February 1, 1960 Aviation Week

and Spate Technology

Hill Publication : .

Announc/ng-a completely new transparent

material with the strength of stretched

acrylic, the clarity of glass and the

high heat resistance required by

advanced supersonic aircraft. . . thermoshield

To appreciate Thermoshield — new transparent plastic and shatter-resistant interlayer designated as Goodyear’s composite by Goodyear Aircraft—consider these three facts “F-3”— and an outside thermal barrier of high-temperature transparent material. “I Canopies and windshields for supersonic aircraft are fusion of these three elements is so subjected to intense aerodynamic heating. Some trans- The com- there visible distinction between parent materials can resist such heat. plete that is no payers, and the impact resistance of this new O Extreme pressure changes during supersonic flight are material is so great that even 45-caliber gun- calling for enclosure materials of greater structural fire won’t penetrate it— delaminate its plies— or shatter its strength. Stretched acrylic plastics can meet this outer facing.

The result: a major advance in the state of the art. O Canopy bubbles are being formance using compound

ENGINEERED PLA! AVIATION CALENDAR

Feb. 10-12—Seventh Annual Solid-State Cir- cuits Conference, Philadelphia, Pa. Spon- sors: Institute of Radio Engineers; Ameri- RADOP GOES SUPERSONIC can Institute of Electrical Engineers; Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. New Weapons Training System Feb. 16-17-Third annual National Missile/ Space Conference and Dr. Robert H. for Century Series Fighters Goddard Memorial Dinner, Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington, D. C. Feb. 16-18—First National Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of Aircraft and Series Missile Components, Hilton Hotel, San Now, for the first time, operational Century Antonio, Tex. Sponsors: Southwest Sec- fighter squadrons can support their own tion, Society for Nondestructive Testing; training missions with a supersonic Southwest Research Institute. weapons Feb. 18-19—Symposium on Engineering As- weapons training system. The new Del Mar of Magnetohydrodynamics, Univer- pects RADOP (radar /optical) system features a sity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. unique Sponsor: American Institute of Electrical probe-nose, Mach 1.5 target and a Engineers' Basic Sciences Committee. combination reel-launcher. Feb. 25-26-Seventh Scintillation Counter Symposium, Hotel Shoreham, Washing- The supersonic target provides radar ton, D. C. Sponsors: American Institute reflectivity and infrared characteristics of Electrical Engineers; Atomic Energy Commission; Institute of Radio Engi- of multi-jet bombers and contains pro- neers; National Bureau of Standards. visions for visual tracking at extreme Mar. 7-8—Fifth Annual Bu miss aircraft high altitudes. The com- Safety Seminar. Dearborn Inn, Dearborn. ranges and Sponsor: Flight Safety Foundation. bination reel-launcher mounts on a Mar. 9-10—Symposium on "Processing Ma- single pylon and the launcher and terials for Re-Entry Structures.” Miami Hotel, Dayton, Ohio. Sponsor: Midwest target rotate from a horizontal Chapter, Society of Aircraft Material & to a down position for towing. Process Engineers. Mar. 9-11—Conference on the Mechanical These new Model DF-6MFC Properties of Engineering Ceramics, targets and Model DXL-6A North Carolina State College. Raleigh, N. C. Sponsors: North Carolina State reel-launchers are already in College School of Engineering; Office of production and will soon Ordnance Research, U. S. Army. Mar. 10-11—National Flight Propulsion be in service with opera- Meeting (classified Secret), Institute of tional Air Force squad- the Aeronautical Sciences, Cleveland, as the ninth in a Ohio. rons... Mar. 14-15—Symposium on Load-Carrying line of advanced weap- (Continued on page 6) ons training systems Mar. AVIATION WEEK end Space Technology from Del

Search and Doppler radars for the B-58 Hustler’s navigational and bombing For further information on this or other Del Mar weapons training systems in use by the U. S. Air Force, U. S. Navy and NATO units, write to Dept. systems are produced by AW-810-6. Raytheon. "Del 'Mar ENGINEERING LABORATORIES^

INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT • LOS ANGELES 45 • CALIFORNIA

EXCELLENCE IN ELECTRONICS

AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 . — . AVIATION CALENDAR How (Continued from page 5) Capacity of Bearings, American Societv r of Mechanical Engineers’ Lubrication Di- * Avco/ Nashville vision, Engineering Societies Building Au- ditorium, New York, N. Y. Mar. 17-18—Synchro Design and Testing ' put a mighty Symposium, Department of Commerce helped Auditorium, Washington, D. C. Sponsor: Department of the Navy, Bureau of g airlift in the Naval Weapons, sky

Mar. 21-24—Institute of Radio Engineers’ I International Convention. Waldorf As- I toria and Coliseum, New York, N. Y. When needed, the USAF airlifted Mar. 23-25—Symposium on Optical Spectro- I thousands of troops and millions of tons metric Measurement of High Tempera- I of cargo to Middle East and Far East hires. University of Chicago, Chicago. I overnight. 111. Sponsors: University of Chicago’s Ap- I trouble zones almost plied Science Laboratories; Jarrell-Ash 1 practically all Co.; National Science Foundation. Backbone of this—and Mar. 24-25—First Annual Symposium on I tactical Air Force operations today Human Factors in Electronics. New York. I is the famous prop-jet C-130, the N. Y. Sponsor: Institute of Radio En- I flies to spot gineers’ Professional Group on Human I Lockheed Hercules. It any

Factors in Electronics. in the world in 36 hours or less . . Apr. 4-8—Fourth Colloquium. Combustion I loads 20 tons of cargo in 40 seconds . . and Propulsion Panel, Advisory Group I missiles to launching sites for Aeronautical Research and Devei- I carries opment, NATO, Milan, Italy. Subject: I anywhere in the world. High Mach Number Air-Breathing En- I gines. To produce empennages for the Hercules, Apr. 5-8—1960 National Aeronautic Meet- I Lockheed called on Avco/Nashville. Long ing and Missiles and Aircraft Engineer- I ing Display, Society of Automotive Engi- I experience in airframe tooling by the small and fine pitch gears neers. Commodore Hotel, New York, I Nashville Division assured Lockheed N. Y. of positive fidelity to design, uniform Apr. 6-8—Structural Design of Space Vehi- I quality, perfect interchangeability. for precision equipment cles Conference, Biltmore Hotel. Santa I Barbara, Calif. Sponsor: American Rocket I Society's Structures and Materials Com- I Avco/Nashville's facilities include No matter how fine your gear requirements — Perkins can solve your mittee. such advanced manufacturing techniques 6-8—1960 National "Hyper- I problems. Perkins unique custom-gear engineering service, available to Apr. Meeting as Avcomb, stainless-steel honeycomb Environments—Space Frontier, Institute I your engineering staff prior to the blueprint stage, will . . . eliminate honeycomb, of Environmental Sciences, Biltmore Ho- 1 structures, aluminum production headaches . . . cut excessive costs. This service — recognized tel, Los Angeles, Calif. chemical milling, and metal bonding. by leaders in the radar, electronic and missile fields, and backed by 52 Apr. 12-13— 14th Annua) Spring Technical I years of custom gear experience — assures the precision quality needed to Conference. Institute of Radio Engineers Supporting these facilities is an Rocket guarantee trouble-free operation. Don’t gamble with gear performance in conjunction with the American L engineering staff that devotes its full Society. Hotel Alms. Cincinnati. Ohio. I . . . Perkins skilled personnel, missile structures, Apr. 19-21—International Symposium on Ac- I time to airframe and together with modern up-to- YOURS ON REQUEST five Networks and Feedback Systems, I with “on site” service, and fast, date equipment guarantees < Societies Bldg., New York. I Folder showing Engineering economical project completion. fast delivery on prototypes tom gears Perkins N. Y. Sponsors: Polytechnic Institute of I made (from vari Brooklyn; Department of Defense Re- I on the Nashville or production runs. Call or materials) for aircr For more information search Agencies; Institute of Radio Engi- I write Perkins for complete Division’s capabilities in aircraft, information on custom-gear Apr. 20-22 — National Symposium on I missiles, and ground support structures, engineering and a quotation and machine tools, Manned Space Stations, Institute of the I write: General Marketing Manager and other produc ‘ Aeronautical Sciences, Ambassador Hotel, I on your requirements. Then Structures, Nashville Division, Avco Includes Perkins I Los Angeles, Calif. Cosponsors: NASA; I judge for yourself. cilities for producing the Rand Corp. Corporation, Nashville, Tennessee. various gear types and Apr. 21—Annual Eastern Regional Meeting, I sizes. Write today. Institute of Navigation, Key Bridge Mar- I riott Motor Hotel, Washington, D. C. I Apr. 21-22-Southwest Metals & Minerals I Conference "Metals and Materials for the I Space Age,” American Institute of Min- I ing, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engi- I neers. Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles. m Apr. 27-28—National Meeting on Space Age Materials, Cincinnati Chapter of the American Society for Metals, Sheraton RKINS Gibson Hotel, Cincinnati. Ohio. MACHINE AND GEAR CO. May 2-4—National Aeronautical Electron- ics Conference, Biltmore and Miami- KCO Pick Hotels. Sponsor: ^ Dayton. Ohio. Dept.2H\Vcst Springfield, Mass. Institute of Radio Engineers' Professional Navigational /Nashville Group on Aeronautical and Telephone: REpublic 7-4751 Electronics.

AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960

E D I TO RIAL

The Space Debate

The great debate over the United States’ space explora- to be taken seriously, and has apparently used residency tion program and its military and civil applications has in his home district of Shreveport, La., as the sole quali- begun on Capitol Hill before the House Science and fication for what staff appointments have been made. Astronautics Committee with repercussions already rever- This failure to provide the committee with a profession- berating from the Pentagon, NASA, State Department ally qualified staff and the curious practice of Chairman

and White House. It is too early to sift through the Brooks forbidding staff members to provide questions to L oratorical fog generated by this debate and evaluate the other committee members has turned the current hear- hard facts that may emerge as to where we are going, ings into a series of petty squabbles and allowed them to how fast and why in our military and civil space pro- drift into bayous of technical stagnancy rather than keep- grams. ing sharply in the mainstream of current space problems. The most disturbing symptom already apparent in this Many misgivings were initially expressed over the debate is the widely diverging viewpoints as to the value Democratic congressional maneuvers that edged Mr. and need for space research from various executive agen- Brooks off the Armed Services Committee into the chair- cies of the government. It is apparent from President manship of the newly-created Science and Astronautics Eisenhower’s latest public statements that he is still un- Committee. The feeling was that lie would be unable convinced that space exploration has any real significance to rise above the old-fashioned attitudes of a bayou dis- for the United States, either in military applications or trict politician and fail to meet the challenge offered by as a yardstick of international prestige. Vet, George the chairmanship of this modern and extremely signif- Allen, head of the U.S. Information Agency, and Living- icant new committee. Even at this late date, it is possible ston Merchant, Undersecretary of State, have both testi- for Mr. Brooks to retrieve the situation and return his fied in considerable detail on how the impact of Soviet committee to the useful role it played earlier as a tem- space achievements in contrast to our own has seriously porary group under the leadership of Majority Leader affected U. S. prestige abroad and influenced the attitudes Rep. John McCormack (D.-Mass.) by using the proce- of our friends, foes and the neutrals. dures that most other successful congressional commit- tees employ and allowing his willing colleagues to share the workload, even though they may also share the lime- Initial Task light with the chairman. Clearly, the first task in any major improvement of our Without a fundamental change in Mr. Brooks’ handl- space effort is convince to the very top level of our na- ing of the committee, it can hardly hope to make any tional leadership that space research is not just an ex- useful contributions and will only serve to waste the time pensive toy or scientific boondoggle. The curious White of responsible government and industry leaders it sum- House attitude toward space more than two years after mons to its pointless bickerings. This is hardly a partisan Sputnik I is evidenced by the shocking proposal of Budget matter since committee members of both parties are Director Maurice Stans that the NASA Fiscal 1961 equally unhappy with their chairman’s leadership. mu mg budget remain at the same level as the previous year when New RCA Scan -Conversion Tube the agency was — just coming into being. Privately, White New Service Relationship House staff men express their contempt for the entire Meanwhile, Makes Possible Brighter and Larger Air-Traffic -Control Displays space venture and grow angry over even the modest num- an optimistic note is developing in the ber of dollars that are now being spent for this program. Pentagon where top-level Air Force and Navy officials are Another discouraging aspect of the space picture is the meeting quietly to resolve their space problems and or- C '. ? again RCA Tube Engineers have provided another practical answer to the long-standing problem of conduct of the House Science and Astronautics Commit- ganize an orderly program that will provide both these ia.ge-screen radar display in brightly lighted rooms. answer. . . RCA-7539 Scan-Conversion Tube. The tee under the chairmanship of Rep. Overton Brooks services with their operational requirements for space the 7539 is 150 range rings (D.-La.). This committee can and should respon- vehicles. Hopefully, this spirit and technique that is The 7539 is designed to transform signal information The resolution capability of be a sible group now beginning to emerge at top levels in the Pentagon continuously from one time base to another. For example, per display radius with a response of 50% or better. To functioning in a manner to make a solid con- tribution to also can be extended to the Pacific Missile Range before PPI information generated by a conventional radar sys- utilize fully the resolution capability of the 7539, the TV public understanding of the space program and provide the senseless and wasteful inter-service rivalry there pro- tem can be processed by this tube for display on a high- monitor system must be designed for resolution in excess legislative support for the executive agencies engaged duces another expensive and acrimonious row. resolution, large-screen TV monitor for comfortable of 1000 TV lines. in it. The space debate will occupy most of the first half of viewing in a brightly lighted room. For complete information about RCA-7539 and its pos- the year, and it will indeed be difficult Depending on system requirements, the persistence of sible applications, contact the RCA Field Office nearest Dictatorial Operation to penetrate the available fog generated by executive indifference screened information in the display is adjustable from several you. Technical bulletin for the 7539 will be by use However, the heavy-handed, dictatorial and technically of “executive privilege” withhold seconds to more than a minute. Moreover, writing and about January 15. For a free copy, write RCA Commer- to from public view any untutored operations of Chairman Brooks are seriously embarrassing information reading may take place simultaneously without recourse cial Engineering, Section B-112-Q, Harrison, N. J. regarding the NASA program jeopardizing the usefulness of this committee. In an or the actions of its officials. For an executive to rf carrier techniques of signal separation. ANOTHER WAY RCA SERVES YOU THROUGH ELECTRONICS agency apparently misguided attempt to corral personal publicity, that was created with a legal mandate from Congress to he has refused to allow any of the subcommittees to func- keep the public informed on everything except specific OF AMERICA Electron Tube Division Harrison, N. J. tion RADIO CORPORATION effectively and, on this account alone, has brought military hardware, the NASA officials have wrapped them- the committee close to open revolt against his tactics. selves in the blanket of official secrecy on the ground He has failed to appoint a technically qualified profes- of "executive privilege” faster than any other group in sional staff, without which the committee cannot hope official Washington. —Robert Hotz

AVIATION WEEK, 1, 1960 !

WHO'S WHERE INDUSTRY OBSERVER Front Office In the Air Force may make its decision this week between North American Avia- exclusive high energy, low friction design Thoralf E. Gamlen, a vice president, Boe- tion, Chance Vought and Convair proposals for development of the Slam ing Airplane Co., Seattle, Wash. Mr. Gam- nuclear ramjet-powered low-altitude missile. High degree of mobility is being lcm continues as assistant general manager considered for Slam, including launch from a transporter at any location. of the company’s Transport Division.

R. R. Everett, vice president-technical Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Lincoln Laboratories is conduct- operations, the Mitre Corp., Lexington, ing a study for National Aeronautics and Space Administration on the general Mass. Also: Bryan F. LaPlante, director of subject of distinguishing re-entry ICBM warheads from expelled distraction- the corporation's Washington, D. C., of- type pellets. Rantec Corp. is carrying out high-speed gas tunnel studies for MIT at NASA’s Ames Laboratory on ionized trails of pellets traveling in Lucian Hunt, vice president in charge J. excess of 20,000 fps. of American Airlines' Jet Maintenance and Engineering Center, Tulsa, Okla. Air Materiel Command’s Ballistic Missile Center, Inglewood, Calif., is Charles Kirchner, vice president-admin- taking a critical look at all of the budgetary aspects related to USAF's bal- istration, Kaman Aircraft Corp., Bloomfield, Conn. listic missile program. Major contractors are getting a particularly close cost that management and a number of other expenditures are Stephen F. Keating, a director, Minne- study to ensure apolis-Honcywell Regulator Co., Minne- within budgetary limits. Management and subcontracting procedures also apolis, Minn. Mr. Keating continues as a arc being scrutinized. corporate vice president and head of the company’s Military Products Group. Air Force is planning a large nose cone for the Atlas ICBM to incorporate John F. Cain, president, Greer Hydraulics, a warhead with greater yield than that possible with the present Mk. 3 cone. Inc., Los Angeles, Calif. Wider, longer warhead can be accommodated by modifying the missile’s Harold W. Pope, corporate vice president. adapter section. Convair also is studying the possibility of adapting storable Sanders Associates, Inc., Nashua, N. H., fuels for the Atlas, either conventional storables or cryogenics. Some officials and George Rowen, vice president-manufac- believe the liquid oxygen now used with RP-1 as Atlas propellants can be turing. Also: Capt. Victor H. Soucck (USN. converted to storables. ret.), manager of special projects. Dr. E. G. Fubini, vice president-Rcscarch Lack of storage facilities for the Atlas is becoming critical, and additional and Systems Engineering Division, Airborne areas probably will be necessary at operational sites, development proving Instruments Laboratory, Deer Park, N Y-, i... locations and at Convair’s San Diego plant and static test facilities. new and Dr. G. C. Comstock, vice president- Electronics Systems and Techniques Divi- Northrop's Nortronics Division, Anaheim, Calif., is building digital auto- intelligence checkout (DATICO) equipment for the Polaris Beckmau & Whitley, Inc., San Carlos, matic tape the Calif., has appointed the following as vice weapon system. Unit will continuously monitor and pinpoint trouble in presidents: Myron B. Baldwin, manager. circuits for the 16 missiles located in each submarine and perform the launch- Missile Products Division; Joseph R. Greer, readiness countdown. manager, Instrument Division; Thomas E. Holland, director, Research Development & Hinged wing tips on North American’s Mach 3 bomber, which account Division. for approximately one quarter of the wing area, arc planned to droop for George E. Stoll and A. P. Fontaine, ex- Mach 3 cruise condition. Cockpit will accommodate four two-abreast crew C members. with basically new design features Corp„ Dctroitf'NMch" Also: *Dr. Russell D. O'Neal, vice president-engineering. Roy J. Cook Electric Co. is preparing a calibration van to be used for on-site offering basically better performance Sandstrom succeeds Dr. O’Neal as general manager of the Bendix Systems Division, checking of contractor equipment at Vaudcnberg AFB, Calif. Here is important news for hydraulic design engineers. The Cornelius Company and L. B. Young has been' named assistant Soviets in is pleased to announce development of a new line of hydraulic motors and pumps general manager. U. S. Navy expects the to have a nuclear-powered submarine that are lighter, months. more efficient and more compact. The exclusive, new high energy, Stanley E. Rcndell, vice president and as- the water and undergoing sea trials within the next 12 low friction design of this equipment is possible because of Cornelius inventions. sistant general manager, the Hallicraftcrs Nine U.S. and foreign patents covering these have Air Force flying hours will decrease to 6,053,584 in Fiscal 1961 under products been issued to date. Co., Chicago, 111. present planning, a decline of 280,814 hr. from the current budget year level If you have unsolved problems in hydraulic motors and pumps or are not Warren E. Alberts, vice president and entirely satisfied with the performance you are now getting from your present assistant to the president. United Air Lines, and a drop of 603,419 from Fiscal 1959. equipment, be sure to investigate these new Cornelius products. These new Inc. expects to spend §310,065,000 for contract maintenance of missiles Cornelius pumps and motors can be tailored to meet your system requirements. Dr. Marshall G. Holloway, vice president USAF aircraft at the depot level in Fiscal 1961. Trend in both types of main- for research, the Budd Co., Philadelphia, and Pa. tenance is away from work on the complete article and toward overhaul of major components and increased work at bases by teams sent from depots. Honors and Elections Until USAF's in-house capability for missile maintenance is substantially improved, the service will continue to rely heavily upon the work of outside George T. Pew has been elected 1960 contractors. chairman of the Aerospace Industries Assn.’s Utility Airplane Council succeed- LISAF also plans to inactivate four U. S. depots in Fiscal 1961 as a result ing James R. Kerr; he also was elected a of a program to improve its logistic system by relocating supply activities at member of AIA’s board of governors. Mr. larger depots where maintenance facilities are available. Pew is president of Aero Design & Engi- neering Co., and Mr. Kerr is president of Navy’s Corvus air-to-surface standoff missile, which is scheduled to attain the Lycoming and the Research and Ad- AERO DIVISION an initial operational status later this year, is now programed to have a range vanced Development Divisions of Avco in excess of 100 mi.

(Continued on p. 98) , 2

Washington Roundup

the the ICBM make it manda- NASA Contracts Under Fire A-bomb, H-bomb, and tory that new techniques in government must be tried.” General Accounting Office charged last week that National Aeronautics and Space Administration has Defense Brass Confirmed blocked its investigation of these two major contract awards bv refusing to let GAO personnel see key docu- Senate confirmed the new top management of Defense ments: Department last week with no more than brief compli- • §102 million contract to Rocketdyne Division of North mentary remarks by Sen. Lyndon Johnson (D.-Tcx.), American Aviation for the development of a rocket en- majority leader, who has led Democratic attacks on the gine with a 1.5-million-lb. thrust capability. Administration’s "rosy” outlook on the Soviet military

• §28 million contract with McDonnell Aircraft Corp. challenge. Those confirmed: Thomas S. Gates, Jr., secre- for manned satellite capsules to be used in Project tary of defense; James II. Douglas, deputy' secretary of Mercury. defense; Dudley C. Sharp, secretary of the Air Force. Robert Keller, GAO general counsel, told the House Johnson commented: "I know Mr. Gates and have re- Space Committee that NASA has permitted GAO to see spect and regard for him, and wish him well in this new the documents concerning its small contract awards—such assignment ... I congratulate the President on the boosters—where as a §780,000 contract for Little Joe elevation of Mr. Douglas. . . . He had a distinguished the selection of the contractor was made by a subordinate record as secretary' of the Air Force. I am delighted he official. has agreed to accept the increased responsibility of deputy Specifically, to review the reports and GAO wants secretary of defense. . . . The Armed Sendees Committee recommendations of the source selection boards on the gave careful thought to the qualifications of Mr. Sharp, presumably .” rocket engine and Mercury projects which and reported the nomination favorably . . were the basis of selection of contractors by T. Keith Glcnnan, NASA administrator. There were five competi- Russian Strategy Planning tors with Rocketdyne for the engine contract. Of the 1 bidders for the Mercury contract, a House Space Com- Role of the military in the Soviet Union is limited mittee report said, McDonnell was 10th lowest. to giving “purely military advice” to the Communist leadership, according to a staff study on national policy NASA Appointments machinery in the USSR prepared for a Senate Govern- ment Operations Subcommittee headed by Sen. Henry Abraham Hyatt will be named deputy director for Jackson (D.-Wash.). launch vehicle programs at National Aeronautics and “Should the regime wish to reduce the armaments

Space Administration headquarters here. Director is load . . . the military could hardly obstruct the decision,” USAF Maj. Gen. Don R. Ostrander. Assistant directors the study said. "In any case, it is doubtful that with the will include Elliot Mitchell for propulsion and Milton present system of partv controls the military could ever W. Rosen for vehicles. No assistant director for launch become an organized element in opposition. systems management problems? operations has been chosen. Hyatt was assistant director "On the other hand, during the past few years the for propulsion before the new launch vehicle programs question of military doctrine-how a war will be fought office was created. Mitchell was chief of the solid rocket —has largely reverted to the military professionals. 'Inis program and Rosen was chief of rocket vehi- change since the death of Stalin in 1953 is striking. As today's weapons and sup- development cle development. While the old dictator was being canonized as the only port systems become more and Others to be named in the new office are USAF Col. great genius, military science was stagnating.” more complex, the need for D. H. Heaton, as technical assistant to the director; John director; Eldon Hall, analysis teamwork and cooperation R. Shaiblev, assistant to the Soviet Bomber Threat and requirements; and chief of a budget and programing among contractors assumes Meanwhile, Air Force Chief of Staff Thomas D. White warned the Senate Armed Services Committee last week increasing importance. Hoffman, a pioneer in pronouncements of Soviet Premier Science in Politics against taking the the development of the TEAM concept, has Nikita Khrushchev on conventional weapons too seri- interaction” ously. Gen. White said: acquired a unique capability in systems man- Seventeen scientists, noting the "strong ". between science and politics, formally announced last . . The Soviet aerospace threat is increasingly press- ability to together agement. Hoffman’s draw week that they would actively participate in this year’s ing, diversified, sophisticated and ominous. Despite Mr. the specialized talents of several organizations election campaign as advisers to the Democratic National Khrushchev's latest propaganda blast degrading aircraft, Committee. the Soviet air force is the USSR's most dangerous is demonstrated by the success of the eight- Headed by Dr. Ernest C. Pollard, chairman of the Yale weapon. We know that their air force is well main- company “Tall Tom” Team for the U. S. Air University Biophysics Department, the group has an eval- tained, has an excellent and expanding air base structure way. and that it is given high priority in the development Force—an example of how Hoffman can help uation of the space program under Noting that in the past scientists have taken political and supply of new and better equipment. Augmenting problems. solve your systems management action “when they have had a strong motivation to do their bomber strength is a rapidly growing medium and so”—proposing development of the atomic bomb during intercontinental range ballistic missile force. World War II, advocating civilian control of atomic en- “Because of this increasing missile threat, there has ergy after the war, highlighting the hazards of radioactive been a tendency on the part of some to overlook or Hoffman ELECTRONICS CORPORATION fallout— they said: to downgrade Soviet aircraft strength. However, there "We arc aware that we are breaking new ground in is every indication that this force will remain powerful formalizing relationship between science and polities. and will continue to perform as an integral part of Soviet To those of us who are participating in this new venture, strategic striking power.” it appears that developments so revolutionary as the —Washington staff

AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 —

Rockets Show Space, Missile Promise Plug NOZZ!< Flight of Washington—Plug nozzle rocket en- Lewis Propulsion Laboratory National Advisory for gines now under intensive investigation the Committee Aeronautics. Although several compa- by at least four major companies show nies looked into plug nozzle design at considerable promise for missiles and about this time, intensive work has space vehicles and could make their been done by industry' only in the past first appearance as early as the Saturn several years—some of it admittedly 150,000-lb.-thrust hydrogen engine spurred by GE’s strong interest in this competition which opens this month. design. National Aeronautics and Space Ad- type of Advantages claimed for plug nozzle ministration is not expected to specify engines include: that the Saturn engines use the plug • Segmented engine, which is an an- nozzle concept, but at least one com- nular combustion chamber divided by petitor—General Electric Co.—may base walls into a number of small cells, al- its entire proposal on use of a seg- lows testing of cells at full size, rather mented, "building-block” engine em- than in scale, and combining of cells ploying a plug nozzle. to achieve engines of any desired thrust Two others—Rocketdyne Div ision of level. Use of segments avoids the com- North American Aviation, Inc., and bustion instability problems usually Aerojet-General Corp.—are prepared to encountered in trying to scale a conver- offer both plug nozzle and conven- gent-divergent nozzle to make a large ELECTRIC tl thrust-plus rocket tional nozzle designs if NASA’s Saturn GENERAL estimate of mind single chamber engine. Since the en- specifications permit. Aerojet is be- engines using convergent-divergent ar e. Use of a segmented gine, although it is made up of separate lieved to favor the segmented combus- combustion chamber on the plug no) le control to be effected cells, is a single engine, complexities tion chamber along with GE, but without gimbaling of the main engini that accompany clustering of a number Rocketdyne apparently is taking a dif- of conventional engines are avoided. ferent approach. These include flow problems and in- The only plug nozzle application teraction of exhausts. known to be flying now is in the Pratt • Better performance than a conven- & Whitney 52 turbojet which powers J tional nozzle below the design pressure the North American Hound Dog mis- ratio, which means an increase in per- formance from sea level to design alti- Plug nozzles offer a number of theo- tude. Plug nozzles also match perform- retical advantages over conventional ance of conventional engines at and nozzles, and research to date—particu- above design altitude almost identically, larly in the past year and a half so no performance penalty is paid for indicates that all these advantages arc the gain at lower altitudes. Nozzle obtainable in practice. This research, performance depends upon the ratio of which has included both model and pressure inside the combustion chamber large-scale firings, also indicates there pressure outside, and the ratio of are no major technical hurdles left to nozzle throat f be overcome, and that the nozzle Effective exit ; :a of the plug nozzle cept is rcadv for incorporation is the flow area t the tip of the plug. ANNULAR SHAPED segmented combustion chamber design which can be used on plug specific development project. Since there is > mechanical restraint nozzles is shown at left. Two basic plug shapes, the conical (lower) and isentropic or A plug nozzle essentially is a on the flow, it :pands until the radial "loss-free" (upper) at right. Short plug with high plug angle is best for high altitudes. volitional convergent-divergent m turned inside out. In the bell-shaped NATURAL ADJUSTMENT of plug nozzle exhaust flow to external pressure conditions are shown in shadowgraph pictures below with De Laval nozzle common to most pr sea level conditions left and high altitude right. This allows a plug nozzle for space to be used at sea level with very small losses. ent rocket engines, supersonic exp. sion of the exhaust flow takes pla internally. In the plug nozzle engine exhaust gases produced by combustion in an annular chamber very near the base of the vehicle flow outward along a conical or contoured plug or spike and most of the supersonic expansion takes place externally. The plug surface itself forms one boundary for the ex- panding flow, and the atmosphere forms the other. Some early plug nozzle investigation was done by German rocket scientists before the end of World War II. First serious investigations in this country go back at least to 1954 and were done in connection with both turbojet power- plants for aircraft and rocket engines. Most of the early U. S. research was conducted by what was then the

AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 lion pounds thrust based on the plug nozzle have been proposed. • Rocketdyne. More than 500 wind tunnel and hot firing tests in the past year. A modified Atlas engine with a spike inserted has been run at thrusts of up to 40,000 lb. and can be pushed to an expected 80,000-90,000 lb. This “shroud" version of a plug nozzle en- gine involves both internal and external expansion. Use of a shroud apparently does not decrease thrust coefficient but can decrease engine diameter when compared with a pure plug nozzle and reduce length compared with a conven- tional engine, • Pratt & Whitney. First to use a plug nozzle on a production turbojet engine. Pratt & Whitney has the benefit of ex- perience the the pressure in the flow equals the static on these two points, the most pessi- There is considerable enthusiasm for with J52 powering pressure of the surrounding atmosphere. mistic estimates are that a plug nozzle the plug nozzle concept among those Hound Dog missile. Plug apparently to the for This varying "exit" area amounts to a engine could be developed in the same who have worked with it. There also was added adapt engine variable nozzle that adjusts itself for amount of time as a conventional one is a feeling that NASA is not likely to greatest efficiency at a varictv of alti- optimum performance at any altitude. at a slight extra cost, or that it could want to risk possible unforeseen devel- tudes. P&W has investigated a num- Tli is low-altitude advantage is more be developed for the same money as a opment problems of a plug nozzle en- ber of different rocket nozzle configura- useful for booster applications than for conventional engine with only some gine at the same time that it is trying tions in connection with its hydrogen upper stages. A number of engineers two to three months more time. to obtain the first high-thrust hydrogen engine work at the Florida research and familiar with plug nozzle work be- 'Hie two primary' disadvantages or engine, especially when the Saturn en- development plant. Berman's plug lieve all large boosters beyond the Sa- problem areas now arc: gine is for upper stage use rather than belief that a large turn clustered booster and the Rockct- • Cross-flow on the plug. This flow for a booster. nozzle engine can be developed quickly dvne F-l 1.5-million lb. engine will around the plug rather than along it Investigative work on plug nozzle and chcaplv as compared with a large employ some variation of plug nozzle. can disrupt the shock wave pattern on concepts thus far includes the follow- conventional-nozzle engine is based pri- • Smaller size than a conventional en- the plug and keep the flow from ex- ing: marily on use of a combustion chamber gine producing the same amount of panding properly, cutting down the • General Electric. More than 100 size in which combustion instability oscillations are relatively well un- thrust. Plug nozzle designs are short, thrust coefficient. Varying the flow to tests since last March on injection and and compact and compare favorably in change the thrust vector probably would on operation of a 20,000-lb.-thrast derstood. scaling conventional nozzles weight. These advantages would be par- complicate this problem. peroxide engine to verify extensive anal- In up- ward, oscillations that occurred pri- ticularly applicable to use in Saturn’s • Cooling of the plug. Most schemes ysis on combustion efficiency, thrust marily in a longitudinal direction are hydrogen-fueled upper stages. The low call for regenerative cooling. Some also coefficients, nozzle performance, effect likely to be accompanied by severe oscil- density of the hydrogen fuel will re- call for coating the plug with an abla- of short nozzles, thrust vector control, lations in tangential and radial dircc- quire somewhat squat stage design in tive material or making the entire tip heat transfer on the plug. etc. These order to contain the volume needed of ablative material. have been complemented by wind tun- without making the stage so long and nel tests and a parallel program in GE decided to cluster the combustor thin that bending loads and structural models, and GE has completed a con- in such a way that an integrated engine weight would be prohibitive. Under Saturn Bids Due siderable volume of system and mission would still result. Small, easily-devel- present planning. Saturn will have a studies of vehicles that would use such oped units became the scalable part of Washington—Son 20 companies have 258-in. diameter first stage. Several engines. The work has been done under the combustor. When these arc formed been asked to subn it bids by Feb. 29 upper stages will have 220-in. diam- the direction of Dr. Kurt Berman, into an annular engine, a strip injector on development, ma uifactnre, checkout, liquid rocket engineering manager for concept replaces the usual circular static test and dcliv 'ry of sprond stapes • Thnist vector control without gim- the Rocket Engine Section. Most of for the Saturn spa vehicle following baling. Increasing pressure chamber in the work has been at the Malta Test Investigation indicated that steady- a tsvo-dav bidders' onfercncc at Army one cell of a segmented engine and Station near Schenectady, N. Y. In state oscillatory modes could be sup- Ballistic Missile Age cv last week. lowering it in others produces aero- addition to having conducted substan- pressed if combustor dimensions were National Aeronai ics and Space Ad- dynamic thrust vector control. This tial company-funded work over a six- kept small enough. Width was kept ministration is plain ng two, three, four eliminates gimbaling structure and per- year period. GE has a S400.000 NASA small enough to suppress radial oscil- and possibly hve-stag versions of Saturn. latory mits rigid connection between the en- research and development contract modes. Circumferential length 1 he second stage in lived in the current then became gine the vehicle. awarded last March. GE apparently has the variable for controlling and competition will use four Pratt Whit- & the tangential or circumferential « flow problems around the not run plug nozzle engines with hydro- mode. Reduced 20,000-lb. thrust hvdrogen engines. nev Proper longitudinal length was then base of vehicle. Cleaner after end of gen as a fuel. It has investigated both a Companies invited to the conference selected longitudinal sta- of the straight conical plug and the isen- from a mode the vehicle, permitted by the lack included Avco M bility diagram obtained experimentally. for gimbaling and by the fact tropic or contoured plug and both in- need Bell Aircraft Con Bcndix Aviation , In one design considered General flow right the base ternal and external expansion. Its pro- bv that the exhaust at Corp., Boeing Airplane Co., Chance for 1.5- Electric, this type of engine is located of the missile almost fills the area im- posal to NASA a year ago a Vought Aircraft, Ii c., Chrysler Corp., at the base of a plug nozzle. Liquid missile, greatly million lb. booster was based on a plug mediatelv behind the Cons nr \strun Division, Douglas mtics fuels are turbopumped, turbine decreases the of interaction be- nozzle. and problem one Tire and Rub- exhaust is brought out through the cen- external vehicle • Aerojet. Three years of investigation. tween flow around the ber cctric Hughes Co.. General Co., ter of the nozzle. exhaust. Approximately 1,500 hot firings have and flow of the Aircraft Co., Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Application of plug nozzles to solid other advantages are claimed been made using various plug designs, Two Martin Co., McDo ncll Aircraft Corp., propellant engines also is being consid- extremely important with area ratios ranging from 5 to 20 that would be North American Avi tion, Inc., Northrop ered but it is not believed to have been over pressure ratios up to SO. Segment where space and missile programs are Corp., Spcrrv-Rand Corp.. Raytheon Co given nearly as extensive investigation concerned—shorter development time throttling and operation with one seg- United Aircraft Cor p.. Western Electric ment out has been investigated. Mili- as possible application to liquid engines. and cheaper development cost. Al- Co,,. though there is not universal agreement tary and civilian boosters of several mil*

AVIATION WEEK, Fe 1, 1960 Space Technology gence. What we have is a refined and It is startling and disturbing to find, appeared before the House Space Com- better set of facts pertaining to the however, that these reassurances de- mittee, lie warned that Russian space Gates Defends New Intelligence Concept probable, or what the Soviet ICBM pend upon changing the yardstick for achievements also could become a program may be.” measuring the Soviet threat.” threat to the security of the U. S. and By Ford Eastman the earth in October, 1957—increased the first time that we have had an in- • Brooks—“So you are not relying on Johnson said the missile gap can- free world. the prestige of the Soviet Union “tre- telligence estimate that Say'S: ‘This is their intentions at all, now, arc you?" not be eliminated by the mere stroke Allen said the primary danger seems Soviet Union probably will • Gates— hare never relying of a pen. If our defense programs arc Washington—Secretary of Defense mendously” and produced a correspond- what the "We been to be the assurance these successes have ing loss to U. S. prestige. Allen added do.’ Therefore, the great divergence, on their intentions as to what they being based-as publicly stated bv Sec- given Soviet officials. "If it were a Thomas S. Gates, Jr., denied charges based on figures that have been testi- would do with regard to specific ac- retary Gates-on Soviet intentions question merely of competition in last week that new intelligence esti- that the U.S. space program "has an fied to in the years past, narrows be- rather than capabilities, there is real scientific achievement.” he said, “no mates reducing the number of inter- importance far beyond the field of the cause talked before about a different Scn. Symington, referring to the new reason for concern. certainly can- one could properly begrudge the Soviets continental ballistic missiles the Soviet activity itself, that it bears on almost we We relations with people set of comparisons-oncs that were based intelligence estimates, charged that "the not afford to stake the lives and the their magnificent successes. . . . How- Union is expected to have by 196? were every aspect of our their on Soviet capabilities.” (Former De- American people are being enticed down futures of 175 million Americans on ever. if this new-found Soviet cocki- based upon what the U. S. believes of other countries and on view fense Secretary Neil McElrov last year the trail of insecurity by the issuance of the ability of some officials to read ness translates itself into adventure- Soviet "intentions" to be. of us as compared with the USSR." on intelligence reports misinformation Nikita Khrushchev’s somcness world Testifying before the House Com- • President Eisenhower said at his press said that based about our deterrent mind." in foreign affairs, the the Soviets could have power, and is mittee on Science and Astronautics, conference that he does not think inter- then available specifically about the mis- When USIA Director George Allen in for a good deal of trouble.” three-to-one edge in ICBM’s within sile gap.” Gates said his earlier statement before national prestige is at stake in space a or three years.) “This Symington added the House Defense Appropriations Sub- exploration. "The Soviets have made the next two that, although Ins spect cil cl c e ents.” present one is an intelligence estimate statement might be labeled as politi- committee (AW Jan. 25, p. ?1) has some very we believe he probably will do, cally motivated, “it is an insignificant been misinterpreted. He said U.S. in- the President said, “but 1 don’t think on what Million-Pouncl-Thrust Boosters he is capable of doing.” risk indeed compared with un- telligence has never relied upon Russian that we should bow our heads in shame not what the Sccretarv Gates said the new esti- warranted risk “intentions” as to what the Soviets because in a few years we have gotten which this policy of fields indicated the USSR will enjoy misinformation has May Be Seetionalized for Handling would do with regard to specific actions. up and gone past them in many mates brought down upon this they have been “onlv moderate numerical superiority” our country. There is now, he said, better informa- of work, when 1945. have in ICBMs during the next three years. “Occasionally," said, New York—Segmented construction Its researchers arc now working on the tion available from a variety of sources working on it ever since We Symington space ex- Last week before the House Com- “after the Administration’s inaccuracies is United Research Corp.’s answer to development of a new high energy that are considered in reaching an in- got a record in five years in admirable, mittee on Science and Astronautics, this have been clearly and publicly labeled handling and logistics problems in- solid propellant formulation which Will telligence estimate. Originally, he said ploration that is not only to of.” conversation took place between the as such, top officials have modified volved in construction and use of mil- be put into pilot plant production at the U.S. could only base its estimates but I think is one be proud intel- Sccretarv Rep. Overton Brooks their previous statements, such lion-pound thrust solid propellant rocket its new West Coast facilities. As the upon the Soviet missile capability. The controversy over the new and as oc- Soviet (D.-La.)', committee chairman: curred in the case of engines. Air Force's timetable for the million Other related developments last week ligence estimates downgrading Secretary McEl- testi- • Brooks—“Well now. the other day I rov’s last year Lt. Gen. Donald L. Putt, USAF pound thrust (or more accurately, included: missile strength was based upon admission about the 20 before the Senate and three-to-one (ret.), president of United Research million-lb.-scc. total impulse) engine • Sen. Stuart Symington (D.-Mo.), a mony by Secretary Gates before the think you testified missile gap. Subcom- referred to the fact that our capabilities “Mostly, however, Corp. of Menlo Park, Calif., a wholly- now stands. Putt says his group will have member of the Senate Armed Services House Defense Appropriations the Administra- based, as I read it, on the in- tion owned subsidiary of United Aircraft enough and Space Committees, charged the mittee in mid-January when he said: should be has served up reassurances and time to develop a new propel- of your possible adversary." complacency, Corp., said that through the use of its Administration with using intelligence “During the past year we have con- tention and, most recently, when lant and set up a new pilot plant. On • “No. I didn’t testifv that wav, new power units—conical sections of if is information in such a manner that the tinued to acquire information which Gates— the existence of a serious missile gap the other hand, there a better solid Chairman.” propellant and casing— would be pos- American people have been given an in- has enabled U.S. intelligence, for the Mr. was being generally accepted, the Ad- it propellant available. United would be estimate the probable • Brooks— “I am not trying to quote ministration proceeded to the sible to build a solid propellant engine willing to buy it or make it accurate picture of what is necessary for first time, to change under any its you, is your position on that rules for evaluating of one million thrust ex- necessary licensing national defense. The intelligence Soviet 1CBM inventory and expected but what ground the facts. pounds with arrangement. In also have an this morning?” “Through this isting equipment and larger engines any event, the loading and testing will books, he said, “have been juggled so buildup with time. We process,” Symington • "Do you mean you want my the budget books may be balanced." informed estimate of the performance Gates— said, “the Administration has given the with minor modifications in tooling. be carried out on the West Coast. on this discussion that is • George V. Allen, director of the U. S. of the Soviet ICBM. comments people the impression that the missile The smallest basic power unit would The most significant aspect of this ", we har e been giving going on about intelligence?” deterrent gap has been sharply be the top segment; that is, the one design is that the individual power Information Agency, told the House . . heretofore, reduced dealt with • Brooks—“Perhaps I misread your right under the nose cone. nose Space Committee that the Russians—in you intelligence figures that and possibly eliminated. From a budg- If a units can be handled by existing This is statement, but. as I read it. I had un- cone was placing the first satellite in orbit around theoretical Soviet capability. etary point of view, of course, this put on the smaller end of means of transportation. Putt said. the in- derstood that it was related to shift in policy is less expensive than the segment and an exhaust nozzle on United doesn’t feel that on-site load- adversaries as tentions of your possible would be a decision to accelerate our the other end, the power unit would ing is the answer to the problem of to our defense system.” own ICBM program.” become a complete, center-burning handling and logistics problems associ- Saturn Acceleration Schedule are some who are in- • Gates—“There Liter, he added, “the truth is that solid propellant missile. ated with the use of such large mis- terpreting it that way, Mr. Chairman.” if we compare the readv-to-launch mis- For longer missions or heavier par- siles. Quality control is difficult enough year to advance • really, should it be development of tlic Saturn vehicle first stage by as much as a and Brooks—"How. siles attributed to the Soviets on the loads, additional segments would be to maintain in a permanent solid pro- the accelerated program test dates for Saturn upper stages three to nine months under interpreted?” new intelligence basis with the official bolted on as desired below the first seg- pellant processing plant. Putt said, 29). Supplemental • the intelligence under recentlv authorized by President Eisenhower {AW Jan. 25, p. Gates—"Well, readiness program for U. S. ICBMs, the ment, giving the missile the shape of an and it would be that much worse in a this week, will boost NASA’s discussion estimates missile capacity request for Saturn, expected to be sent to Congress ratio for a considerable length of time inverted ice cream cone. 1 he exhaust field processing and loading installation. the dates Fiscal 1961 budget by S100 million to $902 million. and missile production and will be more than three-to-one." nozzle would be attached to the last In the event the field-loaded solid Committee last of be- NASA Administrator T. Keith Glcnnan told the House Space on which numbers ICBMs may Symington said if the comparison in- and largest segment, according to Putt, propellant grain cracks, he added, the schedules on Saturn, its operational. week that the agency will request advance development come cluded Soviet and U.S. intermediate who was in New York to assume the crew is faced with the expense and 1.5 million lb. thrust intelligence information has component rocket developments and the F-l single chamber "The range ballistic missiles, the Russian presidency of the Institute of the Aero- problem of hauling the faults’ grain the technological it is now possible to engine. He said NASA will accelerate "as fast and as surely as improved so that advantage would be even greater. He nautical Sciences. One of the bidders away and disposing of it or moving the three-stage Saturn refined and better evalu- problems will permit, the time period in which the two-stage and have it more said the missile gap would be greater for an Air Force contract for the crew and setting up a new base some- period in which we will have Russian ICBM mis- vehicles will be available for initial tests and the time ated on what the still if it included a comparison of development of one million pound where else. By comparison, the loss in- multi-ton payload range.” Originally, it a reasonably reliable launch vehicle system in the sile programs may be. the cruiser and submarine-launched thrust solid propellant rocket engine volved in disposing of a cracked conical wait 12-18 months for the possible" to estimate missile Meanwhile, Glcnnan said, the U. S. will have to was only missiles which both Russia and the (AW Nov. 2?. p. 32), United Research section is of little significance. Soviet weight-lifting is now better in- Atlas-Agcmi B and the Atlas Centaur vehicles to match present capability. There U.S. arc expected to base. used this segmental approach, on which Another important advantage of the their capability by then, he said. available from a variety of ability in space. If the Russians have increased formation Earlier, Sen. Lyndon Johnson (D.- it has filed for a patent, as the basis segmented approach to a million- five years until the Saturn is ready. on a variety of subjects that U. S. hope for superiority will have to wait four to sources Tex.), chainnan of the Senate Space for its bid. Even if it doesn’t get the pound thrust solid propellant rocket criticized the Administration last week for cutting considered in reaching an intelli- Sen. Stuart Symington (D.-Mo.) are and Preparedness Committees, also contract, said Putt, United Research engine is its low development cost Fiscal 1961 to the $140 million in There is obviously no an initial $250 million Saturn budget request for gence estimate. criticized the Gates statement, declar- plans to go on with the development of when compared with alternative meth- to Congress. He also noted that Army Ballistic Missile intelligence whatsoever on USSR in- the budget submitted ing: the segmental approach. ods, according to United. There is a Saturn the current fiscal year was cut to about as to specific military or Agency’s $125 million request for in tentions “Recent official statements concern- United made its bid on the basis of small weight penalty incurred by bolt- policies or actions. Of course, $77 million. political ing our defense program for 1961 and high strength steel casings and an un- ing individual segments together, but it is impossible to have such intelli- beyond have been rosy and reassuring. specified type of composite propellant. the company considers it minor.

AVIATION WEEK, Februory 1, 1960 AVIATION WEEK, February Space Technology conditions that could be simulated, in- cluding extended periods in the bio- ck. There were four monkeys at Wal- Little Joe Tests Mercury Escape Cycle Els Station before the test so that a substitution could be made if the chosen animal failed By Craig Lewis and burned. In the fourth shot, the and capsule weighed 28,000 lb. at take- to pass her phy- sical at the last minute. system was modified to send a stronger off. burned out about There was no telemetry on the mon- Wallops Island, Va.—National Aero- signal to the escape rocket, and it ig- The Pollux engines vehicle key during the test flight, but record- nautics and Space Administration’s nited as planned. 28 sec. after launch, and the speed of 1,300 ers measured three channels of electro- fourth Little Joe test of the Project This latest shot was fourth in a reached a maximum cardiogram measurements and two Mercury capsule (AW Jan. 25, p. 56) planned series of six Little Joe tests of mph. condi- about 30 sec., the capsule reached channels of eye movement measure- marked the first completely successful Mercury capsules under various At a dynamic pressure load of ments, plus measurements of respira- test of the escape system under the tions. Like the previous capsules, this maximum psf. that the tion, temperature and the content of maximum aerodynamic loads expected was a boilerplate model made at Lang- approximately 1,000 Mer- cury capsule might encounter in an the atmosphere in the biopack. in an actual emergency escape from the ley Research Center. The last test in the to leave the Atlas A modified gun camera was used to Atlas booster. series is scheduled to use a capsule made emergency attempt capsule encoun- photograph the monkey’s face during Unlike an earlier maximum air load bv McDonnell Aircraft Corp. booster. When the manufacturing the op- tered these loads, pressure sensors the flight. test, the fourth Little Joe shot carried McDonnell is pro- signaled the Central escape a monkey through the launch, escape erational capsule for the Mercury' Grand rocket, and it fired, carrying the capsule and recovers' cycle to test its physical gram. British, U. S. Agree from the booster imposing reactions and performance under the away and Booster Configuration about loads on the monkey. stresses of the emergency escape ma- 20g On Satellite Plan separation, the capsule was neuver. The monkey survived the test Little Joe booster used in the fourth After Washington—U. S. and British scien- Thiokol Pollux scheduled to coast until the escape with no apparent ill effects. launch used only two detached at 52 sec. and the tists reached detailed agreement last earlier maximum air load test solid propellant engines to reach the al- tower was The will deployed at 59 sec. week on the experiments that be was the second in the Little Joe series titude required for the maximum air drogue chute was carried in the first British satellite were after launch. Cargo chute opened at to Nov. p. 29), and it fell short load test. Two Pollux dummies (AW 9, be launched by National Aeronautics complete success when there was a carried for ballast. With four Thiokol about 10,000 ft. of and Space Administration. firing for 1.5 sec. at launch, The booster carried the capsule to 12 sec. delay between the time the igni- Recruits Agreement on the initial U. S.-British 220.000 lb. 36,500 ft., the escape rocket tion signal was sent to the escape rocket the six engines developed where satellite project follows a general agree- It coasted to 48,900 ft. and and the time the rocket actually ignited thrust at liftoff. The Little Joe booster fired. ment to cooperate in a scientific satel- landed in the Atlantic 12 mi. from Wal- lite reached last Dis- lops where a Marine HUS helicopter program summer. from the Navv Mercury recovery unit cussions stemmed from the U. S. offer through to furnish launch picked it up. Over-correction for wind COSPAR at launch caused the capsule to reach vehicles for satellite experiments de- veloped by other an altitude approximately 10,000 ft. nations (AW Dec. 14, higher than expected, and the wind p. 28). British agreement was carried the capsule and main chute six reached on the miles farther out to sea than expected. scientific level, and negotiations be- tween the two governments will be Psychomotor Test conducted to complete a formal pact. Monkey was removed from its bio- U. S. also has an informal agreement pack about one hour after launch after with Canada to launch a “topside spending 12 hr. in the capsule during sounder” satellite for ionospheric countdown. The animal was a 6 lb., studies. France, Australia and other 40-month-old female rhesus monkey nations also are reportedly interested named Miss Sam supplied by the Air in joint programs. Force School of Aviation Medicine. It Launch vehicle for these satellites will rode on its back in a 125 lb. biopack probably be the solid propellant and was scheduled to perform a simple Scout, which is expected to become psychomotor test to measure perform- operational this year. First British satel- ance under the stresses imposed by an lite, scheduled to be launched in late escape under high dynamic pressure 1961, w'ill be equipped to conduct ion conditions. and electron studies by probes to meas- Biopack was similar to the one used ure electron temperature and concen- in the third Little Joe test which car- tration and ion mass spectrum, electron density measurements, solar ried a monkey named Sam through a radiation high altitude escape cvcle (AW Dec. studies and primary cosmic ray meas- urements. 14, p. 30). Organizational arrangements for the In this last test, a red cue light was joint were week, used to signal the monkey to pull a program also made last lever. If the lever was not pulled within and members of the working group and two seconds after the light went on, project managers are now being selected. the monkey got an electric shock. The Generally, the joint U. S.-British pro- light was timed to go back on one sec- gram calls for the launching of three ond after the lever was pulled. British satellites into 300 mi. orbits. The monkey was expected to per- The satellites are expected to be 20 in. in diameter, 20 in. long form its task about 100 times per min- and weigh about 150 lb. Program has been esti- mated to last four years and to cost It had been trained under all the about S2.8 million (AW Sept. 7, p. 27).

AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 AVIATION WEEK, Febru is of paramount significance for further despite recent failures (AW Jan. 11, Soviet Pacific Rocket Tests Aim At work on the creation of artificial earth Blowout Plugs Fitted to Pershing p. 68). If the missile starts flying, satellites capable of a return.” Bergen said, there will not be any slip- Heavy earth satellites could be con- page in the original timetable. A critical ICBM Operation, Space Re-Entry trolled with a space orientation system, SCRAM Missile for Range Control point will come sometime in the next Dobronravov said, and such a satellite 30 days when the Titan will be tested Washington— Initial shot in the the moon. Missions to Mars and Venus could also be equipped with a telescope New York—Army’s Pershing selective ways is launched as a two-stage vehicle, for in-flight separation and ignition of planned series of Soviet rocket tests in also were projected, and Academician to obtain photographs of planets and combat range artillery missile (SCRAM) even if the second-stage engine isn’t the second stage, the only major factor the Pacfic apparently was aimed at test- S. Sobolev' said the first tasks will be stars which would not be distorted by will be fitted with engine blowout plugs required for a close target. still untried. ing propulsion, guidance and re-entry to set up astronomical observatories the earth's atmosphere. to control its range, Martin Co. officials At present, maximum range for the • High energy storable propellant for systems associated with intercontinental in space to study the universe. “Ob- The Russians have been accused of said here last week. Pershing is believed to be just under the Titan is under development at ballistic missile operation and with the servatories on Mars and the moon will exploiting their Pacific tests for politi- Pershing’s initial flight tests are 500 mi. Aerojet-General, powerplant contractor return of space vehicles to earth. probable be established in our life- cal purposes, and Communist nations scheduled to start next month (AW With the 10,000-lb. weight limit for the Titan. Range of the Titan The Soviet Union has stressed heavily time,” he said. in the Far East were quick to hail the Jan. 18. p. 23) at Cape Canaveral, Fla., imposed on the Army missiles, Pershing could be extended beyond currently the potential of its new multi-stage Possibility of television transmission Soviet test as a Communist victory. pending component checkouts by Army program engineers tried to get less anticipated 6,300 stat. mi. by bringing ballistic missile for peaceful exploration from the moon to earth was outlined by VVu Yu-Hsun, vice president of the Ballistic Missile Agency at Huntsville, weight and more distance by switch- the 8-ft. diameter second stage out to of nearby areas of the solar system, but A. M. Kigushev, and he said earth-moon Red Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ala., according to William B. Bergen. ing from steel to titanium motor cas- the 10-ft. diameter of first stage. For the range, guidance precision and re- telephone conversation “might well be observed that “the propulsive force of Martin president. ings (AW Oct. 19, p. 32. Initial results every additional second of burning time, entry protection of the vehicle are a practicable proposition” by the time the (Soviet) rocket reached about 1 Bergen said the program is on time with the titanium casings were not as the missile can pick up an extra 300 mi. directly related to ICBM capability. man lands on the moon. million lb., while the propulsive force of and added that spending on the mis- good as had been hoped for, according Empty weight of the Titan is the same Successful re-entry techniques and ma- For trips to Mars and Venus, Kigu- the much-vaunted U. S. Atlas guided sile, estimated at SI 08 million for Fiscal to Martin. More expensive titanium as that of the Atlas, 20,000 lb. Loaded terials are also vital in returning a space shev said it can be demonstrated by missile is only 360,000 lb.” i960, is expected to rise in Fiscal 1961 casings also were caught in a budget and ready for flight, the Titan weighs vehicle—manned or unmanned—from simple calculation “that for radio com- Some hints were broadcast from Mos- to SI 40-1 50 million. squeeze. in at 205,000 lb., compared with the orbit. munications with and radio guidance cow that the Russians are experimenting A hvo-stage, solid propellant missile, Most expensive part of the missile 265,000-lb. initial gross weight of the Last stage of the rocket fell in the of a rocket hurtling within the solar with new fuels. Soviet chemist Acad- the Pershing is designed to hit any pre- is the guidance system, Bergen said. Atlas. (With a 10-ft. diameter second Pacific impact area previously defined system, it will be necessary to have on emician Scmon Volfkovich told Tass selected target between 20 and 450 mi. Guidance system for the Pershing is stage, the Titan would also weigh by the Russians, and they said it landed earth superpowerful radio transmitters the rocket test was a triumph for Soviet When a computer determines that the manufactured by Bendix; the missile's 265,000 lb.) Of the 60,000-lb. differ- within 1.24 mi. of the target point on the order of thousands of kilo- chemists who evolved new types of fuel missile has reached the velocity required two solid propellant engines are made ence, 40,000 lb. is fuel. Nuclear war- (AW Jan. 25, p. 36). The powered for rockets, and he said the fuel and to hit a selected target, the plugs in by Thiokol. head of the Titan, if measured in mega- next-to-last stage and dummy last stage Noting the velocity reached by the oxidizers proposed by Soviet scientists the head of the engine then operating Concerning other Martin projects. tons, is about double that of the Atlas hit a peak speed of more than 16,156 powered next-to-last stage and the “can apparently be regarded as the best are blown, thrust of the still-burning Bergen had this to sav: and eight times that of the Minuteman. the last stage traveled 7,767 dummy final stage of the test vehicle, propellant of all those mankind now has • operational the mph. and engine drops to zero, and the missile Original date for (Karel J. Bossart, of Convair, who was mi. from its launching site near the Soviet scientist V. Dobronravov noted at its disposal for space flights.” heads in on target. The Pershing al- Titan, June, 1961, still is in effect in New York last week to receive the Aral Sea. It hit a peak altitude of 765 that a later version of the rocket will be Volfkovich also commented on the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences' mi. during its 36.3 min. flight, accord- able to reach escape velocity and travel “special alloys and other materials” Reed Award for his work on the Atlas, ing to Soviet scientist Ari A. Shtern- to the near planets when engines are used to protect the rocket’s final stage took exception to these remarks. The feld, who pointed out that the small installed in the last stage. He said that during re-entry, observing that “no man- Atlas, said Bossart, will do anything guidance error involved could result after completion of present preliminary made body has ever before withstood the Titan can or may do, including from a takeoff velocity error of .003%, tests, a last stage similar to the one such enormous air friction as was the carrying the same size payload over the plus simultaneous deviation of 16 an- tested will be launched into space for case with the ballistic missile falling into same distance.) gular seconds in takeoff angle. scientific observations. the Pacific.” • After six months storage in the sub- Tass, the Russian news agency, said Dobronravov also noted that the last Although B. Kukarkin, vice president arctic and a cold soak to —65F just the next-to-last stage of the rocket re- stage nose cone was protected from of the International Astronomical prior to launching, six solid propellant entered the atmosphere at a height of burning during re-entry and said: “This Union, said creation of a new space Lacrosse missiles were successfully fired 50-55 mi. and "disintegrated and partly rocket may also be regarded as one of two weeks ago by U. S. Army troops burned up.’’ Tire protected nose cone the stages in preparing manned flight at Fort Churchill. Can. U. S. Lunar Timetable re-entered safely and impacted near the into outer space, official Soviet policy • Solid propellant Bullpup missile has Washington—U. S. plans to send a target where three Soviet ships (see p. continues to assign manned space flight racked up a 95% reliability record, manned vehicle on a flight around the 79) registered the impact with radar, a lower priority than satellite, moon which is significantly higher than had moon and back to earth in the 1965-67 optical and acoustic equipment. Tass probe and planetary exploration activity. been anticipated. also said the ships obtained valuable Russian move into the Pacific has sig- • Martin is trying to sell its Missile sometime after 1970, National Aeronau- telemetric data on final stage of trajec- nificance beyond using it as a test im- Master point defense command system tics Space Administration's Associate Ad- tory. The Russians said the rocket was pact area since the Soviet Union will to FAA for use in traffic control. Com- ministrator Richard E. Horner told the fired exactly on time and followed its need extensive water landing areas for pany is developing many versions of House Science and Astronautics Com- planned program through all stages of returning space vehicles. Writing in this system. One, the Missile Master. mittee last week. U. S. intends to send the flight. Prof. Boris Konstantinov re- Soviet Fleet, N. Varvarov said the Jr., which now is in the prototype stage, probes to Venus and Mars in 1962, ported that radio contact with the ve- world’s oceans assume an increasingly handles a smaller number of missile Horner said. hicle was maintained throughout the important role as advances are made in but is truck-transportable. Russia may send a probe to Mars next flight, including the critical re-entry space travel because they will be used • Numerous SNAP (subsystem nu- October and one to Venus in early 1961. phase. Further long range rocket tests “not only for safe landings by parachute clear auxiliary power) projects, all based are planned, and Tass said they will im- of individual stages of rockets, in order on radioisotope power, which the com- the U.S. is planned in 1964, to be pre- pact in the same area. to preserve expensive equipment for sev- pany is developing have made Martin ceded by a lunar impact next year and The official Soviet report said the suc- eral experiments, but also for ensuring one of the largest radioisotope con- another unmanned lunar landing in cessful flight test was the first in a automatic landing of flying apparatus sumers. This year, for the first time. 1963-64, Homer said. Unmanned recon- series which will provide boosters to put which are returned from space flights.” Martin’s nuclear business is in the naissance vehicles will be sent to Mars heavier earth satellites into orbit and Doctor of Technical Sen-ices V. P. black. and Venus in 1964, a two-stage Saturn Blue Steel Bomb Fitted on Avro Vulcan to power flights to other planets. Mis- Yelyutin noted the convenience of Although the company is not aiming will be ready in 1963, an orbiting astro- sions discussed by various Sov iet sources dropping spent rocket stages in the Blue Steel stand-off bomb, developed by A. V. Roe Co., Ltd., is shown mounted on the at any specific balance between mili- nomical-radio astronomy observatory will include larger Sputniks than were pre- ocean, and he said there is no doubt belly of an Avro Vulcan four-jet bomber; the bomb is carried in the bomb bay of the tary and commercial business, Bergen be launched in 1963-64, and the’ first viously put into orbit and larger pay- that "eventually the wastes ot the oceans Handley Page Victor jet bomber. Note lower vertical stabilizer which folds for ground said, it does hope to build up the com- manned orbital flight will come next loads for lunar exploration than the could be used for the landing on water clearance. The bomb will be tested at Australia’s Woomcra Rocket Range, rising the mercial side primarily through its nu- year, Horner told the committee. one that photographed the far side of of space ships returning to earth.” Vulcan (AW Jan. 25, p. 59); previous tests used the Vickers Valiant jet bomber. clear work.

AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 25 24 AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 Space Technology

be returned to the hangar where a re- view board will decide whether it Mercury Capsule Recovery Plan Detailed should be used for the flight. Eighty-six technical reports were New York—Major National Aeronau- vicinity of a rescue vessel a few hun- deployment of the main parachute and given during the IAS meeting. These tics and Space Administration planning dred miles south of the Azores. If the the bag fills with air. On impact, cush- reported that: effort lias gone into the launch phase flight is continued toward Africa, the ioning effect is provided by venting air • Materials development is proceeding of the Mercury flight to ensure that idea is to land near a ship off the through holes in the skirt and portions at such a rapid pace that ablation cov- recovery of an astronaut can be made Canary Islands. A total of 12 ships is of the capsule. erings soon will be the most efficient quickly if the flight must be aborted spotted from the launch pad at Cape • Ground control over any Mercury type of heat protection for virtually all before an orbit is achieved. Canaveral to the middle of the Atlantic flight has been broken into two separate ty pes of high speed vehicles traveling Operational and equipment details on Ocean under the powered portion of areas with a different individual in in the atmosphere, according to R. M. Project Mercury were presented by the flight. charge of each. The pilot will have Wood and R. J. Tagliani of Douglas NASA spokesmen at the annual meet- veto power over all decisions made dur- Aircraft Co. Other Details ing of the Institute of the Aeronautical ing the countdown, launch and recovery • Balloons generally are the most effi- Sciences here. Other details concerning Project phases. An operations director will be cient deceleration and stabilization de- A string of ships reaching across the Mercury included: in charge of launch readiness, search and vices for bodies traveling at high super- Atlantic under the capsule flight path • Special van will be used to carry the other ground operations. A flight direc- sonic Mach numbers, while flexible rib- and an elaborate computing system to pilot to the launch area and keep him tor will have responsibility for the flight bon-tvpe parachutes are best below' provide trajectory data almost instan- comfortable for the last few hours be- and will have to make the final decision Mach 1.5. This information is based adding blades; reduction of sons. according to reports. Re- taneously are the main elements in the fore the flight. The van will be equipped to abort, on the basis of telemetered in- on wind tunnel tests conducted at by more London with systems to check out his pressure formation. Aborts also may be initiated NASA's Lewis Research Center by parasitic drag (rotor hub fairings) and tirement of Sir Gerard d’Erlangcr, chair- turboprop other form of BOAC, also has been reported plot will be available 25 see. after the suit and personal instrumentation. A bv the pilot and an automatic abort- Janies F. Connors and J. Calvin Lovell. the addition, of or man has de- capsule passes any given point, so that television monitoring system in the van sensing system will be installed on the • Aluminum aircraft can operate ex- of auxiliary propulsion. as imminent though BOAC pro- Speeds to 300 kt. will require all of clined comment. Basil-Smallpcicc, man- if all goes well it will be known whether will make it possible for him to ob- booster. tensively in the Mach 2 to 5 regime director -of airline, was re- an orbit was achieved within a maxi- serve all phases of the countdown. • Abort-sensing system on the booster vided that they are placarded for certain the above plus the addition of stub aging the wings to reduce the load supported by ported as replacing Cribbett as deputy mum of 25 sec. after the booster burns • '‘Cherry-picker’’ mobile tower will be is expected to launch the capsule away spccd/altitudeVload factor combina- provided to allow the pilot to leave the from the booster a minimum of 12 sec. tions and that thermal strength deter- the rotor blades at high speed. Sikorsky chairman, is test If an orbit of satisfactory lifetime is booster quickly any time after the gantry before any explosion or catastrophic ioration is accounted for. according to performing flight experiments Belgian government last week chose missed, the flight dynamics officer at crane has been rolled back from the failure. The sensing system was devised John M. Cord of Bell Aircraft and with an S-55 fitted with stub wings. the Lockheed F-104G to rc-cquip its the ground control center has the re- booster. It is expected that the gantry after an exhaustive study of all available A. Bruce Burns, Lockheed Aircraft. air force. Licensing agreements, have sponsibility of deciding within about will be withdrawn for a considerable ground and flight data on rocket engine • Ultrasonic welding has unusual, out- News Digest yet to be made, according to Lockheed 50 sec. whether he should fire the retro- period before launch. failures. Sensors will monitor altitude, standing and immediate importance Aircraft Corp. rockets to bring the capsule down at • Capsule impact with ground or water rate of acceleration, engine chamber for structural designs involving thin, once or to let it continue on toward the will be broken by a cushion of air pressure and possible elcctrie.il system high-strength, high-temperature. refrac- Bioastronautics assistant to direct co- Republican Aviation Corp., Farrn- formed by the four-foot, rubberized failures. tory metals for applications where high coast of Africa. ordination of Defense Department’s ingdalc, N. Y„ has been studying pos- If the retrorockcts are fired at once, glass-fiber skirt which connects the heat • Satellite clock will be the most im- structural integrity and/or leak tightness medical support of Project Mercury has sible acquisition of Allen B. Dumont the angle of firing must be adjusted so shield with the rest of the capsule. Heat portant navigation device aboard the are mandatory in the opinion of J. By- been named by Maj. Gen. Donald N. Laboratories, Inc., Clifton, N. J. that the capsule will come down in the shield is released from the capsule after capsule. It will be preset on the ground ron Jones and Harold L. McKaig of Yates. Defense representative for Mer- to fire the retrorockcts for re-entry at Aeroprojccts, Inc. Ultrasonic welding Fifth shot in a scries of full-scale cury support operations. He is Col. the proper time if the planned orbit is occurs when a sonotrodc tip is placed launches made George M. Knauf, staff surgeon and model Minutcman was achieved. If the planned orbit is missed, against two pieces of metal clamped IAS Makes Annual Awards chief of the occupational health research last week from Edwards AF'B, Calif. the clock may be corrected through together with a force of up to 100 laboratory at Air Force Missile Test Model, which simulated the actual New York-E. T. Jones, deputy controller of Great Britain's Ministry of Aviation, radio signals from the ground to coin- tons. A unique force-insensitive mount- Center, which Yates commands. size and weight of Minutcman, was the and Elmer A. Sperry, Jr., retired Sperry Products, Inc., executive, were installed as cide with the actual orbit. pilot been to permit The ing system has devised first to incorporate the prototype con- Sciences the 28th annual honorary fellows of the Institute of the Aeronautical at also may use his periscope and a stop the application of the high clamping Western Electric has received S30 tiol system and autopilot guidance. watch to roughly calculate his orbit and force without substantial frequency shift Thrust chambers also may have been presented aeronautical awards for 1959 to the following: million contract for Project Mercury ThAistitutc also correct the satellite clock if communi- loss to the sono- of energy mount. The giinbalcd by the autopilot. As in the at worldwide tracking network, consisting • Dr. James A. Van Allen, head of the Department of Physics and Astronomy cation is lost. with the ground trodc tip introduces oscillating forces only live and of IS stations, from National Aeronau- past, the first stage was the State University of Iowa, the second annual Louis W. Hill Space Transportation • Large map display in the ground con- static forces which combine with the partially loaded. belts. tics and Space Administration. Award, for the discovcrv of space radiation trol center at Cape Canaveral will show of the clamping to introduce dynamic • Research and Development Command’s Brig. Gen. Don D. Flickinger. USAF Air the progress of the capsule as it moves stresses in the metal and produced clas- Jet surcharge on transatlantic flights Air Force-Martin Titan test launch Assistant for Bioastronantics, the John Jeffries Award, “for outstanding contributions through its three programed orbits and toplastic deformations which effect a aborted last the first will be dropped Mar. 1 by Pan Ameri- was week when aeronautics through medical research.” to the advancement of then re-enters the atmosphere and lands moderate temperature rise in the weld can World Airways, Trans World Air- stage engines wero automatically shut • Dr. Herbert Riehl, associate professor of meteorology. University of Chicago, the on the Atlantic Missile Range. On each zone. weld is produced graduallv The lines and British Overseas Airways off immediately after ignition. Sequen- contributions meteorology. Robert M. Losev Award, for outstanding in side of the map there will be visual as the properties of the material are al- turbine over- Coqi. The requirement for a jet sur- cer detected a fuel pump • engineering of Convair Division Karel J. Bossart. assistant to the vice president for displays showing the physical condition transient manner. tered m a charge has been abolished by the Inter- speed, and the malfunctioning speed of General Dynamics Carp., the Sylvanus Albert Reed Award, for his major role in of the pilot the performance of his Speeds of 300 kt. for combination and national Air Transport Assn. control was easily replaced. Flight was the development of the Atlas ICBM. life support system and other vital rotor and fixed-wing aircraft were fore- to be the first test of the Titan second • Dr. James E. McCune, senior scientist of Aeronautical Research Associates of systems. Detailed monitoring of the cast by Philip Michel of Sikorsky Air- Chance Vought Aircraft, Inc., an- stage. Martin probably will launch one Princeton, the Lawrence Sperry Award, for outstanding achievement in the aero- various mission systems will be con- craft, along with 50-ton-payload crane nounced plans last week to acquire In- Titan this week and may launch a space field. ducted by personnel at consoles which helicopters by 1970. formation Systems, Inc., and. indi- second. Named as fellows of the IAS: Dr. Joseph V. Charyk, assistant secretary of the face the large wall display. The opera- Michel, chief of advanced research rectly. Paneliit, Inc., its parent coni- U. S. Air Force; Dr. Alfred Eggers, Jr., aeronautical research scientist at NASA’s tions director and the flight dynamics at Sikorskv, described research results panv. 'The firms, both located in Aerojet-General Corp. has acquired Ames Research Center; Vice Adm. John T. Hayward, deputy chief of Naval opera- minority interest in stock of director are in the center of this group indicating that pure helicopters can be Skokie. 111., produce high-speed moni- common tions (development); Lester laics, professor of aeronautics at the Guggenheim Aero- so that they may receive detailed infor- designed to obtain a cruise of 175 kt. toring systems for use in running auto- Electro-Optical Systems, Inc., Pasadena, nautical Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; Dr. C. C. Lin, professor mation on request. and with auxiliary powerplants will at- mated plant machinery. Calif. New capital will be used to ex- of mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; E. Manganicllo, associate J. • Flight capsule will be checked in a tain 200 kt. in the near future. tend company's research capabilities and director of NASA’s Lewis Research Center; Dr. H. j. van der Maas, professor of hangar prior to mounting on the Atlas The means to accomplish this speed British Overseas Airways Corp. Dep- operations. Emphasis also will be placed aeronautics. Delft Technological University, Netherlands; L. vice the A. Wood, booster. A complete check of all of increase include increasing negative uty Chairman Sir George Cribbett, who on increased development of proprietary president of general of Aero-Space Division. Boeing Airplane Co. and manager the the systems will be made there to simu- blade twist to delay blade stall on the re- is also chairman of BOAC's associated items for commercial, industrial and late a launching. The capsule then will treating blade; increasing rotor solidity companies, has resigned for health rea- space applications.

AVIATION WEEK, 1, 1960 AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 27 certain what form the "control” legis- AIR TRANSPORT lation might take or whether such

legislation is desirable, the probable format would follow the 1955 Omnibus Bill to amend the Civil Aeronautics Local Carriers Face New Subsidy Battle Act. Fought by both the local service car- planning future operations, as well as Budget Bureau asks more stringent subsidy legisla- riers and CAB, one of the sections of to afford a more precise basis for meas- the defeated 1955 bill would have tion; CAB to postpone use of class mail rate formula. uring the effect of actual flight schedules directed the Board to disburse subsidy during rate proceedings, the Board has only under contracts running not less Robert H. Cook adopted scheduling standards for local than three or more than seven years, service subsidy purposes. The standards after which the airline would return Washington—Local service carriers are marshaling their defenses to meet scheduled to become effective today any amount received in excess of a are similar to those contained in the increasing Administration pressure for tighter subsidy controls reflected last fair rate of return. proposed class mail rate formula and ALTA objects strongly to this type of week by a Civil Aeronautics Board plan to draft new subsidy legislation and tailored to the of subsidy are concept legislation on grounds that there is no a surprise move by the Board to apply more restrictive payment controls bv round being paid for the first six daily justification for such an amendment and points, with Feb. 1. trip flights between any two that placing a limitation on subsidy At the same time. Sens. Warren G. Magnuson (D.-Wash.) and A. S. Mike a built-in proviso that each flight must contracts would hurt the industry in earn its direct costs, with indirect costs Monroney (D.-Okla.) supported the local service industry's subsidy needs at two ways—a three year contract is too ranging being covered under a scale short even to obtain short-term loans, the third annual Congressional Appreciation Luncheon sponsored by the in the schedule from 35% to 100%. As while the longer seven-year period is Assn, of Local Transport Airlines under Joseph P. Adams, executive director formula, any discussed for the class rate short of the 10-year terms currently number of ALTA and a former CAB member. loss on flights beyond this being used for the financing of new by subsidy, al- Monroney, however, cautioned ALTA served notice that it intends to set final would not be covered flight equipment. a de- members that their subsidy requests future mail rates for each local service though the airlines later indicated ALTA's research report may provide 12 daily must be “thoroughly justified'' in view airline now on temporary rates, along sire to include as many as the answer to the local service carrier's of the Administration’s expressed con- with rates for all past periods, by Dec. round trips. current subsidy plan problems since it have as- cern over the mounting subsidy bill, 1. 1960 deadline. However, Board members aims making strong case mail rate fonnula will go ahead and Finally, the airlines note that while not only at a local service airlines that which is expected to top S49 million in • To aid this “tight work program” and sured the for the airlines’ value but suggests sev- that the idea is “definitely not being CAB has announced an effective date entire class Fiscal I960. provide the airlines with a guideline for serious consideration of the eral means of controlling or lowering abandoned." CAB said its action in for its new standards, it has worded Justification of local airline subsidy setting final mail rates and adopting much of the language to refer only to the mounting subsidy bill. needs in terms of public benefits and In general, the report is believed to the scheduling standard is being taken generalizations of actual operations and suggestions of how such payments could as a preferable alternative to continu- notified ALTA members that "specific say that, while loeal sendee subsidy has be reduced without damaging local air- ing "indefinitely" the present open details" and "further clarification” of increased, it has been surpassed by the line services and benefits were presented industry's of growth, resulting in rate situation involving costly and al- how the standards would apply to in- rate to CAB last week in a special research most continuous reviews of local service dividual carriers will be available only lower unit costs. Further subsidy con- report prepared for by the Plan- ALTA in the “near future.” trols and reduction could be attained ning Research Corp.. of Los Angeles Immediate concern of the carriers Concern over CAB's drafting of new by improving the airlines' route struc- Nov. The docu- (AW 23, 1959. p. 45). centers around CAB's quick action in subsidy regulations for the Bureau of tures and relaxing many operating re- ment rcportcdlv emphasizes the indus- strictions, along with providing the adopting the flight schedule standards the Budget is not as deep at this time, try’s need for continued equipment without allowing the customarv time airline observers say, since the Board operators a longer length of haul to expansion and for an increase in average lower their over-all operating costs, ac- for airline comments—a point which must comply with the Budget Bureau (light distances and asks for a higher cording recommendations in the re- the airlines feel may have been merely request, but under its own authority to share of interline fare distribution to an oversight which will be corrected. does not have to support such legis- port. One of the largest problems con- reflect passenger originating costs. Most carriers did not receive CAB noti- lation. fronting the carriers has always been that they have never been able to collect Pattern of Events fication of the change until Jan. 26th. This was indicated in a CAB letter ALTA members told Aviation to ALTA in which the Board informed their proper share of interline fares to Events leading to the current local Week that adoption of the scheduling the association that, while the legisla- reflect the costs of originating a passen- service subsidy situation followed this standards would literally lead to chaos, tion was under preparation, both the ger. Touched upon during ALTA’s general pattern: or at least a severe crippling of loeal Bureau of the Budget and the appro- congressional luncheon, and certain to • President’s budget message told Con- sen-ice operations, forcing the airlines priations committees of Congress have be noted in the Planning Research re- gress that the “rise and prospect of even to make drastic scheduling cutbacks been consistently advised that under port, solution of this problem could higher subsidies in the future (S69 which would lead to a “severe deteriora- Section 406 of the Federal Aviation lower subsidy needs by more than S3 million in 1961) make necessary the tion" of the industry’s growth and Act the Board is obliged to subsidize million annually, most carriers say. Un- consideration of proposals to reduce the benefit to the traveling public. airline operations conducted under der present interline agreements, each dependence of these airlines on the Pinpointing their objections, the air- "honest, economical and efficient man- airline receives a portion of the fare government." lines complain that the CAB-imposcd agement” and that CAB subsidy orders based on mileage for the segment of its • Bureau of the Budget asked CAB to standards amount to the Board's select- amount to a "binding obligation upon route system used by a passenger, re- draft legislation designed to exercise ing the main subsidy control feature the United States regardless of whether gardless of which airline originates his greater control over annual subsidy ap- of the class mail rate plan for adoption Congress appropriates funds for Board flight. propriations. while ignoring sorely needed incentive disbursement under its mail rate The local service operators feel that • CAB notified ALTA that the airline- features. These features include sub- a more equitable way of approaching favored “class mail rate formula," de- sidy allowances for certain station op- Noting that “feeling has been ex- this problem would be to first refund signed to replace the present subsidy erations and flight segments, along with pressed” that CAB’s subsidy authority the originating carrier a sum sufficient to payment formula and give the carriers profit sharing provisions, all of which prevents Congress from reviewing the cover the sales, reservations, ticketing greater operational flexibility, is being would combine to offer the carriers over-all annual subsidy level and gives and baggage costs for the passenger, shelved for “further consideration" greater management freedom and im- CAB “too broad a discretion to obligate after which each airline would then get (AW May 25, p. 41). proved bargaining positions in financial the federal government,” the Board a pro rata share of the ticket, reflecting • As an interim measure, the Board dealings. told ALTA that while it was not the portion of each airline system used.

AVIATION WEEK, I, 1960 AVIATION (, February 1, 1960 29 % .

Capital to Offer Stock in Refinance Plan

By L. L. Doty der the equipment trust agreement can World Airways to be used as coach and the prior liens securing the 6% se- service on the carrier’s recently awarded Washington—Capital Airlines last Florida route. First of these aircraft week announced a refinancing program At present. Capital's indebtedness in- was scheduled for delivery today. that includes a proposed offering of cludes 512 million in 4i% convertible Monthly rental of the DC-6Bs is 909,659 shares of common stock on subordinated debentures due July 1, 514,700 per aircraft, and the lease runs the basis of one new share for each 1976. The airline has issued 909,659 through to Aug. 31, 1961. The airline share held. A registration statement shares of the authorized 2.5 million holds an option to lease an additional covering the offering has been filed shares of common stock including a re- four aircraft or purchase the fleet at a with the Securities and Exchange Com- serve of 360,000 shares for conversion cost of 5600,000 per airplane less credit mission. of the convertible subordinated de- for one-half the rental fees paid. Under the plan, equity capitalization bentures. Capital is estimating an operating

is being broadened to cover S59.2 mil- New stock shares will be offered to profit of 5310,000 for 1959 as compared lion of new indebtedness contracted in subscription through rights on the basis with an operating profit of S3,058,1S9 connection with the purchase of seven of one share for each share held. Sub- the previous year. The sharp drop is Convair 880 turbojet and five Lock- scription price will be announced when attributed to the impact of the turbo- heed Elcctra turboprop transports. Leh- the registration statement is approved. jet and turboprop equipment introduced United's First Boeing 720 Makes Maiden Flight man Brothers and Smith, Barney & Co. Total cost of the seven Convair 880 by competing carriers throughout the United Air Lines Boeing 720, first of the new range jet transports to fly in airline markings, makes its maiden flight from the will manage the underwriting. Here is turbojets amounts to S35, 133,000. De- year in major markets served by Capital. medium manufacturer’s Renton, Wash., plant. United has ordered 18 of the 720s, which carry from 90 to passengers (AW Jan. how the new financing will be handled: livery of the first aircraft will begin in The airline also attributes the decline 150 4, p. 33); American Airlines has ordered and Irish International Airlines three. Powcrplants are Pratt Whitney turbojets although • Current five-vear-secured 5J%-6J October. First two Lockheed Electras in operating profit to the effects the steel 25, & JT3C-7 the 720 B-modcl will be powered by turbofan engines. United wall take first deliveries in April. installment equipment purchases notes will be delivered in May and the bal- strike had on eastern markets and to a JT3D of 535,165,000 will be refunded in ance of the order of five will be deliv- rising cost level which, the airline said, their entirety. The notes, originally ered in June. Total cost of the Elec- cannot be absorbed effectively because holding costs within the limits of the amounting to approximately S67 mil- tras is SI 6 million. of the lack of scat capacity expansion South Pacific Honolulu-Tahiti Run low revenue potential wiiich the lack of lion payable in sterling, were issued in The airline contemplates complete during the year. tourist facilities on the island creates. connection with the purchase of 60 retirement of its Lockheed 049s bv Meanwhile, in a move to offset sum- He added:

Scheduled for April With “. . Vickers turboprop Viscounts. April, 1961. and DC- 3s by July. 1961. mer slumps in traffic. Capital last week 1049 . we have to gear our costs within • Refunding of the balance of the orig- The entire re-equipment program filed a tariff with the Civil Aeronautics the area of 75 hr. a month (aircraft) extension inal note will be handled through the calls for SS6.4 million for the purchase Board calling for a 25% reduction on Washington—South Pacific Air Lines of that certificate from Tahiti utilization and approximately 575,000 week issuance of three new series. Thesc of the new equipment and the refinanc- first-class fares and an 18% cut in coach last announced plans to begin to Fiji via Somoa, from Honolulu to per month in revenues in such a man- include SI 2 million 6% secured notes ing of the existing debt on the Vickers fares on round trip tickets from some flights between Honolulu and Tahiti San Francisco and Los Angeles for ner as to keep our out-of-pocket losses to be issued to banks. Approximately Viscounts. Meanwhile, the airline has 43 cities to New York between July 7 Apr. 2 but will hold initial service to flights which will sene Tahiti. It also within reasonable limits.” once-a-vveek schedules because of lim- wants traffic in- S9,663,000 of the cash proceeds of leased seven DC-6Bs from Pan Amcri- and Sept. 1 nonstop authorization between Sternberg emphasized that these notes will be applied to the re- ited hotel space and tourist facilities on Tahiti and Los Angeles/San Francisco. creases to Tahiti hinge entirely upon funding of the original note to bring the island. Sternberg said initial flights will be the future pace of hotel development its balance down to 525. 5 million. This Proxmire Opposes Durfee Posl Testifying before the Civil Aero- made to Bora Bora, 160 mi. from Ta- on the island. He admitted that hotel will be covered in part by the issuance nautics Board in the Trans-Pacific Serv- hiti, where passengers will connect with accommodations are inadequate in num- of prior secured promissory notes is- Wasliington — Civil Aeronautics Tompkins split the cost, estimated at ice Case, Walter Sternberg, former Na- Inter-Island Service (R. A. I.) which op- ber and "to some extent in quality to sued to British manufacturers in the Board Chairman James R. Durfcc was S85 a person. Proxmirc charged that tional Airlines vice president, said the erates Consolidated Catalina PBY flving handle a volume of tourist traffic.” He amount of S17 million which will bear charged last week with violating the Durfee’s attendance was a “direct and flights will be operated with a Lockheed boats between Bora Bora and Tahiti. added that hotel rooms and other tour- an annual interest rate of 4% with a Board’s code of ethics in accepting en- flagrant violation” of CAB's ban on 1049 Constellation but added that the Tahiti airport cannot now accommodate ist facilities may not be entirely ade- provision calling for a 2% increase tertainment from airlines bv Sen. Wil- ’ unusual hospitality” from persons with carrier had placed an option with Con- transport-type aircraft but the first quate for the full year of 1962 but when net income exceeds SI million an- liam Proxmirc (D.-Wis.), in an effort business pending before the Board. vair for the purchase or a 600 turbojet 7.500 ft. of a new runway being con- hoped that the introduction of South nually. Balance will be covered by the to block Durfee's confirmation as an • Tliree-dav inaugural flight by Eastern transport for delivery in 1962. Stern- structed on the hard coral base of the Pacific and TAI sendee this year will third series of notes: 5% junior secured associate judge of the U. S. Court of Air Lines over its New York-Mexico berg was recently elected a director of island's shore is expected to be com- accelerate construction now committed promissory notes in the amount of S8.5 Claims. City route in September, 1957. At the the company, named a member of the pleted this fall to permit direct service and encourage new projects. petition million. In testimony before the Senate Ju- time. Pan American had a executive committee and granted an to Tahiti (AW Nov. 9, p. 50). • Scries A Equipment Trust Certificates diciary Committee considering Durfee's pending before the Board for reconsider- option to buy 10% of the airline’s out- South Pacific originally planned to ”1 totaling 525 million to be issued to in- nomination, Proxmirc listed these three ation of allocation of the route to East- standing stock which, he said, expect conduct operations on the Honolulu- American’s Earnings surance companies will be secured by a incidents which, he said, "constitute a ern. Proxmirc estimated the cost of the to exercise.” Tahiti route with a Lockheed Elcctra Rise to New High chattel mortgage on the company’s serious demerit in the fitness” of Durfcc excursion at S2.000 per person. In its case. South Pacific is seeking a turboprop transport but, according to Honolulu-Tahiti existing fleet. for a judgeship: • Four-day trip to Rome inaugurating renewal of its present Sternberg, the company leased the American Airlines earned 5378 mil- not previ- • Scries B Equipment Trust Certificates • Four-day golfing party in October. Trans World Airlines’ New York-Romc route certificate, which it has Lockheed 1049 so that it could begin lion in revenues for 1959, a 19% in- and is asking for an arc to be issued to banks in the amount 1956, at the Pinehurst, N. C-. home of service. TWA estimated the cost of ously implemented, schedules this spring. He admitted that crease over the previous year and the company's history. of S7 million and will be secured in the L. C. Burwcll, Jr., vice president of transportation and hotel accommoda- announced plans by the French airline, highest total in the manner as the Scries A Certifi- the I’lying Tiger Line at the time and tions for Durfcc and his wife at 51,876. TAI, to introduce Douglas DC-8 turbo- According to preliminary year-end same Mil-4 to Havana cates. now board chairman of Overseas Na- Joseph P. Adams, former Democratic jet service on the Tahiti-Los Angeles figures, American’s revenue passenger Moscow—Cuban government has pur- • Manufacturers Subordinated Notes tional Airways. In addition to Durfec. member of CAB, gave strong support to route prompted South Pacific to drop mile total was 5.738 billion last year, a chased “several” Mil-4 single-rotor heli- however, stating that his in- increase. Air freight ton miles (U. S.) will be issued in the amount Burwcll said guests included Maj. Gen. Durfcc the Electra program and to replace it 15% copters from the Soviet Union, according of million to General Dynamics Albert T. Wilson, at the time director tegrity "is of the highest.” He charged with the Convair 600. were up 10% and mail carriage in- 510.5 Mil-4 did not give to Tass news agency reports. A Corp. and in the amount of S4.7 mil- of operations for the Military Air Trans- that Proxmire's testimony In his testimony, Sternberg said the creased 11%. scheduled to arrive in Havana consideration of the context also is fare lion to Lockheed Aircraft Corp. Manu- port Service; Juan Trippe. president of “realistic airline will face no problems in gener- Public response to jet equipment, near future to "serve visitors airline within the Subordinated are to be Pan American Airways: Robert Pres- in which he was entertained" by ating traffic, which will be accomplished increases in 1958 and 1959, and the facturers Notes Exhibition expect and personnel" at the USSR’s secured by a second lien on the equity cott, president of Flying Tigers: George officials. Foreign governments through tour package arrangements de- general U. S. economic upturn were of Scientific, Technical and Cultural of the company in seven Convair 880s Tompkins, president of Overseas Na- high U.S. officials to be present at veloped by U. S. travel agents. He cited as major factors in the record rev- Achievements which will open early this time ceremonial inaugural occasions, Adams Hogan, executive and five Lockheed Electras subject to tional; Harmar Denny, at the a said, however, that the company will enue year by W. J. month. both the prior right of the trustee un- member of CAB. Burwcll said he and declared. be faced with the major problem of vice president.

AVIATION WEEK, Februory 1, 1960 31 30 AVIATION WEEK, Februory 1, 1960 possibly Conx'air. money on its long haul serx’ices and pletely overcome by improvements and ing, he said, or 707- break’ into the black. This depends on FAA recently commended the airline Northeast now picks up a TWA on its program. 320 every morning for a 9:30 departure Keys Future Success to Jets the jets. Fry said. Northeast The airplane Fry estimates a 10-12% traffic in- The TWA jets are flown by North- to Miami from Idlewild. Northeast. Among east crews, four of which have been is terminated by TWA the previous By Glenn Garrison joined Northeast in early 1959. David DC-3s which handle many of its New crease in 1960 for important trained in the jet operation. TWA night after a transatlantic schedule and A. Stretch, president of Northeast’s England segments. Fleet before the the sales stimuli he considers credit plan which handled the training at its Kansas City delivered to the flight line at 7:30 a.m. Boston, Mass.—Northeast Airlines be- chief stockholder, the Atlas Corp., be- route expansion comprised 12 DC-3s is the Diners’ Club is airline sfarted and the Hil- Turn-around maintenance at Miami lieves it can survive the heavy competi- came chairman of the airline’s board last and six Convair 240s. the Jan. 1, Northeast is ton Carte Blanche, for which a tariff Operations now is running a cost performed bv TWA, and tion in markets it entered three years February. Austin said Stretch "plays a Load factors for 1959, on the basis of scheduled oft from Miami at p.m. lias been filed for Feb. inauguration. study, Grace said, to determine whether 2 ago and turn a money-losing operation very influential part in the affairs of 11 months’ actual figures plus an esti- 4 the technical side of Northeast’s Northeast will farm out training for The jet arrives at Idlewild at 4:25 p.m. into a profitable one. Northeast.” mate for December, were 57.2% for On takes it for a p.m. Paris affairs, functions have been reorganized its oxxm jets or conduct the program and TWA 7:30 Transition from a relatively small • Performance. Schedule dependability the DC-3s and 55.3% for the Vis- to make a tighter operation. A major itself. TWA could handle the jet train- departure. New England carrier to a participant in has been increased and operating per- counts. Hoxx'cxcr, the Viscount figure change was centralization of aircraft the big-league fight for Florida, Wash- formance now is good, Austin said. Op- includes eight months of Viscount op- routing, dispatch, maintenance sched- ington, and Philadelphia traffic has not erating factor in 1959 was 90.27%, up eration to Florida, a service which has to uling control, crew control and com- Pilots Seek Injunction Block been easy, but the airline feels it has 1.29% from the previous year. This in- been discontinued and xx'hich resulted in munications under a single manager at demonstrated its competitive capability cludes the short-haul points in the New relatively low load factors for that equip- Idlewild Airport, New York. Another over these routes, particularly the high England route pattern, where the oper- ment. On the high frequency routes, FAA-Iniposed Retirement Ruling move inx’olxed grouping administrative density northeastern segments. ating factor has been about 70% over Viscount load factor xx’as better than responsibility at stations under station Washington—Air Line Pilots Assn, District Court in Miami, Fla., "in sor- Traffic has grown apace—Northeast the years. 60%. managers, instead of splitting the re- asked a Federal District Court last week row rather than in anger” since the claims its recent increases are propor- • Prospects for consolidation of some The DC-6Bs operating first class into sponsibility as had been previously to block Federal Aviation Agency's new issues between pilots and management tionately the biggest in trunk airline of the New England services. The air- New England produced a load factor done, with, for example, gate agents regulation requiring airline pilots to re- had no bearing on training to fly or fly- history. Last year, the carrier's revenue line would like to combine certain short- of about 50%. Florida night coach reporting to the traffic department and tire at the age of 60 from going into ing the DC-8, but concerned further passengers totaled 1,237,282, a rise of haul points, serving several at a time DC-6Bs axcraged about 53% and Flor- maintenance workers to the maintc- effect on Mar. 1 5 as scheduled. discussion with the ALPA chapter over 29.4%. Revenue passenger miles were from airports that can handle four-en- ida day coach DC-6Bs about 45%. Earlier, Eastern Air Lines was forced flight engineer training for pilots men- up 24.1% to 18,379,039. Increases of gine equipment. Austin said North- Load factor with the leased jets has In his technical services division, to obtain a temporary restraining order tioned a year ago in a letter of agree- the same magnitude were experienced in east is “gaining a sympathetic under- bettered 90% in both directions since Schroeder has instituted a log book against its pilots, who refused to take ment betxveen the union and the com- 1958 over the 1957 totals. Passenger standing” among the New England Jan. 1, the airline said. monitoring system so that corrections flight training on the DC-8. Eastern pany. load factor last vear was 50.4%, up from communities and believes the traffic Market Penetration to individual components on individual said the refusal threatened to delay the He said the court is scheduled to 47.3% in 1958'. would be responsive to better services aircraft can be centrally followed and airline’s inauguration of jet service last rule this week on whether the order But Northeast’s net loss in 1958 after that could be provided bv such con- Making Northeast known in new reviewed. xveek. The airline also emphasized that should continue in effect pending a depreciation was S3.669.637 and indica- solidations. cities the size of Philadelphia and A “top-ten board” has been installed pilot objections to training are con- settlement of the training question. tions are the 1959 loss will be consider- • Jets. Northeast now operates a daily Washington has been difficult, accord- to keep constant xx'atch on the most cerned solelv with the amount of flight MacIntyre noted that Eastern was able. For the first three quarters of Boeing 707-320 round trip between ing to Nelson B. Fry, xicc president- troublesome items and concentrate on engineer training pilots may receive first informed on Dec. 16 of the union 1959, Northeast’s net loss before taxes New Y»rk and Florida with leased sales. But first Viscount services in correcting them. under an existing agreement, and said position that DC-8 training would not was S3.321.141. The final quarter of Trans World Airlines equipment (AW 1958 provided the initial "break- With schedule dependability a prime they have no bearing on actual pilot be taken by ALPA members unless a 1958 was unusually favorable to North- Jan. 18, p. 36). “I'm pretty proud of through” and the airline has successfully goal, fleet utilization was reduced some- training on the DC-8. flight engineer training program for east because strikebound Eastern Air the fact that wc were fix ing jets in the penetrated the markets, Fry said. He what in favor of reliability. Viscount ALPA’s court action against the re- pilots was instituted. Futhcr negotia- Lines was out of the Florida competi- Florida market before Eastern,” Austin said Northeast is dominant in the Bos- delays for mechanical reasons were tirement rule caps a long fight against tions were held, he said, and Eastern tion for most of December. remarked. A key to Northeast's future ton-Washington market now and has 4.1% of scheduled departures last over the issue and follows a union made further offers toward expanding will be acquisition of its own turbojet gained substantially in other markets, FAA Developments April; as frequencies increased, the fig- threat to fight the nciv regulation in the original agreement, but had no al- Favorable equipment. The airline noxv is working including Montreal. Schedule increases ure was at a high of 6.5% last June, the courts and in Congress (AW Dec. ternatix'e other than to go ahead with Northeast President James Austin out a satisfactory arrangement to finance are planned over most high density seg- but dropped to 3.2% last October and 14, p. 41). its planned jet training since it had al- told Aviation Week that "all the in- a jet purchase, Austin said, and “I might ments this vear. has stabilized around that point. Delays FAA has until Feb. 2 to answer ready publicly set Jan. 24 as the date gredients” are now present in the car- say it hasn’t been easy.” Almost certain Fry is sold on the Viscount as the for the inauguration of service, density, high fre- here mean any period of time beyond ALPA’s motion for an injunction on the DC-8 rier's operation to offer a good competi- choice is the Convair 880. with the best airplane for high the on-the-dot schedule. retirement age issue and was given 60 based upon previous training schedules. tive chance in the new markets. Among expectation of operation in the 1960-61 quency commuter-type business and be- lieves it xx’ill be good for an indefinite days to answer the union’s specific com- the favorable developments cited by Departures Increase plaints. • New facilities. To meet its expansion time for this purpose. Personally, he BOAC-Ghana Airways Northeast’s fleetwide departures per Repeating its former objections that • Identification in new markets, partly needs. Northeast has opened new ticket said, he would like to have more Vis- month have increased from 5,250 last FAA lacks the authority to formulate the cumulative effect of advertising. offices and terminal facilities and is counts, but “jets come first.” Pact Being Revised January to 7,700 last August. enforce the age limitation regulation, Northeast bought Vickers Viscount constructing a $2.5 million hangar and Florida, the Northeast official said, is or London—British Overseas Airways Northeast is looking Engine ox erhaul periods of the Rolls- ALPA asked that the U. S. District equipment m 195S and put the first office building at Boston. a jet market and Royce Dart Viscount engines stood at Court, Southern District of New York: Corp. spokesman described as "prema- units of a 10-plane Viscount fleet into forward to getting into it as soon and ture” reports from Ghana that the No Merger as its own jet 1,700 hr. last April. At year’s end, the • Forbid FAA from making the regu- the high density routes in the fall of as strongly possible with accomplished, time was 2,100 hr. and 2,300 hr. is lation effective Mar. 15, or any other Ghana goxernment is to take over that year. With high-frequency turbo- The airline is not considering a mer- equipment. If this is from expected to be reached shortly. Time date. BOAC’s 40% shareholding in Ghana prop service as a selling point, Northeast ger, Austin said, but is concentrating on some DC-6Bs will be withdrawn over-all capacity between overhauls of the piston engines • Forbid FAA from compelling or re- has stcadilv increased its penetration of a sound operation that can become prof- the Florida runs but also has been increased. quiring any airline to dismiss any pilot But he confirmed that negotiations the markets. According to Austin, itable. Further subsidy is not wanted, will be increased by the jets. The Technical services’ plans include the on the basis of age. were under way to revise the current Northeast now handles more than half he said. Northeast went off subsidy DC-6Bs, to the extent economically England setting up of a subsonic-supersonic ve- • Forbid FAV from encouraging or ad- agreement. the Boston-Washington traffic; has in- when it entered the new markets, but feasible, would go into New statement widely reported in Lon- rest hicle department in the near future. vising carriers to discharge any pilot on A creased its share of the New York-Wash- asked for and received about S4 million service to replace DC-3s and the Northeast’s crew training program the basis of age. don quotes K. Edusei, Ghana minister ington business from 2% to 10%: and in subsidy for a period of 1958 to cover would be sold. has been expanded, according to Grace. • Rule the regulation is null and void of transport and communications, as has grown in the New York-Boston mar- losses on the unprofitable New England Losses on the short-haul New Eng- that over consolida- Improx’ements include a new home on grounds that FAA is both “exceed- saying taking BOAC’s 40% ket from about an 8% share to 35% routes. The airline is not now receiving land runs can be reduced by routes study course for pilots and an increase ing and abusing” its authority by forc- shareholding is being discussed as the of the business, with 19 round trips a subsidy rates. tions, Fry beliexes, but these in the ground school staff, soon to in- ing pilots to retire without their legal first stage in reorganization and expan- Northeast uses its Viscounts for the probably never will be profitable. How- clude the services of a consultant from rights to an individual hearing on li- sion of the Ghana national airline. • New management team. Among the high density segments, in first class ever, expansion is expected and the Harvard. Grace said Federal Aviation cense qualifications. He said the Ghana government new officials now running the airline configuration, and serves Florida with routes can be very' close to self-support- Agency dissatisfaction with Northeast’s Malcolm A. MacIntyre, Eastern would become a full shareholder, but are Thomas L. Grace, vice president- Douglas DC-6Bs in two-abreast coach ing. pilot qualification procedures (AW president, said the company obtained services of BOAC would be retained on operations, and Edmund O. Schrocder. layouts. In addition to the 10 Viscounts With losses cut on the short haul Oct. 27, 1958, p. 38) have been com- its restraining order from the Federal a management agreement basis. sice president-technical services. Both aiid 10 DC-6Bs, the airline owns 11 runs, the airline could start making

AVIATION <, February I, 1960 AVIATION WEEK, I, 1960 AIRLINE OBSERVER SHORTLINES

International Air Transport Assn., in a move to avoid an open-rate fare Allegheny Airlines will increase non- situation on several routes, formally announced its decision last week to hold stop flights between Philadelphia and a special meeting of its traffic conference. The decision, first reported by Pittsburgh this week from 7 to 11 daily. Aviation Week (AW Jan. 11, p. 40), calls for a Paris meeting of Feb. Converted Convair 540 turboprop trans- 23. IATA Director General Sir William llildred, in a letter to member air- ports will be used on 10 of the schcd- lines, said the meeting was called because “views expressed to me by many members” now warranted the special “composite” meeting of the conference. Breakdown in negotiations at Honolulu (AW Oct. 19, p. 38) left a large Austrian Airlines has signed a contract portion of the global fare structure unsettled, thus threatening an open-rate for six Vickers Viscount 837 airliners situation after Apr. 1 when current fare standards expire. Mildred has —making a total of 41 5 Viscounts sold. asked that such fares be revalidated for 30 to 60 days to allow sufficient time Four Viscounts are to be delivered bv to resolve the fare crisis. Apr. 1.

Federal Aviation Agency has proposed a ruling that would require all British Ministry of Aviation reports flag carriers to aircraft foreign operating on U. S. routes equip turbojet with a 19% increase in United Kingdom air- operating radar transponders. Turbojet aircraft operated by U.S. airlines line traffic in 1959 over the preceding are now equipped with such transponders. year. Ministry estimates show that load short ton miles performed on sched- Civil Aeronautics Board has approved the lease of 140 Pratt & Whitney uled and all-inclusive tour services to- JT3C-7 turbojet engines by American Airlines from Arnicas, a wholly-owned taled 404 million as compared with 341 subsidiary of United Aircraft Corp., for use on 25 Boeing 720-023 medium- million in 1958. Capacity short ton range transports on order by the carrier. In the event American should choose miles operated in 1959 rose by 14%, to substitute the Boeing 720B for the 720-023s, it reserves the right to sub- from 578 million in 1958 to 658 mil- stitute JT3D-1 turbofan engines for the turbojets. Established value of lion. Over-all load factor on British air- each turbojet has been set at SI 56,237. Turbofan value has been established lines in 1959 was 61.5%, up from the at $196,827. As rental, American will par- the established value in 28 1958 load factor of 59%. quarterly installments at an interest rate of 45% on the unpaid balance. When established value has been paid, quarterly rent will amount to 1.25% British Overseas Airways Corp. is ex- of that value. The airline also holds an option to buy the engines. panding its cargo sales department in

the U. S. in an effort to fill the expected Braniff Airways' Pratt & Whitney JT4 turbojet engines fitted to its Boeing increase in cargo capacity with the de- 707-227 transports are expected to undergo modifications at about their livery of the carrier’s fleet of Boeing 707 third overhaul to increase the thrust rating from 15,800 lb. to 17,800 lb. turbojet transports. Southwest Airmotivc Corp., which will handle JT4 overhauls for Braniff, will install a JT4 overhaul calibration engine furnished by Pratt & Whit- Frederick B. Ayer & Associates has ney Aircraft Division of United Aircraft Corp. in its test cell facility next leased a Douglas DC-6 airliner in an week. Run will furnish required performance curve data for checking against SO-passenger air coach configuration to future JT4 overhaul test cell runs. First JT4 to be completely overhauled at Mackey Airlines. Mackey also has an Southwest Ainnotivc’s shops in Dallas probably will go into the cell in April. option to lease two more DC-6s in the event Civil Aeronautics Board grants the Lake Central Airlines has signed a contract with the Allison Division of airline additional routes to Orlando, General Motors Coq>. for the purchase of five Convair 340 transports, Fla., and Atlanta, Ga. Mackey now powered by Allison 501-D13 turboprop engines at a cost of §5.5 million. serves South Florida, Nassau, Havana. Delivery of the first of the fleet is scheduled for late summer. Option to AMERICAN AIRLINES OFFERS purchase an additional 10 of the converted aircraft was granted the carrier Lufthansa German Airlines plans to by Allison. Planes will operate with a 52-seat configuration. inaugurate its Boeing 707-430 service in March with daily flights from New Red China’s civil airline network is scheduled to be expanded next month York to Frankfurt. In May, the Ger- to link Chcgntu in southwestern Szechwan province with Lanchow in Kansu man airline will offer twice-a-week 707 MOST JET FLIGHTS BETWEEN province. Lanchow, a major communications center in western Chinese flights from Chicago and San Fran- industrial development, is terminus of the Trans-Singkiang Railroad serving cisco to Frankfurt, with the latter flying oilfields in western deserts and Soviet central Asia. The city also is a starting the polar route. point for truck routes supplying Chinese armies in Tibet. NEW YORK Military Air Transport Service is AND CALIFORNIA! British Overseas Airways Corp. has undertaken a major promotional cam- scheduled to open bids from U.S. paign—largely focused on travel to the U. S.—designed to extend the use of civilian air carriers today for long-term More jets to California than any other airline! nonstop flights to Dallas-Ft. a ticket installment plan. Plan calls for a 10% down payment on tickets, Worth. contracts for overseas transportation of Airlines’ about §47, with monthly payments covering periods of up to 24 months. American Jet Flagships fly to California Every 707 Jet Flagship offers the approximately 15,000 Department of choice of de luxe seven times daily from York. To Los passengers of New Angeles, Mercury or economical Royal Coachman service. Netherlands last week reopened negotiations with the U.S. on revisions of Defense and 3,000 tons four convenient departures fit every schedule. To American’s 707 Jets have the bilateral air transport agreement between the two countries after a recess military cargo beginning in March and carried more than one-half San Francisco, of two weeks. KLM, Royal Dutch Airlines, seeks operating rights into Los continuing through June. The military three flights leave New York daily. million passengers, and logged more than one billion Angeles for a planned West Coast-polar service operated with DC-8 turbo- carrier also reports that 31 civilian air- And to round out American’s 707 Jet Flagship passenger miles. American Airlines’ 707 Jet Flag- jets. Prospects lines received contracts totaling more for the Dutch winning the new route are dim since State service, you are now offered a choice of two daily ships, first choice of America’s experienced travelers. Department officials feel the U. S. was “overly generous” in 1957 when land- than $74 million for movement of U. S. ing rights were granted at New York, Miami and Houston in return for U. S. armed forces personnel and cargo be- authority to serve Amsterdam. tween Julv 1, 1959, and September, 1960. AMERICAN AIRLINES America’s Leading Airline

AVIATION WEEK, Feba 1, 1960 35 DRAMATIC ANSWER TO THE AIR CARGO DILEMMA

Many air carriers, striving to answer perplexing questions can be introduced into existing fleets as early as January 1961.

presented by a growing air cargo industry, are facing a basic The Canadair Forty Four can operate in and out of all airports decision: should they convert outmoded piston engine presently used by four-engined piston- powered aircraft. For

passenger equipment and put it on to air cargo routes? example, at such an important airport as Midway, in Chicago,

Should they order proposed cargo jets with 100,000 lb. pay- with only 6400' runways, the Forty Four can take off with 90%

loads? Should they wait for further turbo-fan evaluation of its maximum payload and fly non-stop to San Francisco. cargo plane commitments? before making their air Sophisticated design features, including swing tail and integral

Canadair's Forty Four, offers a simple, practical answer to these cargo handling equipment, slash direct and indirect costs.

vital questions. It is an optimum-size, all-new, all-cargo Step-by-step savings and economies inherent in the Canadair

turbo-prop airplane that, in terms of productivity, is vastly Forty Four, combined with its very attractive price, let

superior to converted piston engine equipment, and one precious capital dollars work for better return quicker than that offers, in comparison with the big jets, a payload other "proposed” equipment. capacity that is not unrealistically high for profitable opera- Thus General Dynamics Corporation's Canadian subsidiary, tions during the 1960's. Furthermore, the Forty Four suffers Canadair, the specialist in air cargo, proposes the Forty Four little or no operating penalties due to runway limitations, as the answer to air cargo's biggest dilemma. and there will be no community noise problems. Principal Features of the Canadair Forty Four

The Canadair Forty Four has a productivity two to three times ! 1. Low prime cost— less than A the price of proposed jets. that of converted piston aircraft, at the same cost per airplane 2. Low operating costs— estimated at $1.30 per aircraft mile, mile, and has a profit potential that will quickly recover any and less than 4c per ton mile. losses on disposal of piston engine aircraft now being used or 3. Right size for the 1960's — its present payload capacity is for cargo the Forty contemplated usage. On the other hand, ideally matched to forecasted requirements. Four with a payload capacity of 65,000 lbs. and low break- 4. No community noise problems—confirmed during present even point is ideally matched to the natural expansion of the flight testing. cargo market and will begin immediately to operate at 5. No airport or runway limitations— every major airport profitable load factors. open to the Canadair Forty Four.

The Canadair Forty Four is flying now and is in production for 6. Growth potential—able to grow with the market. the three largest all-cargo carriers in the United States, and 7. Available for delivery in January 1961. CANADAIR FORTY FOUR CANADAIR LIMITED, l.-ONTREAL. CANADIAN SUBSIDIARY OF GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION

36 AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING ance of such aircraft may not exactly equal that of conventional designs, the development and operational experience they would provide is considered essen- tial in the design of second generation VTOL vehicles using the new engines.

Current Effort

Current Air Force effort on the new TAC fighter apparently points toward a U. S. high-performance VTOL air- craft in the mid 1960s using present engine technology, but there is no pro- gram to provide better jet engines for this commission. Turbojet research work of the National Advisory Com- mittee for Aeronautics was sharply cur- tailed after that agency was absorbed into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA officials believe that the technology is available to en- sure the development of dependable turbojets with thrust-to-weight ratios above 10 to 1 so that the problem is be- ONE TYPE of VTOL tactical aircraft now under consideration is shown above in an artist's conception. Three lifting fans of the type nt and is in the province under development by General Electric would be used during takcolf and landing. Wing could be sized for cruise. yond their area of development people in the sendees and in industry. Civilian and military- engineers do not agree unanimously USAF Plans Operational Mach 2 VTOL with this view and many believe that dependable engines in this performance

years includes a total of about SI 00 first because of a lack of funds, and the range are years away, with fundamental By J. S. Butz, Jr. research as well as development effort million for the VTOL fighter. This Air Force withdrew its support a few still required. Washington—Development plan for funding level will require a new order months later after the project had been There is more engineering agreement an operational supersonic VTOL fighter of administrative and engineering active for about one year. about how supersonic VTOL aircraft probably will be completed and put into efficiency and luck, if a thoroughly- Powerplant choice, the most critical should be built. Current Mach 2 fight- effect by Air Force for the Tactical Air tested, operational prototype is to be item in any VTOL design, apparently for will Pratt Whitney ers have static thrust available at take- Command before July 1, with industry ready production before 1967. be between the & off which is almost equal to their gross proposals due for submission within If the Air f orce succeeds in com- JT12 and the General Electric J85 for weight so that, with little additional de- the next few weeks. pleting the VTOL fighter development the new TAC fighter. These recently- sign effort, they could take off vertically. Primary impetus behind this con- plan before July 1 and in committing designed engines in the 2,000-5,000 lb. Most authorities seem to favor a hori- crete program after several years of the available Fiscal 1960 funds, it will be thrust class have the highest thrust-to- weight ratio of turbojets studv, discussion and false starts in the a major management accomplishment, any U. S. BELL D-188A Mach 2 VTOL fighter for the average aircraft development scheduled to become available in the VTOL/STOL field is a block of De- Electric J85 engines were specified for fense Department funds offered to the plan in the past has required two to near future. There is a fundamental Air Force for use in Fiscal 1960 and three years to formulate after a require- technical disagreement -among military earmarked solely for the development ment was issued. The System Develop- and industry engineers as to whether of an operational VTOL weapon sys- ment Requirement for the VTOL useful operational VTOL aircraft can tem. Necessity" of obligating the funds fighter was completed last October. be built using these engines. One for an operational system before the group contends that an engine thrust-to- Past Experience end of the fiscal year or losing it rules weight ratio of 10 to 1 or better is out further attempts to reach an "op- It is felt, however, that the develop- needed if VTOL vehicles are to be timum” configuration through additi- ment plan can be completed in another successful. The JT12 and J85 have onal research. three to four months because of the thrust-to-weight ratios of around seven Air Force and industry officials believe great amount of VIOL experience gath- to one, and modern turbojets of higher that this tangible recognition of Tacti- ered in the past by the three military thrust are well below this figure. The calling for higher thrust-to-weight cal Air Command requirements offered services, government research agencies group bv the new VTOL fighter program may and universities. One of the major efforts ratios, which has adherents in virtually niean that one of the primary needs of pertinent to the development of a all of the military services and aircraft the Air Force during the next decade supersonic VTOL tactical aircraft has companies, believes that the bulk of development will be met. This Air Force need, the been done by Bell Aircraft Corp. on the the VTOL research and improved ability to disperse its manned aircraft D-18SA Mach 2-plus VTOL fighter. money should go toward en- and reduce their vulnerability by This project was dropped last year after eliminating the requirement for large more than 500,000 engineering man- A second group, which has as wide a prepared airfields has had a relatively hours and about §10 million of military representation as the first, agrees that developed, but low budget priority in recent years. money had been expended to carry it new engines should be While the present VTOL fighter through the mockup stage. Initial that these could not be ready for six or believe that a super- funding support is a step toward mov- project support came from the Navy in seven years. They fighter with ing away from this situation, it is still June, 1958, and the Air Force entered sonic vertical rising good low by current weapon system standards. on a 50-50 basis approximately six payload and range can be built with AVIATION WEEK Tentative budgeting over the next six months later. The Navy dropped out current engines. While the perform- ©

AVIATION WEEK, 1, 1960 zontal fuselage attitude, with the jet engines rotated so their exhaust flow is directed toward the ground or with vanes in the exhaust to turn it 90 deg. downward. ROLLS-ROYCE BY-PASS JETS The main points of contention sur- rounding Mach 2 VTOL fighters ap- parently concern size just as they do with conventional fighters in this speed are now flying in Boeing 707-420 category’. The big aircraft carrying large quantities of avionic equipment to pro- vide an all-weather attack capability nec- and Douglas DC-8 jet airliners essarily sacrifices some performance to the small aircraft if the powcrplants are equal. The desire of most air forces to have all-weather reconnaissance and The by-pass principle proved by the strike capability built into a single air- craft will further favor the large fighter. Conway is now generally accepted as the correct formnla For its first VTOL fighter the U.S. for all high speed subsonic jet transports. Air Force apparently wants a large air- craft of between 30,000 and 50,000 lb. gross weight with room for sophisti-

cated all-weather systems if the funding becomes available. The Royal Air Force

is developing a smaller transonic VTOL. the Hawker P.1127, which is due to fly within the next few months. Conway by-pass jets for civil use will enter German Work X-14, built for USAF by Bell Aircraft Corp., has made transitional cycle, rising vertically, accelerating into forward flight and landing vertically (AW June 23. 1958. 27). service in 1960 at 17,500 lb. guaranteed p. Planners of the West German Luft- minimum thrust. The Civil Conway is being waffe believe that a heavy Mach 2-plus VTOL fighter approaching 50,000 lb. NASA and Bell Aircraft indicate that and cruise thrust requirements for developed to powers over 20,000 lb. thrust is an absolute necessity if it is to play supersonic jet transports weighing 300,- VTOL vehicles, including afterburning with improved fuel consumption and will a useful part in any future war. The COO lb. or more using some Tift engines and rocket assisted takeoff, are also Luftwaffe expects that all of its pre- and some lift-thrust engines will be under study by engine manufacturers. power the Vickers VC. 10. pared airfields will be destroyed during competitive with those landing in the One idea that has reached the proto- the opening phase of any war because conventional manner. type stage and has been run experi- of their close proximity to the enemy. Large weight savings on any VTOL mentally is a '‘lift-fan" arrangement

It must, therefore, disperse its striking aircraft are realized by sizing the w-ing under development for Army by Gen- and defensive force. for cruise conditions rather than landing eral Electric’s Flight Propulsion Di- This force, the Luftwaffe believes, and through the reduced loads on the vision. This device consists of a must have relatively long range, an all- Ending gear. On large aircraft, the conventional jet engine that powers weight saved will approximately equal the aircraft during cruise. During The RB. 141 family of by-pass jets (10,000 lb. weather capability and a mission turn- around time of more than two hours the weight of the lifting engines. Use takeoff and landing, a valve in the lb. to to 17,500 thrust) have been designed to be effective. Messerschmitt and of engines for lift only also may prove jet exhaust diverts the flow through a advantageous on VIOL fighters if their scroll surrounding a large diameter pro- give the best possible operating economics Heinkel are collaborating on this de- sign. The Germans are believed to be gross weight goes much above 30,000 peller. The propeller is driven by the for jet transport aircraft. The RB.141 of considering development of an original lb. or if their wave drag at supersonic jet exhaust gases in the scroll through engine design to give the aircraft the speeds is exceptionally low. turbine blades attached to the tips of 14,300 lb. thrust will power later versions of performance they want. Cooperative Design of specialized turbojet lifting the propeller blades. This “lift-fan” the Sud-Aviation Caravelle and the RB.163 work with Rolls-Royce also is in prog- engines is receiving close attention by and scroll are thin enough to be sub- ress looking toward the possible use of most of the w'orld’s engine manufac- merged into a wing, and preliminary of 10,100 lb. thrust has been chosen to variations of the RB-145 or RB-153 turers. These powcrplants are generally design work has been done on transport power the Airco DH.121. believed to be the first that will have aircraft with four such fans in the wings. The supersonic cruising VTOL a thrust-to-w'eight ratio approaching Afterburner Objections transport is a somewhat different prob- 15 to 1. lem than the fighter. The thrust re- Principal basis for believing that the There arc two main objections to quired at cruise for this very large air- thrust-to-u'cight ratio of lifting engines afterburning either in the fan section craft is much lower than its total weight can be much better than Tift-thrust or the main engine exhaust, although so that it needs more power at takeoff engines rests on two points: this device provides a significant in- than it does during any other flight • Lifting engines will have only one crease in the thrust-to-weight ratio of condition. Several answers have been design consideration—providing high an engine: The high temperature of ROLLS-ROYCE BY-PASS JETS advanced for this problem of engine lift at static conditions. No compromise the exhaust flow’ will damage takeoff sizing, but the one that seems to have in air flow capacity, component design, puls made of concrete, and it is diffi- found the most agreement in Europe etc., will be necessary to give good cult to use any thrust-diverting mech- and the U. S. would have a number of performance at cruise speeds. anism in such a flow’. engines that w'ould be operated only • Low operating time required of lift- Air Force apparently has ruled out during takeoff and landing to provide ing engines means they can be of much use of zero length takeoff of the VTOL ROLLS-ROYCE OF CANADA LIMITED, BOX 1400, ST. LAURENT, MONTREAL 9, P. Q. lift while others w’ould provide VTOL lighter construction than lift-tlmist fighter using rocket assist. This pro- lift and thrust during cruise. At first powerplants which must run the entire cedure would reduce the engine power LIMITED, ROLLS-ROYCE DERBY, ENGLAND glance, this seems to be a serious weight time a VTOL aircraft is in the air. required at takeoff and still allow the penalty, but studies at Rolls-Royce, Other methods of matching takeoff aircraft to return to its base and land ENGINES • MOTOR CARS • DIESEL AND GASOLINE ENGINES • ROCKET MOTORS • NUCLEAR

AVIATION jruory 1, 1960 vertically at a light gross weight after and yveapons when flying four or five its mission. The logistical problems of supplying the rocket engines arc the A 50,000 lb. aircraft probably would main objection against such operations. require 100,000 lb. or more of supplies Development of tactical VTOL air- to be brought into its landing area dur- craft, time-consuming and costly as it ing 24 hr. of intense action. An efficient will be, represents only a small part of VTOL transport aircraft probably the total problem of reducing the vul- yvould be essential to such a supply op- nerability of the Air Force's ground in- eration. The corollary logistical task of stallations. Severe difficulties with keeping fuel and yveapons on hand maintenance, supplv, local security, around an atomic battlefield in caches communications and command will be large enough to be useful and small created if individual aircraft are located enough to be safe yvould seem to be ASSEMBLY many miles apart as a means of pro- one of the most tedious problems of tecting them during an atomic war, LINE Briefing of pilots, assignment of It is estimated in many quarters that targets, rendezvous in the air, airspace the operational complexities surround- control, etc., probably will require a ing VTOL aircraft would run the over- whole new generation of rapid com- all cost of such TAC units up two to munication systems if commanders of three times higher than the current reliability is designed into dispersed units are to remain effective. level. Most Air Force officers believe While dispersal may save aircraft from that this is the price of survival as an Motorola military electronic systems high yield weapons, it will greatly in- effective force, however, and that, if and equipment from the beginning... crease their vulnerability to sabotage or the proper equipment is available, dis- not patched on later... an inherent commando-type attacks by small groups persal will present the enemy a difficult and single soldiers. A sizable ground problem. characteristic of all Motorola products security force yvould be necessary - to Dispersal of their combat aircraft is for three decades. From cloud nine to keep the enemy from trading a few men also a primary planning desire of the assembly line, from original concept to and TNT for many millions of dollars Navy and Army. A complete overhaul military uniform, worth of aircraft and sophisticated of the Navv’s carrier concept also yvould completed contract, equipment. Maintenance and servicing be possible with VTOL aircraft. dependable performance under severest missions Cruiser-size ships could be used to carry of dispersed aircraft between operational environments is more than undoubtedly - will require more skilled a few aircraft, and vulnerability of a an objective... it is an obsession at ground crewmen than arc provided now strike force could be greatly reduced. in Air Force tables of organization. Army wants to keep its troops dis- Motorola. This spirit motivates 850 top More repair and checkout equipment persed around an atomic battlefield and scientists and engineers and more will be needed. use VTOL aircraft to bring them to- than 3000 technical specialists in all, The supply function which is diffi- gether quickly for short periods of com- deployed at Motorola’s six wholly- cult enough now for jet-powered air bat. roups will be magnified several times Most of the VTOL research and de- owned facilities, exclusively engaged velopment work performed in the U.S. v dispersal. Attack aircraft consume in electronics for defense. about twice their gross weight in fuel during the last 15 years has been ap- Consistent reliability in a broad mix of military electronic programs has won Motorola its reputation and responsible roles in these, and other advanced fields:

For more detailed information, a comprehensive brochure will be mailed on request.

Qualified technical personnel are invited to join recognized leaders in many fields of science at Motorola.. .and share in solving complex military electronics research, development and production problems. Write to the area of your choice.

42 5 T

NAVY ' #

Lockheed P3V Mirage 3B Two-Seat Trainer Makes First Flight

its first flight. The French air force is AIRBORNE SUB-HUNTERS USE Tl Dassault Mirage 3B two-place trainer, which has all-weather interceptor capability, has made SYSTEMS 83). ASW single-seat version Nov. 30, p. expected to order 30 of the trainers. Fuselage is 6 in. longer than that of the (AW

psf., plicable to the design of the VTOL hampering these requirements and defi- rotors generallv run from 3 to 8 and transport that would serve as TAC’s nitions. First is the low priority given to while those of ducted propellers supply vehicle and personnel carrier the dispersal problem by all of the serv- jet engines range above 200 psf. Dust about during dispersal. Because of its rela- ices. The consequent low funding level and sand particles begin to rise at tively short range mission, this aircraft has forced VTOL activity to remain in 2 psf. pressure. In a landing on a will no doubt be subsonic, and it may the research stage. The second problem sandy site, a cloud of dust immediately prove possible to have it meet the is that no VTOL funds have been spent engulfs a vehicle with downwash dy- Army’s battlefield requirements as well on operational evaluations. They have namic pressures of around 100 psf., cut- as those of TAC. gone toward proving flight qualities, and ting off the crew’s vision and making An extremely wide variety of research little or no effort has been made to it easy to spot from a distance. Good work has been carried through the flight establish by experiment exactly what sod fields will withstand high down- test phase, and an experimental model difficulties will arise with each type wash velocities for a short time but of virtually every conceivable type of of VTOL when it is operated in the some sort of rapid landing site rein- be necessary if subsonic V I OL has been financed by field. forcement appears to the military services. Tilting wings, VTOL aircraft are to have good tactical Firm Policy Due tilting rotors, deflected propeller slip- streams, dual power sources with un- This situation apparently will be re- • Operational speed and altitude will loaded rotors, swiveling jet engines, lieved somewhat in the near future, have a greater influence on VTOL con- deflected jet exhausts, wingless aero- for the Army intends to establish a firm figurations than they do on conven- dynes, tail-sitters with submerged fans, policy and requirements for its battle- tional aircraft. If high speeds at tree- etc. all have been studied, and most field 'VTOL/STOL vehicles by Mar. 1 top level represent the most important (AW Dec. 14, p. 34). The Army also mission requirements, a wingless or near A substantial amount of information hopes that it will receive Defense De- wingless jet appears to offer the best re- has been gathered on the performance partment agreement on a funding plan sults. Lift coefficient during such a Five major ASW aircraft today use antisubmarine of these vehicles, and the general con- covering several years that will assure mission is low, so that the wing can be military equipment becomes available to removed to eliminate its parasitic drag warfare systems supplied by Texas Instruments. fidence of industry and the in that useful VTOL has been established. satisfy these requirements. and weight. Such a wingless aircraft These include radar, sonar, magnetic anomaly detec- Many disagreements still exist, how- The Air Force will have to follow a has the possibility of performing signifi- tion, interval computers, intercom, and advanced ever, over the relative merits of these similar course if VTOL logistical air- cantly better than one with wings. The various concepts. Only way that any craft, communication systems, and all situation is reversed, however, if altitude detection systems. order can come out of such differences the elements of a weapon system are to performance and good ferrv range are

is through the establishment of definite be ready for production at the same required. Now, TI is applying its 14-years’ antisubmarine expe- military missions and aircraft require- time as the VTOL fighter now being • Ground cushion effect that has been rience to newer and better methods for detecting, planned. counted upon to improve the perform- localizing, classifying and positively identifying both For example, there is no firm defini- Some of the NASA research findings ance of some VTOL and ground effect conventional and nuclear-powered submarines. tion of VTOL and STOL. Some peo- that will affect the determination of vehicles has not proved to be universally ple say the VTOL designation should specifications for VTOL battlefield beneficial. On configurations similar to For detailed information about these special activities, include aircraft that can take off in a transport aircraft emphasize the task of the helicopter, the lift is increased sub- distance equal to one or two times its the military in deciding exactly what stantially when the rotor is within one- properly cleared personnel with a need to know are own length. Many engineers believe vehicles they need to fit their tactical half diameter of the ground. However, invited to contact SERVICE ENGINEERING: that all useful VTOL aircraft should plans. These findings include: if the lifting downwash issues from a have STOL capability with certain per- • Dust and debris thrown into the air flat surface as from a fan-in-wing in- centages of overload, but this is not a by the downwash from VTOL aircraft stallation, large losses in lift can occur Instruments universal opinion. will be one of their primary operational near the ground. The jet exhaust from -TEXAS^J these lifting units tends to flow out It is generally agreed among engineers and maintenance problems. Downwash INCORPORATED and pump the air APPARATUS DIVISION in this field that two deficiencies are dynamic pressures from helicopter along the ground

AVIATION WEEK, Fe 1, 1960 No other jet age airliner— pure jet or jet-prop— can 1 BREAK-EVEN LOAD—ECONOMY CLASS match Vanguard’s economy of operation. Seat-mile costs can be under on all stages over 1,000 miles; U ... , Mail and only 1.4 cents at 200 miles. i ER APPEAL TOO “Passenger only” break-even loads are 61 first -VIWej Inside the comfortable cabin, Vanguard will be as class or 68 coach class on a 250-mile sector, and as quiet as the Viscount. Vanguard block speeds have low as 46 and 52 passengers respectively at 1,000 © been proved as fast as jets right up to medium- miles. This is without freight revenue. With 3 tons distance sectors; though Vanguard has been flown of freight, only 55 coach passengers are needed to l — at less than half jet costs! And, due to the absence break even at 250 miles, and 40 at 1,000 miles. * of ATC approach, stacking and noise problems, there Vanguard’s below-deck cargo holds enable the air- won’t be as many delays in high-traffic areas. craft to be a profit-maker on off-peak services and £ i: For further details and a cost analysis based on your in off-peak seasons. operations, contact Christopher Clarkson, U.S. rep- Low altitude routing will not adversely affect these resentative, 10 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, N. Y. low costs. The difference in trip cost between a 500- CTOR LENGTH sector flown at 10,000 feet and 20,000 feet (most mile WORLDS ONLY 2nd GENERATION JET AGE AIRLINER/ economical) is only $44. Vanguard benefits greatly from the more than 2 Vanguard’s low operating costs and large, well- million hours of worldwide in-the-air experience of 400 Viscounts . . . and there is no substitute for of pounds mean the balanced payload capacity 29,000 experience! highest profit potential in airline history! —

new helicopter operator, Sicilian Air- from under the aircraft, creating a Sicilian Group Signs downward pressure. Lifting benefit lines, which Ambrosini said will oper- scheduled passenger services and of the ground cushion varies consider- LZ-5 License Pact ate ably with forward speed for many de- charter work, mainly on off-shore jobs. signs. Donian Helicopters, Inc., of Dan- Another 20 will be built for the Ameri- • No VTOL aircraft has been found bury, Conn., has completed an agree- can market. Doman has retained sales to have, inherent stability in hovering ment with Aeronautical Society' of rights for North and South America, SYNCHROS -SERVO MOTORS • MOTOR TACH GENERATORS (light. Most of these aircraft, however, Sicily to produce Donian LZ-5 heli- Japan and Korea, with Aeronautical So- can be flown in hosering and through copters at Palermo. ciety of Sicily keeping sales rights for all 400 Cycle: Many for 125°C operation . . . Higher for special applications transition flight without artificial stabi- New Sicilian company is headed by other areas. The Sicilian firm has an lization under good flight conditions. Angelo Ambrosini, veteran Italian plane agreement with American Export Corp. Many Immediately Available From Stock in Small Quantities It appears that for service use all of builder who produced S.7 military train- The LZ-5 presently is powered by them would require avionic stabiliza- ers for the Italian air force. The com- a Lycoming VSO-580 400-hp. engine pany was organized with financial aid but plans call for an uprated version • Power required during VTOL transi- from the Bank of Sicily, private capital in the Sicilian-built aircraft. tion from vertical to horizontal flight and funds from IRF1S, Sicily’s invest- Doman Helicopters is in the final and STOL landing and takeoff char- ment capital corporation. stages of a company reorganization (AW acteristics is largely dependent upon First 1U LZ-5s will be built to equip a Dec. 21, p. 26) to raise new capital. the effective wing span of the aircraft. Effective span is low for configurations 4253-01- LZ-CT 11.8 .087 .21 9.0 157.0 24.0 28+jl 19 212-H722 263+j69 using ducted fans and fans-in-wing, 37+jl39 28+)124 47+|13 while it is high for those in which the 48+j255 12+j45 82+j31 wing is in the propeller slipstream and the lift load is evenly distributed over 5 316.0 67 0 500+jl937 79+j350 594+jl82 the wing. Power required for deflected Resolver 162.0 26 0 22 0 208+j612 34-H159 243+ j77 slipstream arrangement is considered to be too high for VTOL application, however. Tiltwing with flap configura- tions are believed to have a high effec- SIZE 8 SERVO MOTORS tive span and good performance during transition flight if the wing does not

B 0 W TS stall. stall is best avoided by w HT Wing Z - R X tOAD| per ss? OLTAGES -H oz. ratio wing area to TORQUE s keeping a high of 26V 288 = 226 +1176 ., propeller disk area. 5004-01 6200 2.0 .47 0.863 1.2 22,500 26V 294 = 238 +j 174 • Safety of VTOL aircraft during transition and vertical flight is greatest 26V 288 = 226 + 1176 . 5004-02 13K 6200 2.0 .47 0.863 1.2 22,500 36V 526 = 409 +j 332 when the effective span is high, because II the power required is at a minimum and 5004-03 6200 2.0 .47 0.863 1.2 22,500 II ++ a partial power loss can be better 26V 230 = 190 131 handled. Use of several small engines 5004-09 + j “2U 6200 .47 0.863 1.2 30,000 40V 519 = 399 +j 332 2.5 has a built-in safety factor, and the Air Force is believed to back this procedure strongly. SIZE 8 /••j —— MOTOR TACH-GENERATORS Folland Gnal Designer WEtGttT T'l RATIO GENERATOR INPUT Z-t + iX 10*0 V R ft? VOUAGES 5JAU RAO/SEC' VOLTAGE WATTS t ^ lIS |000/RPM Through With Aviation 26V 230 = 190 131 - 6204-01 + j 200 6000fi00f) 519 = 399 +j 332 25 .65 1.728 2.5 21.800 26 2.5 .25 London—William Potter, who de- = signed the English Electric Canberra 26V 230 190 + j 131 on - 6000 9 6 6204-03 26V 230 = 190+1131 20 buuu 25 .65 1.728 2.5 21,800 26 2.5 .25 and the Folland Gnat, has announced he is leaving Britain for Switzerland to lead a life of contemplation. Pettcr resigned as managing director and chief engineer of the Folland Air- craft Co. when it was taken over last September by the Hawker Siddelev STUDENT PILOT LEARNS A LESS0N-THE EASY WAY Q0> Group. At that time he said he pro- His approach low, an Air Force cadet hits the throttle. Suddenly instantly—he’s posed to engage in general consultant OTHER PRODUCTS INCLUDE: nose-up. hurtling skyward again for another try. Key to the instant power: Cessna MANUFACTURING CO. work, retaining only limited a interest attenuators, “confidence builders" that permit thrust reduction while Resolvers Servo Mechanisms T-37's thrust in the Gnat lightweight interceptor. engines race on, restore engine thrust at a touch of the throttle. Good reason—one of Computers Servo Torque Units Pettcr has now announced that he many—why the Air Force has selected the T-37 as its standard intermediate jet trainer. Indicators DC Motors has "finished with aviation completely." He said that although the Hawker Sid- delev Group was a very good one, “gen- erally speaking groups do make it diffi- cult for individuals to function.” In Switzerland he will devote his I Interesting, varied work on designing transistor circuits time to religious interests, he said, and Engineer For Advanced Projects: I and servo mechanisms. will purge himself from a civilization Contact Mr. Robert Bums, Personnel Manager, in confidence. | which “will fail in both East and West and destroy itself.”

48 AVIATION WEEK, Fe I, 1960 .

A C A C« ... 1 , National Science Foundation. The the Pacific, one in the Atlantic and one 11AOA.IV inmates Sillily study will attempt to show NASA areas in Maine. On Impact of Space worthy of research, recommend specific • Massachusetts Institute of Technol- * ' studies and methods, suggest research ogy, $50,000. Study contract to de- Washington—Brookings Institution priorities and indicate potential uses scribe a proposed advanced develop- has received a $100,000 contract to ex- for the results. ment program for navigational equip- plorc the long-term social, technologi- Other contracts awarded by NASA ment suitable for use in circumlunar ’ cal, economic and political impact of in November include: and planetary flights, space exploration for the National • Smithsonian Astrophysical Laboratory, • Naval Research Laboratory, $50,000. Aeronautics and Space Administration. $200,000. Design and build ultraviolet Study thermodynamic properties of '1 he Brookings study was initiated by space survey instrumentation which is sodium at high temperatures for pos- the NASA Committee on Long-Range to be tested in sounding rocket flights, sible application in nuclear-electric Studies, which is responsible for stud}- • Bureau of Standards (Commerce power generating systems, ing potential benefits, opportunities and Dept.). $100,000. Provide tables plot- •Northrop Corp., $260,000. Airborne problems involved in using aeronautical ting electron densities at various alti- pressure devices for the X-15 research and space activities for peaceful and tudes, using data from a number of plane. These sensors, to be used in scientific purposes. space experiments. flights out of the earth’s atmosphere. I he study, w hich will require a year • U. S. Weather Bureau (Commerce will aid the pilot in determining the to complete, will be directed by James Dept.), $50,000. Installation of five correct re-entry angle. M. Mitchell, director of the Brookings temporary receiving stations to record • Army Ordnance Corps, $480,000. Conference Program on Public Affairs telemetry from Explorer VII, launched For purchase of Castor solid rockets, and former associate director of the Oct. 13, 1959. Three stations arc in with $270,000 going for Castor devel- opment in the Little Joe phase of the Mercury program and $210,000 for Castors to be used as the second stage of the four-stage Scout launching vehi- cle. • Federal Aviation Agency, $160,000. Construction and relocation of VOR (variable omni-range) airplane radio fa- cility so as to avoid interference with a new Mercury tracking station to be built in Bermuda. • National Research Corp., $110,000. To deliver ultra high vacuum system and prototype of an extremely low- pressure detector to measure atmos- pheric pressures at high altitudes with sounding rockets. AMC Contracts Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio—Fol- lowing is a list of unclassified contracts for S2 5,000 and over as released by the Air Materiel Command.

Forth© TOttSSt Spots CTL’s developments in high temperature insulation produce reinforced plastic structures which sit . . .. successfully in the hottest seats in missilry

in the sh.eld of Mercury . . Saab J35A Production Line at Linkoping missiles

Swedish Saab double-delta jet interceptor Aug. 17, 99) production line at J35A (AW p. the throat ol Minuteman. Linkoping is shown above. New version, the J35B, powered by Rolls-Rovce RB. 146 May we consult on your heat shielding problems? Request Bulletin 160. turbojet with afterburner, exceeded Mach 2 in tests, will soon enter production. CTl. 1242 Glendale-Milford Road. Cincinnati IS, Ohio. A Division of Studebaker-Packard Corporation. AVIATION WEEK, 1, 1960 ! ACGeneralQUESTMANSHIPMotors pledges

BRUNSWICK BI-AXIAL WINDING ENCASES ENORMOUS ENERGY !

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To the moon and back and wherever missiles fly, Librascope com- SPACE TECH NOLOGY puters deliver ready answers for in-flight control guidance, opti- LIBRASCOPE trajectories, impact prediction, data reduction and analysis. Vivid Hallucinations Plague Test Subjects Throughout flight... Librascope missile computers are uninterrupted by envi- Not only recog- By Erwin J. Bulban did the subject not will be required to monitor displays for ronmental extremes. . .and they will automatically and continuously check their nize his own coat after the experiment, prolonged periods. SSILE San Antonio, Severe Hauty reported, but denied it was his The actual test procedure in series M Tex.— problems the own built-in accuracy. The compact size, minimum weight and of bizarre hallucinations may be experi- and would not take it home. utilized four non-pilot subjects who enced by operators of space weapon Another subject reported: were acquainted beforehand with the performance of Librascope missile computers have earned them systems and their preflight training “Toward the end of the 30-hr. period likely occurrence and nature of the COMPUTERS important roles in our conquest of space. For information on how probably will have to encompass ex- I seemed to be in relatively good shape, bizarre experiences they might en- posure to such phenomena. Dr. George reasonably alert, so I was striving with counter. These "flights” were followed Librascope advanced computer capabilities can answer your particular needs, T. Hauty, professor of experimental the best of my ability to increase and by four comparable missions by four psychology at USAF Aerospace Medi- maintain a high level of efficiency. Sud- experienced jet pilots whose background write to Librascope, 808 Western Ave., Glendale, California. Librascope, D cal Center, Brooks AFB, indicated here. denly the instrument panel began to included flights of long duration involv- Experiences by test subjects exposed melt, very slowly at first, progressively ing air-to-air refueling. The pilots, how- — Division of General Precision, Inc. a For information on | to simulated space flight environments faster within a few seconds or minutes, ever, were not given any prior notice or !LJ career opportunities, contact Glen Seltzer, Employment Mgr. for 30 hr. in the School of Aviation until finally my instrument panel was instruction as to what they might expe- Medicine's one-man scaled chamber actually perceived to be dripping on the rience in the chamber. ran a gamut of beliefs that they were floor. This induced a surprising degree All subjects were given instructions seeing gremlins, experiencing coloration of panic because I was trying to increase and training on the operation and con- changes, that control panel instruments my proficiency while having to cope trol of the life support systems re- were melting and dripping off the panel with indicators which I could not read quired for sustained simulated space or that the cabin’s television monitor because they were melting, dripping on flight, practice with the operator sys- was burning. the floor.” tems and were briefed on the nature of A third subject reported: the flight profile. Single Task “At 11 a.m., I began to slow down Flight Schedule Tests at the school, on both non- and experienced a rather frightening pilot and experienced jet-pilot subjects, illusion. The walls about me appeared The flight schedule encompassed two required highly motivated subjects to to be sloping down to a conical, bottom- phases: six hours of simulated launch monitor a small perceptual work field less pit. I felt as if the instrument panel pad time followed by a simulated flight for a prolonged time period, to study and I were falling into this pit. Several of 30 hr. Subjects entered the chamber effects of an impoverished sensory' en- seconds later, all was normal.” at cither 0800 or 2400 hr. and, with vironment whereby normal input of As Hauty pointed out, the results of the exception of occasional checkout of sensory events are severely reduced by the experiments are extremely interest- instruments and procedures, spent the forcing the subject to concentrate on ing because in manned space operations, remainder of the simulated pad time a specific task to the exclusion of other an astronaut will not only be exposed to sleeping, resting or reading. Immedi- sensations. an impoverished sensory environment, ately after simulated launch, ascent was As the tests progressed, researchers but in an advanced weapon system he made to a simulated 18,000 ft. altitude monitoring the subjects were surprised to note that the chamber occupants acted to progressively deprive them- Long-Duration Flight Hallucinations selves of ambient sensory events making up the entirely normal sensory environ- San Antonio, Tex.-Operational USAF jet flight personnel, particularly those ment to which they were committed to engaged on long-duration missions, apparently experience bizarre hallucinations similar develop hallucinations of increasingly to those reported by test subjects who have undergone confinement in a one-man severe character, Hauty reported. space cabin simulator here at the School of Aviation Medicine, according to Dr. For example, the report of one sub- George T. Hauty. Unfortunately, most ject in his own words, after the test, is experiences encountered in actual flight remain unreported, probably because crews fear that they may be taken off flight status or be subjected “The instrument panel phased in to ridicule. rhythmically various colors which were A USAF Douglas B-66 jet bomber pilot has experienced a life-like impression that subsequently withdrawn after a brief “people suddenly appeared to be walking across the nose of his aircraft" while lie period. Colors such as vivid cocoa was flying over the Atlantic Ocean in the course of a long-duration air-refueled brown, beige with abstract blue-green lines throughout, pink, black, dark blue In another case, the radar operator on a jet bomber has said that he has seen were perceived at one time or another. “gremlins” and other strange little people appear on the face of his radarscope during These colors would appear to represent long missions. A jet fighter pilot whose plane was being refueled in midair during a the complementary colors of the black long-duration flight is said to have broken stringent radio silence to complain to the color of the instrument panel. At ap- refueling technician on the tanker that be wasn’t receiving fuel despite the operator's proximately 5:30 a.m., my shoes ap- request that he check his fuel gages, which confirm this. peared to be a very' bleached color. It Similar hallucinations are also prevalent among persons having other arduous long- was my impression that they had been dnrab’on jobs, such as long-haul trailer-truck drivers, Hauty notes. switched with my own on a recent leave. A system of providing further similar experiences by military flying personnel, After the experiment this bleached color that would protect the individuals concerned, would provide considerable valuable was also perceived toward a navy blue information applicable not only to space medicine research but also in establishing coat. It was not recognized as my own patterns helpful in preventing accidents in current operations, aeromedical people say. because of the latter shade.”

AVIATION WEEK, 1, 1960 .

ot a surprisingly high level, Hauty in obtaining good definition in the tele- vised said. A check of the record of flight picture of the display console of transcription showed the following the operator system. “. typical excerpts: . . It's still hard to pick those meters It’s not like it was yesterday "This is SAM (School of Aviation up. (the indoctrination flight). It’s not as Medicine) cabin, Terrella 10, date is clear but that doesn’t make dif- February, 1959, time is 1825 hr. I've much evidentally confused the issue a little ference, the meters are pretty hard to more. 1 must have given up my 7th Here, one of the outside observers pass (transit report) at 1800 hr. instead viewed the television presentation with- of 1850—I’m sure I gave it but I’m not in the cabin through peephole absolutely certain. Things are begin- a and judged it to be of normal quality'. ning to get a little bit queerish in here now— I'm seeing shadows that aren’t At 1550, Subject B’s transit report noted: is Relative there, I'm sure, and I’m beginning to “Time 1550 hr. hu- midity see gremlins on the face of this work is 42%—cabin temperature is temperature 98.6,” panel from time to time. And don’t be 85F—body is and then volunteered: “I don’t if it is alarmed if you see me laughing at them know eyes I see the now and then— that's all, over and out." my or the monitor— can Later, at midnight. Subject A re- lights (signals) now but I can’t see where they are. Can’t figure it out. I can see it I can’t out the let- "This is Terrella 10—space cabin to but make ters real unless I get it (the moni- ground—do you read me? I'm tired. I good went through some real flying, zero grav- tor) close to me. I have to get it almost ity there awhile ago. You ought to on top of me to make out what the stand in this thing on your head for letters say.” When asked about his awhile. Do you hear me better now? eyes, he reported: "They don’t hurt but it makes a sort of mixes the I was just talking about some hallucina- haze— up letters—blurry.” tions I w'as going through. I really ex- perienced something similar to zero 'Hie subject was instructed to lean gravity.” back, close his eyes and rest. He com- During the debriefing. Subject A said plied, but 10 min. later picked up the that he had felt that lie had been sus- microphone to report: “I’ve got to get USAF Envisions Mobile Minuteman Unit pended in space within the chamber as out of here—this blur in my eyes— I can't Air Force artist's conception of a mobile missile shows Minuteman 1CBM poised though he had been weightless—an ex- take it anymore.” erience he was familiar with since he “Descent" was immediately started and the subject Similar system lias been developed by ACF Industries and American Machine & Foundry ad served previously as a subject in when left the chamber he quickly asked for private talk with Co. (AW Sept. H, p. 24) for rapid deployment of intermediate and intercontinental actual zero gravity studies. Hauty con- a range missiles. USAF says the shifting of locations decreases vulnerability' to attack. sidered interesting the fact that Subject one of the scientists. In the recovery A had heard a "click” while he thought room he asked if he could talk to a psy- “. chiatrist right . and the operator was committed to the Since CO, absorbent (lithium hydrox- he was floating in the chamber and away to . find out if him because he I'm any good at ali or just what's wrong activated systems. ide) was held to a minimum weight of this sound had pleased Shot Put Vehicle Launches Sphere Conditions he was given included per- three pounds, partial pressure of CO„ knew this was the click of a solenoid with me.” He then said that his eyes hadn’t really this forming tasks provided bv the operator was increased gradually as the flight automatically activating a recording bothered him— was Shot Put test vehicle launched a 100 ft. inflatable sphere from National Aeronautics and system for the entire duration of the continued. After 1 5-20 hr. of flight the camera. He was happy because he be- just an "excuse.” The “real reason” for Space Administration's Wallops Island. Va., facility in the second suborbital test of the "flight." Remaining awake was entirely level reached 20-25 mm. hg.. and the lieved that the resulting film would wanting to leave the chamber was that inflation mechanism to be used for the orbital Project Echo sphere. Signal broadcast for would subject was requested insert the spare "prove” to the observers that he actu- the walls were closing in on him. his problem: the ground crew to 11 min. on 960 me. by Bell Telephone Laboratories at Holmdel. N. J. was received by the not awaken him. At 90-min. intervals, canister of absorbent into the system. ally was "floating around." Non-pilot Subject C entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology antenna at Round Hill, Mass. Bell Laboratories will timed by the subject, a transistor report Food stored in the chamber was a In addition to reporting gremlins, chamber at 0800 hr. and dozed for broadcast to Goldstone tracking station in California on this frequency during actual Echo most of the was required. This consisted of verbally minimal amount providing some 940 which he said looked like wooden pup- simulated pad time. operations. Launch vehicle boosted the aluminum-coated plastic sphere to a 250 mi. alti- converse with Throughout the first half of the subse- reporting chamber temperature, oral calorics and 550 grams and amount of pet heads and did not tude, and it traveled east across the Atlantic Ocean about 490 mi. Vehicle used a Thiokol en- quent "flight” in excellent spir- temperature, hygrometer reading and potable water was 2 liters. him—Subject A also said that he he was Sergeant as a first stage, with two Thiokol Recruits for added initial thrust. Second stage its, but at the of the any comments which the subject may countered size distortion of his hands end 22d hour was the modified Hercules-AUegany Ballistics Laboratory X-248 solid rocket which will be Test Reactions hr.) wish and, in fact, was initially en- and feet that interfered with his ex- (0405 the operator system was de- used as the third stage on the Delta launch vehicle. couraged to volunteer. Reporting time Results of this testing, reported by ecution of operator tasks. At times his activated by the observer outside the thing out. was 10 min. Hauty, initially covered reactions of hands would appear to him to be as chamber because the subject suddenly- you. That brown spot is still in front those guys pull this damned I sit here facing it. With the exception of reports, radio non-pilot subjects, then the subjects large as the entire console and as a re- shouted: of it. It seems to be twice as hot as ... don’t like to ". . . it’s before. pull it out, I really Couldn't we get one up fast to bring silence was to be maintained by the with piloting experience. Subjects were sult he had difficulty operating specific real hot, tell them to pull it was I’d it out. The set. It’s still those television guys in here? TV set would do it, ground crew. Failures did occur in this controls. Finally he found it necessary TV on. The would. Maybe A TV set—it's turning all the about it, but I'd pull it wouldn’t it? I’d just as soon stay in latter procedure, but only when seri- Non-pilot Subject A appeared ex- to leave his tasks and crawl under the brown— one know more sitting right in right out. 1 really thing to do, if here and finish this three-day run if ously stressful experiences necessitated tremely restless during the first half of operator system to explore the frighten- front of me— in think the face. Better lower could get another TV set. I’d hate reassurance. his simulated pad time, reading for sev- ing "12-ft.-deep" hole which had my turn it off in a hurry— we had another IV set, maybe we it’s getting come out now and get another one Visual contact with external sur- eral minutes, then arranging stores and opened up in the chamber floor. hot as hell.” the thing (descend) and get the other to The subject then held don’t you ahead of these things later on. I’ll tell you, I roundings was denied the subject and equipment within the chamber, listen- Non-pilot Subject B entered the a blanket in TV set, but why go front of his face. observer this thing dll the boss sure don’t want to go on with this external noise was considered effectively ing to music, rearranging gear again, chamber at 0800 hr. and during the The outside and turn off and the chamber quickly I'd to this thing catch television situation, I don’t believe. damped by interior noise. Space al- emptying the first-aid kit and replacing subsequent six hours of simulated pad uncovered the man. hate have chamber port to view the fire in front of it’s brown—about I'm pretty skeptical with this thing lowed the subject in the chamber was items. At 0400 hr. he tried to sleep, time conducted himself in a manner TV monitor, on me— and seeing nothing unusual, reactivated three-fourths of it has turned brown. sitting here in front of me. Is one of the approximately 50 cu. ft. Chamber pres- with little success and at 0447 he en- similar to that of the other subjects, the system and attempted is would television boys here? What do they say sure was maintained at approximately gaged in rearranging gear. At 0600 he Hauty noted. to allay the The picture not good either—it subject's anxiety. He was unsuccessful. be pretty hard to see anything with it 580 mm. hg., partial pressure of O, at was “blasted off." At 1400, “ascent” began and the op- "... I don’t think that I this way. Is there deactivated again. 150 mm. hg., temperature below OOF Performance of this subject during erator svstem was activated. Six min- want to ... another one The system was be in here with it, to honest with there? don’t you have Dr. Hauty noted, and the techni- and relative humidity below 65% the flight was considered to have been utes later the subject reported difficult)' be down Why TV

AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 59 AVIATION WEEK, 1 I

cian attempted to explain to the sub- ing to do? See if you can find anything new actuator 50%" smaller ject that the monitor was functioning wrong out there. properly and what the subject thought Observer: We’ve checked and can’t was happening could not possibly occur, find any difficulty—you just go ahead in size . . . 55% less weight particularly since the monitor "had and relax—we're not going to turn this been modified for high-altitude opera- thing on.” The subject rested until 0455, at Assignment : Take the present size actuator (silhouette below) that operates However, this explanation did not which time he shaved, combed his hair a 2%" butterfly valve. Squeeze it down as far as you can with no sacrifice in activities. suffice and the subject was asked if and engaged in other minor performance. Result: The new Barber-Colman NYLC actuator (inside of he wanted to abort the flight. At 0555, after basing been assured, the his operator “Listen—this is the I feel about subject agreed to resume silhouette) that reduces volume 50%, weight 55%. And it fulfills all pre- way reactivated. it. ... I volunteered for this thing. task and the system was vious high-speed torque requirements for the application. Even with these observed I didn’t volunteer to sit in front of At 0810, tile subject was size-weight reductions, this new actuator meets all applicable military this thing or tube that turns black in a chewing gum and working intently- looking through the top of his glasses specifications. For today’s aircraft and missile requirements, Barber- matter of seconds and gets hot as heck. Now unless somebody can tell me what at the TV monitor. At 0820, ne re- Colman actuators are available in a wide range of sizes and characteristics. made it do it, because it is going to do moved his glasses several times—looked Consult the Barber-Colman engineering sales office nearest you: Baltimore, the same damn thing over again, darned around—peered over the top of them. I’m going to sit here in front of that At 0855, he picked up the microphone, Boston, Fort Worth, Los Angeles, Montreal, New York, Rockford, Seattle. if thing. Seems to me if we could get and held it as if he were going to talk hold of another set, I’d like to go on into it, but made no comment. At 0855 with this flight, but I’m dead set he removed his glasses—stared intently against volunteering to sit in front of for a few seconds—looked rather wild- that thing. I'd hate to abort the flight cved. At 0S45, subject was looking over as much as anybody, but I'm not about the top of his glasses. At 0857, subject to sit in front of that thing if it is spoke into the microphone and wanted about to explode—I don’t know what the observer to look into the porthole they do, but if vou can’t fix it, the —stated that he now knew why the same thing is going to happen again. monitor turned brown. At 0902 hr., sub- That would just be poor sense.” ject was told that descent had been The subject was asked again if he started and would continue at a very wanted to continue the “flight.” slow rate until ground level was reached "I’d like to continue the flight but at 1200. He was also told:

I don’t want to sit in front of the tube Observer: “This is ground. Do you unless you all can find out what is have any further questions? This is the

wrong with it and fix it. I want to go last contact we will make with you. on with the flight, in fact, I want to We are going to stop all contact. We go on with it more than anybody be- are going to get back on our original cause I’ve spent all this time in here, schedule (of radio silence and transit

but I think it would be kind of foolish reporting) as originally set up, okay?” to do that. ... I think there’s got to Subject: “Okay, fine. I’ll keep work- be something wrong. If you all can ing.”

find out what it is, maybe it won't Eight minutes later the subject was hurt to come down. Ask the colonel, highly agitated.

maybe they can fix this in a hurry.” Subject: “Hey . . . we are back on Later on the subject asked how he the ground, aren’t we? I was going to

could disconnect the monitor. Dr. show . . . something before we took Hauty said. this puzzle off the screen. He prob- ". Outside observer: . . Anytime you ably thinks I'm nuts or something be-

want to turn the set off, just turn the cause I called him out here this morn- switch and it will turn the power off ing, that's when I was trying to figure on the outside—we will turn the set out what was happening. Look in the back on for you, and if you get wor- back window bv the screen, will you? ried, all you have to do is reach up Well, I think what happened is who-

there and turn the set off.” ever was taking the picture . . . some- Subject: “Ask those guys one thing. thing got real hot causing the fumes Will these tubes explode?” to go up around the paper, etc., and

Observer: They will not explode. . . . I thought there was a fire here in the I feel that under the circumstances TV camera—it still looks like it— we’d better not turn the set back on. wanted to show it to him so he You can just sit back and relax.” wouldn’t think I was crazy or some- Subject: “No, ask them what hap- thing, but with that picture on here pens to them. If they don’t explode, it's here, and I bet you with that pic- Thor Thrust Raised I’m not too much afraid of fire be- ture off there you can’t see a thing on cause there’s not too much to burn that screen, and I was about half USAF-Douglas Thor, with Rocketdyne en- thrust here, but what I’m worried about is scared to death when I saw that. Okay. gine providing significant increase Barber-Colman Company the thing exploding. See, I’m only Come back here to the screen, I want and experimental General Electric low-drag about a foot away from that thing, fac- to show you. It’s like soot or something fairing to cut drag during early flight, was DEPT. B, 1422 ROCK STREET, ROCKFORD, ILLINOIS ing it right in the eye.” —a burned place—you can see it by test-flown recently from Cape Canaveral. AIRCRAFT AND MISSILE PRODUCTS: AIR VALVES, Observer: “We're not going to turn looking in the back here.” Shroud dropped off after burnout (see .” cover). Fairing increases Thor's over-all ELECTROMECHANICAL ACTUATORS. TEMPERATURE CONTROL AND POSITIONING SYSTEMS, this thing on for a while.” Observer: “Okay, later. . . height by approximately eight feet. TRANSDUCERS AND THERMOSTATS. SPECIAL GROUND TEST EQUIPMENT Subject: “Okay. What are you go- (Continued on p. 65)

AVIATION WEEK, I, 1960 ..

THE AIRESEARCH GULFSTREAM Dornberger Critical of Photon Rocket San Antonio. Tex.—Photon rocket powerplants, considered by some space vehicle technicians as the ultimate goal in rocket propulsion, were dismissed as the “ultimate COMPLETION Dornberger, president-director of engi- PROGRAM in waste of energy" by Dr. Walter R. vice neering, Bell Aircraft Corp., during a visit to the USAF Aerospace Medical Center

interest in rockets (AW June 16, 1958, This extensive completion program at AiResearch And our highly experienced, well-equipped radio and Dr. Dornberger noted that the photon p. 280) stems from a high theoretical specific impulse of 30 million sec., but he Aviation Service for Grumman’s new prop-jet corpo- electronics departments design and execute the most emphasized, this figure is "sheer nonsense,” since it is achievable only by complete rate transport includes: custom business interiors . . modern installations.

soundproofing ...... pressure is 1.3 million kw., or thousand times radar radio autopilot . . By using a full-scale mockup of the fuselage section by the photon principle of radiation a Mold this instrumentation . . paint . . . . maintenance. we are able to prefabricate components for the A nuclear device could be built to furnish this power, Dr. Dornberger added, with AiResearch personnel have been factory trained for Gulfstream to expedite delivery time. And AiResearch the reactor furnishing 30 times the thrust of the photon rocket by exhausting its own this special program. Expert craftsmen utilize the guarantees the completion weight of your aircraft. fission waste products. If the power was to be supplied by solar energy, then a

reflector of million sq. ft. area (two-thirds of a mile in diameter) would be neces- newest materials and processes in building and install- AiResearch has more experience in pressurized air- 10 sary to produce a pound of thrust, he noted. ing lightweight, fully stressed furniture, lounges, craft than any other modification center. The photon rocket thus can be dismissed as a “completely impractical idea,” Dr. galleys, lavatories and other appointments custom Write, wire or telephone for complete Dornberger contended. designed for the individual Gulfstream purchaser. information, including brochure Discussing chemical rocket powcrplant combinations, he said he believes that with propellant combination, the U. S. has reached the limit of Our acoustical engineers have developed three indi- the AiResearch Com the hydrogen-fluorine specific impulse that can be achieved with any chemical propulsion system. vidual degrees of soundproofing installations for the Program for the 1 Gulfstream to insure the comfort level you desire. Gulfstream. Subject: "No, no-hev, I'm telling you I had it focused, but it isn’t in the this screen here is perfect. I agree with middle part.” from this you. There's nothing wrong with the After this transmission, the subject screen. It's over there where they're ignored the operator task. Dr. Hauty for missile parts of high- showing it—you've got to look. I'm not noted. His heart rate, which had ... kidding, you haven’t seen this back ranged from 80 to 88 at the start of temperature asbestos-phenolics here. I'm not psycho. I know von the "flight" was now 120. From time think I am. If you’ll come to the back to time he attempted to re-establish window here, it's fuzzy yet—but it was voice contact. R/M Style 150RPD like that—you could see the heat com- Subject: “Could I please come down .” talk to all?" ing up from it. . . and you molding compound Observer: “What I want you to do is “I’ve been here for three days—I'm tired in please describe everything—anything you see awfully here. Could 1 Virtually every U.S. missile carries I also have —for the duration of the flight.” come down to the ground? plastic parts made of R/M raw ma- to to I can’t go in here Subject: "Well, look, I'm not going go the john and terials. Starting point for many of these to do any more work. Now look, you're parts exposed to burning propellants worrying me to death now because I Severely Depressed and other high-temperature environ- know vou probably think I'm psycho or ments is R/M Style I50RPD molding something here." By 0957 hr., voice contact has to compound. Observer: "We will discuss all this be re-established because of the seem- The extra-long spinning-grade as- over." ingly severely depressed state of the when the flight is bestos fibers which form the basis of Subject: "Well, look, back here subject. come this R/M material provide a unique kidding. It's I because it is here now, no Subject: "Can come down now?” combination of properties: high-tem- to I'll tell where it isn't. It Observer: “Well, we’ve got two got be. you perature insulation, low thermal dif- don't want to isn't in the center where the little hours to go here, you fusivity, excellent resistance to abla-

matching are. . . . it finish it on schedule?” diagrams That’s up tion, and high strength/ weight ratio. Subject: “Yes, but if you or some- No other molding compound offers all

there. in between . . . it's not wants to talk about hallucinations. But body these advantages, plus the handling

there . . . it's just up in this area. I sure want to get that over with be- ease inherent in R/M Style 150RPD. Can you see that? That’s what had me cause it worries me.” Investigate the extraordinary fooled before and I could see the heat Observer: “Well, as soon as you get strengths, the uniform quality, and the fumes. You can see the heat fumes a out, we'll have a cup of coffee and reasonable cost of R/M Style I50RPD little bit now. That's what had me we'll go over this thing and discuss it. for parts exposed to temperatures as scared to death. I thought it was the Do you feel that you can go ahead in high as 1 0.000° F for short periods. screen, the gases in the picture tube, there and complete the work cycle?" Available for prompt shipment in pro- something was wrong with it and 1 was Subject: “I’ll tell you. Unless it’s duction quantities. so darn sleepy this morning I was important for reports, I feel real miser-

trying to work the puzzle and I saw able in here thinking about it. No kid- that and it scared me. But nothing is ding, I'd sure rather come on out." wrong with me. my goodness. I'm okay. Observer: “Well, this is important. .” This flight didn’t do anything to me. Now, then, if . .

That’s the truth. If you come back Subject: "Well, I don't really feel here you can see it now—the way like it— just don't feel like it.” I RAYBESTOS-MANHATTAN, INC. it was before, it was even worse than Observer: “Well, how about then we Reinforced Plastics Department, Manheim, Pa. that, but it was the focus. I thought ignore the work program and you just AiResearch Aviation Service Division SPECIALISTS IN ASBESTOS. it was going away, but it was the way sit back and close your eves and relax RUBBER. ENGINEERED PLASTICS. SINTERE0 METAL

AVIATION WEEK, 1, 1960 a real fixed shire, I see a wooden man it, I look back and I have my made out of two meters.” from can presentation again, but if I start staring Satellite Warning Program Stressed By 1 300 hr. the subject was ex- at it, it seems to have a black and white tremely sleepy and would doze for 1-40 program contrast. It won’t be anything par- New York—Development sec. periods. Upon awakening, he would for certain vital satellite surveillance, Discoverer Re-Entries ticularly. I can line up the two con- himself Finally, slap to stay awake. at systems trasts and make them look alike but I warning and communications 1446, he fell asleep for 30 min. He Two of the six Discoverer satellite don't have a figure to work with. It (AW Dec. 7, p. 109) similar to that awoke spontaneously and upon seeing shots fired into successful orbits in 1959 intercontinental ballistic missile may be weird, maybe it’s just me being for the the signals on the operator display con- able to stare at things and make them is regarded as essential by Lt. Gen. sole, attempted to resume the operator phere confirmed by visual sightings and Eernard Schriever, of distort themselves, but I can do it.” A. commander task, but for several minutes his efforts other evidence, Lt. Gen. Bernard A. the Air Research and Development “Did this occur during the first part Schriever last week. were completely ineffectual due to his Command. said or the last part?" Discoverer VIII, fired "re- extreme confusion, Dr. Hautv said. Nov. 20, The time to begin this program, he "It's always after I’ve been in there Fairchild Ten minutes later, still somewhat con- entered over the heads" of the looking at it a long time before it ever told an American Management Assn, fused, he missed his transit report, C-119 team attempting recovery in air meeting here last week, is when the lie also alternated between short peri- in the Pacific, but too far away (or a "About how long, very roughly?” technical feasibility of these systems is ods of grogginess and alertness. successful catch, he said. “Oh the last time I don’t think it established beyond a reasonable doubt, In the debriefing, the subject pro- happened until I'd been in there three and there is a difference of opinion on fessed no recollection of having fallen or four days, but this built me up to whether this has been established yet. 'I’he Soviets have a much easier task asleep and when told he had done so the panel. This time I don't think it Schriever pointed out that he did not in gaining military intelligence about frequently, he was asked for an estimate started happening until this morning intend to imply any group or individual the U.S. than this country does in of the time he had dozed off and lie on me, it started distorting as I’d stare was sitting on a decision. penetrating the Iron Curtain, he said. replied that it could not have been this at it and come up with unusual shapes Closing the information gap bv use Reducing intelligence inequality Saturn Blockhouse Built at Cape Canaveral more than several seconds. and things, but I can always get rid of such systems he called one of two has obvious value, he said, and space Saturn space vehicle launchings will be controlled from this blockhouse at north end of vehicles— form surveillance or Pilot's Illusions of it by just looking away, work at an- primary U. S. military requirements for in the of Air Force Missile Test Center's Cape Canaveral, Fla., launch complex. Saturn complex other portion of the panel or something what looms as a potentially precarious observation satellites—have great poten- includes two launching pads with a common service tower, and facilities for handling the Experiences of the four pilot subjects and come back to that portion. The period—the next five years. The other tial toward this objective. liquid hydrogen fuel that will power upper stages. The 1.5-million lb. thnist booster, which were far less dramatic. Dr. Hautv re- lights never bothered me. Where the one is for increasing the invulnerability He stressed the importance of con- uses liquid oxygen and kerosene, now is expected to get its first flight test in 1961-1962. ported, and only two of these noted light portions are, these are always just of U. S. retaliatory forces. currency in such development programs Top national priority and overtime have been authorized for Saturn (AW Jan. 25, p. 29). lights and there's no subterfuge with One system he cited specifically is to avoid excessively long lead times and "How about this vertigo you men- them, but some of these other things, Midas, a satellite program under devel- consequent early obsolescence. The while the descent Non-pilot tioned yesterday. Will you explain we continue and Subject D entered the there can be some weird looking opment to detect missile firing using four cardinal concepts of management termination of the flight.” that?” chamber at 0800 hr. and, after check- change, especially those meters. It al- infrared sensors. Warning from this in his opinion which were met in the Subject: "Can I come out of here? ing out his instruments, for Pilot Subject B: “Well, I’m sitting dozed ways seems like I get a figure out of kind of system would be very rapid, USAF ballistic missile program call for No kidding, 1 feel miserable here. 1 about three hours of the simulated pad there and I’m about half asleep and them right around the dial itself. This though he pointed out present U.S. the following: just can't stay in here. Really.” time. "Ascent” was begun at 1400. I’m trying to fight this sleepiness, and time, for some reason, don’t ask me communication systems to transmit this • Clear and vertical decision-making Observer: "We'll bring you down a From 0100 hr. to 0600 hr., the sub- your eyeballs want to go this way why, it looked like it might be some warning and set in motion retaliatory channels on over-all program and policy little faster. We’ll get you out of there ject appeared to be quite sleepy but and you know you’re sitting straight type of African savage all painted up forces are not yet quite good enough. matters. by continually resorting to activities and level and you can’t look outside around its face and forehead where "Adequate and reliable communica- • High priority to obtain adequate Subject: "I'd sure appreciate it." such as singing, eating, exercise, man- and I just had the impression several would be the needle in the outline of tion between globally dispersed land, Observer: “All right. Now what 1 aged to stay awake. For the next four times like I had vertigo. You’d be up in the things, and it fit right in real fine. sea and air forces is possible—through • Complete responsibility and author- want you to do is— I want you to be hours or so, he appeared to be consid- this attitude or that attitude and you "Well, then, from what you say, I space vehicles,” he said. “This will ity' for program direction at the operat- very careful about your ears. Okay, now erably more alert. can’t look outside this thing and you judge that this does not bother you permit us to exploit our warning to the ing management level. During this period, his log showed: have no visual horizon, not even an arti- particularly?” fullest, even if the time is only 15-30 • Highly motivated and competent per- Observer: "i'he time is now 1010— 0630: "11th pass. Body temperature ficial horizon. I’ve had vertigo flying "No, in fact, the last time I was over min. in length.” sonnel. 1,500-ft. altitude. We’re almost back to 98F, relative humidity 63%, cabin instrument conditions. Usually all I do here was the first time it had ever hap- ground level. We can see subject is temperature 80F. If you are looking is, when I do get it, is level the wings up pened to me and I guess it’s a certain already getting ready to crawl out of for hallucinations—the bottom meter and look down between my legs and fatigue factor. I don't know what it is. the chamber. His heart rate is now up could be a kitten or a human—but it's just about 1-2, like that and then come Maybe it’s my vivid imagination, of to 130 beats per minute.” really a meter.” up to the instruments and then I’m which I have one, or maybe I do this The subject emerged wearing a weak, 0800: "12th pass-over. Body temper- all right." unconsciously. Normally when I sec a fixed grin and was taken immediately ature 98.5F, relative humidity 65%, Pilot Subject reported: "... As C pattern of some type, I try to make to debriefing. Dr. Hautv emphasized cabin temperature 80F. Was halluci- I told before, figures—after I’d been you something out of it in my own mind. several points regarding this experience. nating some, i.e., top and bottom on the panel for awhile, there were all Maybe subconsciously I go ahead and Prior to meters in- the "flight," the subject had resembled Indian faces—white kinds of figures come out on the make something out of these, but I been made well aware of the probable marks on top resembled chief—gone struments. I could make out the shapes realize it and it doesn’t interfere with occurrence and nature of the aberrant of different things.” my work. It gets irritating at times behavior that he might experience. Yet. 0930: "13th pass-over. Body tem- though. I’m sitting there and looking relative when he did perceive the television perature 98.6F, humidity 58%, "Oh your dialed instruments. You at it and I thought it would be so much monitor "turning brown,” he did not cabin temperature S0F. I feel pretty can see a face or— it isn’t looking at the nicer and clearer if I could forget these regard this as an illusion, but accepted good now—not rested, but not sleeps' dials and seeing it. It’s the whole thing things are there and get rid of them. it event as a real which was reinforced either. I think I am doing quite well on going together on you and making one, And if I can, I can look away and come by his natural apprehension of fire the work panel (operator task) now.” 1 don’t know how to explain it—it's back at them and they're clear and then hazard. Further, this "reality” per- 1100: "14th pass. Body temperature rail funny. Also on my radar pattern. 1 after I'd stare at them awhile the damn sisted for two or more hours, prolong- 98F, relative humidity 53%. cabin don't see things there but I lose my things would come right back up ing his highly disturbed state. When it temperature S0F. Meters still look like presentation every now and then, if I appeared to him that he really wasn’t faces once in a while, but that’s all.” get to staring at it too long after I’ve "Well, did this persist through this certain what had happened to him and 1230: "15th pass. Body temperature been in there awhile. The only thing afternoon?" that ground personnel had some doubt 97.9F, relative humidity 50%. cabin I get is a black and white contrast “Uh-huh, oh, yes, it would persist as as to his functional integritv, he be- temperature 81 F. Have to keep mov- rather than having the clear presenta- long as I’m—after I've been staring at came even more disturbed and had to ing to keep from going to sleep. This tion of a figure as it comes out, but if them for a long time. Its never hap-

taken of the next hr. will rough. I I ." be out chamber. 7i be When get move around the room and look away pened in an airplane. . .

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missible levels in terms of body burden needed in gathering physiological and Lag Criticized in Space Biology Program from prominent isotopes, such as Argon psychological data. Time extension of 141 and Strontium 90, for example, are the near weightless state is approaching REASONS required, particularly in event of acci- maximal limits with the Century-series San Antonio, Tex.—Lacking a central, vast collection of unrelated data which In the specific area of radiation effects dents at the launch site or if destruc- fighters—some 50-60 sec.—and yet even coordinated space biology program, the he says is difficult to interpret and use. that will be encountered in space travel, tion of the missile is required. Reactor within these limts, much additional U. S. is diluting its national talent to Today, each biomedical “shot.” ve- he noted that the first U. S. satellite aJTO powerplant will have probably under- data ran be recorded and telemetered, such extent that the future holds little hicular system and trajectory is different to carry a Geiger counter for cosmic gone prior ground testing and will have he believes. more hope for real success than the from the other one and in the long run ray measurements discovered a radiation acquired a radioactive history. Use of large jet aircraft, such as the past, according to Col. John E. Picker- is a significant deterrent to a unified belt (Van Allen belt) so much more Since one of our objectives is to KC-135 Stratotankcr, as near-weightless INVESTIGATE ing. medical research director of USAF program. intense than cosmic ray intensities that ultimately employ manned space ve- laboratories, while limited in the time School of Aviation Medicine, Aerospace Col. Pickering suggests that one way counters were saturated, with subse- hicles, progression in research can come trajectory, will afford observations not atkins & merrill Medical Center, Brooks AFB. to overcome these flaws in current medi- quent experiments showing that this from animal work on various species possible in the cramped fighters. The Careful analysis of the past two years' cal space research would be to develop radiation extended from a few hundred of mice, monkeys and man, paralleling KC-135's large fuselage bays afford the efforts in gathering data on space biol- an organization similar to the Man- to more than 10,000 mi. above the advanced vehicle research from super- opportunity for medical observers to NOW ogy shows the most discouraging factor hattan District, which so successfully earth apparently following the earth's sonic aircraft to rocket-powered vehicles be present to personally check reactions, is the lack of development of a stand- speeded practical development of nu- magnetic field contours. In addition, of the North American X-15 and Dyna- make tests and physiological observa- ardized space probing system with rea- clear weapons. He feels that a similar solar flares present an even greater radi- Soar configurations. tions by conventional laboratory meth- sonable reliability, which Col. Pickering singular scientific group is needed in the ation problem. source The nature and ods and standard equipment. feels must supplant the current “piggy- medical space research area since it of these radiations are still speculative. Payload Assignment Col. Pickering said it is conceivable back” system. Under this system, vari- holds the same unknowns as did nuclear Pickering said, and thev mav imw >se If reasonable payloads were assigned, that treadmill and tiltablc table work ous groups of space medicine research- research in the past two decades. rigid limitations on maximal space re- medical scientists could more readily could be included, and fluoroscopy dur- ers must vie with dozens of other In the nuclear case, one concept was connaissance and manned space tra.el. design equipment of a standardized ing a barium swallow may reveal inter- agencies for the right to place instru- developed that permitted a degree of nature to enhance reliability Ionizing Radiation and flexi- esting results. mentation or a package in a probe. standardization of the primary objec- bility in the area of reasonable payloads. Although extensive work remains to tive-a source of power with varied ap- Considerable knowledge is available Col. Pickering told Aviation Week Unrelated Data be done using air vehicles and missiles, plications, such as weapons, heat and on the effects of ionizing radiation as it that he would like to see vehicles Col. Pickering feels that the bulk of data obtained, limited tail- propulsion. He emphasized standardi- applies defining The and to maximum permis- assigned to space biology scientists biomedical research will be done on the to this zation with reasonable flexibility, yet sible limits ored concept and based on of radiation from acute and with the ability of earning approxi- ground in laboratories and simulators, sufficiently rigorous design compromises that had to be made as a in until re- chronic studies, but the radiation spec- mately 100 lb., say to the area of the particularly in development of closed result, lacks the sophistication of both liability became prime, and sufficient trum has been limited to weapons Van Allen belt, for animal studies on ecological systems and study of the data gathering and reduction vitally reproducible data was obtained to en- radiation or laboratory sources of neu- effects of radiation. effects of confinement, detachment, needed, he believes, and results in a hance scientific judgment. tron, gamma. X-ray, alpha or beta Miniaturized equipment to record sensory deprivation, weightlessness, origin at energy levels well below th -sc brain waves, heart action, skin response, habitability, physiological day-and-night predicted as occurring in the Van Allen blood pressure and the like could be cycling and fatigue. belt or the solar flares. proof-tested for implementation in Dosage effects versus criteria can be manned projects. Such successful mini- established for these sources for guide- aturization, he added, would find appli- lines for future probing. Col. Pickering cations in other clinical research. noted, but he questioned the specific- A major step in animal research that effects of, say protons, which are heavy remains to be taken is a successful in- in the Van Allen belt. Todav there is jection into orbit and subsequent re- no way of exposing animals to the ef- covery of live biological specimens. A fects of protons, he pointed out. program has been under way for some Whether protons produce cataracts, leu- time to complete this work phase, but kemia, shortening of life span and development of laboratory instrumenta-

genetic changes—and what is the dose tion into flight hardware of limited effect or the energy effect—remain un- weight and volume capable of function- answered. Another question: is there a ing for extended mission times has been relative biological effect significantly underestimated in its complexity—feeder different from present ideas concerning mechanism, operation, air conditioning the neutron? equipment, physiological sensors, elec- trode implementation, programing se- Experiments Needed quences, etc. Also, accurate physical We can today define a fairly accurate and biological data needed to engi- threshold dose for these effects so far neer a safe system has been at the low as post-radiation time permits, but ac- end of the learning curve, Col. Picker- Spray reduces adhesion tual experiments that are needed can ing said, resulting in significant post- of ice to rubber only be done using reliable space probes, ponements in the program. It's Icex made by B.F.Goodrich ... he continued. In particular, he was referring to the a silicone -base material that lowers the thermal profile vital If nuclear power is to be a source data to capsule de- strength of adhesion of ice to rubber . . sign in support of live specimens. of primary propulsion, reactor type and As thus makes ice removal easier. When atkins & I presently Atlas-Boosted Space Vehicle Size Comparison history will contribute to the problem designed, support is question- sprayed on surfaces like De-Icers, Icex able. Accurate data to support bio- creates a smooth, slick film. Packaged in Family of space vehicles that will be boosted by USAF-Convair Atlas missile shows of radiation protection, particularly in medical criteria cannot be over-empha- convenient spray cans; stocked by your comparative Left right. Atlas D, first of the operational ICBMs. Next is terms of shadow shield requirement sizes. to nearest B.F.Goodrich aviation products sized, he said, since it will be translated y g Mercury booster. McDonnell capsule plus escape rocket pylon is 25 ft. high. Third is against primary radiation. If ceramic to the North American F-lOOs, Convair Atlas-Able space probe. Fourth is Atlas-Agcna, launcher for USAFs Midas infrared carlv reactors arc found to be more reason- Write for free literature and indicate F-lOZs, Boeing KC-135s, X-15 and warning satellite and Samos reconnaissance satellite. Fifth is Vega vehicle, recently able, then fission product debris and category of interest so that we may help Mercury flights to monitor man in canceled by National Aeronautics and Space Administration, which will use Atlas-Agcna activation must be considered from the B.F.Goodrich you better, quicker. some critical phase of the given flight for some Vega missions and Atlas-Centaur for others. Last is Centaur, an Atlas topped point of inhalation and ingestion, he aviation products 50 Post Road, So. Sudbury, Mass. by a Coin-air Centaur second stage. Mercury and Atlas-Able are NASA vehicles; Centaur rioted. Additional bio-instrumentation is 1750 Placentia Ave., Anaheim, Calif. will be used for both military and civilian missions. Careful definition of maximum per-

AVIATION WEEK, AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 i

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SUBSIDIARIES: ALLIED RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, INC . BOSTON, MASS CANADIAN VERTOL AIRCRAFT LTD.. ARNPRIOR. ONT curacies approaching those of atomic AV I O N I CS If materials can be found which can be placed in a superconductive state at higher temperatures (liquid hydrogen instead of liquid helium), it may be feasible to apply cryogenics to special transformers, generator stator windings, the coils of large particle accelerators and to large coils used in energy stor- age/discharge svstems, Dr. Buchhold said.

Cryo Gyro Principles

In 1957, Dr. Buchhold conceived the idea of using the principle of cryogenic superconductivity' to achieve a magnetic suspension of a spinning gyro wheel, thereby eliminating conventional bear- ings whose spurious torques cause ran- dom drift in a gyro. Up to a certain strength, a magnetic field will not penetrate a superconduc- tor metal. The reason is that the field causes currents to flow on the super- conductor surface which in turn pro- duce a magnetic field that repells the CUTAWAY of GE cryogenic gyro shows the bearing coils that produce mi magnetic field which produced them. to support spinning gyro rotor replacing conventional bearings which ci If the gyro wheel is made from one >il Motor drift. Torque coils provide compensation for lack of uniformity in bearing fields. of about 20 metals that exhibit super- winding induces currents in rotor which cause it to spin at high speed. conducting characteristics, and if the wheel is surrounded by suitably located induc- critical field and superconductivity char- magnetic fields, it should be possible to field, similar to that used in an extremely difficult suspend the spinning wheel magnetic- tion or hysteresis motor, induced cur- acteristics, but it is pro- to cast and machine. Tire solution de- ally, Dr. reasoned. General rents in the superconductor which CRYOGENIC GYRO, expected have rates low 0.0001 per hour, been developed by G.tlcra) Electric. Buchhold to drift as as deg. has 'Hie ervn gyro, veloped by General Electric consists of Electric's Ordnance Department, a duced reactive forces that caused it to using hollow titanium sphere with a major contractor on the Polaris pro- rotate about its spin axis. One experi- a devices under investigation in GE's new cryogenic laboratory (right). thin spun hemisphere of niobium gram, decided to fund the program to mental cryogenic motor operated at around it. determine its feasibility. speeds up to 21,000 rpm. for 50 hr. main bearing suspension and To establish feasibility, General Elec- without malfunction, General Electric The Cryogenic Drift reports. equalizing torque coils had to be fabri- Gyro Cuts Random Rate tric made several small motors which from niobium, but the metal was were operated in a vacuum, to eliminate Although the principle was estab- cated Administration’s Propulsion Labor- genics years ago, has just completed too brittle to make small radius bends, By Philip J. Klass Jet 10 possible aerodynamic disturbances, at lished, there were many practical de- annealing tended to degrade its atory also is investigating and develop- a new $100,000 low-temperature facil- liquid helium temperature (four degrees sign problems which had to be solved and Schenectady, with six cryostat superconductor qualities. These char- N. Y.—Cryogenic gyro- ing cryogenic gyroscopes. ity equipped stations, above absolute zero) and suspended by before a useful cryogenic gyro could scope, which may provide random drift each capable of maintaining a tempera- acteristics also were destroyed when A few hundred yards away from the magnetic fields produced through super- be made. For example, niobium was rates as low 0.0001 General Engineering Laboratory, ture a few degrees above absolute zero. conventional welding or soldering tech- as deg. per hour, GE conductivity. An additional alternating selected because of its relatively high about Ath to 1/1 00th as much as the which is developing the cryogenic gyro, Some of the possibilities which may niques were used on niobium wire. r best conventional gyro, was unveiled another type of semi-exotic gyroscope is result from the application of c "0 - Plug Thermal Leaks here by General Electric Co. being developed by the company’s Light genics, according to General Electric’s To date. General Electric has tested Military Electronics Department ad- Dr. T. A. Buchhold, who developed the Superconductivity To minimize the amount of liquid the magnetic suspension bearings and vanced development group. Hi is em- cryogenic gyro, include the following: helium required to maintain the cryo- Although it had long been known that the resistance of metals decreases as their motor of the cryogenic gyro and by the ploys electrostatic suspension of the e Magnetic I ns, which can be used to genic gyro at its superconducting tem- temperature is reduced, reaching zero at a temperature of absolute zero (—459.7F end of the year it expects to have a gyro's spinning mass instead of mag- shape and focus magnetic fields, may perature, General Electric scientists had or -273.2C), Dutch physicist Kamer Lingh Onnes in 1911 discovered that the full engineering model of the gyro in netic suspension used in the cryogenic enable an electron microscope to view to plug every possible thermal leak. Tire resistance of a few metals dropped abruptly to zero a few degrees above absolute operation. gyro. Minneapolis-Honeywell also is de- company developed a thin vacuum type Initial investigation of the cryogenic veloping an electrostatic gyroscope. • Erictionless bearings, similar to those insulator, called “P-Zcro,” which not Onnes observed that the temperature at which the resistance dropped to zero gyro principles was made with General employed in the cryogenic gyro. only is a better thermal barrier than Electrostatic Gyro (superconductivity) depended not only upon the particular metal being tested and Electric funds, but the current hard- • Motors, which would hare an effi- the previously used Dewar flask but is its purity, but aiso depended upon flic strength of magnetic field in which the ware program, known as Project Spin, Tire electrostatic gyro is better suited ciency of close to 100%, enabling them stronger and more rugged. To prevent metal was exposed. If the magnetic field strength, either from external source or is sponsored by Army Ballistic Missile to operation in a low gravity-force en- to operate almost indefinitely without the electrical connections to the cryo- from internal currents, was sufficiently high, the metal’s resistance did not drop Agency. vironment, which makes it attractive for continuous application of power to the genic gyro from serving as conductors abruptly to zero. This point at which superconductivity will not occur is known Because of the size and weight of as- use in submarine or space vehicle guid- to carry heat into the supercooled ele- as the critical field strength. sociated equipment required to main- ance but less attractive to use in bal- • Amplifier, d.c. to a.c. type, with zero ment, General Electric uses transformer Scientists immediately recognized that under suitable conditions, an electrical tain the cryogenic gyro at a temperature listic missile guidance. drift and no noise. action. Electricity' for suspension, equal- current could be induced in a metal in the superconductivity state which would near absolute zero, the new device is The cryogenic gyroscope is only one • Computer elements, opening the way izing and motor coils is introduced into continue to flow indefinitely without additional application of power. expected to find its initial applications of many new devices which are like'" to to extremely small, low-power comput- primary winding, which is outside the However, this phenomenon remained largely a laboratory curiosity without in Polaris submarines and surface ves- emerge from work now going on in ers. Such devices have been under de- thermal barrier. Secondary winding, in- many practical applications until the recent advent of efficient helium liquefiers sels. However, with additional develop- General Electric and elsewhere in the velopment for several years. side the supercooled volume, is wound of moderate size and cost. ment it may find use for guidance of relatively new field of cryogenics. Gen- • Resonant cavities, with Q-numbcrs of niobium wire. There arc approximately 20 metals, including mercury, lead, tin, niobium and ballistic missiles and space vehicles. eral Electric officials predict. Tire com- measured in the millions, may permit Inside the housing in which the gyro tantalum, as well as many compounds and alloys, that exhibit superconductivity. The National Aeronautics and Space pany, which began its work in cryo- frequency standard oscillators with ac- wheel spins. General Electric says it

73 72 AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 v

has achieved vacuum levels as high as is used to detect displacement of the the device in a bridge circuit. Wien lap and etch them to the desired di- Russian production of semiconductors 5S40, 5902 and 6111, indicate that one micro-millimeter of mercury. The gyro case (due to vehicle motion) rela- used in a bridge circuit, there is onlv a mensions. in 1960 is expected to be 205 times its 2,500 hr. of life can be obtained if bulb company developed special ceramic-to- tive to the spinning wheel. 2% bridge unbalance over a tempera- The whiskers are extremely strong output 10 years ago. No base figures temperature is limited to 160C. Test metal seals to permit a tight seal around General Electric says it is exploring ture range of 25C to 100C, according and flexible and can be bent through were given for either item. U.S. tran- report, entitled “Electron Tube Bulb the niobium wire without destroying possible use of the device as an ex- to William Wright, manager of the 560 deg. with a radius of curvature sistor output has increased by a factor Temperature Ratings,’’ identified PB- the metal’s superconductivity charactcr- tremely sensitive accelerometer. The company's solid state division. that is only 10 times their diameter of about 60 since 1954, the first year 151850, is available for S2.00 from company also is seeking to develop new Because of the tiny size of the semi- without damage or permanent deforma- that Electronic Industries Assn, began Office of Technical Services, Depart- materials with higher critical fields. Tin's conductor strain ment of Commerce, Washington 25, Gyro Operation gage and its high sig- tion, Wright says. collecting data on semiconductor pro- would permit the use of spinning nal level, it can be cmplovcd to measure- To fabricate a whisker or sliver into duction. D. C. The cryogenic gyro is a two-degree of wheels with greater therefore mass and strains imposed on an extremely small a usable strain gage requires the attach- freedom device with limited travel. Tin's provide higher angular momentum. Tire area, Wright World Inventory Via Electronics- points out. This is im- ment of electrical leads, an operation NEW AVIONIC requires a fast responding servo system company also is seeking new materials Air Force will undertake a simultaneous portant where it is necessary to localize that is performed using micro-manipu- in the stabilized platform in which the which become superconductive at high stress areas. world-wide inventory' of its supply and PRODUCTS gyro is mounted to quickly return the higher temperatures, possibly at that assets for first this Initial work at Electro-Optical was equipment the time gyro case to its null position relative to of liquid Piezo-Resistance Effect hydrogen or even of liquid financed with company funds. About month. Electronic data processing Components & Devices the spinning optical nitrogen wheel. An pickoff to ease the cooling problem. Principle of operation of the semi- a year ago the Picatinnv Arsenal of the equipment and fast communications inventory in- conductor strain gage is the piezo-re- Army Ordnance Corps took over spon- permit the simultaneous stead of the phased class-by-class count Strain Gage With High Sensitivity sistance effect. This was first reported sorship to apply the semiconductor bv scientists at Bell Telephone Labora- strain gage to several specific instru- previously employed. tories and the Case Institute of Tech- mentation problems where high fre- Avion Gets Quick Reaction Award— Made of Semiconductor Material nology several years ago. They noted quency response and signal level were Goddard Space ^Flight Center of the that when a semiconductor crystal is required. Specific instruments cannot National Aeronautics and Space Ad- Pasadena—A strain gage made of a in resistance to total gage resistance subjected to tension or compression, it be disclosed. ministration has awarded a quick-reac- semiconductor material, which report- divided by the ratio of the increment undergoes a sharp change in its resist- Electro-Optical Systems, Inc., address edly sensitivity of tion contract to Avion Division of ACF has 50 times the a of change in gage length to its total is 170 North Daisy Ave., Pasadena, Industries in nearby Alexandria, Va., conventional wire strain gage, has been length.) It was Bell Telephone Laboratories Calif. to provide engineering laboratory and developed here by Electro Optical Sys- For applications where a high gage which also investigated several years 1 — > 'T5WGTT' I model shop work in printed circuit elec- tems, Inc. factor/high signal level is desired, earlier the nature and of cause tin • Voltage regulator, transistorized, de- kz tronics. •New contract is an open-end The strain gage consists of a single- barium titanate sonretimes is used as whiskers which occasionally grow on FILTER CENTER ^ signed to meet MIL-E-5272 specs and 1 1 agreement type in which specific proj- crystal whisker or sliver of germanium the signal pickoff. However, its high telephone relay contacts and cause in- ects are assigned as required. to operate between —55 and 4-125 C. or silicon which measures 0.001 in. in internal impedance, usually many meg- termittent malfunctions. were These Satellite Radar Decision Soon—Na- Output voltages are between 35 and diameter and 1 to i in. long. Despite ohms, can result in a noisy signal if long found to be single crystals with remark- tional Aeronautics and Space Adminis- Tube Temperature vs. Reliability- 150 v.d.c. at load currents up to 500 its small size, the device has a tensile cable runs are necessary to route the able tensile strength for their size. tration hopes to complete technical Tests on three subuumature tube types, ma. Regulation is 0.1% for input strength of about 1 million psi. at room signal to its destination. The semi- To investigate the piezo-resistive evaluation of more than 50 company temperature and experiences no plastic conductor strain gage has a much lower properties of semiconductors, Electro- bids for a meteorological satellite deformation below temperatures of internal impedance which minimizes Optical Systems scientists set out to weather radar this month, according to 550C, the company reports. the induced noise problem. Value can intentionally grow the tiny whiskers an agency spokesman. The new semiconductor strain gage be tailored between approximately 50 using germanium and silicon. A lump is expected to find use in a variety of and 50,000 ohms to provide imped- of doped silicon is placed in one end Novel Recniiting Twist—Sprague instrumentation applications where a ance match to a telemetry oscillator or of a quartz is at tube which closed each Electric, whose main plant is located high-level signal is desired with very at North Adams, Mass., near the heart slight loading on the sensing element. disadvantage of the device One new The end containing the silicon of New England’s skiing area, is ad- The device fac- is fact it has an ultimate gage the that has a higher tempera- then is heated to a temperature where vertising for engineers ih a ski magazine. tor of 175, compared with a figure of ture coefficient than a conventional wire it vaporizes deposits cool and at the The ad features a map which shows about for a conventional wire strain strain gage; i.c., larger change in re- end of 2i the quartz tube, producing the Sprague’s proximity to major ski rc- gage, the company says. (Gage factor, sistance per degree of change in tem- tiny semiconductor whiskers. Another a measure of sensitivity, is defined as crature. This can be compensated for technique which can be used is to slice the ratio of the increment of change Ey using thermistors or by employing thin slivers from a silicon crystal, then Call for Authors—Prospective authors who would like to present papers at this year's Western Electronic Convention to be held Aug. 25-26 in Los Angeles, should submit 100-200 word abstracts and complete text or a detailed summary' by May 1. Material should be sent to Richard G. Lcitncr, Wescon Business Office, 1455 South La Cienega Blvd., Los Angeles 55, Calif. Nuclear Fuel Gage — Automation for Immigration Air- Developed for Aircraft port customs and immigration proce- dures must be speeded up through the Nuclear fuel gage, developed by North use of electronics, Solve Ilaegcrstrom, American’s Atomics International, uses chief International Air Transport Assn, gamma radiation sources, such as Cobalt-60, scintillation counters to measure amount observer, told the recent Fifth Inter- and national Civil Aviation Organization of liquid or solid fuel in an aircraft or a mis- sile. Intensity of rays reaching the Facilitation Division at a meeting in gamma detector is a measure of amount of fuel through which they have passed. In photo USSR Computer, Transistor Output at right, transistorized detector package (left) to Climb—Soviet Union expects to in- crease its output of computing machines system. Gage was developed for Navy, tested by nearly 400% in the next five years. in twin-jet bomber at 38,000 ft.

AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 AVIATION WEEK, 75 .

variations of ±20% and load variations from zero to full load. Unit measures 2i in. wide, 2i in. deep, and 21 in. high and weighs 15 oz. Power-tronic Systems, Inc., 10 Pine Court, New Ro- chelle, N. Y.

• Video Detector Mounts provide high tangential sensitivity down to 50 ntc. Mounts use slow wave structure to create physically short line for matching the world’s crystal impedance to input line. Ranges covered are 50 me. to 120 me., 120 me. to 300 me. and 300 me. to 600 me. Tangential sensitivities in excess of —55 dbm. have been obtained with selected crystals. American Electronic Laboratories, longest Inc., 121 N. Seventh St., Philadelphia 6, Pa. Airborne Thermoplastic Recorder Studied

Developmental thermoplastic recorder (AW Jan. 18, p. 87) shown at left promises advan- tages of radiation resistant, high-density, wideband recording process which at this stage of screwdriver development records with quality indicated by frames underneath paper clip (right). ' Instruments MOVES JET FUEL TRIMMING • Strip recorder provides six independ- TO COCKPIT ent non-overlapping and continuous rec- ords in unit 121 in. wide, 913 in. high Now only 1 man—instead of 3—trims fuel controls and 81 in. deep. Recorder is sensitive

of all jet engines . . . faster. . . with greater accuracy. .

without hazard ... all by remote control!

Eliminates exposure to dangerous noise and heat when trimming at the engine. • Analog-to-Digital Converter, M4, per- forms 12 bit conversion to accuracy of plus or minus 1 millivolt in 65 micro- EXCLUSIVE seconds over temperature range from — 55C to 70C. Converter designed front end mounting, has 40 to 200 to satisfy MIL-E-5400B. MIL-E-005272 ohms maximum output impedances, and MIL-T-19600 (AER). Packard 2.5K to 30K ohms input impedances, Bell Computer Corp., 12333 West low phase shift and terminal linearity Olympic Blvd., Los Angeles 64, Calif. of 0.05%. Pcrkin-Elmer Corp., Nor- walk, Conn. to 1 milliamp. full scale, has one second • High-Q-Rejection Filters, available in response time, and has chart speeds 11 MIL-T-27A cases for atten- • Power supply, Model PS4019. pro- available from 1 in. per hr. to 24 in. uation of frequencies down to 26 cps. vides selectable outputs from 25 to 32 per min. Curtiss-Wright Corp., Prince-

v.d.c. with load current up to 1.5 amp. ton, N. J. HOW IT WORKS 'W Unit requires 105 to 125 v.a.c. Ripple „ • and noise level at output is less than Valve operation analyzer. Model adapter combination is clamped 1543, is self-contained instrument for control on the directly to tile fuel functional analysis of solenoid-operated pneumatic control valves and pneu- adapter is attached to a remote 1# valves. An- controller (usually in the cockpit) matically-operated main by means of an electrical cable. 11 1 y >-r alyzer remotely tests valve sequence op- eration without disturbing components idle, military power and water I position vs. time under test and plots graph of main valve actuator motion. Unit may be preprogramed for 12 com- Notch frequencies can be spaced to binations of any four events in a manual 2:1 with less than 4 db. loss between mode and three combinations of any notches. 2 mv., regulation maintains output to four in automatic mode and will meas- T T Electronics, Inc., P.O. Box 180, within 0.2 v. for load changes up to ure and record four-events combination Culver City, Calif. 1.5 amp. with the line constant, and in 1,000 milliseconds with resolution LEAR is 0.2 ohms of ±0.1 millisecond. Consolidated ELECTROMECHANICAL DIVISION output impedance less than Specializing in actuating components • Alternating Current Potentiometer, from d.c. to 100 kc. Power Sources, Avionics Corp., 800 Shames Dr., West- and control systems — electro- new Series 4 Vernistat, with size 9 Inc., Burlington, Mass. bury. N. Y. mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic. 110 Ionia Ave. N.W. AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 Grand Rapids 2, Mich. Three Soviet tracking ships have moved into the Central Pacific to monitor long range missile firings (AW Jan. 25, p. 36). Sukotkah

(above) was photographed from a Navy Lockheed P2V-7. Radar ; it platform appears to be S-band surve

Soviet Tracking Ships Operate in Central Pacific

WITH GOOD FABRICATION PROPERTIES

AM 350 and AM 355 are metals for the space age! The combination of easy fabrication with high strength-to-weight ratio of AM 350 and AM 355 interests missile and supersonic aircraft designers with problems of high strength at elevated temperatures.

This pair of precipitation hardening stainless steels from Allegheny Ludlum research are easy to fabricate in the annealed condition. They can be spun, drawn, formed, machined, brazed and welded using normal stainless procedures.

Both alloys have high strength without embrittlement from room temperature to 1000°F, plus good ductility at elevated temperatures. They have remarkable stability and excellent corrosion resistance.

AM 350 is available in sheet, strip, foil, small bars and wire. AM 355, best suited for heavier sections, is available in forgings, forging billets, plates, bars, wire, sheet and strip.

For further information, see your A-L sales engineer or write for the new technical booklet, “AM 350 and AM 355,” Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation, Oliver Building, Pittsburgh 22, Pa. Allegheny Ludlum

EVERY FORM OF STAINLESS . . . EVERY HELP IN USING IT

Sampan Hitch, USAF tracking vessel shown for comparison, is tied up at Port Canaveral. Precision tracking radar antenna, used for nose cone retrieval and possibly operating at X or K bands, is located atop aft mast. Two plastic domes cover optical trackers.

AVIATION WEEK, I, 1960 FUSELAGE of four-place, second prototype F.400 Cobra jet executive aircraft awaits completion at Milan, Italy, plant of Procaer, where production of the Cobra will join that of the Picchio F.15. Powerplant is a Turbomeca Marbore 2 turbojet of 880 lb. thrust

Italian Cobra Jet Nears Maiden Flight

By David A. Andcrton thetic glue and the combination is used tions. Second prototype is shown in as skin. This laminate was chosen by the accompanying photographs; its basic Milan, Italy— First flight of the F-400 Frati to give the airplane increased structure is nearly complete. Cobra executive jet aircraft designed by resistance to weather and corrosion, Both Neeff and Frati feel that the

Italian engineer Stelio Frati is scheduled while keeping the easv repair and performance of the Cobra could be for early this year. maintenance qualities of the wooden improved considerably with some more The Cobra, a straight-wing airplane structure. thrust, but a major drawback is the powered by a single Turbomeca Mar- All basic structure is wood or ply- bore 2 turbojet rated at 880 lb. thrust, wood, with metal used in the obvious The Marbore engine is in large- will first fly as a two-seat prototype places. Stainless steel and insulating scale production by Turbomeca in instigate compensatory control forces or other actions. An accel- version. Second prototype and produc- materials are used in the engine bay. France. Blackburn in England and eration analog output voltage is also available. tion models will have four places, and First prototype is nearly completed, Continental in the United States. It If your measurement and control problem requires accurate Typically, a jerkmeter installed in a jet aircraft will provide an will be certificated as four-place air- and at the time of this visit was in the is a proven, well-tested engine with an measurement of jerk or the rate of change of acceleration, instantaneous output proportional to the rate of change of g's. Procaer factory receiving final installa- excellent record. Donner Scientific's new line of precision angular and linear This signal can be used to predict impending disaster conditions. Frati’s major other engine suitable for the jerkmeters can help. Other applications include use wherever constant acceleration design aim has been to Any Cobra These new instruments are the only truly accurate device of this is required. Here, the Donner jerkmeter provides a "velocity- combine high performance in the air Cobra F.400 is either too far away from full- type ever made. They are designed to meet the most demanding damping” term. The jerkmeter also provides a third order term with short field performance on the scale production or too far out on the applications. Both angular and linear jerkmeters provide an out- for stabilizing displacement devices. It can also be used as an ground. Maximum speed of the F.400 Dimensions and Weights cost limb. Nccff quoted one example put voltage proportional to jerk which in turn can be used to inertial indicator' of first motion. is 379 mph. at 16.400 ft. Takeoff where the engine price would more Wingspan 28.50 ft ground run is less than 1,000 ft. than equal the price of the rest of the RANGES HYSTERESIS Length 25.55 ft One major equipped airframe. American business and Height Acceleration: ± 1 g full range to ±30 g full range Less than 0.1% 9.2 ft executive aircraft firm has been talking Design practice of the Picchio shows Jerk: ±0.5 g/sec full range to ±20 g/sec full range POWER Wing area 125.9 sq. ft KEY SPECIFICATIONS with Rico Nccff, director of the Pro- throughout the Cobra layout. The wing OUTPUT FULL SCALE -4-15 v dc at 10 ma and — 15vdcatl0ma Empty weight 1.540 lb for Model 4405 getti Costruzioni Aeronautiche S.p.A. is basically the same, a simple straight- Accelerometer: ±7.5vdc Useful load 1,320 lb Linear Jerkmeter SIZE (Procaer) where the Cobra is being wing geometry with moderate taper Jerk: ±7.5 vdc Crow weight 2.860 lb 3" long, 154" wide, 154" high produced, with a possible goal of license ratio, built on a single spar and in RESOLUTION one WEIGHT production in the United States. De- Perfonnance piece. The wing is bolted to the 0.1% full scale or better 7.5 ounces tails are nebulous at this stage, and fuselage with four bolts. Internal wing LINEARITY Maximum speed, level flight would depend on the Cobra's flight- tanks have a capacity of about 53 gal. 0.1% full scale or better (16,400 ft.) 379 mph. test performance and its ability to meet (200 liters). Maximum speed, sea level. . . .360 mph. American airworthiness requirements. Major change from Picchio wings Minimum speed 65.2 mph. As in Frati’s Picchio F.15 (AW Jan. has been to build the air inlets into the Takeoff ground nin 983 ft. 25, p. 94), skin of the Cobra is a ply- leading edge and provide for ducting Landing ground ran 623 ft. wood-aluminum laminate. A thin laver through the root and into the fuselage Donn£R°— Service ceiling 31,100 ft. of 99%-pure aluminum is bonded on to the engine. CONCORD, CALIFORNIA Range at 14,750 ft 621 mi. to a thicker plywood base with syn- Ailerons are dynamically and stat-

AVIATION WEEK, Febru I, 1960 amp./hr. battery in the nose, and an en- gine driven generator. System includes these circuits: engine starter, hydraulic system pumps, VHF radio and radio compass, instruments, navigational lights, cabin lights and cockpit heating. Hydraulic system has an electric pump, a reservoir, hydraulic accumu- lator and an emergency pump placed between the pilots’ scats for manual operation. System operates landing gear, flaps, speed brakes and, through a reducing valve, the wheel brakes.

Standard instrumentation is included, complete with instrument and night- flying panel, VHF radio and radio compass.

Do.27 for Spain Makes First Flight WING structure of the Cobra (left) resembles that of the Picchio F.15 but has been changed Seville— First of a series of 50 Dornicr to allow air intakes and ducting in and through the wing, 'lank space and landing gear Do.27 well STOL aircraft ordered by the can be seen toward wing root. Conventional pit wood and wood construction fright) Spanish air force recently made its first marks the Cobra structure. Section shown is rear of cabin and the half-oval structure above flight. the engine bay and the firewall. Hardwood keel is built into forward fuselage. The planes arc being built by CASA (Construcciones Aeronauticas S. A.) in ically balanced, with electrically con- behind the cockpit. Total capacity is collaboration with Domier GmbH., trolled tabs. arc Maps hydraulically about 160 gal. Fuel pump is an engine- Munich. operated. Center section of the wing driven accessory, but there is an emer- First prototypes of both the Do.27 mounts a speed brake which is also gency electric pump in case of primary and the -Do.25, its immediate predeces- operated hydraulic-ally and can be pump breakdown. Electrical fuel sor in the STOL field, were built in opened anywhere in the Cobra’s speed quantity gages are installed on the Spain at CASA immediately after the range. panel for each tank. war, before Germany was permitted to Fuselage has a roomy cockpit built Electrical system has a 24-v., 35- develop or manufacture aircraft again. with double-walled construction filled with insulation. Hydraulic pump, bat- tery, radio and instruments are located in the forward fuselage nose, and the U. S. Business & Utility Aircraft Shipments upper deck of the nose section has November, 1959 access doors to get at these components for maintenance. Height of the doors is about at chest level for the average sized mechanic. Marbore is mounted level with the wing trailing edge in a powerplant bay with stainless steel shrouding and in- sulation between shroud and structure. Fire-extinguishing system is methyl bromide.

A strong hardwood keel is built into the belly of the forward fuselage for taking the impact during an emergency Flexonics joins a famous family wheels-up landing. ...to bring you better products and services Structural layout of the tail echoes that of the wing. The horizontal tail Flexonics Corporation’s new affiliation with Calumet & Hecla, Inc., marks another is bolted to the fuselage attachment important forward step. with four bolts, and is stepped aft of Over its fifty-year history, Flexonics has become a major factor in the precision the vertical surface for improved rudder manufacture of metal hose, metallic bellows, ex- control during spin. forming of thin metals— in the pansion joints, hydraulic hose assemblies, automotive parts, aircraft and missile The fin is an integral part of the fuselage and has a large dorsal for in- ducting systems—virtually everything for combined motion and fluid flow. creased directional stability at large Calumet & Hecla now brings its broad industrial base to Flexonics technology. angles of side-slip. Elevator has an To industry, this means that new research and development facilities, new produc- electrically controlled tab. tion capabilities, will soon be bringing you even better Flexonics products, an even Landing gear is retractable tricycle wider range of Flexonics services. type. Noscwhecl swings backwards into The entire Flexonics organization is looking forward to serving you better . . . the fuselage, and main gear retracts in- board into wheel wells in the wing. There are three fuel tanks, two in the wings, and one in the fuselage just Flexonics corporation 1315 South Third Avenue, Maywood. Illinois

82 AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 a subsidiary of Calumet & Hecla, Inc. Solar energy conversion : Through recent advances in materials and electronics, we are on the threshold of a new era of energy utili- zation. By concentrating solar radiation into the cavity of a thermionic converter, electri- cal power is generated directly from sunlight without moving parts or circulating fluids. This freedom from earthbound energy sources promises far-reaching applications in space exploration. Artist’s concept shows the unfolding of a solar collector mirror with

its central power package which would be attached to various types of space vehicles. Lockheed design of thermionic converter

operating model is shown at left. The water wheel depicts one of man’s earliest known forms of energy conversion.

THERMIONICS EXPANDING THE FRONTIERS OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY

The development of new techniques in energy conversion is typical of the broad diversification of work at Lockheed Missiles and Space Division. The Division possesses complete capability in more than 40 areas of science and technology — from concept to operation. Its programs provide a fascinating challenge to creative engineers and scientists. They include: celestial mechanics; computer research and development; electromagnetic wave propagation and radiation; electronics; the flight sciences; human engineering; magnetohydrodynamics; man in space; materials and processes; applied mathematics; operations research and analysis; ionic, nuclear and plasma propulsion and exotic fuels; sonics; space communications; space medicine; space navigation; and space physics.

Engineers and Scientists — Such programs reach far into the future

and deal with unknown and stimulating environments. It is a rewarding future with a company that has an outstanding record of progress and achievement. If you are experienced in any of the above areas, or in related work, we invite your inquiry. Please write: Research and Development Staff, Dept. B-17A, 962 W. El Camino Real, Sunnyvale, California. U.S. Citizenship or existing Department of Defense clearance required. Lockheed/ MISSILES AND SPACE DIVISION

Systems Manager for the Navy POLARIS FBM; the Air Force AGENA Satellite in the DISCOVERER Program; the MIDAS and SAMOS Satellites; Air Force X-7; and Army KINGFISHER

CAPE CANAVERAL.. FLORIDA • ALAMOGORDO. NEW MEXICO • HAWAII LARGEST in the Beech fleet, the Super G18 carries seven persons and can be modified to nine-place configuration. Beech Modifies Twin Super G18 Cockpit

facture is this By Herbert J. Coleman year’s production sched- eeption of a long, pointed nose which ule. Of the 100 airplanes to be built, contains weather surveillance radar; the Tcterboro, N. J.—Increase in the more than 17 have been delivered and new nose section considerably increases cockpit area of the Beech Super G18 50 more are on a firm order basis, ac- forward visibility both for taxiing and twin and a larger windshield for bet- cording to Leddv I. Greevcr, Beech vice in flight, due to a slight downward ter pilot visibility arc the major design president-sales. This compares with 68 changes in the 1960 model of Beech’s airplanes sold in 1959 (AW Dec. 7, p. Engineers have expanded the cock- best-known aircraft. 46) for SI 0.6 million in consumer sales. pit area by 70 cu. ft., a change that is An example of the G18’s continued Beech has retained the familiar lines immediately apparent to pilots familiar acceptance after two decades of manu- of the Model G18 series with the ex- with the somewhat cramped flight quar- ters in previous twin-Beech models. The windshield (two-piece, separated by a center bar) has been enlarged to give Usually. remarkable important in lab installations using FR-100's or 1 100’s. Doubled record- better upward visibility. Better machines make good machines obsolete. The cockpit indispensable. possible because In other modifications. Beech thing about the new Ampex FR-600 is that it doubles the usefulness of ing time is always useful. Sometimes It's has reduced the travel of the control reproduce head. If your data will be re- every Ampex analog recorder ever built. And it is unquestionably a better bandwidth is determined by the column, installed adjustable rudder simply drop the bias current on earlier pedals for the first time and added ad- machine. But it is compatible with earlier models. It actually lets you do produced on an FR-600, you justable pilot and copilot seats. The screwdriver adjustment. things with them you never could before. Like record the same band- machines to 9 milliamperes. A 5-minute Then cockpit is separated from the cabin area speed. 100 kc at 30 ips, for instance. Twice as you record the same bandwidth at half the speed and get twice the by a sliding door. widths at half the usual The level Pretty in air- recording time. A good reason for getting the full FR-600 story. cabin noise has been con- . many minutes on the same reel of tape therefore. important siderably reduced, in this case through borne use of the Ampex AR-200, or mobile use of Model 800's. Even AMPEX DATA PRODUCTS CO., 934 Charter St., Redwood City, Calif. the use of Beech’s soundproofing modi- fication and double cabin windows (op- tional, at a cost of SI,400). of every Ampex analog recorder Largest in the Beech line, the Super This machine doubles the value G18 twin has excellent flight character- istics—markedly so at low speeds. The aircraft’s gross weight has risen to 9,700 lb., highest in its production history; useful payload is 3,750 lb. Basic sale price is $126,000. Among 35 optional items is the weather surveillance radar. Weather ra- dome to replace the conventional nose cone costs $1,600. Three radars are of- CABIN is shown in five-passenger seating arrangement, with desk space in foreground. fered for factory installation: Bendix,

86 AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 LINES 47G-2 helicopter for offshore work. Air- At the moment of decision Beech Super G18 PRIVATE craft will be based at Lake Charles, La. Specifications New second airport at Abilene, Tex., Creative Advertising Agency, Grand Wingspan 49 ft. 8 in. Chord: has been named Butterfield Trail Air- Rapids, Mich., has purchased a Meyers port and is located mi. of Aircraft At root 155.12 in. 3i north the 200 lightplanc from Meyers city. Jack McGlothlin is president and Co., Specifications At detachable tip 50.156 in. Tecumseh, Mich. H. G. Henderson is vice president. are: wingspan, ft. in.; gross Wing area 560.7 sq. ft. Don 30 6 weight, Graves, owner-operator of Graves Fly- 3,000 lb.; weight, 1,910 lb.; op- Swcepback at 25% chord 8* deg. empty ing Service at Brownwood Airport, has timum cruise, 204 mph.; landing speed Horizontal tail 14 ft. 11 H in. been airport manager. Airport (with flaps), fuel capacity, 82 Vertical tail 6 ft. 5 in. named 55 mph.; Gross weight 9.700 lb. has a 2,500-ft. paved north-south run- gal.; powerplant, 260 hp. Continental east-west cleared Empty weight 6.000 lb. way; runway has been fuel injection engine. and will be paved this summer. Performance Air Taxi Co., Tehran, Iran, has been Takeoff distance (50 ft. obstacle) Reading & Bates, Tulsa, Okla., con- appointed distributor of Aero Comman- 1,980 ft. tract drilling firm, has purchased a Bell ders for Iran and nearby countries. Landing distance (50 ft. obstacle)

1,850 ft.

Rate of climb (both engines) . 1.410 fpm.

Rate of climb (single engine) 255 ft. Service ceiling (both engines). .21,00 ft.

Service ceiling (single engine). .7,750 ft. Maximum speed (10,000 ft.). .230 mph.

with a 5 in. scope and 18 in. antenna, 518,500, weighing 135 lb.; RCA AVQ- 50, 3 in. scope and 12 in. antenna, SI 2,- 200, weighing 95 lb., and the RCA AVQ-50 with a 5 in. scope and 18 in. antenna, SI 3,000 and 98 lb. The twin’s slow flight characteristics have been improved through installa- tion of washed-out wing tips and were sampled by Aviation Week in a short flight in N 766AA, a demonstrator owned by Atlantic Aviation Corp. For example, in a dirty configuration

stall (half flap and gear extended at 140 mph.) the G18 resisted the stall to the point where the aircraft was being slow- down at 80 mph. and finally was forced into the actual shill. It paid out at about 70 mph. with a break to the left. Pilot’s control is fitted with a stick- . . . when life or property stand in danger under safety equipment for the West Coasts first bal- shaker for stall warning. the shadow of a suddenly errant missile — the listic-missile base. Effect of the washed out tips was human finger poised over the "Destruct" button From two tracking sites at Vandenberg Air shown during simulated single-engine operation. The right engine was re- moves quickly downward, on information sup- Force Base, like two searchlights with their beams duced to idle speed and the left kept at plied by Cubic Corporation’s Bi-COTAR. intersecting on the missile, Bi-COTAR derives normal cruise power (27 in. and 2,000 Beneath the finger of the Range Safety Officer are direction information from standard telemetry Airspeed dropped to 130 mph. buttons that will destroy the missile in flight or signals. At the Instrument Control Center precise and directional control was easily main- tained by flying the in a slightly cut off its fuel supply. The RSO’s precise knowl- trajectories and predicted impact points are plot- G18 right-wing-up attitude. edge of trajectory and impact prediction is fur- ted for the Range Safety Officer ... his guide to Some rudder trim was made but was nished by a Bi-COTAR, which is the major range decision. not vital; the plane can be held steady • Preferred and with rudder pressure. Turns into the used by all leading idle engine were made with little diffi- airframe manufac- culty and no unsafe characteristics were STUKE Tracking systems by Cubic for missile range evident. turers and virtually safety . . . another achievement in Space Age Powcrplants are two Pratt Whit- all leading airlines. electronics. & ney R-985 engines which develop 450 bhp. at takeoff power (2.300 rpm.). LOCK Propellers are three-bladed, constant CLIP - LOCKING TURNBUCKLK8 PATENTED speed, full-feathering Martzells. For short field performance, the Super G18 can be fitted with Aerojet CORPORATION 15NS-250 jet assisted takeoff (JATO) Associated Aircraft Industries 5575 Kearny Villa Road, San Diego 11, California units, at an extra cost of S2,960. The 2600 poplar avenue memphis 12, tenn. weight penalty is 100 lb.

AVIATION 1, I960 .

A REVIEW AND PREVIEW ANNOUN .27th OF WORLD WIDE AVIATION MISSILE AND SPACE DEVELOPMENTS

Space Probes . . . Satellites . . . JCBM's . . . Man-in-Space . .

Multi-Million Pound Thrust Engines . . . Nuclear Powered

Aircraft . . . Supersonic Transports . . . Aerial Jeeps ...... are some of the dramatic breakthroughs in aviation, ANNUAL missile and space progress which have captured the imagination and thinking of scientific, military, govern- ment and industry planners.

In the world's most dynamic industry, interpreting these events is vital to our economic welfare. Each event must be studied individually and in terms of industry-wide INVENTORY technological direction. The galloping pace of progress makes it impossible for even well informed engineering-

management men to do this job . . . it takes specialists. RECOGNIZED AUTHORITY For 26 years, key engineering-management men ... the decision makers . . . have turned to the industry's top OF technical reporting team and the Inventory of Aerospace Power. The Inventory Issue has won unmatched reputa- tion and respect as the most authoritative source of infor-

mation in aviation and its related technologies. It is a product of specialists ... 32 graduate engineers and avia- tion specialists. Their full-time job is to collect, sift and analyze hundreds of technical and market developments AEROSPACE in their specialty. Once a year, these events are combined and brought to focus in special reports on current and

future progress . . . The inventory of Aerospace Power. CONTENTS OF THE INVENTORY ISSUE

Charts, graphs, tables, specifications will cover in detail, budgets, missiles, manufacturing, engineering, avionics POWER and many more areas of military and civil aviation. In- cluded is the most complete source for detailed specifica- tions on U.S. and foreign aircraft, missiles, helicopters, engines and space vehicles. PUBLISHING DATE: MARCH 7, 1960 ADVERTISERS BENEFITS

The Inventory Issue is a rare opportunity to place your advertising message in a climate of proven editorial im- SPACE RESERVATIONS CLOSE pact. Reader interest generated by past issues and vital February 15, I960 editorial content assure year 'round use. Your bonus is multiple exposure of your advertising message. Scctional- ized editorial format will permit you to position adver- tising in an appropriate section. Reader service cards are included to handle reader inquiries. Advertisers in last year's issue received over 7,000 inquiries in seven months.

Write, wire better . or yet . . PHONE your AVIATION WEEK District Manager for additional information. Regular space rates apply.

Aviation Week including Space Technology

A McGraw-Hill Publication • 330 West 42nd Street, New York 36, N.Y. EQUIPMENT Visual Simulator Aids Pilot Training

By Barry Tully

Newark, N. f.—'Transition from in- strument to visual contact approaches is practiced by Eastern Air Lines pilots with the aid of Dalto visual simulators. Eastern has purchased six Dalto units for crew bases throughout its system and has an option on two additional units. One Dalto unit will be fitted to the airline’s DC-7 simulator in Miami. The other visual devices will be in- stalled on Curtiss-Wright Dehmel flight duplicators, the airline’s standard in- strument trainer. Visual presentation, in the case of the DC-7 simulator, will be by means of a 9 x 12 ft. projected television

The flight duplicators employ a 27-in. television monitor placed approximately 3 ft. from the pilot's head. Aviation Week inspected Eastern’s original Dalto unit at the airline’s in- strument training room at Newark Airport. The equipment had certain breadboard characteristics in that a What STL does: What STL offers: fabric hood substituted for the rede- signed nose section needed to accom- Laboratories is For scientists and engineers with out- Space Technology making modate the television screen. significant contributions in theoretical standing capabilities, STL offers unusual Utilization High analysis, research, development and growth opportunities in many areas of technical management of advanced ballistic technical activity, including: Utilization of the Newark Dalto-

equipped duplicator is high. Aviation missile and space systems. STL conducts Electronic and Electromechanical Systems advanced space flight experiments under the Week’s approaches were delayed Vehicle Engineering and Development shortly while executive management of the Air Force a new copilot polished Guidance Systems his ILS techniques. The equipment can on behalf of such agencies as ARPA and Propulsion and be set on any runway heading and de- NASA. In addition STL’s leadership in Computer Technology ration desired by the instructor. In military applications of space technology is Systems Engineering and Technical this manner pilots receive training over its successful accomplish- Direction illustrated by their entire route. ments as the contractor responsible for Telecommunications The previous trainee had been prac- over-all systems engineering and technical Airborne Systems ticing his approaches to the instrument direction of the Atlas, Titan, Thor, and runway at Burlington, Vt., and I elected Ground Support Equipment Minuteman portions of the Air Force .4^ to retain this runway. In order to gain Ballistic Missile Progr. the best view of the runway presenta- tion, the weather conditions were set at the Dalto’s maximum (300 ft. ceiling and i mi. visibility). Power settings and “flight” characteristics of the duplica- tor corresponded to those of the Martin Staff of is the largest professional group in the nation devoted The Technical STL 404. Full instrument approaches were exclusively to research, development, and systems engineering in the field of ballistic dispensed with in the interest of saving time. After takeoff and instrument missiles, space projects, and related advanced technology. If you want to apply your climbout the trainer was placed in the field, investigate skills and talents, in these advanced areas working with leaders in your landing configuration and set up by the instructor positions at STL now. Please send your resume today to Mr. Richard A. Holliday. on localizer heading ap- proaching the glideslope. Space Technology Laboratories, Inc., P. O. Box 95004 Takeoff in the duplicator was made Los Angeles 45, California visually using the Dalto visual attach- ment. Holding heading on the runway was quite easy and upon rotation of the SPACE TECHNOLOGY LABORATORIES, INC. nose at 105 kt. the runway appeared to fall away and reference to the in-

AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 ,

struments was necessary. On landing devices is the manner in which the sides realism m training pilots in new approaches the television image realis- forward motion of the aircraft is pre- aircraft without necessitating a simu- tically presented approach lights and sented. In the Dalto, aircraft forward lated low approach at night for each runway. Pitch and roll presentations motion is simulated by means of a mov- landing. Another advantage is that a when making corrections to the runway ing belt which rolls the runway toward particular airport may be represented also were simulated realistically. 1'hc a television camera. The camera is if desired. duplicator docs not have the feel of an tied in with the flight trainer and is The runway as simulated by the aircraft; however, the over-all feeling is free to roll, pitch and yaw while mov- Dalto is painted on a continuous neo- realistic enough to provoke an all-out ing horizontally and vertically in re- prene belt 56 ft. long x 14 in. wide. attempt to get down on the runway. sponse to simulator signals. Other vis- The approach and runway lighting is I’hrcc takeoffs and landing approaches ual devices “fly” the television camera simulated by fluorescent paint which is were “flown” with the simulator with over a stationary airport model in re- activated by a battery of ultraviolet varying degrees of success. The du- sponse to simulator signals. This re- lights. The belt is servo-driven to plicator and visual attachment per- quires that the camera move in three correspond to the groundspeed of the formed perfectly in all instances. planes in addition to rolling, pitching aircraft as computed by the simulator. Visual approach simulators of any and yawing about its own axis. One The camera is free to roll plus or DOUGLAS SELECTS BENDIX BRAKES FOR THE DC-8 kind can’t teach a pilot to land an air- advantage of this system is that it pro- minus 30 deg., pitch plus or minus f3 craft. This requires depth perception and a “feel” of the moving aircraft that It is fitting that the luxurious Douglas DC-8, one of turer, perfectly match exacting jetliner requirements cannot be artificially simulated. The the world’s most advanced jetliners, should be equipped for smooth, sure ground control from touchdown to visual devices do provide practice in with Bendix, world’s most advanced brakes. For these ramp. Besides being preferred for civilian jets, " Brakes transitioning from instrument to visual contact flight upon “breakout” from a brakes, products of the most experienced manufac- by Bendix” are first choice on the fastest military jets. cloud base and in aligning the aircraft with the approach lights and runway centerline. Additionally, the training Bendix ESSK South Bend, device provides practice in developing a sense of timing in regard to the speed

at which the runway is approached. Instrument approaches are hardly new to airline pilots, particularly those flying trips in high density, bad weather areas. The chief value of the Dalto and other visual simulator attachments is that it provides increased realism in instrument training and is helpful in checking out pilots in new, faster air- craft. Pilots are taught to determine at the I time they cross the decision bar, 1,000 I ft. from the runway threshold, whether themselves landing or | to commit for a to execute missed approach procedures.

Pilots Enthusiastic 1 Eastern reports that pilot enthusiasm I for the visual device is high. Prior to I the development of such devices pilots on instrument trainers would hold licad- | I ing and descend to field elevation at I which point they would be rewarded “ for a successful landing by a sound rep- resenting the chirp of tires touching pavement. Contact with the ground at places other than the runway was sig- nified with flashing lights and loud bells. The Dalto device differs from visual attachments offered by Link and Cur- tiss-Wright in that it simulates only minimum weather conditions and night INSTANT-THRUST PROBLEM - SOLVED BY CESSNA approaches. This satisfies Eastern's re- quirements. on the theory that if you can make the difficult approaches, mar- ginal VFR conditions should offer no problem. Dalto says that one airline that is already equipped with a visual attachment to its simulator is consid- ering adding a Dalto device for low visibility night conditions. Cessna The essential difference between the Dalto visual simulator and competitive

AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 deg. and turn plus or minus 40 deg. in heading. Altitude simulation is from

— 10 ft. to 400 ft., and transverse move- ment is plus or minus 400 ft. from the runway centerline. Simulation of flashing strobe ap- proach lights in use on Newark’s and other instrument runways is accom- plished with small neon bulbs imbedded in the neoprene belt. The bulbs, lighted consecutively by means of a timing Project create visual effect similar to switch, a that seen by a pilot over a strobe ap- proach light system. The main Dalto unit measures Is

ft. long, 5 ft. high and 51 ft. wide.

'I ht weight is 1.800 lb., creating a floor loading of 40 psf. Price of the Dalto

visual attachment is approximately 570,- 000 depending upon the visual presenta- tion (projected or cathode tube). The Dalto Corp. was formed to pro- duce the visual device invented by the president of the company. Ward D. Davis. Originally a part of the Doman Helicopter company. Dalto is now a separate organization with production

and sales facilities in Norwood. N. J.

PRODUCTION BRIEFING

National Aircraft and Missile Fitting Manufacturers Assn, elected William B. Martin. Linair Engineering, Inc., of following areas: navigation, president, and Harry Palmer, Dumont It takes less than a minute. But it more the guidance, control circuits, CCM, FM, could be the biggest project of your life Aviation Associates, vice president. The PCM, PDM, and fusing circuitry. when you dial CRestview 4-8884. Your newly formed manufacturers’ group Packaging Engineers . . . with a knowl- future is literally at your fingertips, and elected the officers at its initial meet- with the edge of packaging and production tech- it's an opportunity-filled future ing in Los Angeles. The group will co- niques in sheet metal and electronic Bedford Laboratory of Raytheon Com- ordinate and MS standards through Will design electronic por- AN pany in Bedford, Massachusetts. In this equipment. Diversification means many things to the people who are contributing their com- cooperation with military agencies, and laboratory of Raytheon Company’s tions of guided missiles, radars, of key engineering associations, The Associa- talents to Rohr's unchallenged role as the world’s largest producer man can puters, test equipment. Should have Missile Systems Division a the knowledge of circuitry. tion's offices will be located at 55 Park components for flight. It means a variety of interesting assignments and literally "pick his spot”. Ability is thorough Diversifi- Electromechanical Designers . . . will de- PI., New York, N. Y. opportunity for personal growth and professional expression. quickly recognized . . . achievement re- warded. And, working and living condi- sign electromechanical equipment and cation has led to Rohr's record backlog of nearly a quarter billion dollars the electronic portions of guided missiles, in- tions are the finest available ... in Braniff Airwavs estimates a net profit — 64 percent in commercial contracts — assuring unparalleled stability. through heart of New England. If YOU can qual- cluding coordination of effort of S2.502.000 for 1959, compared with act the shop. Will work closely with Design ify for one of the following positions, 52,973,799 a year ago, based on un- Rohr's diversification is symbolized by the jet power package pictured Engineers in developing electronic pack- NOW! audited figures. Operating revenues of above, containing 5000 Rohr-built parts, and the Rohr-developed honey- aging philosophies. Knowledge of elec- 574,235,000 are estimated for 1959, brazing process shown below . . . tronics, electronic components, and abil- comb for: with 569,637.219 the previ- Immediate Openings ity to read schematics required. Should compared experience in sheet metal equipment ous year, with operating costs of ap- uu/itei UtfjuvtLe,& from men who can contribute to the Data Handling Engineers . . . with ex- have perience in high speed, analog-to-digital design and knowledge of current "state proximately S69.039.000 last year company's continued leadership in the aerospace industry. Write to Mr. con- of the art” in electronic equipment. against S63,260,801 in 1958. conversion techniques, logic design, J. L. Hobel, Industrial Relations Manager, Rohr Aircraft Corp., P.O. Box verter buffer design. Should have Call collect CRestview 4-8884 and S7S-C, Chula Vista, California. thorough knowledge of tape recorder and ask for Mr. Jerry Morris. He Chicago Helicopter Airways has or- techniques and digital, servo, and digital- will arrange an appointment for you dered two more 12-passcngcr Sikorsky personnel at the Bedford computer design. with key S-58s, confirming Aviation Week re- If prefer, send your Circuit Design Engineers . ..with experience Laboratory. you Morris, port (Dec. 14, p. 50) and bringing its in design of high-speed switching cir- postcard or letter to Mr. Missile Sys- S-58 fleet to eight. The carrier plans cuits, pulse techniques, and computer Raytheon Company, Bedford, Mass. to increase its present 137 dailv flights logic. Should be experienced in one or tems Division, to 157 by Mar. 1 and 274 by next fall.

MISSILE Brazilian air force has ordered 12 SYSTEMS Model 47G-2 Trooper helicopters from DIVISION Bell Helicopter Corp. for use in search, rescue and training missions. First three were airlifted from Fort Worth. Tex., by a BAF Fairchild C-82 transport last month; others will be airlifted this talent. . . creates a climate for month and next.

AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 97 WHO'S WHERE new openings in Florid.il with Vitro ENGINEERS 's; SCIENTISTS

DIGITAL asjjgig COMPUTERS Harlan A. Dwell, manager of the Gar- INERTIAL GUIDANCE SYSTEMS IP?m=im ENGINEERS mmmism mmmm

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INSTRUMENT TUNITIES SECTION will help This company owes its surprising CURRENT OPENINGS growth (from a handful of brilliant you find the engineers you men 8 years ago to a 1200-man organ- SYSTEMS ENGINEERS ization today) to the originality of its inexpensive, time- ECM, ASW, Missile, Telem- need. It's an in diverse electronic conceptions etry, Microwave, Data Re- (Examples of Sanders’ firsts in- saving method of contacting fields. duction and Communications. clude PANAR® radar. TRI-PLATE® competent personnel for every microwave products. FLEXPRINT® CIRCUITS ENGINEERS flexible printed circuits.) RF, Video, Audio, Data Proc- engineering job in the Aviation If you have the capacity to father essing, Transmitter's, Receiv- genuine technical innovations, you ers, Test Equipment, Power- industry. The all paid circula- will find engineer-management recep- Supplies. Both transistor and tive at Sanders Associates. You will be vacuum tube experience. tion of AVIATION WEEK offers encouraged to demonstrate the practi- you an opportunity to choose cality of a promising idea, and assisted ANALYTICAL ENGINEERS in doing it. And you can rely on receiv- Data Systems, Weapons and the best qualified men avail- ing professional and financial recog- Countermeasures. nition for creative contributions. able. Right now opportunities are INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS available at Sanders on a variety of USE commercial and defense projects, in- cluding a very sophisticated seeker For rates and information system for the U.S. Navy’s Eagle NATIONAL Missile, which it is believed will pro- write vide superior performance in the face Electromechanici of increasingly effective countermeas- hydraulic syster ure techniques. background help CLASSIFIED

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AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 101 100 AVIATION WEEK, ADVERTISERS IN THIS ISSUE solve your

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AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 103 102 AVIATION WEEK, February 1, 1960 A ; LETTERS

Aviation Week welcomes the opinions senhower Administration has emphasized nu- Enemy Threat of its readers on the issues raised in the clear massive retaliation which is exactly magazine's editorial columns. Address what the Truman Administration empha- Re the Anonymous Engineer's criticism letters to the Editor Aviation Week. , sized in the late 1940s just prior to the of your Dec. 7 editorial (AW Jan. 4, p. 98), 330 W. 42nd St., New York 36. N. Y. Trv Korean War. With this type of progress I would prefer to let comprehensive and to keep letters under 500 words and identification. in the nation's capital, it isn’t too difficult exhaustive studies of the enemy threat give a genuine We will to understand why we lag behind the and the deterrent forces necessary to com- of writers will be withheld on request. USSR in space research. bat this threat tell my country whether or LeRoy F. Iverson not B-70s-or “Mach 50 helicopters”-are The strength of 3396 Ivy Street needed, rather than a calculation on an former U.S. SAC, which was Denver 7, Colo. adding machine manipulated by Mr. Stans built around the B-47 program, cannot be replaced missiles like Jupiter, who must be looking a full six months by the Thor, or Hound Dog since they are designed Turbojet Vortices only for nuclear President Eisenhower, who shares Stans' massive retaliation. How- decision, might be reminded that dedica- ever, the mission of the B-52 bombers (nu- Here's a suggestion toward a solution to clear massive retaliation) the tion and wisdom are not synonymous. can be replaced invisible hazard of trailing vortices be- by the ICBM, which is It's a good thing Anonymous Engineer the main reason hind heavy aircraft described in vour Nov. didn’t have the guts to sign his name; a the production program for the B-70 was 9 issue (p. 133). person with such short sight might be canceled. In contrast, the mission of the The elimination of the vortices them- better off in a more fundamental season-to- B-47 bombers (conventional war deterrent) selves may entail a great deal of work and must scason occupation such as one more farmer be replaced by supersonic medium redesign of aircraft. The hazard can be bombers like the fighter to raise much needed corn, wheat and B-58 Hustler and made much less bv eliminating the "in- bombers like cotton for our storage bins, while the armed the F-105 Thunderchief. visible" part through the use of red colored forces are trying to protect him with inade- One group in the nation advocates pri- smoke, ejected into the vortices by the air- mary emphasis upon nuclear massive re- quate weapons, craft during the critical minutes when it is taliation. This group believes that if a climbing through the airspace also used by limited war starts, the nuclear massive re- smaller planes. Seattle, Wash. taliation concept will deter the enemy Such a danger signal will serve to warn from nuclear self-destruction. If this is lightplanc pilots of the dangerous turbu- Defense Emphasis so, then the logical conclusion is to place lence, and before dissipating will act also as primary emphasis in conventional forces to a reminder that big planes use the area also. After reading about the versatility of the deter the limited war. This is precisely The colored smoke and the technical multi-mission P-105 fighter bomber (AW what the fighter bombers and B-47 bombers means for its ejection are available; it re- Dec. 28, p. 37), it is obvious that the De- have been doing since the Korean War. mains only to persuade the big plane opera- fense Department should order several hun- Another group in the nation advocates tors to install such equipment. Perhaps this the series of Control Ap- APPROACH AND \ dred F-105s. A U. S. SAC 1CBM can deter a primary emphasis upon limited war capabil- might be done by a combined public rela- ///if I Latest in LFE Ground :: DEPARTURE CONTROL r Soviet SAC ICBM and vice versa, but it ity. This group also w ants to use the Ju- is the new (Extended Coverage tions and advertising appeal, identifving Jn ns proacli Systems ECR takes hundreds piter to replace fighter bombers and Vw\ I of medium bombers and 1RBM cooperating airlines by the distinctive color. -a. H Radar) ... a compact, high power, high precision fighter bombers to deter the conventional medium bombers which indicates that the If this doesn't work, then it's up to FAA. I system capable of controlling Jet traffic quickly and group conflict forces of Red China and the USSR (re- is in with itself. If the me- John Scott Campbell accurately on any one of four runways. were by ported to exceed our conventional forces bv dium bombers replaced Jupiter or (A lightplanc pilot) ratio of Thor missiles, the nation's main deterrent a 6 to 1). Pasadena, Calif. ra“™tmuT™^ Four modes of control are displayed on a single It is interesting to note that prior to the to conventional war would be lost. Hie n ai r C W . . Surveillance 1 to Sa«'ow”7 indicator . Airport (ASR) from Korean War the Truman Administration Jupiter and Thor are not limited war b« i“mod m“iJ'm 2 o-oy. | () m j] es Precision Approach (PAR) from 1 to 40 concentrated on production of the B-36 in- weapons. They are in the category of nu- Pilot Rewards miles . . . and Slant Flight Control (SFC) from 0 to tercontinental bomber and neglected produc- clear massive retaliation, whereas fighter also controlled in Elevation scan is tion of medium bombers and fighter bombers and medium bombers can he used Regarding "Pilot Pay" in the Dec. 21 50,000 feet. Jet climb-out can be the SFC mode. : bombers. As a result of this over-emphasis in cither type of conflict (conventional or issue (p. 102), I lijve only this to say. I am — 1- to -30° in all modes. Azimuth scan is 45° in PAR and SFC modes. on nuclear massive retaliation in the late nuclear). only a copilot and have been one 10 years, The system provides a large volume of instantly accessible coverage in 3 dimen- 1940s, the Kremlin gained sufficient cour- In the interceptor missile category, the with the prospect of being one for a few sions. Significant benefits include: reduction of contact time required from controller age to start the Korean War. The Truman Army would like to replace the Bomarc more, and this is not due to my not being for event confusion in Administration responded by establishing with the Nike Zeus. The Army's strongest able to "make the grade" I am fully to aircraft . . . allowance for adequate warning time in the of qualified have over 10,000 a military program that produced several argument is that the USSR is building and hr. behind aircraft course . . . elimination of interference caused by terrain and preeijntation thousand fighters, interceptors, and fighter ICBMs, not intercontinental bombers, me with all ratings. This is due to the characteristics. fact that of the airlines like to bombers and over 2,000 B-47 bombers. It which is true for the present. The US.AF some have pilots with experience behind the wheel and Specific features include: electronically computed pre-determined cursors to was the Truman Administration's B-47 pro- argument is that U. S. SAC ICBMs will de-

something under the hat, namely ability approach touchdown . . . also establish center, gram that gave U, S. SAC most of its fonner ter Soviet SAC ICBMs and vice versa. Ac- indicate elevation and azimuth to strength during the Eisenhower Administra- tually neither the Bomarc nor the N'ikc Zeus and brains. For this we are rewarded by floor or ceiling of any slant flight corridor. Remote bear- compensation by the company and censure is an adequate defense system. In any fu- ing readout provides quick, positive dial indication of would The Kremlin knew that B-47 bombers ture war the USSR will most likely attack by others. We prefer only compen- center of SFC zone for complete coverage of departure could devastate Russian industries and cities the U. S. with short range missiles fired from by high performance jets. with conventional bombs. The Kremlin nuclear submarines and nuclear-powered It has been my experience that a com- pany only pays personnel what they can also knew that 90 to 95% of the B-47 aircraft flying on the deck to escape radar The foregoing briefly describes this highly versatile prove that they are worth to them. There- bombers could reach their targets and re- detection. system’s many advanced features. It serves to exemplify LFE capabilities fore. of ns are considered well paid. I would like to suggest that AW present most turn which would have enabled the B-47 for meeting new problems with new concepts . . . from proposal-to-proto- Could be that Mr. Cooper is comparing the bombers to carry out sustained bombing to its readers a complete report on the type-to production. operations. Since the Kremlin didn't want B-47 bombers and the secret of U. S. SAC's pilots to himself. Maybe he should rc- ridiculing Russian cities devastated as the World War former strength. To me the Eisenhower cvaluate his own position before group their worth. Since I II bombers destroyed Germany it didn't ex- Administration's military budget and its po- another as to am have been both amusing and in a forgiving mood, I feel kindly toward pand the Korean War. This is why the litical campaigns Leadership Jrom Experience B-47 bombers will be recorded by history ironical, 'flic peace program of the Eisen- individuals of all walks of life so I will let as the world's greatest deterrent to war hower Administration was negotiated from this transmit the brunt of wrath which Mr. LABORATORY FOR ELECTRONICS, INC. 9 COMMONWEALTH AVENUE • BOSTON surely will receive. in the decade of the 1950s. a position of strength that was planned and Cooper ENGINEERS: LFE is growing lost due lo Ihe many ere The subsonic B-47 bombers are now ob- put into operation by the Truman Admin- Bob Baker engineering staff. Several, oui-slanding employment opportunities n solete. So are the subsonic B-52 bombers. istration. The budget program of the Ei- Fort Worth, Tex.

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