also host to a series of later the team folded. Deputy Chairman of Rogers NCAA football bowl games called During John Bassett's ownership of Communication, are attempting to the International Bowl between 2007 the Argonauts from the late 1950s to acquire a NFL franchise in hopes of and 2010. early 1970s, he entertained various moving it to Toronto. Toronto was granted an expansion machinations for bringing American team in the Lingerie Football football to Toronto, including There were numerous attempts to League, called the Toronto Triumph. moving the Argos to the NFL or bring the Arena Football League to The Triumph began in 2011 and bringing an NFL team to the city Maple Leaf Gardens in the 1990s. played their games at the Ricoh alongside the Argos.Other CFL team The city was considered by the Coliseum. The league is legitimate owners were steadfastly against league for a 1996 and 1997 indoor football, played by women Bassett's moves and almost expansion club, with John Bitove, dressed in lingerie. rescinded his franchise in 1974. His owner of the Toronto Raptors, one of son John F. Bassett obtained a World several groups interested in owning Soccer Football League franchise for the the team. MLSE held negotiations The popularity of soccer reflects the city in the league's inaugural season with the Arena League on acquiring city's demographics; Toronto is a of 1974, which he named the Toronto a $4–7 million expansion franchise multicultural city with a large Northmen, but in response the for 1999 to coincide with the immigrant population that has long- Canadian government proposed the opening of their new building the established roots with the game. Canadian Football Act, a bill that ACC. Several other groups also Toronto has had teams in a number would have banned US football considered putting a club in the ACC of first division soccer leagues of the leagues from playing in Canada to following its opening. In 2000, the United States. The Toronto protect the CFL from competition. New England Sea Wolves were Greenbacks were members of The bill forced Bassett to move the purchased by a group led by Rogers theNorth American Soccer Football club to Memphis where they became Communication and relocated from League for its two years of existence the Memphis Southmen. When the Hartford, Connecticut, becoming the in 1946-47. In 1967, two rival legislation died without being Toronto Phantoms the following leagues began play: theUnited approved before the 1974 Canadian year. However, the team lasted only Soccer Association (USA) and federal election, Bassett again two seasons before folding when the National Professional Soccer League attempted to put a team in Toronto Arena League switched its regular (NPSL). Both leagues had Toronto- for the 1975 season. There were season window from the summer to based clubs with Toronto City plans to establish a United States the spring. (owned by future owner of Maple Football League franchise in Toronto Toronto has also hosted the Vanier Leaf Sports & Entertainment Steve in 1983 being pushed by John F. Cup Championship 41 times, the Stavro) joining the USA and the Bassett, but again the Canadian most out of any host city, serving as Toronto Falcons in the NPSL and government warned against it and its exclusive host from its inception both playing their games at Varsity the idea was dropped. The XFL in 1965 until 2003. In 2004,Canadian Stadium. Following the merger of considered expanding to Toronto for Interuniversity Sport began the two leagues for the 1968 season 2002, but ultimately folded after its accepting bids from other cities to only the Falcons survived, with inaugural season in 2001. There have host the event. Since then, Toronto Stavro selling his team back to the been efforts to bring an NFL team to has won 2 additional bids to host league for $160,000. However, the Toronto for more than 40 years. As Vanier Cup Championships in 2007 Falcons only played a single year in of 2014, it has been widely reported & 2012 to coincide with both the the newly founded North American that Toronto interests, including 95th & 100th Grey Cups being Soccer League (NASL) with losses

84 www.globalvillagefestival.ca reported to be up to $500,000 before games at Hamilton, Ontario's Copps The Blizzard were replaced in the folding.The following year, Toronto Coliseum, but the team never APSL by the Toronto Rockets in City was invited to join the NASL. launched. The Toronto Shooting 1994, but they to folded prior to the Subsequently, the Toronto Metros Stars competed in the National following season. The A-League, as joined the NASL in 1971, and Professional Soccer League, as the the APSL was then known, awarded though they were renamed the AISA had renamed itself, during the Toronto another team to begin play Toronto Metros-Croatia in 1975 1996-97 season, but the ownership of in 1997. When the A-league and following the purchase of 50% of the the franchise collapsed just 3 games USISL Select League merged for the club for $250,000 by the Toronto in, forcing the league to take control 1997 season, the Toronto expansion Croatia of theNational Soccer of the team's operations for the team, which was named the Toronto League,and again in 1979 to the remainder of the season. After losses Lynx, debuted in the combined Toronto Blizzard following the of nearly $1 million, the team league, which carried on the A- acquisition of 85% of the team by suspended operations and never League name. The Lynx would play Global Television Network for $2.6 returned to play. An application was in the A-League until 2004. When million, the team played until the made for a new NPSL Toronto team the league was renamed the USL NASL folded in 1984. in 1998. The NPSL returned to First Division, they continued their In 1994, then part owner of the Toronto with the Toronto membership. However, in 2007, with SkyDome Labatt considered ThunderHawks for the 2000–01 the arrival of TFC to the city, the purchasing a team in Major League season, playing at the Hershey Lynx dropped down to the fourth Soccer (MLS), the new top US Centre in Mississauga, Ontario. USL Premier Development League, league, to play at the stadium. In When the NPSL disbanded in the in which they have competed ever 2004, thenToronto Argonauts owners summer of 2001 and reorganized as since. Howard Sokolowski and David the Major Indoor Soccer League, the Cynamon considered bringing a ThunderHawks were admitted to the Toronto hosted parts of the 2007 MLS team to the city in connection new league under the condition that FIFA U-20 World Cup. Toronto also with negotiations on the construction they would suspend operations for hosted the 2010 Major League of a new stadium to jointly house the the 2001–02 season to work on the Soccer championship match between Argos and soccer, but when BMO business side of the franchise and FC Dallas and Colorado Field was ultimately built the Argos return to active competition for the Rapids(Colorado defeated Dallas 2- were excluded for the deal. In 2007, 2002–03 season. However, the team 1). It was the first time the MLS cup Maple Leaf Sports & never returned from this temporary took place outside of the United Entertainmentlaunched Toronto FC suspension of operations. States. in MLS as its first international team. Toronto has also been home to Rugby league numerous minor pro soccer teams. The Ontario Rugby league Toronto has also hosted professional The Toronto Blizzard played in the competition has 2 Toronto based indoor soccer teams. The Metros- Canadian Soccer League from 1987 teams in the Toronto Centurions and Croatia fielded a team in NASL's to 1992 and the American Toronto City Saints the other 2 teams indoor league from 1975–76, as did Professional Soccer League in 1993 which make up the competition the Blizzard in 1980-82. TheMajor before folding following the United areBrantford Broncos and Oakville Indoor Soccer League considered States Soccer Federation's decision Crusaders not too far from Toronto. putting a team in Toronto in 1987. In to reject the APSL's bid for In 2014, Toronto investors submitted 1988 the American Indoor Soccer sanctioning as a first division league an application for a professional Association (AISA) granted Toronto in favour of a competing bid from rugby league franchise in the a franchise which was to play its the group that would found MLS. British/French League 1, the third-

85 www.globalvillagefestival.ca tier of the RFL league system. It was Arena Gardens. Following the The Tomahawks were sold following announced in 2016 that the Toronto season, a new franchise was awarded the 1974 season, and received league Wolfpack would join the Rugby to Conn Smythe on behalf of Maple approval to move the team to Nassau Football League's League One from Leaf Gardens Ltd. (MLGL), which Veterans Memorial Coliseum in April 2017, becoming the first was also named the Toronto Maple Long Island, New York. However, professional transatlantic sports Leafs, with the 1931 Maple Leafs ultimately it was decided to relocate team.The team will play at Toronto's being renamed the Tecumsehs. Both the team to Boston to become the 9,600 seat Lamport Stadium, with teams played at the newly opened Boston Bolts for the start of the 1975 the goal of earning promotion to the Maple Leaf Gardens. Smythe pulled NLL season, with the Rochester top-tier Super League. out following the season due to Griffins becoming the Long Island The Canada national rugby league financial losses, and the league didn't Tomahawks. team, nicknamed the Wolverines, are play the following year. Toronto also In 2009, the Toronto Nationals of also based at Lamport Stadium. had a team in the American Box Major League Lacrosse was Lacrosse League in 1932. established, with much of the roster Rugby union The Toronto Maple Leafs competed of the Rochester Rattlers, which The semi-pro rugby union team the in the inaugural season of the would be suspended, being Toronto Rebellion (formerly the National Lacrosse Association in transferred to the new Nationals' Renegades and Xtreme) played in 1968 at the Gardens. Stafford team. However, the name, colours, the Rugby Canada Super League Smythe and Harold Ballard, part and history stayed behind in from 1999 to 2007 and the Rugby owners of the NHL Maple Leafs, Rochester to potentially be used by a Canada National Junior were two of the five founding future MLL team. In their inaugural Championship in 2009. The team partners of the club, but financial year in Toronto, the Nationals went hosted games at Markham, Ontario's difficulties forced MLGL to take on to win the Steinfeld Cup. In 2011, Fletcher's Fields in the north of the over ownership midway though the the team relocated to Hamilton, Greater Toronto Area. The team was season.The NLA suspended Ontario, and after the 2013 season replaced by the Ontario Blues of the operations prior to the following the team announced they would not Canadian Rugby Championship in season. However, the eastern field a team the following season. 2009, who play their games at division of the NLA reconstituted various locations across the province itself as the Eastern Professional Australian rules football including Fletcher's Fields. Lacrosse Association, in which the Toronto currently has seven different Maple Leafs competed in 1969. By Australian rules football teams called Lacrosse 1970 the pro league league had the Broadview Hawks, High Park The Toronto Rock, which operate in disbanded. Demons, Central Blues, Etobicoke the National Lacrosse League, were The Toronto Shooting Stars joined Kangaroos, Lakeshore founded in 1998 as the Ontario the professional National Lacrosse Rebels,Toronto Downtown Dingos, Raiders in Hamilton. The following League (unrelated to the modern and the Toronto Eagles. There are year, the team moved to Toronto NLL) for its inaugural season in two more Ontario Australian proceeded to finish first every year 1972. When a new professional Football League teams in the from 1999 to 2005 and won the league launched as the National surrounding areas, the Hamilton league championship in five of those Lacrosse League (again unrelated to Wildcats and theGuelph Gargoyles. seven seasons. The city previously today's NLL) in 1974, the Toronto had several professional box lacrosse Tomahawks were included as a Auto racing teams. A team named the Toronto charter franchise. The Shooting Stars The city hosts the Honda Indy Maple Leafs competed in the first continued as an amateur team in the Toronto in July which is a street season of the professional Ontario Lacrosse Association, but circuit that runs through Exhibition International Lacrosse League at the folded following the 1974 season. Place and Lake Shore Boulevard.

86 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Historically, the city played host to successfully completed a pass to a grass. the 1958 Jim Mideon 500, a team member in the opposing teams NASCAR Sprint Cup Series racing end zone. In the 1970s, Ken Multi-sport events event. Legendary NASCAR athlete Westerfield introduced disc sports Toronto has submitted bids to host Lee Petty won this race defeating his including ultimate north of the 49th the Summer Olympic Games five son Richard in his Cup Series debut. parallel at theCanadian Open Frisbee times over the years: 1960, 1964, Canadian Tire Motorsports Park, Championships and by creating the 1976, 1996 and 2008. The closest it located approximately 100 km east Toronto Ultimate League (Club). came to winning the games was in of Toronto in the community of Since 1998, Canada has been ranked 2008, when it finished second to Bowmanville, hosts a United number one in the World Ultimate Beijing by a vote of 56-22. Varsity SportsCar Championship and Rankings, several times in all Stadium, home of the Argonauts, NASCAR Camping World Truck divisions (including Open and hosted some soccer games of the Series race yearly, along with various Women's) according to the World 1976 Montreal Olympics. other events. The track also hosted Flying Disc Federation. In 2013, as a Formula One's Canadian Grand Prix founding partner, the Toronto In 2009, Toronto submitted a bid to from 1961 to 1977 (except for 1968 Ultimate Club presented Canada's host the Pan American Games and and 1970). first semi-professional ultimate team Parapan American Games, the Toronto Rush, to the American subsequently winning both of them Tennis Ultimate Disc League (AUDL). for 2015. After successfully hosting The Canada Masters, currently They finished their first season both the 2015 Pan American Games sponsored as the Rogers Cup, is an undefeated 18-0 and won the AUDL & 2015 Parapan American Games, annual tennis tournament held in Championships. Disc ultimate has the city briefly considered another Canada. The men's competition is an become one of today's fastest Olympic bid for the 2024 Summer ATP World Tour Masters 1000 event growing sports. In 2015, the Olympics, but on September 15, on the Association of Tennis International Olympic Committee 2015, Toronto Mayor John Tory Professionals (ATP) tour. The (IOC) granted full recognition to the announced that the city would not be women's competition is a Premier 5 World Flying Disc Federation a candidate for a bid. event on the Women's Tennis (WFDF) for flying disc sports Association (WTA) tour. The events including ultimate. Sports culture alternate from year-to-year between Due to their geographic locations, the cities of Montreal and Toronto. In Horse racing Toronto has an intense sports rivalry odd-numbered years, the men's Horse racing is currently done at the with many cities around the Great tournament is held in Montreal, Woodbine Racetracks. Woodbine Lakes. For football, Toronto has a while the women's tournament is Racetrack in the northwestern suburb rivalry with Hamilton (begun in held in Toronto, and vice versa in of Rexdale in Toronto, Ontario is the 1873 and is heightened during the even-numbered years. The only horseracing track in North Labour Day Classic), Ottawa and as competition is played on hard courts. America which stages, or is capable far as Montreal. In hockey, Toronto's of staging, thoroughbred and biggest rivals are the Montreal Ultimate (disc) standardbred horseracing programs Canadiens and the Ottawa Senators Ultimate is a team sport played with on the same day. Woodbine hosts (often dubbed the "Battle of a flying disc. The object of the game two of the three legs of the Canadian Ontario"). Toronto's lesser rivals is to score points by passing the disc Triple Crown of Thoroughbred include the Boston Bruins, Detroit to members of your own team, on a Racing—the opening Queen's Plate Red Wings, St. Louis Blues, and rectangular field approximately the on its Polytrack synthetic dirt course, Buffalo Sabres. size of a soccer field, until you have and the closing Breeders' Stakes on

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_sports

87 www.globalvillagefestival.ca List of sports teams in Toronto

Toronto, Ontario, is home to several professional, semi-professional, and university sports teams. It is notable among Canadian cities in sports for having several professional and semi-professional teams associated with United States leagues.

Professional teams Championship) (est. 1999) Toronto Argonauts (Canadian Football League) (est. Toronto Rush (American Ultimate Disc League) (est. 1873) 2013) Toronto Blue Jays (Major League Baseball) (est. 1977) Canadian Soccer League Toronto FC (Major League Soccer) (est. 2006) Astros Vasas FC (est. 1990) Toronto FC II (USL Pro) (est. 2014) Serbian White Eagles (est. 1968) Toronto Maple Leafs (National Hockey League) (est. Toronto Croatia (est. 1956) 1917, current name since 1927) Toronto Marlies (American Hockey League) (est. Ontario Australian Football League 1978, in Toronto since 2005) Broadview Hawks Toronto Raptors (National Basketball Association) Central Blues (est. 1995) Etobicoke Kangaroos Toronto Rock (National Lacrosse League) (est. 1998) High Park Demons Toronto Wolfpack (League 1) (est. 2017) Toronto Downtown Dingos Raptors 905 (NBA Development League) (est. 2015) Toronto Eagles Brampton Beast (ECHL) (est. 2013) Toronto Rebels

Semi-professional teams Amateur teams Ontario Blues (Canadian Rugby Championship) (est. University teams 2009) Ryerson Rams (Ryerson University) (est. 1948) Toronto Beaches (OLA Junior A Lacrosse League) Varsity Blues (University of Toronto) (est. 1877) (est. 1991) York Lions (York University) (est. 1968) Toronto City Saints (Ontario Rugby League) (est. 2010) Community colleges Toronto Furies (Canadian Women's Hockey League) Seneca Sting (est. 2011) · Humber Hawks TFC Academy - (League1 Ontario) (est. 2008) · George Brown Huskies Toronto Lady Lynx (Previously in the USL Women's · Centennial Colts soccer) (est. 2005) Toronto Lynx (USL Premier Development League; Defunct teams previously in the A-League (1997-2004) and USL Ice hockey First Division (2005-06)) · Toronto 228th Battalion - National Hockey Toronto Maple Leafs (Intercounty Baseball League) Association (1916–17) (est. 1969) · Toronto Aeros - National Women's Hockey League Toronto Rebellion (Rugby Canada National Junior (1998-2006; now the Mississauga Aeros)

88 www.globalvillagefestival.ca · Toronto Blueshirts - National Hockey Association (1911–17) Lacrosse · Toronto Marlboros - Ontario Hockey League Toronto Maple Leafs - International Lacrosse League (1904–89) (1932) · Toronto Ontarios - National Hockey Association Toronto Maple Leafs - National Lacrosse Association (1913–14) (1968) · Toronto Roadrunners - American Hockey League Toronto Nationals - Major League Lacrosse (2003–04) (2009–10) · Toronto Shamrocks - National Hockey Association Toronto Shooting Stars - National Lacrosse League (1915) (1972-4) · Toronto St. Michael's Majors - Ontario Hockey Toronto Shooting Stars - Canadian Lacrosse League League (1906-1962, 1996-2007) (2012–13) · Toronto Tecumsehs - National Hockey Association Toronto Tecumsehs - International Lacrosse League (1912–13) (1931–32) · Toronto Toros - World Hockey Association Toronto Tomahawks - National Lacrosse League (1973–76) (1974)

Soccer Other SC Toronto - Canadian Soccer League (2001–12) Balmy Beach Saints - O.A.F.L. (1992–97) Toronto Blizzard - North American Soccer League Toronto Huskies - Basketball Association of America (1971–84; known as the Toronto Metros (1971–74) (1946–47) and Toronto Metros-Croatia (1975-78)) Toronto Maple Leafs - International League (1896- Toronto Blizzard - Canadian National Soccer League 1967) (1985–86), Canadian Soccer League (1987–92), Toronto Northmen - World Football League American Professional Soccer League (1993) (scheduled to join in 1974 but never played a game) Toronto City - Eastern Canada Professional Soccer Toronto Phantoms - Arena Football League League (1961–65), United Soccer Association (1967) (2001–02) Toronto Falcons - National Professional Soccer Toronto Planets - Roller Hockey International (1993) League (1967), North American Soccer League (1968) Toronto Rebellion - Rugby Canada National Junior Championship (2009)

Toronto Greenbacks - North American Soccer Toronto Rifles - Continental Football League Football League (1946–47) (1965–67) Toronto Rockets - American Professional Soccer Toronto Tornados - Continental Basketball League (1994) Association (1983–85) Toronto Torpedoes - Major League Roller Hockey Toronto Shooting Stars - National Professional (1998) Soccer League (1996–97) Toronto Triumph - Legends Football League Toronto ThunderHawks - National Professional (2011–12) Soccer League (2000–01) Toronto Xtreme - Rugby Canada Super League (1999-2007; known as Toronto Renegades (1999- 2002))

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sports_teams_in_Toronto

89 www.globalvillagefestival.ca This is a list of museums in the city of Toronto, in the province of Ontario, Canada. Also included are non-profit List of museums in Toronto art galleries and university art galleries. Museums that exist only in cyberspace (i.e., virtual museums) are not included. See also List of museums in Ontario for museums in the rest of the province.

Name Neighborhood Area Type Summary 48th Highlanders Museum Moss Park Downtown Toronto Military History of the 48th Highlanders of Canada A Space Gallery Fashion District Downtown Toronto Art website, artist-run contemporary art gallery Aga Khan Museum Don Mills North York Art Muslim arts and culture Applewood (Ontario) Eatonville Etobicoke Historic house website, 1870-1890 period homestead Art Gallery of Ontario Grange Park Downtown Toronto Art Includes Canadian and European art, decorative arts, contemporary art, sculpture Art Gallery of York University York University Heights North York Art website, part of York University, contemporary art Art Museum University of Toronto Downtown Toronto Art website, contemporary art museum comprising the neighbouring Justina M. Barnicke Gallery at Hart House and the University of Toronto Art Centre at University College Bata Shoe Museum University of Toronto Downtown Toronto Fashion History of footwear from around the world Black Creek Pioneer Village York University Heights North York Living Early-to-mid-19th century village Campbell House Museum Old Town Downtown Toronto Historic house 19th century period house, includes an art gallery Canadian Language Museum University of Toronto Downtown Toronto Language Promotes the languages of Canada and the scienti c study of languages. Canadian Motorsport Heritage Museum Automobile Race cars and Canadian motorsports heritage, museum under development Canadian Sculpture Centre Church and Wellesley Downtown Toronto Art Contemporary Canadian sculpture gallery, operated by the Sculptors Society of Canada Casa Loma Casa Loma Downtown Toronto Historic house Early 20th century mansion CBC Museum Entertainment District Downtown Toronto Media Television and radio history of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Cedar Ridge Creative Centre Woburn Scarborough Art website, art centre with exhibit gallery Colborne Lodge Swansea Downtown Toronto Historic house Mid-19th century period cottage, operated by Toronto Culture Design Exchange Financial District Downtown Toronto Art Canadian and international historic and contemporary design Doris McCarthy Gallery University of Toronto Scarborough Scarborough Art Contemporary art gallery of the university[1] Enoch Turner Schoolhouse Corktown Downtown Toronto Education Victorian period schoolhouse, open for group programs Eric Arthur Gallery University of Toronto Downtown Toronto Art website, part of the John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, exhibitions of architecture, landscape architecture, urban design and allied design elds Etobicoke Civic Centre Gallery Etobicoke Art website, local artists Fort York National Historic Site Fort York Downtown Toronto Military War of 1812 buildings, exhibits and historical re-enactments, operated by Toronto Culture Gallery Arcturus Garden District Downtown Toronto Art website, free, public contemporary art museum with rotating exhibits Gardiner Museum University of Toronto Downtown Toronto Art Ceramic art Gibson House North York Centre North York Historic house Mid-19th century period home, operated by Toronto Culture Glendon Gallery Lawrence Park Downtown Toronto Art website, part of Glendon College of York University, contemporary art The Grange Grange Park Downtown Toronto Historic house 1835-1840 period mansion, operated by the Art Gallery of Ontario Historic Zion Schoolhouse Don Valley Village North York Education website, 1864 one-room schoolhouse, restored to 1910 period, operated by Toronto Culture Hockey Hall of Fame Financial District Downtown Toronto Sports Ice hockey InterAccess Electronic Media Arts Centre Trinity–Bellwoods Downtown Toronto Art Media arts Japanese Canadian Cultural Centre Don Mills North York Art Gendai Gallery presents contemporary art with an East Asian perspective Kof er Centre of the Arts Westminster–Branson North York Art Contemporary arts centre Larry Wayne Richards Gallery University of Toronto Downtown Toronto Art website, part of the John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, student and faculty exhibitions of architecture, landscape architecture, urban design and allied design elds Mackenzie House Garden District Downtown Toronto Historic house 1860s Victorian period house, operated by Toronto Culture Market Gallery St. Lawrence Downtown Toronto Multiple Changing exhibits of Toronto's history, art and culture, located at the St. Lawrence Market Mercer Union Dufferin Grove Downtown Toronto Art Artist-run contemporary art centre Montgomery's Inn Islington-City Centre West Etobicoke Historic house 1847 period historic inn,

90 www.globalvillagefestival.ca operated by Toronto Culture Morris and Sally Justein Heritage Museum North York Jewish website, located in the Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, exhibits of Judaic heritage and culture Museum of Contemporary Canadian Art Trinity–Bellwoods Downtown Toronto Art Contemporary art, also known as MOCCA MZTV Museum of Television Liberty Village Downtown Toronto Media website, historic television sets and memorabilia Neilson Park Creative Centre Markland Wood Etobicoke Art website, includes two galleries for exhibits of contemporary ne arts and crafts Ontario College of Art & Design Galleries Grange Park Downtown Toronto Art Part of the Ontario College of Art & Design, includes the Graduate and Student galleries Ontario Science Centre Flemingdon Park North York Science Themes include geology, nature, astronomy, music, technology, anatomy, communications Open Studio Gallery Fashion District Downtown Toronto Art website, artist-run printmaking centre Oral History Museum Glen Park North York History website, oral histories of different ethnic peoples of Canada, combining the spoken word with photographs, multi-media and computer simulation Osborne Collection of Early Children's Books Grange Park Downtown Toronto Library website, located in the Lillian H. Smith District Branch of the Toronto Public Library, changing exhibits of books, art, documents and more from the collection Parliament Interpretive Centre Old Town Downtown Toronto History Operated by the Ontario Heritage Trust, history of Toronto's rst parliament Power Plant Harbourfront Downtown Toronto Art Contemporary art gallery Queen's Own Ri es of Canada Regimental Museum Casa Loma Downtown Toronto Military History of The Queen's Own Ri es of Canada, located on the third oor of Casa Loma Redpath Sugar Museum Harbourfront Downtown Toronto Food Sugar manufacture and industry in Canada Reuben & Helene Dennis Museum Humewood–Cedarvale York Jewish website, located in Beth Tzedec, Jewish art, ceremonial objects and history Riverdale Farm Cabbagetown Downtown Toronto Farm Working heritage farm with an 1860s to 1920s Ontario focus Royal Canadian Military Institute Museum Grange Park Downtown Toronto Military Includes guns, swords, spears, other weapons from around the world, badges, uniforms, medals, art, miniatures, photographs and other military memorabilia Royal Ontario Museum University of Toronto Downtown Toronto Multiple Includes dinosaurs, Near Eastern and African art, East Asian art, European history, and Canadian history Royal Regiment of Canada Museum Fort York Downtown Toronto Military History of The Royal Regiment of Canada, located in the Fort York Armoury Ryerson Image Centre Garden District Downtown Toronto Art Operated by Ryerson University, includes gallery spaces for photography, new media, installation art and lm Saint Mark's Coptic Museum Steeles Scarborough Art website, Coptic and Christian art, icons, coins, crosses, manuscripts, pottery, woodwork Scarborough Museum Bendale Scarborough History website, local history, 1910s period house, mid-19th century log house, carriage works, operated by Toronto Culture Spadina House Casa Loma Downtown Toronto Historic house Historic mansion re ecting four generations and periods, operated by Toronto Culture Taras Shevchenko Museum High Park North Downtown Toronto Biographical website, life and works of Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko Textile Museum of Canada Financial District Downtown Toronto Textile Includes fabrics, ceremonial cloths, garments, carpets, quilts and related artifacts Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library University of Toronto Downtown Toronto Library Changing exhibits of books, art, documents and other literary works from its collections Todmorden Mills Heritage Museum and Arts Centre Playter Estates Downtown Toronto Multiple Includes local history and industry museum, art gallery, theatre, operated by Toronto Culture Toronto Dominion Gallery of Inuit Art Financial District Downtown Toronto Art website, located in the Toronto-Dominion Centre, collection of Inuit art, a cooperative project of Cadillac Fairview and the Toronto-Dominion Bank Toronto Free Gallery Dufferin Grove Downtown Toronto Art Issues-oriented experimental art in all media Toronto Police Museum and Discovery Centre Financial District Downtown Toronto Law enforcement website Toronto Railway Museum Entertainment District Downtown Toronto Railway Located in the John Street Roundhouse Toronto Reference Library Yonge and Bloor Downtown Toronto Library Changing exhibits from its collections in the TD Gallery Toronto Scottish Regiment Museum Etobicoke Military History of The Toronto Scottish Regiment (Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's Own) Toronto Sculpture Garden St. Lawrence Downtown Toronto Art Small park with changing sculpture exhibits Toronto's First Post Of ce Old Town Downtown Toronto History Historic working post of ce and museum Ukrainian Museum of Canada Ontario Branch Harbord Village Downtown Toronto Ethnic website, located in the St. Vladimir Institute, Ukrainian art, folk art, clothing, jewelry, religious objects, heritage and culture York Museum York York History website, local history, open by appointment, operated by Toronto Culture https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Toronto

91 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Hotels in Toronto have been some of the most prominent buildings in the city and the hotel industry is one of the city's most important. The Greater Toronto Area has 183 hotels with a total of almost 36,000 rooms. In 2010, Hotels in Toronto there were 8.9 million room nights sold. Toronto is a popular tourist destination, with it having the 6th highest room occupancy rate in North America, but about two thirds of rooms are taken by commercial, government, or convention travellers.

Toronto hotels are found in different troops of actors would put on works renamed the Queen's. For decades it clusters. The downtown of Shakespeare and served as the city's most luxurious core and financial district other plays in the and elite accommodation. Further has a wide array of hotels. ballroom that sat about north, on the site of the current Many are near theMetro 100. Toronto Dominion Centre was the Toronto Convention The central hotels Rossin House Hotel. With 252 Centre, and others, like served those travelling bedrooms it was the largest hotel in the Sheraton Centre, have via the port and those Toronto during this era. their own substantial staying in town. For Outside the central core smaller convention facilities. travellers by land small hotels grew up to serve the stations North of downtown the inns and taverns grew in what were then the outer reaches upscale Yorkville up along each of the of the city. In the west these included The Royal York Hotel, once the neighbourhood has many tallest building in Canada, is one major routes out of the the Gladstone Hotel and the Drake of the city's most of Toronto's most prominent city. The oldest Hotel while in the east New hotels. luxurious hotels. Hotels surviving hotel in Broadview House Hotel and the New such as the Four Seasons, Toronto is Edwin Hotel were built. When the

Windsor Arms, and Images Source: Montgomery's Inn, smaller railway stations closed in the Sutton Place are at the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: which was built in middle of the 20th century, these Fairmont_Royal_York_Toronto.jpg centre of the Toronto 1832. Now a city of hotels lost their main source of International Film Toronto museum, it is business. They becamesingle room Festival each year. Outside of the located on Dundas Street, which was occupancy facilities serving the city's downtown area aroundToronto then the main road heading poor and transient. The recent revival Pearson International Airport has a westwards. Lambton House is of Parkdale has seen the Drake and cluster of hotels and convention another surviving hotel structure that Gladstone transformed in boutique centres. The major highways through also served those travelling on hotels and cultural venues. town also have a wide array of Dundas. Most hotels from this era The twentieth century saw a new smaller hotels and motels along did not survive. Two examples are generation of hotels, much larger and them. John Finch's more monumental than before as the Hotel and the skyscraper came to prominence. The History Miller Tavern, King Edward Hotel was established Hotels of York both located in 1903, and is the oldest major hotel Few of Toronto's earliest hotels on Yonge, still in operation in the city. In 1927 survive. The first prominent hotel to then the major the Queen's was demolished and serve what was then York, Upper route north. replaced by the Royal York Hotel. At Canada was the York Hotel located the time the new hotel was the tallest at King Street East and Berkeley, Railway building in Canada and quickly today the site of the Toronto Sun hotels became the city's most elite lodging.

Building. Built in 1805, it was a The Gladstone Hotel in the west The arrival of Serving a different market the 750 central social venue for the city's of the city has recently been the railroad in room Ford Hotel opened in 1928 converted into a boutique hotel elite. When the legislature was and important cultural venue the mid- offering very burned by the Americans during the Images Source: nineteenth cheap rooms. https://commons.wikimedia.org/ War of 1812, it was at the York that wiki/File:Gladstone_Hotel.jpg century It quickly the assembly met for a year while dramatically became awaiting the construction of a new changed travel known as a building. The York Hotel was patterns, and new hotels from this centre of demolished in 1846. era were clustered around the crime and Nearby another important early hotel railroad stations, most notably Union vice and for Hav-A-Nap Motel on Kingston was Frank's Hotel, on nearby Market Station. In 1853 the Knox College the risqué Road, 2011 Square. It is most notable for being building across the street was entertainment Image Source: Author-JasonParis Toronto's first theatre venue. converted into a hotel. At first named in its bars. In https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Beginning about 1820, travelling Sword's Hotel, in 1862 it was the northern File:Hav-A-Nap_Motel,_Toronto,_ Canada.jpg

92 www.globalvillagefestival.ca part of the city this era also saw the Modern Toronto Toronto are primarily discount erection of the Park Plaza in 1929. The 1970s and 1980s saw a number variety and is a cross of hotel and of major hotel projects in central motel concept. Since the 1990s they Motel era Toronto, with the Sheraton Centre, have been marketed as business The arrival of the automobile Toronto Hilton, Sutton Place, and hotels. transformed travel to Toronto. The Four Seasons adding thousands of A list of chains operating in Toronto: motel quickly became one of the new rooms to the market. The  Econo Lodge most popular hotel forms. In the economic downturn at the end of the  Howard Johnson's 1950s and 1960s this led to the 1980s saw several hotels run into  Holiday Inn Express and Holiday creation of Toronto's famous "motel financial trouble. The Park Plaza, a Inn strip" along Lake Shore Boulevard, Yorkville landmark since 1929, went  Hilton Garden Inn then the main western route out of into receivership in 1995 and was  Novotel the city. At its height the strip had later bought by the Hyatthotel chain.  Ramada many motels, each attempting to The nearby Windsor Arms Hotel  Radisson Hotels draw attention through eye catching closed completely for several years.  Days Inns - Canada architecture and street side Following a recovery in the late https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotels_in_Toronto advertising. In 1954 Highway 401 1990s, another recession hurt the was built to the north of the city, and industry in 2001. In much traffic was redirected there; in 2003 the hotel 1966 the Gardiner Expressway industry was badly almost wholly redirected remaining hurt by the SARS intercity traffic away from the area. outbreak that saw The strip declined rapidly and by the room occupancy 1980s the area was most known for rates plunge to its prostitution and gunfights. The 29%, far below the recent condo boom in Toronto has usual range in the seen most of the motels closed and 70s. In that year the demolished to be replaced with Colony Hotel shut condo towers looking out over the down and was lake. As of 2008 five structures turned into a remain only two of which are University of operational. Toronto student A similar, but less prominent, strip residence. developed along Kingston Road in In recent years a Scarborough, then the main eastern booming real estate route out of town. Many of these still market, especially remain in operation, such as the in downtown iconic Hav-A-Nap Motel. While Toronto, has led to inner city travellers are less likely to a number of new take Kingston Road, today some of hotel projects, often the Scarborough motel rooms have in combination with been rented for refugees awaiting condominium decision on their claims, with up to projects. An 700 rooms arranged by Toronto's unprecedented community services department. number of major Built in 1972, the Sheraton Centre is Smaller motel strips also exist in hotel projects were similar to many of the other hotels built Mississauga along Lakeshore Road completed in downtown in the 1970s. and on Dundas Street east of Dixie central Toronto, Road to Etobicoke Creek. including the As Highway 401 rose to become Trump International Canada's busiest highway, it also Hotel and Tower, became the centre of many hotel the Ritz-Carlton, developments. Today there are Living Shangri-La, dozens of hotels, mostly chain and a new Four owned, located along the 401 in Seasons. Toronto and many others in the rest of the Greater Toronto Area. Discount Hotels Suburban hotels in Image Source: Author-Aral Balkan https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Downtown_toronto.jpg

93 www.globalvillagefestival.ca List of neighbourhoods in Toronto

The strength and vitality of the many neighbourhoods that make up Toronto, Ontario, Canada has earned the city its unofficial nickname of "the city of neighbourhoods."There are 140 neighbourhoods officially recognized by the City of Torontoand upwards of 240 official and unofficial neighbourhoods within the city's boundaries. Before 1998, Toronto was a much smaller municipality and formed part of Metropolitan Toronto. When the city amalgamated that year, Toronto grew to encompass the former municipalities of York, East York, North York, Etobicoke, and Scarborough. Each of these former municipalities still maintains, to a certain degree, its own distinct identity, and the names of these municipalities are still used by their residents, sometimes for disambiguation purposes. The area known as Toronto before the amalgamation is sometimes called the "old" City of Toronto, "Toronto proper", the Central District or simply "Downtown".

The "former" City of Toronto is, by and post-war high-rises. Many of the own, such as North York Centre far, the most populous and dense part neighbourhoods in these areas were around Mel Lastman Square). The of the city. It is also the business and built up as streetcar suburbs and following is a list of the more administrative centre of the city. The contain many dense and mixed-use notable neighbourhoods, divided by uniquely Torontonian bay-and-gable streets, some of which are one-way. the neighbourhoods' location based housing style is common throughout They share many characteristics with on the former municipalities, the the former city. sections of the "old" city, outside of names of which are still known and the downtown core. commonly used by Torontonians. The "inner ring" suburbs of York and East York are older, predominantly The "outer ring" suburbs of Toronto has many groups and middle-income areas, and ethnically Etobicoke, Scarborough, and North associations to deal with diverse. Much of the housing stock York are much more suburban in neighbourhood issues, and larger in these areas consists of old pre- nature (although these boroughs are umbrella organizations organize World War II single-family houses developing urban centres of their events to deal with broader issues.

Neighbourhoods by east of the original ten of each of the three British remains, known today as district blocks that formed the old nationalities: English (St. "St. Lawrence". St. Paul's Old Toronto town). George), Scottish (St. (named after the saint) Old Toronto refers to the Many were recreated or Andrew), Welsh (St. remains as the name of an City of Toronto and its named to reconnect the David) and the Irish Saint: electoral district for each boundaries from 1967 to areas with their past (St. Patrick). St. George, of the three levels of 1997. It is sometimes history, early St. Andrew government, although the referred to as the "South" beginnings, or and St. Patrick electoral district has very or "Central" district, and even recent still survive as little to no overlap with includes the "downtown use and subway stops, the historic St. Paul's Ward core". Some of these prominence. though St. and beginning in the 2015 names such as "The Some George station Canadian federal election, Fashion District" are (or historical city Old newspaper of ce in is not named the electoral district was Cabbagetown were) used as marketing 'wards' used in after the ward, renamed Toronto—St. Image Source: Aughot-Moncrief for the areas or by BIAs; the 19th https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ but after St. Paul's. This meant that the File:CabbagetownBuildings2004.jpg this area is actually called century are no George Street, St. Paul's electoral district "King-Spadina" by locals. longer used: itself named is a misnomer. Another example is the St. David's, St. John's, St. after Quetton St. George, a "Old Town of York", also Paul's, St. George's, St. local resident. St. known as "King and Andrew's, and St. Patrick's Lawrence's Ward (named Parliament" (although that wards. There was a ward after the patron saint of intersection is one block named for the patron saint Canada and the river)

94 www.globalvillagefestival.ca For the purposes of geographic distinction, the East York the 1998 amalgamation, it neighbourhoods of Old Toronto are broken down into An autonomous urban is administered together four subsections: borough until 1997, East with old Toronto, and York is located north of separate from Downtown Core (Central) West End  Alexandra Park · Beaconsfield Village Danforth Avenue between Scarborough, North York,  The Annex · Bloor West Village the Don River and and Etobicoke-York, by  Baldwin Village · Bracondale Hill Victoria Park Avenue. East the "Toronto and East  Cabbagetown · Brockton Village  CityPlace York was an exclave of York Neighbourhood  Chinatown · Carleton Village York from 1922 to 1924. Council".  · Corso Italia Church and Wellesley East York developed East York itself is  Corktown · Davenport  Discovery District · Dovercourt Park contemporaneously with commonly divided into  Distillery District · Dufferin Grove the West End of old two zones, with mainly  The Entertainment District · Earlscourt Toronto, and it is similar Edwardian urban  East Bayfront · Fort York  Fashion District in form and character. In neighbourhoods situated · High Park  Financial District 1967, East York was south of Taylor-Massey  Garden District · The Junction expanded to include the Creek, and referred to as  Grange Park · Junction Triangle  Harbord Village · Koreatown Town of Leaside. Since Old East York.  Harbourfront · Liberty Village  Old East York Suburban East York Kensington Market · Little Italy  Broadview North  Bermondsey  Moss Park   · Little Portugal Crescent Town Governor's Bridge  Old Town  East Danforth  Leaside · Little Tibet  Pape Village  O'Connor–Parkview  Queen Street West  Woodbine Heights  Thorncliffe Park  Regent Park · Mirvish Village  South Core · Niagara Etobicoke often administered with  St. James Town · Palmerston Etobicoke is on the west York as a single  St. Lawrence · Parkdale side of the Humber River. community council within  Toronto Islands · Queen Street West  Trefann Court Before the 1967 the amalgamated city of · Roncesvalles  University · Runnymede amalgamation, Long Toronto.  Yorkville · Seaton Village Branch, New Toronto, and Etobicoke is often divided East End · Swansea The Beaches Mimico were villages into three zones: northern, · Trinity–Bellwoods East Danforth independent of Etobicoke. central, and southern, · Wallace Emerson Gerrard Street East (Little India) It was a separate city until roughly approximate to Greektown Leslieville the 1998 amalgamation. that of the federal and Main Square Since then, Etobicoke is provincial ridings. Playter Estates Port Lands  Alderwood  Mimico  Centennial Park  New Toronto Riverdale  Clairville  Princess Gardens Upper Beaches  Eatonville (Etobicoke West Mall)  Rexdale North End  The Elms  Richview   Bedford Park Eringate Smith eld  Humber Heights – Westmount  Stonegate-Queensway Casa Loma  Humber Valley Village  Sunnylea Chaplin Estates  Humberwood  Thistletown   Davisville Village Islington-City Centre West Thorncrest Village  Kingsview Village (The Westway)  West Humber-Clairville Deer Park (Yonge and St. Clair)  The Kingsway  West Deane Park Forest Hill (and Forest Hill Village)  Long Branch  Willowridge  Lawrence Park Markland Wood Lytton Park Midtown Scarborough from Pickering to Moore Park Scarborough is on the east Scarborough in 1974 as North Toronto side of Victoria Park part of the establishment Rosedale South Hill (includes Rathnelly) Avenue. It was a separate of Durham Region. It was Summerhill city until the 1998 also the largest former Wanless Park amalgamation. West municipality by area. Wychwood Park Yonge and Eglinton (considered centre of Midtown Toronto) Rouge was transferred

95 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Agincourt  Maryvale Business improvement areas  Armadale  Milliken There are also several dozen city designated  Bendale (Cedarbrae)  Morningside   business improvement areas, covering almost all Birch Cliff Morningside Heights of Toronto's commercial areas. Some of these  Birch Cliff Heights  Oakridge  Brown's Corners (historical)  Port Union (Centennial serve a particular ethnic group or several similar  Clairlea Scarborough) ethnic groups as part of an ethnic enclave.  Cliffside  Rouge  Cliffcrest  Scarborough City Centre   Albion Islington Knob Hill Plaza Dorset Park Scarborough Junction Square  Eglinton East  Scarborough Village Koreatown   Golden Mile Steeles The Beaches  Guildwood  Tam O'Shanter – Sullivan Lakeshore Village  Highland Creek  West Hill Bloor Annex  Ionview  West Rouge Liberty Village   Bloor by the Park L'Amoreaux Wexford Little Italy   Woburn Malvern Bloor West Village Little Portugal North York the 1998 amalgamation. Bloor Yorkville North York is located North York is sometimes Long Branch Village Bloorcourt Village north of York, Old divided by two sections by Mimico by the Lake Bloordale Village Toronto, and East York. It Yonge Street. Mimico Village Chinatown was a separate city until Mirvish Village Amesbury Heights; Elia) Church and Wellesley Armour Heights Lansing Mount Dennis Bathurst Manor Lawrence Heights College Promenade Bayview Village Ledbury Park Oakwood Village Bayview Woods – Steeles Lawrence Manor College West Bermondsey Maple Leaf Old Cabbagetown Black Creek Newtonbrook Corso Italia The Bridle Path North York Centre Pape Village Clanton Park (Wilson Heights) Parkway Forest Danforth Mosaic Don Mills Parkwoods Parkdale Village Don Valley Village The Peanut Danforth Village Downsview Pelmo Park – Humberlea Queen's Quay Flemingdon Park Pleasant View Glen Park Uptown Toronto The Danforth Harbourfront Henry Farm Victoria Village Hillcrest Village Westminster–Branson Dovercourt Village Regal Heights Village Hoggs Hollow Willowdale Humber Summit York Mills Downtown Yonge Riverside District Humbermede (Emery) York University Heights (Village at Jane and Finch (University York) Dundas Bathurst Roncesvalles Village York Since then, York is often Dundas West Rosedale Main Street York is situated between administered with Eglinton Hill Sheppard East Village Old Toronto and North Etobicoke as a single Eglinton Way St. Clair Gardens York, west of Bathurst community council within Street (aside from the the amalgamated city of Emery Village St. Lawrence Market Neighbourhood neighbourhood of Toronto. Fairbank Village Toronto Entertainment Tichester at the Forest Hill Village District southeasternmost corner York is often divided to Gerrard India Bazaar of the former city). two sections: a western Upper Village Greektown on the Uptown Yonge Weston was independent section and an eastern Danforth of York until 1967. York section; often, GO Village of Islington Harbord Street was a separate city until Transit's Barrie rail line West Queen West Hillcrest Village the 1998 amalgamation. divides the former city. Weston Village Baby Point Oakwood–Vaughan (Oakwood Historic Queen Street Briar Hill–Belgravia Village; Five Points; Northcliffe) Wexford Heights Eglinton West (Little Jamaica) Old Mill The Junction Fairbank, Toronto Rockcliffe–Smythe (Caledonia–Fairbank) Silverthorn Wychwood Heights Humewood–Cedarvale Tichester Kennedy Road Lambton Weston Yonge Lawrence Kingsway Mount Dennis Village

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Toronto

96 www.globalvillagefestival.ca List of Toronto parks

Municipal parks The following parks are maintained by Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation Division:

Abbotsford Park Alex Marchetti Park Ames Park Arthur Dyson Parkette Acacia Park Alex Murray Parkette Amesbury Park Ashbridge's Bay Park Academy Soccer Field Alex Wilson Community Gardens Amos Waites Park Ashtonbee Reservoir Park Adams Park Alexander Muir Memorial Amsterdam Square Asquith Green Park Adanac Park Gardens Ancaster Park Aster eld - Plumrose Blvd Addington Greenbelt Alexander Park Ancona Park Parkette Agincourt Park Alexander Street Parkette Aneta Circle Parkette Audrelane Park Agnes Macphail Square Alexander the Great Parkette Anewen Greenbelt Aura Lee Playing Field Ailsa Craig Parkette Alexandra Park Anniversary Park (University of Toronto Grounds)[2] Alamosa Park Alexmuir Park Anson Park Austin Terrace Boulevard Lands Alan - Oxford Parkette Anthony Road Public School Park Avalon Parkette Albert Campbell Square Allan Gardens palm house on Antibes Park Avoca Ravine (see Vale of Avoca) Albert Crosland Parkette Christmas Day, 2005 Apted Park Avondale Park Albert Standing Parkette Allan Gardens Arena Gardens Avonshire Park Albion Gardens Park Allan Lamport Stadium and Park Arlington Parkette Avonshire Parkette Alderwood Memorial Park Allanhurst Park Arsandco Park Avro Park Aldwych Park Amberdale Ravine Art Eggleton Park Ambrose Parkette

Baby Point Club Park (private) Beechgrove Park Birchview Boulevard Parkette Brandon Avenue Parkette Bain Avenue Parkette Beecroft Park Birkdale Ravine Bratty Park Baird Park Bell Manor Park Birunthan Park Breadalbane Park Bakerton Parkette Bellamy Park Bishop Park Brendwin Circle Parkette Balcarra Park Bellbury Park Bisset Park Briar Crest Park Balliol Parkette Bellevue Square Park Black Creek Parkland Briar Hill - Chaplin Park Balmoral Park Belmar Park Black Creek Site East Briar Hill Parkette Balmy Beach Park Belmont Parkette Black Creek Site West Bridletowne Park Bamburgh Park Ben Nobleman Park Blackfriar Park Bridlewood Park Banbury Park Bendale Park Blantyre Park Bright Street Playground Banting Park Benjamin Boake Greenbelt Bloor - Bedford Parkette Brimley Woods Barbara Hall Park Benner Park Bloor - Parliament Parkette Bristol Avenue Parkette Barkdene Park Bennett Park Bloordale Park North Bristol Avenue Parkette West Bartlett Parkette Bennington Heights Park Bloordale Park South Broadacres Park Bartley Park Berczy Park (named for William Blue Ridge Park Broadlands Park Basswood Parkette Berczy) Bluehaven Park Broadview Subway Station Bathurst Quay Beresford Park Parkette Bathurst - Wilson Parkette Berner Trail Park Bluffer's Park at Scarborough Brookbanks Park Battery Park Berry Road Park Bluffs in 2006 Brookdale Park Baycrest Park Bert Robinson Park Bluffer's Park Brook eld Parkette Bayhampton Parkette Bessarion Parkette Blythdale Greenbelt Brooks Road Park Bayview - York Mills Parkette Bestview Park Blythwood Ravine Park Brookwell Park Bayview Parkette Bethune Park (named for Norman Bob Hunter Park Browns Line-Lakeshore Parkette Bayview Village Park Bethune) Bobbie Rosenfeld Park Bruce Mackey Park Beach Skatepark Betty Sutherland Trail Park Bond Park Brunswick - College Parkette Beaches Park Beverly Glen Park Bonspiel Park Budapest Park Beaty Avenue Parkette Bickford Park Boswell Parkette Budd Sugarman Park Beaty Parkette Bill Hancox Park Botany Hill Park Burnett Park Beaumonde Heights Park Bill Johnston Park Boulton Drive Parkette Burnhamill Park Beaumont Park Birch Park Bowan Court Parkette Burrows Hall Park Beaver - Lightbourn Parkette Birchcrest Park Boyington Property Buttonwood Park Bedford Parkette Birchmount Park and Stadium Bramber Woods Park Byng Park

97 www.globalvillagefestival.ca C · Eglinton Park · Linus Park · Seaton Park · Cairns Avenue Parkette · Elizabeth Simcoe Park · Lissom Park · Sentinel Park · Caledonia Park · Empringham Park · Lithuania Park ·Snake Island Park · Camborne Parkette · Esther Lorrie Park · Little Norway Park · Snider Parkette · Campbell Avenue Playground · Etienne Brule Park · Littles Road Park · Snowhill Park · Canadian Ukrainian Memorial · E.T. Seton Park · Loring-Wyle Parkette · Sonya's Park Park F · Lower Don Parklands · South Humber Park · Candlebrook Crescent Park · Fairbank Memorial Park · Lower Highland Creek Park · South Marine Drive Park · Canmore Park · Farquarson Park · Lytton Park · Stan Wadlow Park · Canoe Landing Park · Fergy Brown Park M · Stanley Park · Canterbury Place Park · Finch Parkette · McAllister Park · Stratford Park · Capri Park · Flemington Park · McCleary Park · Sugar Beach · Caribou Park · Forestry Island Park · McDairnud Woods Park · Summerlea Park · Carlton Park · Fountainhead Park · McLevin Park · Sunnybrook Park (and · Cathedral Bluffs Park · Frank Stollery Parkette · McNicoll Park Sunnybrook Stables) · Cedar Brook Park · Fundy Bay Park · Magwood Park · Sunnyside Park G · Malta Park · Sun Row Park · Cedarvale Park · Garnier Park · Maple Leaf Forever Park · Sylvan Park and Gates Gully · Centennial Park in the former · Garrison Creek Park · Maple Leaf Park T–V city of Etobicoke · Garthdale Park · Marie Curtis Park · Centennial Park in the former · George Faludy Park · Marilyn Bell Park · Taddle Creek Park city of Scarborough · Glen Agar Park · Market Lane Park · Talwood Park · Central Park · Glen Cedar Park · Martin Goodman Trail · Tam O'Shanter Golf Course · Centre Park · Glendora Park · Maryvale Park · Taylor Creek Park · Chalkfarm Park · Glen Long Park · Matt Cohen Park · Terry Fox Park · Charles Sauriol Conservation · Glenn Gould Park · Milliken Park · Thistletown Area Reserve · Glen Rouge Park and · Millwood Park · Thomson Memorial Park · Chartwell Park Campgrounds · Mitchell Field Park · Tommy Thompson Park · Chatsworth Ravine · Goldhawk Park · Monarch Park · Thomson Riley Park · Chelsea Park · G. Ross Lord Park · Moore Park Ravine · Tip Top Park · Cherry Beach · Grandravine Park · Moorevale Park · Todmorden Mills Park · Chorley Park · Grange Park · Morningside Park · Toronto Botanical Garden in · Christie Pits · Greenwood Park · Morningview Trail Ravine Edwards Gardens · Clanton Park · Grey Abbey Trail and Ravine · Moss Park · Toronto Music Garden · Clarence Square · Guildwood Park and Inn · Muirlands Park · Toronto Islands · Clarke Beach Park · Gwendolyn MacEwen Park N–O · Toronto Track and Field Centre · Cliff Lumsdon Park H · Natal Park · Town Hall Square · Cliffwood Park · Habitant Park · Neilson Park · Trace Mane Park · Cloud Gardens (Bay Adelaide · Healey Willan Park · Newtonbrook Park · Trinity Bellwoods Park Gardens and the Cloud Forest · Heathrow Park · Nicol MacNicol Parkette · Trinity Square and Labyrinth Conservatory) · Hendon Park · North Park Park · Collingwood Park · High Park · North Kipling Park · Underpass Park · Colonel Danforth Park · Hillcrest Park · Northwood Park · Vale of Avoca · Colonel Samuel Smith Park · Hillside Park · Oak Park · Valley eld Park · Colony Park · Highland Creek · Olympia Park · Varna Park · Corktown Common · Home Smith Park · Olympic Island Park · Viewmount Park · Coronation Park · Howard Talbot Park · Orchard Park W–Z · Cotsworth Park · HTO Park · Oriole Park · Wallace-Emerson Park · Coxwell Ravine Park · Hullmar Park · Owen Park · Wanless Park · Cresthaven Park · Humber Arboretum P–R · Washington Street Parkette · Crothers Woods · Humber Bay Park · Palace Pier Park · Waterfront Park · Cudia Park · Humberline Park · Palmerston Gardens · Warden Woods Park · Cummer Park · Humber Marshes · Pantry Park · Wedgewood Park D · Humber Valley Golf Course · Park Drive Reservation Land · Wells Hill Park · David A. Balfour Park · Humewood Park · Park Lawn Park · Wellsworth Park · David Crombie Park · Huntsmill Park · Pinetree Park · Wellesley Park · Dempsey Park · Hup eld Park · Pinto Park · Wenderley Park · Den eld Park I–K · Pine Point Park · West Don Park · Ireland Park · Port Royal Park · West Humber Parkland · Dentonia Park · Iroqouis Park · Prince Edward Viaduct Parkette · Weston Lions Park · Dentonia Park Golf Course · Island Park · Prince of Wales Park · West Rouge Park · Derrydowns Park · Jack Goodland Park · Princess Margaret Park · Westlake Memorial Park · Dieppe Park · James Gardens · Queen's Greenbelt (not to be (Formerly Jasper Park) · Dixie Park · Jean Sibelius Square confused with Queen's Park Westview Greenbelt · Donald Russell Memorial Park · Jesse Ketchum Park downtown) White Haven Park · Don Valley Brick Works · Jimmie Simpson Park · Ramsden Park Wickson Trail Park · Don Valley Golf Course · John Tabor Park · Raymore Park Wilket Creek Park · Doris McCarthy Trail · June Rowlands Park (formerly · Rennie Park Willesden Park · Douglas B. Ford Park Davisville Park) · Riverdale Park Willowdale Park · Dovercourt Park · Kay Gardner Beltline Park · Roding Park Wilmington Park · Downsview Dells Park · Keelesdale Park · Rosebank Park Wind elds Park · Dufferin Grove Park · Kempton Howard Park · Rosedale Park · Duplex Parkette · Kew Gardens Park · Rosetta McLain Gardens Withrow Park E · King's Mill Park · Rouge Beach Park Winchester Park L · Rouge Park East Woodbine Park · Earl Bales Park, Barry Zukerman · Lambton Woods · Roundhouse Park Woodbine Beach Park Amphitheatre and North York Ski · Lake Shore Boulevard Parklands · Rowntree Mills Park Wychwood Barns Park Centre · L'Amoreaux Park · Runnymede Park York Mills Valley Park · Earlscourt Park · Laughlin Park S Yorkdale Park · East Don Parklands · Laura Park · St. Andrew's Market and Yorkminister Park · East Lynn Park · Lawrence Park Playground Yorkville Park · East Point Park · Leaside Park · St. James Park Zooview Park · Eastview Park · St. Lucia Park · Ed & Anne Mirvish Parkette · Lescon Park · Scarborough Heights Park · Edwards Gardens · Leslie Park · Scarlett Mills Park · Eglinton Flats · Lillian Park · Scarlett Woods Golf Course · Lindylou Park · Sculpture Gardens

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Toronto_parks

98 www.globalvillagefestival.ca

Background Image Source: Author-John Vetterli https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bluffers_Park_1.jpg List of shopping malls in Toronto

The following is a list of shopping malls in Toronto, Canada. The first enclosed shopping mall in Toronto was the Toronto Arcade in downtown. The first shopping mall of the enclosed, automobile-centred design type was Yorkdale Shopping Centre, opened in 1964. For shopping malls surrounding the city of Toronto, please see the template at the bottom of this article.

Major shopping centres thousands of automobile parking connections through the Toronto These shopping centres each have spaces. With the exception of Transit Commission's bus network over a hundred stores and are Sherway Gardens, all of these malls and MiWay of Mississauga. Yorkdale anchored by multiple department have direct pedestrian connections is Toronto's first major shopping stores. They are also the five largest with the Toronto rapid transit system, centre and was the world's largest malls in Toronto. Each provides though Sherway Gardens has bus when it was first opened.

Name District Major intersection Direct rapid transit connection Developer/operator Retail space Year opened

Fairview Mall North York Don Mills Road Sheppard Avenue Don Mills Cadillac Fairview 81,874 m2 (881,280 sq ft) 1970

Scarborough Town Centre Scarborough McCowan Road Highway 401 Scarborough Centre Oxford Properties 121,467 m2 (1,307,460 sq ft) 1973 Sherway Gardens Etobicoke The Queensway The West Mall None (nearest station is Kipling; local bus route runs between Kiping station and Sherway Gardens) Cadillac Fairview 109,800 m2 (1,182,000 sq ft) 1971 Toronto Eaton Centre Old Toronto Yonge Street —Dundas Street Yonge Street Queen Street West Dundas Queen Cadillac Fairview 159,979 m2 (1,722,000 sq ft) 1977

Yorkdale Shopping Centre North York Allen Road Highway 401 Yorkdale Oxford Properties 143,231 m2 (1,541,730 sq ft) 1964

District or neighbourhood Street and Dupont Street), Dufferin East), North York shopping centres Mall (on Dufferin Street south of  Black Creek Super Value The district or neighbourhood level Bloor Street and north of College Centre (Rogers Road and Keele of shopping centres in Toronto are Street), and Gerrard Square (on Street), York typically built around one or a few Gerrard Street East east of Pape  Bridlewood Mall (Warden department stores or grocery Avenue). There are a few ethnic Avenue and Finch Avenue East), supermarkets and are enclosed. malls of this type as well. Scarborough These shopping centres typically  Agincourt Mall (Kennedy  Cedarbrae Mall (Lawrence provide a surrounding free parking Road and Sheppard Avenue Avenue East and Markham lot. Most of these are located in the East), Scarborough Road), Scarborough former suburbs of Toronto, where  The Albion Centre (Finch  Centerpoint Mall (Yonge land was available for parking. There Avenue West and Kipling Street and Steeles Avenue West), are only three shopping malls of this Avenue), Etobicoke North York type within Toronto's pre-1998 city  Bayview Village (Bayview  Cloverdale Mall (Dundas limits: Galleria Mall (at Dufferin Avenue and Sheppard Avenue Street West and The East Mall),

99 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Etobicoke West west of Jane Street), North and Yorkville Avenue)  Dragon Centre (Sheppard Avenue York East and Glen Watford Drive), PATH underground shopping Scarborough; ethnic mall Malls located within major office complex  Dufferin Mall (Dufferin Street, buildings In Downtown Toronto, primarily in south of Bloor Street West), Old One configuration of shopping mall the Financial District, there are Toronto in Toronto is the self-contained type interconnected shopping malls  East York Town Centre located within a commercial office located one flight of stairs (Millwood Road and Overlea building, sometimes around a central underground. The complex as a Boulevard), East York atrium. This type typically does not whole is named 'PATH'. The Toronto  Eglinton Square Shopping Centre provide a surrounding parking lot. Eaton Centre (see above) is (Eglinton Avenue East and These malls typically house from a connected to the complex. The Victoria Park Avenue), dozen to several dozen stores. Most complex has 1,200 stores, and Scarborough of these are connected to a station of according to Guinness World  Galleria Shopping Centre the Toronto rapid transitsystem. In Records, the PATH is the (Dufferin Street and Dupont the case of the Hudson's Bay Centre, largestunderground shopping Street), Old Toronto the mall connects the department complex in the world with 371,600  Gerrard Square (Gerrard Street store to the Toronto rapid transit m (4,000,000 sq ft) of retail space. East and Pape Avenue), Old system at Bloor-Yonge station. These  Brookfield Place (Yonge Street Toronto malls are located in the core (Old and Front Street West)  Golden Mile (Victoria Park Toronto), unless marked otherwise:  Commerce Court (Yonge Street Avenue and Eglinton Avenue  The Atrium on Bay (Dundas and King Street West) East), Scarborough Street West and Yonge Street)  First Canadian Place (Bay Street  Jane & Finch Mall (Jane and  Canada Square (Yonge Street and and King Street West) Finch), North York Eglinton Avenue West)  Royal Bank Plaza (Bay Street  The Landmark (Steeles Avenue  Chinatown Centre (Chinatown); and Front Street West) and Middlefield Road), ethnic mall  Scotia Plaza (King Street West Scarborough; ethnic mall  College Park (Yonge Street and and Yonge Street)  Lawrence Plaza (Bathurst Street College Street)  TD Centre (bounded by King and Lawrence Avenue West),  The Crossways (Bloor Street Street West, Bay Street, North York West and Dundas Street West) Wellington Street West, and York  Lawrence Square Shopping  Cumberland Terrace (Bay Street Street) Centre (Allen Road and and Bloor Street West) Lawrence Avenue West), North  Dragon City (Chinatown) Open-air shopping plazas York (Dundas Street West and Spadina Open-air shopping plazas are larger  Malvern Town Centre (Neilson Avenue); ethnic mall collections of stores built with Road and Tapscott Road),  Dynasty Centre (Sheppard surrounding parking areas, with Scarborough Avenue East and Midland parking spaces separated from the  North York Sheridan Mall (Jane Avenue), Scarborough; ethnic storefronts by sidewalks. These Street and Wilson Avenue), North mall shopping centres generally serve the York  Empress Walk (Empress Avenue local surrounding area and have a  Parkway Mall (Victoria Park and Yonge Street), North York large proportion of family-run Avenue and Ellesmere Road),  Holt Renfrew Centre (Bloor businesses, some of which are Scarborough Street West and Bay Street) ethnic.  Shoppers World Danforth  Hudson's Bay Centre (Bloor  Chartwell Plaza (Brimley Road (Danforth Avenue west of Street West and Yonge Street) and Huntingwood Drive), Victoria Park Avenue), East York  Manulife Centre (Bloor Street Scarborough  Splendid China Mall (Steeles West and Bay Street)  Dufferin & Steeles Plaza North Avenue east of Kennedy Road),  Queen's Quay Terminal (Queen's York Scarborough; ethnic mall Quay West and York Street)  Dufferin Business Centre  Woodbine Centre (Rexdale  Sheppard Centre (Sheppard (Dufferin Street between Boulevard and Highway 27), Avenue East and Yonge Street), Castlefield Avenue and the Etobicoke North York former York-North York  Woodside Square (McCowan  Yonge Eglinton Centre (Yonge boundary), York Road and Finch Avenue East), Street and Eglinton Avenue West)  Iranian Plaza (Yonge Street Scarborough  Yorkville Village (formerly between Cummer Avenue and  Yorkgate Mall (Finch Avenue Hazelton Lanes) (Avenue Road Steeles Avenue), North York;

100 www.globalvillagefestival.ca ethnic mall Etobicoke plaza called Morningside  Peanut Plaza (Don Mills Road  The Stockyards Shopping Centre Crossing and Van Horne Avenue), North (Keele Street/Weston Road and  Rexdale Plaza (1957–2004), York St. Clair Avenue West), Old Islington Avenue and Rexdale  Sheppard Plaza (Sheppard Toronto Boulevard, Etobicoke and Avenue West and Bathurst enclosed 1972. Most stores Street), North York Flea markets closed by 2003 and demolition of  Shops at Don Mills (Don Mills south end in 2004 with north end Road and Lawrence Avenue The markets are housed indoors with of mall retained (with an Asian East), North York stalls of independent vendors. supermarket and a few small  Sunnybrook Plaza (Eglinton  Downsview Park Merchant's stores). Since 2004, its south end Avenue East and Bayview Market, Downsview Park (Keele was redeveloped as an outdoor Avenue), East York Street and Sheppard Avenue mall with Wal-Mart Supercentre  Tam O'Shanter Plaza (Sheppard West), North York as a stand-alone big box store. Avenue East east of Kennedy  Dr. Flea's, Highway 27 and  Warden Woods Mall or Warden Road), Scarborough Albion Road, Etobicoke Power Centre (1970–2005) at  Victoria Terrace (Victoria Park  Jane Finch Flea Market, 1911 Warden Avenue north of St. Clair Avenue and Lawrence Avenue Finch Avenue West (Jane Street Avenue East near Warden station, East), North York and Finch Avenue West), North Scarborough was a full mall with  Whiteshield Plaza (Kennedy York three anchor stores (The Bay, Road and Lawrence Avenue  Merchant's Flea Market, 1921 Simpson's and a Knob Hill Farm East), Scarborough Eglinton Avenue East, (Warden grocery store) and later as  York Mills Gardens (Leslie Street Avenue and Eglinton Avenue clearance centre. It has since been and York Mills Road), North East), Scarborough demolished and replaced with York  Toronto Weston Flea Market, Old low-density residential Weston Road and St. Clair development. Power centres Avenue West, Old Toronto  Weston-Finch Mall (1960s–2006), Weston Road and Power centres mainly consist of Dead malls Finch Avenue West, North York - major national and international big- former strip mall (with Zellers, box stores with large amounts of The following are dead malls, i.e., Canadian Tire and McDonald's as parking space separate from the malls having few tenants and/or tenants) and later as outlet stores themselves, and which serve a awaiting demolition or re- facility; demolished 2006 and larger area than the open-air development. vacant lot awaiting shopping plazas do.  Honeydale Mall, Etobicoke; redevelopment for condos.  Crossroads (Weston Road and officially closed.  Westside Mall, Eglinton Avenue Highway 401), North York  Shops on Steeles, 2900 Steeles West west of Caledonia Road,  Downsview Power Centre Avenue East (at Don Mills York - replaced with a power (unofficial name) (Dufferin Street Avenue) centre of the same name during and Wilson Avenue), North York the early 2000s (with Canadian  Dufferin and Steeles Power Former shopping malls Tire, Rogers Plus, FreshCo Centre (unofficial name) The following shopping malls have (renamed from Price Chopper), (Dufferin Street and Steeles been demolished or closed. Some Dollar Tree (formerly occupied Avenue), North York have been replaced by new strip by Shoppers Drug Mart) and  Golden Mile (Eglinton Avenue plazas or re-developed for non-retail CIBC as major tenants). East between Victoria Park uses:  Unnamed strip mall on Sheppard Avenue and Birchmount Road), Avenue West east of Weston Scarborough  Golden Mile Plaza (1954–1986) Road - now site of Westown  Kennedy Commons (Kennedy at Eglinton Avenue East and residential development. Road and Highway 401), Victoria Park Avenue, Scarborough demolished after 1986 fire and Former flea markets  Leaside Centre (Eglinton Avenue later replaced with a power centre East and Laird Drive), East York named Golden Mile Mall.  Flea market at the southwest  Queenswalk Centre (North  Morningside Mall (1979–2002) corner of Midland Avenue and Queen Street and Queensway), at Morningside Avenue and Sheppard Avenue East is closed Etobicoke Kingston Road, Scarborough; the since the early 2000s and will be  Queensway Complex (Islington indoor mall was demolished to redeveloped. Avenue and Queensway), make way for an outdoor big box

Article Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Toronto

101 www.globalvillagefestival.ca Photos Credits: Tony Berry Farzaneh Fadaee Todd Peterson Sheraine Eccleston Meaghan Freeman