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~UGUST 1, 1976 VOL. XII, No. 15 50 CENTS

EDITORIAL: Vice Presidency FORD, SI; CONNALLY, NO

If Gerald Ford and the Republican Par­ If John Connally is nominated for Vice ty still have visions of winning this November, President, Watergate will be replayed in conven­ John Connally should not be nominated for Vice tion prime time. All the details' of Connally's President. The GOP might just as well nominate acquittal in the Milk Fund case will be rehash­ Rosemary Woods. In the public mind, the effect ed. Connally's abrasive handling of U.S. al­ will be the same. The image of the Republican lies as secretary of the treasury will be re­ Party as the party of Richard Nixon, Watergate, counted. Connally's role as heir-apparent to Big Business, and sleazy deals will be reen­ Richard Nixon will be explored in soliloquies forced. by Walter Cronkite, David Brinkley, and Harry Reasoner. Gerald Ford pardoned Richard Nixon John Connally these days seems to be to put Water Watergate behind the country. Nom­ the number two hero of the Reaganite, New Right inating John Connally for Vice President would wing of the GOP and its ;on-GOP friends. Rich­ put Watergate right back on center stage. A ard Viguerie, the conservative money raiser, recent poll by George Gallup showed that over pushed Connally in New Hampshire as a Democrat­ half of the American public still disagreed ic presidential write-in. More recently, col­ with Ford's pardon of Richard Nixon. That's a umnist Patrick Buchanan has been pushing a big can of worms and John Connally would be Reagan-Connally ticket as the GOP's only hope: the Democrats' can opener. "The Rockefeller wing of the party would be outraged, the liberal press apopletic. But John Connally has been strong on the the Republicans, it seems to me, are in the GOP fundraising circuit during the last two same stew as the old Boston Braves of the Na­ years. Many Republicans have liked what they tional Leage. They had going for them but two heard, and Connally. has picked up some IOU's: great assets: the brilliant lef-hander Warren Those IOU's will not help Ford, however, in Spahn and the reliable right-hander Johnny those places where he needs help---the north­ Sain. At season's opening when the Braves' ern tier of industrial states. Nominating manager was asked what his strategy was for Connally would produce the directly opposite remaining in pennant contention, he had one effect of nominating another articulate south­ answer: Spahn and Sain and pray for rain. The erner, Sen. Howard Baker, Jr.(R-Tenn.). Baker Republicans are in that boat today." would symbolize the party's effort to root out the Watergate menace and cleanse the federal Buchanan's boat is a leaky one. Ad­ government. Connally would do the reverse. mittedly, Connally might boost the Republican ticket in Texas, but even Lyndon Baines John­ The Democrats would have such. fund with son had difficulty delivering that state for Connally, but they probably could let the press John F. Kennedy. In other. states of the South­ do a hatchet job without lifting a Democratic west, like New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, finger. The news analyses would be replete with and Oklahoma, Connally's military-industrial Connally's receipt of $750,000 in fees from the complex background may also help. But these estate of oil millionaire Sid Richardson of five states have only 25 Electoral.College his law firm ties to Big Business and fo;eign votes---compared to 21 for Michigan where a countries, of his opposition to federal aid to recent Detroit News survey showed that putting education and Medicare, and his uneven guber­ Connally on the ticket would turn a narrow natorial record in Texas. If the GOP hopes to Ford win over Carter into a 44-34 percent loss. make an issue of Walter Mondale's record, it ought to consider Connally's as well. One place where Connally's record has paign against "the economic tapeworm of big produced both praise and criticism is Vermont, business." John Connally is not Wall Street, where GOP National Committeeman Roland Seward but he is very nearly the personification of and State GOP Chairman Walter Kennedy both the southern Military Industrial Complex. Al­ like Connally. Former State Rep. John McClaugh­ ready, columnists Jack Anderson, Robert Novak ry, a leader of the Conservative Caucus in the and Rowland Evans, and Mary McGrory have al­ state and a former candidate for lieutenant luded to Connally's handicaps as a Vice Presi­ governor, does not. He's published a pamphlet, dential candidate. U.S.Rep. Paul Findley(R­ "Meet John Connally," in order to familiarize Ill.) has circulated a letter to fellow House Republicans with the former governor's record. Republicans, noting that Connally is "indeli­ McClaughry cites Connally's support for a bly associated in the public mind with Water­ strong domestic counter-intelligence program, gate. " his authorship of the Lockheed loan-guarantee program, his waffling on wage and price con­ What Gerald Ford needs is a progres­ trols, his support for a New Deal-type Recon­ sive Republican who can attract northern Demo­ struction Finance Corporation, and his backing cratic and independent voters. Pennsylvania for compulsory youth service. Regarding the Sen. Richard Schweiker is the sort of per~ latter idea, McClaughry says it is "nothing son Ford needs on his ticket, but by signing more than a resurrection of slavery," an issue on with Ronald Reagan, Schweiker has not made the GOP once had strong opiniqns on. a Reagan-Schweiker ticket any more palatable to this target group of voters. The Vice According to McClaughry, "John Connal­ Presidential nomination is a sweetener, but ly is the symbol of concentrated political a it's not the main show. Voters may be dis­ economic power. His record in public life re­ suaded from supporting a ticket because they flects his sincere desire to weld Big Business, don't like the Vice Presidential nominee, but Big Labor, and Big Goveornment into what might they will seldom support a ticket because they variously be described as state capitalism or like the number two man though they dislike corporate socialism. His economic program is number one. In other words, while Connally essentially that of Mussolini, shorn only of can scare a lot of voters away from Ford, its more objectionable trappings." The Demo­ Schweiker won't add appreciably to Reagan's crats may be counted on to be less kind than appeal in November. Schweiker is sugar on a a conservative Vermont Republican. brick, but that does not make the brick poli­ tically palatable. If Gerald Ford hopes to become the 1976 version of Harry Truman, he should warily re­ By selecting as his potenti~l running call the deadly effect of Truman's 1946 cam- mate, a popular senator from a state with a large block of uncommitted delegates, Reagan for Reagan, makes better sense for Ford. To has made a last-minute attempt to shore up his retain the White House, a conservative Republi­ crumbling campaign. It is curiou~ that the can such as President Ford must select a pro­ selection of Sen. Schweiker is billed as an gressive Vice Presidential nominee who will effort to bridge the gap between moderates and appeal to those chiefly northern industrial conservatives within the GOP for it was Ronald states whose Electoral College votes are cri­ Reagan and his conservative friends who widen­ tical for victory in November. • ed that gap by challenging an incumbent Presi­ dent supported by a majority of Republicans. Note: Copies of the McC1aughry booklet are Nevertheless, what mades good political sense available from Connally Information Commit­ tee, Concord, Vermont, 05824. Cost: $1.00.

POLITICS: STATES SENATE UPDATES

• A recent poll by Market Opinion Research for industries. Attorney General Robert List(R) the Detroit News showed Secretary of State Rich­ is apparently waiting for 1978 when the gub­ ard Austin has a commanding lead for the Demo­ ernatorial office will be vacant. cratic Senate nomination in Michigan. Accord­ ing to the poll, Austin had 49 percent, U.S. • The post-primary period was rather tough on Rep. Don Rieg1e(D) had 13 percent, and U.S.Rep. U.S.Rep. Philip H. Hayes, the upstart challen­ James O'Hara(D) had 11 percent. The Republi­ ger who almost defeated Sen. Vance Hartke(D) can Senate race was much closer with former in the Indiana Democratic primary. He an­ Michigan Supreme Court Justice Thomas Brennan nounced his pending divorce, a not unusual leading U.S.Rep. Marvin Escn, 15-14 percent. development these days, as well as the firing Former U.S.Rep. Robert Huber (who ran as a con­ of four key staff members in his Washington servative in the 1970 Senate race) had 12 per­ office---and their replacement with campaign cent and University of Michigan Regent Deane staff members. The Washington staff was not Baker had 6 percent. The large number of un­ sufficiently enthusiastic about Hayes' cam­ decideds in the GOP race, 53 percent, is com­ paign. Hartke, as usual, got off to the plicated by the possibility of crossover vot­ wrong start on the wrong foot in his campaign ing in the state. with former Indianapolis Mayor Richard Lugar. Hartke said his campaign would take the high • Crossover voting also complicates the pic­ road---he would refuse to "get down in the ture in the Vermont Democratic Senate primary, gutter with Richard Nixon's favorite mayor." where Republican voters may be tempted to cross over to vote against Gov. Thomas Salmon • The Pennsylvania Senate race threatens to (D) for the Senate and vote for State Treas­ split the AFL-CIO in the state. The state urer Stella Hacke1(D) for governor. Salmon organization, dominated by the eastern half is in trouble from what was once thought to of the state, has backed U.S. Rep. William J. be a token challenge from Scott Skinner, for­ Green(D) of Phi1ade1phi~. This action has mer director of the Vermont Public Informa­ displeased western Penn~lvania unions who tion Research Group. Skinner has assembled like U.S.Rep. H.John Heinz(R) of Pittsburgh. an able and energetic organization and has The Southwestern Pennsylvania Building and generated considerable press attention for Construction Trades Council has' already backed his attacks on Salmon's lacklustre record Heinz, and the endorsement struggle may ex­ as governor. Although Salmon himself is a acerbate the existing east-west split in the skilled campaigner, he has declined to use labor organization. Meanwhile, in Harris­ those ta1ents---perhaps in order not to ali­ burg, Gov. Milton Shapp(D) has returned to enate Skinner's backers for the November the job he had done so poorly before trying election. Salmon's lack of visibility, how­ to disorganize the United States. Stung by ever, has been transferred to his campaign, repeated investigations (and convictions) where organization Democrats have mobilized into corruption in his administration, Shapp in disappointing numbers. Skinner may get charged the federal Justice Department with as high as 45 percent of the Democratic pri­ cooperating with state GOP officials. The mary total; a big chunk of that support may Democrats are upset by the possibility that switch to the Liberty Union Party candidate former U.S.Attorney Richard Thornburgh, now . in November, thus further handicapping Sal­ in charge of the Justice Department's criminal mon's effort to unseat moderate Sen. Thomas division, might return to the state in 1978 Stafford(R). and run for governor. Five middle-rank De­ partment of Transportation employees were re­ • In Nevada, former U.S.Rep. David Towe11(R) cently fir.d after the Pittsburgh Press re­ is the Republican set on getting the tough vealed thct they were still on the payroll assignment of contesting Sen. Howard W. Cannon months after conviction for official miscon­ (D), whose campaign chest is well stocked with duct. The state's pothole problems are cre­ contributions from the airline and defense ating a rocky road for state Democrats. HELPING PEOPLE WHERE THEY REALLY LIVE COMEITABY: PLATFORM by Pete Wilson

Despite four decades of centralization aimed at restoring the federal government to a of power and resources at the federal level of balance between what 1t takes in income and government, the people of America live at the what it expends---are the first real steps tak­ local level. It is at the local level that en that we as a nation have the will to and their problems occur, and very likely there will in fact reduce inflationary federal spend­ that solutions will be found. ing. By removing the need for the federal gov­ ernment to make ruinous incursions on the pri­ Yet, not enough of the total tax dol­ vate money markets, we can once again make lars paid by Americans to all levels of govern­ available private capital desperately needed ment is available to local elected officials; for new housing starts, plant expansion and nor do they have sufficient discretion and flex­ other private sector investment to creat real ibility in the spending of those subventions and lasting jobs providing goods and services. they do receive from the federal and state go~ ernments •. For this reason,the very significant At a time when inflation compels city beginning in the decentralization of resources governments to elect between services reduction and the authority to use them made by the Ford and tax increases, the circumstances compelling Administration through its championing of gen­ this choice are sorely aggravated by federal eral and special federal revenue sharing pro­ mandates to local governments to perform new grams should be applauded proudly and pressed duties and responsibilities---unaccompanied by further by the Republican Party. federal funds for their performance. 'To pre­ vent the further aggravation of what is already But regrettably, the hopes of both lo­ an overburdened loeal property tax base, the Re cal and federal officials for the revenue-shar­ publican Party should demand that the federal . ing programs have been greater than the achieve­ government either forebear from such mandates ments possible because the purchasing power of or conscientiously measure and compensate local the new revenues made available to state and government for explicitly mandated costs and local governments have been so greatly eroded for costs not expressly mandated but inherent by inflation. All too many local governments, in the performance of tasks mandated by the rather than undertaking new programs to address federal government as a local responsibility •. old, unanswered needs, have instead used reven­ There is all too much conversation at all lev­ ue sharing to offset the required operating els of government about priorities. And very costs of such fundamental public services as clearly, government cannot and should not at­ police and fire protection. tempt to do everything. Priorities must in fact be set and kept. All too often the fed­ The greatest possible help the federal eral grant-in-aid program, although reflecting government could give to cities---just as to a legitimately perceived need, may not in its those struggling .to meet rising·household and. generalized prescription ~espond to the most business costs---would be to bring raging infla­ urgent prioirities of America's very differ­ tion under control. Otherwise, local taxpyaers ent communities and may as well entail local can anticipiate the local o-ficials will impose expenditures which miss the mark of the pecul­ upon them either seriously reduced services or liar n~eds of the community. Congressional seriously increased taxes. It is a choice cal­ pride of authorship should be subordinated to culated to aggravate citizen disillusionment the locally-devised priorities of local, elec­ with government. ted officials who are both more accessible and accountable to their constituents and necessar­ The wisdom, the integrity, and the pol­ ily more knowledgeable of their needs. itical courage of President Ford in exercising 49 vetoes in 22 months and his legislative One of the gravest threats of congres­ skill in being sustained in all but a handful sional and state usurpation of the local, prior have given great hope to those local officials ity-setting function exists in threatened leg­ who see the future of America's cities as be­ islation that would legalize public employee ing tied to the health and full productive ca­ strikes and compel binding arbitration. The pacity of the American private sector rather National Municipal Policy of the National Leagu than to an endless series of stop-gap, so-called of Cities specifically enjoins the Congress to emergency measures propounded by the Congress "refrain from enacting any law mandating col­ which will surely aggravate inflation, though lective bargaining fo~ public employees, legal­ professed as a cure for unemployment. izing strikes or compelling binding arbitration; and to remove any existing provisions of federa The President's vetoes and budget sub­ law or to refrain frOm enacting any in the fu­ mitted by him in January---the first of three ture which will either "directly or indirectly affect municipal employee conditions of work, which are inconsistent with the functional re­ tion of public employee strikes and binding qu:t:rements of public employment, or which will arbitration is part of a concerted effort by affect in any adverse manner the independence public employee union lesdership to gain an and integrity of municipal government priori­ unequal bargaining power over the public. Ac­ ties, policy and budgetary decision-making." companying these efforts are efforts to organ­ ize more and more of the growing ranks of pub­ The legalization of public employee lic employees. In the growing number of or­ strikes and binding arbitration to resolve pub­ ganized public employees is increasing politi­ lic employment impasses will assure that the cal strength which public employee union ~ead­ Congress will be confronted with the dilemma ers seek to apply to the state and federal of hundreds of New York Cities across the na­ legislative bodies in order to circumvent and tion. The legalization of public employee overcome the firmness of local officials at the bargaining table. strikes virtually guarantees the interruption of essential public services and the threat of A particularly insidious effort has withholding those services, thereby guarantee­ been made recently to organize sensitive classi­ ing tax increases which local taxpayers cannot afford. fications of public employees as members of private sector labor unions, creating inevita­ Similarly, compulsory binding arbitra­ ble and serious conflicts of interest which tion has not prevented strikes but does for a gravely undermine public safety and public con­ certainty remove both the setting of the tax fidence. Will a Teamster policeman enforce a court order restraining brother Teamsters rate the making of basic public policy and who are engaged in an illegal secondary boy­ managerial decisions from public officials who cott? Will a Teamster highway patrolman issue are elected and appointed to make them~ and a citation to a recklessly driving trucker places them instead in the hands of an arbitra­ who is a brother Teamser? Will a Teamster - tor who is not elected by nor accountable to firefighter cross picket lines to save a burn­ the public. The public costs of merely per­ ing building? forming arbitration are staggering, let alone the costs involved in making good the award The Republican Party should at the very flowing from the arbitrator. By simple opera­ least adopt a plank expressing its unyielding tion of the marketplace, local governments must opposition to the legalization of public employ­ pay adequate compensation to be competitive and ee strikes and binding arbitration and the in­ retain qualified employees or they will lose clusion of public employees in private sector them. But they must also be fair to the tax­ labor unions. That plank should make clear the payer and consider the ability of the t~xpay­ insistence of the Republican Party that sover­ er to pay. An arbitrator does not have this eignty continue to reside, as it has for the responsibility and his decsion is in no way past 200 years of this Republic, in the people, shaped by the ability of the taxpaher to pay: and that we will resist by every legal effort the transfer of that sovereignty to public em­ Techniques of collective bargaining ployee union bosses. legitimate in the private sector have no appli­ cation to public employment. Government is a The Republican platform commtttee monopoly which exists to provide essential pub­ should consider further the fact that public lic services which are not available or not . employee strikes, though illegal, frequently appropriately provided by the private sector. occur. If the prohibition of such strikes is The private employer passes on to consumers not to be a hollow threat, it must be accom­ the wage increases he pays his employees as panied by·a prohibition against the granting an increased cost of the goods or services he of amnesty to striking employees. And to pro­ offers in the marketplace. But, unlike the vide an additional disincentive to public em­ consumer in the marketplace who can choose a ployee strikes, public bodies should be pro­ competitor's goods or services at a lessor hibited from granting or offering any improve­ cost, the taxpayer cannot avoid the increased ment in wages, hours, or benefits beyond that costs of public services. Government is a offered prior to the commencement of a public mOnopoly and there is no marketplace. Nor employee strike. is there a tax holiday when essential public services are interrupted. Your garbage may Turning from public employees to pri­ not be collected, but your taxes will be. vate unemployment, it must be admitted that And tax dollars which go to pay unreasonable the costs of unemployment---both to the unem­ wage demands, whether exacted by a strike or ployed individual and to the nation, are stag­ an arbitrator's award, are obviously not avail­ ering. The costs to the jobless worker are able without a futher tax increase for other, both monetary and personal. As a ~tion, we more pressing municipal needs. suffer the loss of revenues, productivity, and purchasing power while increasing our ex­ The effort to achieve the legaliza- penditures for maintenance of the unemployedB But the Republican Party must be honest probably unattainable goals and advocate the with the American people and insist that they achievement of "full emPloyment" by public ser­ be told the true causes of unemployment. The vice employment that would very likely be coun­ GOP must oppose the enactment of legislation ter-productive because it require federal spend which will create expectations which cannot be spending of a magnitude that would once again met. President Ford. both in his State of the touch off a raging and perhaps uncontrollable Union message and his budget message. has em­ inflation. The actual costs of the legislation phasized that we must first cure inflation if assuming a $8.000 per capita cost for each of we are to make any inroads upon unemployment. the public service employment positions it en­ His economic policies have in fact brought us visions. would likely exceed $30 billion a year down from double digit inflation and stimulated ••• rather than the $25 billton a year its spon­ the economy to the point where three ~llion sors admit (less savings in unemployment insur­ more American men and women are employed than ance and welfare). This cost must be financed when he assumed the office of President. either from additional taxes or from additional borrowing in the capital market or both---lead­ The answer to persistent unemployment ing us back into the same dismal stagflation in the private sector is not to creat a monster from which we have begun to extricate ourselves. by bringing everyone who is unemployed onto a The Republican Party must realize and insist public payroll. Public service employment by that the American people be told that this na­ definition should be created only by the need tion is in grave danger of diverting too much for services. Public service job programs capital and manpower from the private sector which have been advertised and sold by the into the public sector. There is a limit to congressional majority as emergency stop-gaps our ability to do so. If we exceed that limit. should not be endlessly renewed either as an we will suffer the gravest consequences. election year ploy or as a real and permanent Growth in the public sector does not add to answer to private sector unemployment. economic productivity nor does it contribute to the tax base. Someone must make a profit The real answer to unemployment is to to pay the taxes to support government. restore the job-producing capacity of our pri­ vate sector economy. And the most vital role Cities have as real a stake in the to be played by the federal government in this health and growth of the private sector econ­ regard is to reduce inflationary federal spend­ omy as does the businessman or investor. Pub­ ~g---that is. to pursue the admirable begin­ lic service employment has imposed upon local nings made by President Ford---and to· remove governments added costs at the very time we itself ~rom the private money market so that are seeking desperately to reduce them. Patrol venture capital will again become available cars for police officers. desks and typewriters in sufficient quantities to create real and for stenographers---these equipment costs, lasting private sector jobs that produce goods while a real burden, are the least of it. and services that turn ove r in the economy. Only be reducing escalating federal spending Far more imPortant is the fact that we will we avoid the need to repeatedly go into are creating a level of services that cannot the private money market and avoid federal be supported by the local tax base. Local gov­ borrowing that drives up investment capital ernments inevitably are faced---when the feder­ that is desperately needed for private sector al funding of public service employment is with economic growth. drawn---with massive. layoffs and a sharp reduc­ tion of services or a sharp increase in local President Ford has urged large and taxes. Anticipating that fateful day are a permanent taxe reductions---matched by federal cadre of workers within each local bureaucracy spending cuts---to leave more money in the created by the public serVice employment pro­ hands of American consumex-8-.---llehal:\ urged gram who will. for their own perservation, lob­ tax incentives for the construction of new by for the retention of their positions. More­ plants and equipment to provide new jobs in over, even manpower programs (under Title I of areas of high unemployment and he has proposed the Comprehensive Employment Training act) tax incentives to encourage a much broader in­ which seek to train people for employment in vestment in the American economic future by the private sector, can function only in an encouraging the ownership of common stock by economy able to absorb the trainees. If the citizens of low and moderate income. This is private sector is so starved for necessary in­ the way of economic reality and the course ~ vestment capital that it cannot offer employ­ erica must pursue to reverse inflation and un­ ment, then manpower programs that train people employment by encouraging private sector econ­ for jobs which will not exist can at best pro­ omic growth. vide only temporary maintenance and end in a return to unemployment and understandable dis­ The Republican Party must actively sup­ illusionment on th~ part of the trainee. port this course and actively oppose such meas­ ures as the Humphrey-Hawkins Bill which promise The clear remedy for this vicious cycle is not to continue to starve the private sector truth and in doing what yOIJ tell them must be for the capital it needs to provide jobs, but done. That happens as well to be the record instead to provide it by the simple device of of presidential performance for the past 22 refraining from the spending that occasions the months. It is performance and not rhetoric. issuance of Treasury notes at an interest rate It is a record of which the Republican Party with which private borrowers cannot compete. can be proud and for which the American people can be grateful •• These are the truths the American peo­ ple must be told. I think they are ready to Contributer Note: Pete Wilson is mayor of San believe that the federal government cannot tax Diego, California. His article is adapted and spend our way to prosperity. Political from June testimony before the Republican leadership exists in telling the people the National Platform Committee.

COMMUNITY COLLEGES: A PUBLIC INVESTMENT COMMENTARY: COLLEGES by Edward Goldberg

Over the last decade, an explosion of in history and many other advanced degree community colleges has taken place. Today, fields. there are approximately 1200 in exJstence. Sig­ nificantly different in philosophy from four­ This is particularly true when you year colleges and universities, the community look at those who are typically attracted to colleges have as their long-term goal, total a community college: service to their communities. Specifically: * mature students whose average age * Service under various open access ad­ is well above the typical college age. mission policies, policies geared to * women returning to college after accept almost all who apply no matter full-time homemaking; what their skill level; * students from families with low in- comes; * Service under policies which provide * students who for a variety of reasons strong occupational-oriented programs cannot attend a college outside of their local­ to as high as 60 percent of their stu­ ity; dent bodies; * students attending on a part-time basis; and * Service under community-oriented pro­ * senior citizens. grams to the total:fty of cultural, in­ For these students and community residents, the tellectual, and leisure needs of the community colleges have provided opportunities geographical areas in which they are they would not otherwise have had. located. A few statistics tell part of the com­ To carry out thier long-term goals, munity college.story. While the number of stu­ community colleges have developed basic skill dents in two-year institutions jumped 235 per­ testing programs for incoming students, have cent from 1964 to 1974, the riu~ber of students developed basic skill programs to bring enter­ in four-year institutions jumped only 61 per­ ing students up to a college level, have devel­ cent. Based on 1972-73 data, the average ex­ oped strong personal and voca~ional counseling penditure per pupil was $1,126 for public two­ progr8ms to aid students in charting the direc­ year instituions, compared to $2,356 for stu­ tions they want to take, have developed a wide dents attending public, four-year instituions range of tempting activities for community res­ and $6,768 for students attention private, idents, and have, not insignificantly, kept four-year institutions. The average age of their tuitions low. community college students is estimated to be 28; in 1974, 42 percent of community college The colleges have become unique insti­ students were over 21 compared to 14 percent tutions when compared to traditional institu­ over 21 in the first two years of four-year tions of higher education. They have discov­ colleges. WhIle in 1965; only 13 percent ered needs in their communities and have vigor­ of community college students were enrolled ously moved to meet them. And, in doing so, in vocational course, by 1975, this figure they have served a major societal purpose had jumped to 50 percent. In community col­ since it is critical that we provide basic col­ leges, 53 percent of the students in 1974 legiate education to a large number of individ­ worked to contribute to course costs while uals rather than (within the current level of only 40 percent of those in four-year insti­ societal spending on higher education) provide tutions did the same. The income for work- opportunities for advanced work to a few peo­ ing students averaged. out to $3,900 for ple; e.g., there are already too many Ph.D.s community college students and $2,400 for those in four-year institutions. comers to the higher education scene, community colleges have often had to overcome traditional The recent economic downturn for state federal funding pa'tterns---patterns which saw and local governments has coincided with doubts funds going primarily to four-year institutions about the wisdom of society expending more and universities and to secondary schooois in funds for higher education. Questions are be­ the case of vocational funding. ing raised about the effectiveness of higher Given these local, state, and federal education expenditures on the part of so~iety ( Are the educated students worth it?) and the funding problems, community colleges are in efficiency of the expenditures (Are we getting danger of having to curtail enrollments and as much effort on the part of colleges as we services. The threat clearly is there in lo­ possibly can?). cality after locality. The need is to secure adequate funding in order that these unique Based on these questions and others, and valuable institutions can fulfill their higner education has been in financial diffi­ mission. culty far beyond what one might have expected simply as a consequence of the decrease in the There are seve,ral ways in which local rate of increasing enrollments. Part of the citizens and politicians can get involved. reason stems from the misguided efforts of The first involves lobbying to secure more SOme higher education advocates stoically to funds for higher education at the state level maintain that all is well. Rather than clean with the expectation that funds would then house and appropriately silence higher educa­ flow to the community college sector. Lob­ tion critics, their approach has been to bury bying could also be undertaken for an increased their heads in the sand. And with every revel­ share of higher ed~cation funds to go to com­ ation of abuses, all in higher education suf­ munity colleges. Secondly, lobbying needs fer. Hopefully, wisdom is beginning to show to be done to increase local support of commun­ itself in this regard. ity college budgets in jurisdictions where local support helps to fund the community col­ Still, all across the country (with legs. The third involves lobbying in Washing­ obviousl}' some exceptions) funds for community ton to secure set-asides in variou federal colleges from counties and states are not keep­ bills (i.e., vocational education) so that ing pace with rising enrollments. Higher edu­ community colleges get a fair share of the cation is no longer one of the top priority funding. It is hopes that such lobbying sup­ port will be forthcoming to aid the colleges budget items in many governmental jurisdictions. before permanent damage is done •• Community colleges, in addition to fac­ ing local and state resistance to increased Contributer Note: Dr. Edward Goldberg is dir­ funding, have never done as well as many think ector of the Office of Community Colleges of they should in securing federal funds. Al­ the New Jersey Department of Higher Education. though the reasons are complex, as relative new-

Ripon Society, unless they are expUcitly so labelled. THE RIPON SOCIETY, INC_. Ispolley a Repub11ccm orgcmlzatlon research whose cmd SUBSCRIPTION RATES are $15 a year, $7.50 for students, serv­ membem are young business, academic cmQj)1'Ofessional men cmd icemen, and for Peace Cbrpa, Vista and other volunteers. Ovemeas WOJaeD. It baa nGIIonal ~em In Dfstrfc:t of Columbia. air mail, $6 extra. Advertising rates on request. Please allow c:baptem In fifteen clUes, Natiolial Asaoclate JDeJDbem throughout five weeks for address changBB. the fifty states, cmd several affIUated groupS of llUbc:hcmter status. Tba SocIety Is !!Upp9rtecl by ~er dues, individual contribu­ tfoDs GIld revenues .from Its pub1lQatioDs and contract work. Edlton, Dick Bahn ~ publisl.ted semi-monthly by the THE RIPON. FORUM RipQn SoCIety, Inc., 1609 Conn. Ave .. Editorial Board: N.W., Washinaton, D.C. 20009. Second class postage rate?l:ld at Robert D. Behn, Chairman Tanya MeUch 'V!aBhington,•• O•• CC.. and. other mailing offices. Contents ar copy­ Clifford Brown Robert G. Stewart righted @1976 by the Ripon Society, Inc. Correspondence dressed Robert H. Donaldson Ralph Thayer . 10 the editor is welcomed. (Ripon FORUM, Box 226, Charlestown, ~ ml~.) , ' Contributing Editors. ClIHord Brown Glenn Gerstell, WUItaa. A. ID pn~ this ~ the Ripon ~8 seeks to, provide Koelsch, Daniel I. Swillinger, Josiah Lee Auspltz, Richard W. &tim, a fGrmil far Ideas, well-researched pro cmd for a spfrit John. A. Rehfuss, Thomas A. Sargent, Richard Cleveland, Mark. of c:ritfdsm, fmlovatIon,cmd Independent tIllnkIng within the lie­ l'r(XZler, Peter Berg, Martin Sours,· and William K. Woods. ~ Party. Articles do not ri8cessarIlr repzesent the oplnlon of tile RaI1aDG:l GovernIng Board or the Edltorial Board of the Technical Editon Brian J. McCarthy

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MSWl~LINGD00242b021571CPOl FORUM DANltL J SWILLINGfR Published semi-monthly by the Ripon 214 12TH STREeT Sf Society, 1609 Conn. Ave., N.W., Wash­ 616 A ST SE ington, D.C. 20009. Second class post­ WASHINGTUN DC 20003 age paid at Washington, D.C. and other mailing offi~es.