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the Apostle

“ Andrew” redirects here. For other uses, see Saint other unnamed of the Baptist, to follow Je- Andrew (disambiguation). sus. Andrew at once recognized as the , and hastened to introduce him to his .[6] Thenceforth, (Greek: Ἀνδρέας, ; from the two were disciples of . On a subse- quent occasion, prior to the final call to the Apostolate, the early 1st century – mid to late 1st century AD), also known as Saint Andrew and called in the Orthodox tra- they were called to a closer companionship, and then they left all things to follow Jesus. dition Prōtoklētos (Πρωτόκλητος) or the First-called, was a Christian Apostle and the brother of .[2] In the , Andrew is referred to as being present on some important occasions as one of the disciples more The name “Andrew” (Greek: manly, brave, from [7] ἀνδρεία, Andreia, “manhood, valour”), like other Greek closely attached to Jesus. Andrew told Jesus about the names, appears to have been common among the , boy with the loaves and fishes (:8), with Philip told Jesus about the Greeks seeking Him, and was present at Christians, and other Hellenized people of the region. No [8] Hebrew or name is recorded for him. Accord- the . ing to Orthodox tradition, the apostolic successor to Saint Andrew is Bartholomew I.[3]

1 Life

The states that Andrew was the brother of Simon Peter,[4] by which it is inferred that he was like- wise a son of John, or . He was born in the village of on the Sea of . Both he and his brother Peter were fishermen by trade, hence the tradition that Je- sus called them to be his disciples by saying that he will make them "fishers of men"(Greek: ἁλιεῖς ἀνθρώπων, halieĩs anthrōpōn).[5] At the beginning of Jesus’ public life, they were said to have occupied the same house at .

Crucifixion of St. Andrew.

Eusebius in his church history 3,1 quotes as say- ing Andrew preached in . The Chronicle of The Calling of Peter and Andrew by Nestor adds that he preached along the and the river as far as Kiev, and from there he traveled to The of John states that Andrew was a disciple of Novgorod. Hence, he became a of , , whose testimony first led him, and an- and . According to tradition, he founded

1 2 3

the See of () in AD 38, in- stalling Stachys as . According to Hippolytus of , he preached in , and his presence in Byzan- tium is also mentioned in the apocryphal , written in the 2nd century; also knew of Apostle Andrew’s mission in Thrace, as well as Scythia and Achaia.[9] This diocese would later develop into the of Constantinople. Andrew is recognized as its patron saint. Andrew is said to have been martyred by crucifixion at the city of (Patræ) in , on the northern coast of the Peloponnese. Early texts, such as the Acts of An- drew known to ,[10] describe Andrew as bound, not nailed, to a cross of the kind on which Jesus is said to have been crucified; yet a tradition de- Saint Andrew of Patras basilica, where St. Andrew’s relics are veloped that Andrew had been crucified on a cross of the kept form called Crux decussata (X-shaped cross, or “”), now commonly known as a "Saint Andrew’s Cross"— supposedly at his own request, as he deemed himself un- worthy to be crucified on the same type of cross as Jesus had been.[11] “The familiar of his - dom, showing the apostle bound to an X-shaped cross, does not seem to have been standardized before the later ,” Judith Calvert concluded after re- examining the materials studied by Louis Réau.[12]

2 The Acts of Andrew

The apocryphal Acts of Andrew, mentioned by , Epiphanius and others, is among a disparate group of that were traditionally attributed to Leucius Charinus. “These Acts (...) belong to the third century: ca. A.D. 260,” was the opinion of M. R. James, who edited them in 1924. The Acts, as well as a Gospel of St Andrew, appear among rejected books in the connected with the name of Gelasius I. The Acts of Andrew was edited and published by Constantin von Tischendorf in the Acta Apostolorum (, 1821), putting it for the first time into the hands of a critical professional readership. An- other version of the Andrew legend is found in the Pas- sio Andreae, published by Max Bonnet (Supplementum II Codicis apocryphi, , 1895). Statue of Andrew in the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran by .

3 Relics who was advised in a dream to hide some of the bones. Shortly thereafter, most of the relics were translated from Relics of the Apostle Andrew are kept at the Basilica of Patras to Constantinople by order of the Roman emperor St Andrew in Patras, ; the Duomo di Sant', Constantius II around 357 and deposited in the Church of Amalfi, ; St Mary’s Roman Catholic Cathedral, the Holy Apostles.[8] [6] , ; and the Church of St Andrew Regulus was said to have had a second dream in which an and St Albert, , . There are also numer- advised him to take the hidden relics ‘to the ends of ous smaller throughout the world. the earth’ for protection. Wherever he was shipwrecked, Andrew’s remains were preserved at Patras. According he was to build a for them. St Rule set sail, tak- to one legend, St. Regulus (Rule) was a at Patras, ing with him a kneecap, an upper arm bone, three fin- 4.2 3

gers and a tooth. He sailed west, towards the edge of the and as the founder of the Georgian church. known world, and was shipwrecked on the coast of , This tradition was apparently derived from the Byzan- Scotland. However, the relics were probably brought to tine sources, particularly Nicetas of Paphlagonia (died c. Britain in 597 as part of the Augustine Mission, and then 890) who asserts that “Andrew preached to the Iberians, in 732 to Fife, by Bishop Acca of Hexham, a well known Sauromatians, Taurians, and and to every re- collector of religious relics.[6] gion and city, on the Black Sea, both north and south.”[22] The skull of St. Andrew, which had been taken to Con- The version was adopted by the 10th-11th-century Geor- stantinople was returned to Patras by Emperor , gian ecclesiastics and, refurbished with more details, was inserted in the Georgian Chronicles. The story of St. An- who ruled from 867 to 886.[13] drew’s mission in the Georgian lands endowed the Geor- In 1208, following the , those gian church with apostolic origin and served as a de- relics of St. Andrew and St. Peter which remained in the fense argument to George the Hagiorite against the en- imperial city were taken to Amalfi, Italy,[14] by Cardinal croachments from the Antiochian church authorities on Peter of Capua, a native of Amalfi. A cathedral (Duomo), of the Georgian church. Another Georgian was built, dedicated to St. Andrew (as is the town itself), monk, Ephraim the Minor, produced a thesis, reconcil- to house a tomb in its crypt where it is maintained that ing St. Andrew’s story with an earlier evidence of the most of the relics of the apostle, including an occipital 4th-century conversion of Georgians by St. Nino and bone, remain. explaining the necessity of the “second Christening” by Thomas Palaeologus was the youngest surviving son of Nino. The thesis was made canonical by the Georgian [23][24] Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos. Thomas ruled church council in 1103. the province of , the medieval name for the Pelo- ponnese. In 1461, when the Ottomans crossed the Strait 4.2 Cyprus of Corinth, Palaeologus fled Patras for exile in Italy, bringing with him what was purported to be the skull of Cypriot tradition holds that a ship which was transport- St. Andrew. He gave the head to Pope Pius II, who had ing Saint Andrew went off course and ran aground. Upon it enshrined in one of the four central piers of St. Peter’s coming ashore, Andrew struck the rocks with his staff at Basilica in the Vatican. which point a spring of healing waters gushed forth. Us- In September 1964, Pope Paul VI, as a gesture of good- ing it, the sight of the ship’s captain, who had been blind will toward the , ordered that all in one eye, was restored. Thereafter, the site became a of the relics of St. Andrew that were in be place of pilgrimage and a fortified stood there sent back to Patras. Cardinal along with in the 12th century, from which Comnenus negoti- many other cardinals presented the skull to Bishop Con- ated his surrender to Richard the Lionheart. In the 15th stantine of Patras on 24 September 1964.[15][16] The cross century, a small chapel was built close to the shore. The of St. Andrew was taken from Greece during the Cru- main monastery of the current church dates to the 18th sades by the Duke of .[17][18] It was kept in the century. church of St. Victor in Marseilles[19][20] until it returned Other pilgrimages are more recent. The story is told that to Patras on 19 January 1980. The cross of the apos- in 1895, the son of a Maria Georgiou was kidnapped. tle was presented to the Bishop of Patras by Seventeen years later, Saint Andrew appeared to her in a Catholic delegation led by Cardinal . a dream, telling her to pray for her son’s return at the All the relics, which consist of the small finger, the skull monastery. Living in Anatolia, she embarked on the (part of the top of the cranium of Saint Andrew), and the crossing to Cyprus on a very crowded boat. As she was cross on which he was martyred, have been kept in the telling her story during the journey, one of the passen- Church of St. Andrew at Patras in a special shrine and gers, a young Dervish priest, became more and more in- are revered in a special ceremony every 30 November, terested. Asking if her son had any distinguishing marks, his feast day. he stripped off his clothes to reveal the same marks and In 2006, the , again through Cardinal mother and son were thus reunited.[25] Roger Etchegaray, gave the Greek Orthodox Church an- Apostolos Andreas Monastery (Greek: Απόστολος other of St. Andrew.[21] Ανδρέας) is a monastery dedicated to Saint Andrew situ- ated just south of Cape Apostolos Andreas, which is the north-easternmost point of the island of Cyprus, in Ri- 4 Traditions and legends zokarpason in the Karpass Peninsula. The monastery is an important site to the Cypriot Orthodox Church. It was once known as 'the Lourdes of Cyprus’, served not by an 4.1 Georgia organized community of but by a changing group of volunteer priests and laymen. Both Greek Cypriot and The church tradition of Georgia regards St. Andrew Turkish Cypriot communities consider the monastery a as the first preacher of in the territory of holy place. As such, it is visited by many people for vo- 4 4 TRADITIONS AND LEGENDS tive prayers. The official stance of the is that Andrew preached the Gospel in the province of () to the Daco-Romans, whom he 4.3 is said to have converted to Christianity. This theory is based in part on some ancient Christian symbols found carved in a cave near Murfatlar and in historical springs. According to New World Encyclopedia[26] which quotes Hippolyte of Antioch, (died c. 250 C.E.) in his On Apos- tles, Origen in the third book of his Commentaries on the Genesis (254 C.E.), Eusebius of Caesarea in his Church History (340 C.E.), and other different sources, like the Usaard’s Martyrdom written between 845-865, Jacobus de Voragine in Golden Legend (c. 1260), Saint Andrew preached in Scythia Minor. There are toponyms and nu- merous very old traditions (like carols) related to Saint Andrew, many of them having probably a pre-Christian substratum. There exists a cave where he supposedly preached, supposedly identified and called “Saint An- drew’s Cave”.[27][28] According to some modern Romanian scholars, the idea of early Christianisation is unsustainable. They take the idea to be a part of an ideology of protochronism which purports that the Orthodox Church has been a companion and defender of the Romanian people for its entire his- tory, which was then used for propaganda purposes dur- ing the communist era.[29] Several works show, in con- trast, that communists did not use this idea for propa- ganda but rather acted strongly against religion, perse- cuting Christians and promoting atheism as the belief system.[30][31][32] Another Romanian researcher, George Alexandrou,[20] although he denies this theory, maintains that St. Andrew spent 20 years in the territories of the Daco-Romans, preaching and teaching. Alexandrou also supposes that St. Andrews felt very close to the Dacians because they were monotheists. During that period St. Andrew trav- Fifth-century mosaic of St. Andrew at St. Paul Outside the Walls, eled around the Lower Danube territories and along the Rome coast of the Black Sea, but mostly he stayed in and around his cave in Dobruja (located in the vicinity of the Ion The first reference regarding the first small chapel at Luqa Corvin village). St. Andrew’s cave is still kept as a holy dedicated to Andrew dates to 1497. This chapel con- place. Later, John Cassian (360-435), Dionysius Exiguus tained three altars, one of them dedicated to Andrew. (470-574) and Joannes Maxentius (leader of the so-called The painting showing “Mary with Saints Andrew and ) lived in the same area, known as Scythia Paul” was painted by the Maltese artist Filippo Dingli. At Minor or Dobruja, in South East Romania.[33] one time, many fishermen lived in the village of Luqa, and There are a few pre-Christian traditions connected to this may be the main reason behind choosing Andrew as St. Andrew’s Day, some of them having their origin in patron saint. The statue of Andrew was sculpted in wood the Roman celebrations of Saturn.[34][35][36] The Dacian by Giuseppe Scolaro in 1779. This statue underwent sev- New Year took place from 14 November until 7 Decem- eral works including that of 1913 performed ber; this was considered the interval when time began its by the Maltese artist Gatt. The Martyrdom of course.[37] One of the elements that came from the Ro- Saint Andrew on the main altar of the church was painted man and Thracian celebrations concerned wolves. During by in 1687. this night, wolves are allowed to eat all the animals they want. It is said that they can speak, too, but anyone that 4.4 Romania hears them will soon die. Early on St. Andrew’s day, the mothers go into the garden and gather tree branches, es- Main article: Saint Andrew in Romania pecially from apple, pear and cherry trees, and also rose- bush branches. They make a bunch of branches for each 4.6 Scotland 5

heritage of Byzantium, to claim such a direct visit from the famous. Claiming direct lineage from St. Andrew also had the effect of disregarding any theological lean- ings of Greek Orthodoxy over which disagreement arose, since the actual “indirect” proselytising via Byzantium was bypassed altogether. Still, as the same source quotes, Andrew only preached to the southern shore of the Black Sea (current ).

4.6 Scotland

The consecration of the monument in Donetsk after St. Andrew

family member. The one whose bunch blooms by New Year’s Day will be lucky and healthy the next year. The best known tradition connected to this night concerns matrimony and premonitory dreams. Single girls must put under their pillow a branch of sweet basil. If someone takes the plants in their dreams, that means the girl will marry soon. They can also plant wheat in a dish and water it until New Year’s Day. The nicer the wheat looks that day, the better the year to come. Saint Andrew’s name is The Saltire (or “St. Andrew’s Cross”) is the national flag of Scot- known in Romania under diverse forms: Sfântul Andrei, land Sânt Andrei, Sânedru [34] About the middle of the 10th century, Andrew became the patron saint of Scotland. Several legends state that the 4.5 Kiev Rus and their Russian and relics of Andrew were brought by divine guidance from Ukrainian successors Constantinople to the place where the modern town of stands today (Gaelic, Cill Rìmhinn). The oldest surviving manuscripts are two: one is among the manuscripts collected by Jean-Baptiste Colbert and willed to Louis XIV of France, now in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, the other is the Harleian Mss in the , London. They state that the relics of An- drew were brought by one Regulus to the Pictish king Óengus mac Fergusa (729–761). The only historical Regulus (Riagail or Rule) whose name is preserved in the tower of St Rule was an Irish monk expelled from with Saint ; his dates, however, are c 573 – 600. There are good reasons for supposing that the relics were originally in the collection of Acca, bishop of Hexham, who took them into Pictish country when he was driven from Hexham (c. 732), and founded a see, not, according St Andrew’s prophecy of Kiev depicted in Radzivill Chronicle. to tradition, in , but on the site of St Andrews. According to legend, in 832 AD, Óengus II led an army Early Christian History in Ukraine holds that the apostle of and Scots into battle against the , led by Andrew preached on the southern borders of modern-day Æthelstan, near modern-day , East Loth- Ukraine, along the Black Sea. Legend has it that he trav- ian. The legend states that he was heavily outnumbered elled up the Dnieper River and reached the future location and hence whilst engaged in prayer on the eve of battle, of Kiev, where he erected a cross on the site where the St. Óengus vowed that if granted victory he would appoint Andrew’s Church of Kiev currently stands, and prophe- [38] Saint Andrew as the Patron Saint of Scotland. On the sied the foundation of a great Christian city. morning of battle white clouds forming an X shape in the It was in the obvious interest of Kievan Rus’ and its later sky were said to have appeared. Óengus and his com- Russian and Ukrainian successors, striving in numerous bined force, emboldened by this apparent divine interven- ways to link themselves with the political and religious tion, took to the field and despite being inferior in num- 6 5 LEGACY

Andrew’s connection with Scotland may have been rein- forced following the , when the Celtic Church felt that Columba had been “outranked” by Peter and that Peter’s brother would make a higher ranking pa- tron. The 1320 cites Scotland’s conversion to Christianity by Andrew, “the first to be an Apostle”. Numerous parish churches in the and congregations of other Christian churches in Scotland are named after Andrew. The national church of the Scottish people in Rome, Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi is dedicated to St Andrew. A local superstition uses the cross of Saint Andrew as a hex sign on the fireplaces in northern and Scotland to prevent witches from flying down the chimney and entering the house to do mischief. By placing the St Andrew’s cross on one of the fireplace posts or lintels, witches are prevented from entering through this open- ing. In this case, it is similar to the use of a witch ball, although the cross will actively prevent witches from en- tering, and the witch ball will passively delay or entice the witch, and perhaps entrap it.

5 Legacy

St. Andrew, carving c.1500 in the National Museum of Scotland

bers were victorious. Having interpreted the cloud phe- nomenon as representing the crux decussata upon which Saint Andrew was crucified, Óengus honoured his pre- battle pledge and duly appointed Saint Andrew as the Pa- tron Saint of Scotland. The white saltire set against a celestial blue background is said to have been adopted as the design of the flag of Scotland on the basis of this legend.[39] However, there is evidence that Andrew was venerated in Scotland before this.

Saint Andrew the Apostle by Yoan from Gabrovo, 19th century Traditional stone fireplace in northern England. The carved St. Andrew’s cross in the left hand wooden post was to prevent Andrew is the patron saint of several countries and witches from flying down the chimney, Ryedale Folk Museum, cities including: , Romania, Russia, Scotland, Hutton-le-Hole. Ukraine, Amalfi in Italy, Esgueira in Portugal, Luqa in 7

Malta, Parañaque in the Philippines and Patras in Greece. [5] Metzger & Coogan (1993) Oxford Companion to the , He was also the patron saint of and of the Order p 27. of the Golden Fleece. He is considered the founder and [6] “National Shrine to St Andrew in Edinburgh Scotland”. the first bishop of the Church of Byzantium and is con- Stmaryscathedral.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-09-06. sequently the patron saint of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. [7] :3; John 6:8, 12:22; but in Acts there is only one mention of him.1:13 The flag of Scotland (and consequently the Union Flag and that of its commonwealth countries) feature St An- [8] “MacRory, . “St. Andrew.” The Catholic Encyclo- drew’s saltire cross. The saltire is also the flag of Tener- pedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, ife, the former flag of Galicia and the naval jack of Russia. 1907. 29 Oct. 2012”. Newadvent.org. 1907-03-01. Re- The Confederate flag also features a saltire commonly re- trieved 2013-09-06. ferred to as a St Andrew’s cross, although its designer, [9] Encyclopedia of early Christianity by Everett Ferguson, p. William Porcher Miles, said he changed it from an up- 51. right cross to a saltire so that it would not be a religious symbol but merely a heraldic device. The Florida and [10] In Monumenta Germaniae Historica II, cols. 821-847, Alabama flags also show that device. translated in M.R. James, The Apocryphal New Testament (Oxford) reprinted 1963:369. The feast of Andrew is observed on 30 November in both the Eastern and Western churches, and is the national [11] The legends surrounding Andrew are discussed in F. day of Scotland. In the traditional liturgical books of the Dvornik, “The Idea of Apostolicity in Byzantium and the Catholic Church, the feast of St. Andrew is the first feast Legend of the Apostle Andrew”, Dumbarton Oaks Stud- day in the Proper of Saints. ies, IV (Cambridge) 1958. [12] Judith Calvert, “The Iconography of the St. Andrew Auckland Cross”, The Art Bulletin 66.4 (December 6 See also 1984:543-555) p. 545, note 12; according to Louis Réau, Iconographie de l'art chrétien III.1 (Paris) 1958:79, St. • New Saint Andrews College Andrew’s Cross appeared for the first time in the tenth century, but did not become an iconographic standard be- • Order of Saint Andrew fore the seventeenth. Calvert was unable to find a sculp- tural representation of Andrew on the saltire cross ear- • Patron saints of places lier than an architectural from Quercy, of the early twelfth century. • Santo André — an industrial town in Brazil [13] Christodoulou, Alexandros. “St. Andrew, Christ’s First- • Saint Andrew of Patras Called Disciple”, Pemptousia

• St. Andrew’s College (Ontario), an all-boys inde- [14] National Archives of Scotland (2011-11-23). “St. An- pendent school in Ontario, Canada named after St. drew in the National Archives of Scotland”. Nas.gov.uk. Andrew. On the driveway to the main building, Retrieved 2013-09-06. there is the St. Andrew statue [15] “Catholic Herald 2 October 1964”. • Universidad de San Andrés — Argentina, named af- Archive.catholicherald.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-09- ter the saint 06. [16] Reception of the precious skull of St. Andrew (in Greek) • — named after the Royal Burgh of St Andrews, which was named after the [17] “La croix de Saint André". Vexil.prov.free.fr. Retrieved saint 2013-09-06.

[18] Charlotte Denoël. Saint André: culte et iconographie en France (Ve -XVe siècles). Paris : École nationale des 7 Notes chartes, 2004

[1] Etravel Pilipinas. “Philippine Heroes: Gat Andres Boni- [19] “Abbaye Saint-Victor de Marseille, monuments his- facio y de Castro”. Etravel Pilipinas. Retrieved 2012-08- toriques en France (in French)". Monumentshis- 13. toriques.free.fr. Retrieved 2013-09-06.

[2] “St Andrew”. [20] George Alexandrou, THE ASTONISHING MISSION- ARY JOURNEYS OF THE APOSTLE ANDREW, [3] of the Great Church of Christ, Ecu- Road to Emmaus,Vol. V, No. 4, pp.43-45 menical Patriarchate, retrieved 2 Aug 2014 [21] Relic of St. Andrew Given to Greek Orthodox Church. [4] Butler, Alban. The Lives of the Fathers, and Other Zenit News Agency (via Zenit.org). Published: 27 Febru- Principal Saints, Vol. III ary 2006. 8 9 EXTERNAL LINKS

[22] Peterson, Peter Megill (1958), Andrew, Brother of Simon 9 External links Peter: His History and Legends, p. 20. E. J. Brill • [23] Rapp, Stephen H. (2003), Studies in Medieval Georgian Andreas: The Legend of St. Andrew translated by Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts, p. Robert Kilburn Root, 1899, from Project Gutenberg 433. Peeters Publishers, ISBN 90-429-1318-5 • Paintings and Statues of Saint Andrew in Malta and [24] Djobadze, Wachtang Z., “Materials for the Study of Geor- around the world gian in the Western Environs of Antioch on the Orontes”, pp. 82-83. Corpus Scriptorum Christiano- • National Shrine to St Andrew in Edinburgh Scotland rum Orientalium, vol. 372, subsidia 48. Louvain, 1976. • Grimm’s Saga No. 150 about St. Andrew [25] “Apostolos Andreas Monastery, Karpaz, North Cyprus”. Whatson-northcyprus.com. Retrieved 2012-08-13. • “Saint Andrew” at the Christian Iconography web- site [26] “St. Andrew in Romania”. • “The Life of St. Andrew” from Caxton’s [27] “St. Andrew’s cave”. April 2014. of the Golden Legend [28] Andreea Dogar, “Apostolul Andrei: Ne-a creștinat sau nu Cel Dintâi Chemat?", in National Geographic România, nr. 116, December 2012, p. 54-71

[29] Lavinia Stan, Lucian Turcescu, Religion and Politics in Post-Communist Romania, , 2007, p.48

[30] “Christian persecution in Romania”.

[31] “The Calvary of Romania”.

[32] “Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc”.

[33] Mircea Păcurariu- Sfinţi daco-români şi români, EDI- TURA MITROPOLIEI MOLDOVEI ŞI BUCOVINEI, IAŞI – 1994

[34] Tudor Pamfil, Mitologia poporului roman, Editura Saecu- lum, 2007

[35] Maria Filipoiu, Traditii crestine si ritualuri populare ro- manesti, Ed. Paideia, 2009

[36] “St. Andrew’s Day in Romania”. Traditionsacrosseu- rope.wordpress.com. 2008-11-25. Retrieved 2013-09- 06.

[37] Tudor Pamfil, Sărbătorile de toamnă şi postul Crăciunului - Bucureşti, 1914, p.127-128

[38] Lytvynchuk, Janna. St. Andrew’s Church, p. 7, Kiev: Anateya, 2006, ISBN 966-8668-22-7

[39] Parker Lawson, John (1848). History of the Abbey and Palace of Holyroodhouse. p. 169.

8 References

• Metzger, Bruce M. (ed); , D. Coogan (ed) (1993). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Ox- ford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19- 504645-5. • Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. ISBN 0-14-051312- 4. 9

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text

• Andrew the Apostle Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle?oldid=632343839 Contributors: MichaelTinkler, Mav, Tarquin, Youssefsan, Ghakko, Panairjdde, Montrealais, Michael Hardy, Paul Barlow, Kwertii, Llywrch, Nixdorf, Menchi, Ixfd64, IZAK, CatherineMunro, Bogdangiusca, Poor Yorick, Vargenau, JASpencer, Charles Matthews, EALacey, Dcoetzee, Dysprosia, Astrotrain, Jfruh, Wetman, Proteus, Pollinator, PuzzletChung, Dimadick, Chuunen Baka, Bearcat, Robbot, Modulatum, Mirv, Henrygb, Nach0king, Modeha, Wereon, Lupo, Gtrmp, Tom harrison, Jacob1207, P.T. Aufrette, Paploo, Varlaam, Daibhid C, Gilgamesh, Bovlb, Tagishsimon, Fergananim, Saxsux, Utcursch, Andycjp, Jonel, CaribDigita, Kesac, Pmanderson, Necrothesp, Trc, Rantaro, Neutrality, Irpen, Liberlogos, Mike Rosoft, DanielCD, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, LindsayH, SpookyMulder, Flapdragon, Andrejj, Djordjes, Kaisershatner, El C, Dennis Brown, Mentatus, Bobo192, NetBot, Kghusker, .:Ajvol:., Kensai, Acjelen, Nk, Alansohn, Ryanmcdaniel, Ricky81682, Svartalf, Snowolf, Wt- mitchell, Saga City, Garzo, Mikeo, Kober, Pwqn, Ghirlandajo, Johntex, Kitch, TShilo12, Spartacus007, Angr, RHaworth, Scriberius, PatGallacher, Oskart, Krsmith, Exxolon, Hailey C. 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10.2 Images

• File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg License: CC-BY-SA- 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MarkusMark • File:2013._Освящение_памятника_Андрею_Первозванному_013.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/3/32/2013._%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0% B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1% 8E_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1% 83_013.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Butko • File:Andreas_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Andreas_ San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: Camillo Rusconi 10 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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10.3 Content license

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