The Washington Tea Party: Man Overboard? RIPON

OCTOBER, 1973 Vol. IX, No. 18 ONE DOLLAR

''Human nature will not rhallgl~ In any future great national tria~ compared with

the WU'n of this, we shall have as weak and as strong, as silly and as wise, as bad and as good" ABRAHAM LINCOLN November 10. 1864 CONTENTS Commentary Features

Politics: Profiles ...... 15 The Bombing Gap ...... 4 CoiI'respondent Eric Blackledge profiles Oregon Secretary of State Clay Myers. Editorial Board member James H. Manahan Ire­ views the chronology of the bombing of Cambodia. He concludes that the historiography exemplifies the Administration's Watergate syndrome. Politics: Reports ...... 16 Maine. Iowa. and South Dakota.

For the Sake of Reconciliation ...... 5 Politics: People ...... 17 u.s. Rep. Howard W. Robison (R-N.Y.l pleads the Including a report on the Rule 29 Committee. case for amnesty as an instrument of national reconciliation. Amnesty, judiciously granted, is in the nation's best traditions and best interests, he Duly Noted: Books ...... 24 conclud~s.

Letters ...... 26 The Case for Cannabis Santiva ...... 6 Middlesex County Sheriff John Buckley has won a reputation for leadership in correctional reform 14a Eliot Street ...... 27 both in the nation and in his home state of Massachusetts. In this article, he argues that marijuana ought to be legalized if current statutes are not going to be enforced. The current state of Duly Noted: Politics ...... 28 hypocrisy surrounding marijuana is detrim.enta!l to our legal system, he says. Ripon Society The Need for E'conomic Impact 509 C Street N E Statements ...... 7 Washington, D. C 20002 Contributing Editor Richard W. Rahn summarizes the economic problems engendered by the Russian wheat deal, price controls, and the vetoed mini­ mum wage legislation. He cites these cases as ex­ THE RIPON FORUM is. pubUs~ed semi-monthly by the amples of the need for congreSsional "economic Ripon SOClBty, Inc., 140 Eliot Street, impact" statements to 'accompany similar legisla­ Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. Second class postage rates paid Boston, Massachusetts. Contents are copyrighted © 1972 by the tion. Ripon Society, Inc. Correspondence to the Editor is welcomed. In publishing this magazine the Ripon Society seeks to provide a forum for a spirit of criticism, innovation, and Independent think­ ing within the Republican Party. Articles do not' necessarily retFv ~~s~~~n:d~pinlon of the Ripon Society, unless they are explic! y The Hatfield Manifesto: Is it the Progres- SUBSCRIPTION RATES are $10 a year, $5 for students, service­ men, and for Peace Corps, Vista and other volunteers. Overseas sive Republican Answer? ...... 8 air mail, $10 extra. Advertising rates on request. $10 of any con­ tribution to thn Ripon Society is credited for a subscriptton to the EditOlI'ial Board Chairman Robert D. Behn takes Ripon FORUM. issue with the proposals for governmental reform Editor: Dick Behn made by Sen. Mark O. Hatfield at the Ripon So­ Editorial Board: ciety's Tenth Anniversary Dinner as well as in a Robert D. Behn, Chairman Tanya Melich Robert H. Donaldson Ralph Thayer recent article in the Washington Post. Behn praises James Manahan Robert G. Stewart Hatfield, however, for initiating an impolI'tant de­ Contributing Editorsl Josiah Lee Auspitz, Clifford Brown, Glenn bate on Republican policy positions. Gerstell, George Gilder, William A, Koelsch, John Rehluss and Daniel Swillinger. Assistcmt Editor. Victoria Golden Advertising Mcmagen Deborah Bowen Artl Leslie Morrtll, Correspondents Arthur F. McClure, Missouri roy McDavid, AI=- J. James Plant, NeblClllka Gordon Williams, Colorado Scott Green, New Hampshire James Gardner, Delaware Deryl Howard, North Carolina James F. McCollum, Jr .. Florida Henri Pell Junod, Ohio At Issue Steven Livengood, Geozgia William K. Woods Ohio Mike Hansen, Idaho Stephen Jones, Oklahoma David Allison, Indiana Eric R. Blackledae, Oregon The Fate of New Towns ...... 19 Thomas A. Sargent, JncIicma Donato Andre DYAndrea, :a. I. C.R. Connell, Iowa Bruce M. Selya Bhode Islcmcl Judy Gentry, KCIIlBCIB Dean Sinclair, South Carolina Once upon a time, "new towns" were a darling John C. Yoder, Kcmscza Stanford M. Adelstein, S. D. of the media. Now the glamor has worn off and Donald Gulick, Kentucky Mark Gustavson, Utah press attention has waned. Author William K. Eric Karnes, Kentucky W. Stuart Parsons, WIsconsin Woods reviews the status of these developments James Harrington, Maine George Charles, Vennom and urges some new federal initiatives. eMargin Release PETERSBURG, N.Y. - My friend Truck and Spiro But both Truck and Spiro have a press problem. For Agnew have been having their problems these days. "It a while, Truck was getting as much media coverage in the seems like someone's out to get me," says Truck, a 17- local newspapers, radio and TV as the Vice President. year-old dude whose face has appeared on a few life-sized His most recent arrest got his face a place on ABC news wanted pictures in his home town. in New York City. Prior to his arrest, the media report­ It probably can be safely assumed that Spiro has had ed that Truck "was positively identified" as responsible for similar thoughts about the White House in recent days. the anned liberation of I.eggie's girlfriend. (See the Sep­ I got an idea of how Truck and Spiro felt the other day tember FORUM) The identification was so positive that when I got stopped by "Blue 11." Truck was never charged with the crime. But the media I had just picked up Truck outside his apartment in never retracted the allegation. And Truck was never tried a public housing project. As usual, I was late and asked for any crimes. Meanwhile, he was convicted in the larger Truck to hurry as he got in the car. As I pulled away court of public opinion. from the curb, a police car, "Blue 11," rolled slowly down Since Truck was allegedly involved in the theft of the street. It came to a stop just past the next intersection. a large cache of weapons, even his friends presume he's I don't pay much attention to police; knowing that guilty. "Here comes pillo (thief)," his friends say when I haven't usually robbed or murdered anyone lately, I fig­ Truck walks down the street. "You're crazy. Why did ure I don't have much to worry about. There's no self­ you steal all them guns?" Truck is out of jail now, but confidence like self-righteousness, I guess. the media persist in perpetuating his guilt. Apparently, "They're going to pull you over," said Truck. I didn't the press is unconcerned that police never had any "posi­ really take him seriously. After all, my 1965 Dodge Dart tive identification." In fact, it seems that they had no proof. station wagon with 120,000 miles on the odometer is not But that's not what they were saying when Truck exactly the sort of vehicle a self-respecting thief would heard his name on the radio two months ago. His family covet. So I hung a left and continued to obey the local urged him to surrender himself before the police put him traffic signs. "They're following us," said Truck. in eternal surrender. But when you're 17 and can't make "I know I have out-of-state plates," I thought, "but bail, it's hard to wait for justice in jail. So Truck hid. this is ridiculous." A block later, I heard the horn and A month and a half in jail, and the prosecution nolled Blue 11 motioned me to the side of the road. I pulled his case for lack of evidence. Blue 11 was there. "That into a side street and strode decisively back to Blue 11. damn Truck is always getting out," they said. Frank took a look in my car while Pete examined my Spiro's trial by media still isn't over. The prosecutors license. It was probably with a lot of reluctance that Frank are still presenting hearsay evidence. There's a fine line be­ and Pete watched us drive off. They've been arresting tween journalistic responsibility and journalistic lynching. Truck for seven years. It's sort of force of habit. When I guess Spiro and Truck would appreciate it if the pre5s the local police recently distributed "wanted" cards with would discover the whereabouts of that line. the pictures of I.eggie and Truck, Blue 11 commented, I doubt if Truck has much respect for the media. "We don't need these damn things. We've been arresting But he does have respect for another profession. He knows them since they were little punks." why he spends time in jail when arrested and the Plumbers Ironically, Truck and Spiro probably don't even like don't. He knows what the difference is between him and each other. I know Truck doesn't like Spiro - and Spiro Spiro Agnew. He knows how the American criminal jus­ probably thinks the crime problem could be solved by tice system works. putting Truck and his friends in prison denims. "They got better lawyers," says Truck. db

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October, 1973 3 necessary because of political repercus­ revealed the secret raids, after which sions that would occur if Congress and Defense Secretary James Schlesinger Editorial Board the public found out. admitted them. Gen. George Brown, Nov. 20, 1969 - Gen. Earle Air Force chief of staff, denied that COMMENTARY Wheeler, then chairman of the Joint the reports had been false, because Chiefs of Staff, ordered that B-52s "they were not intended to deceive strike targets in South Vietnam at the those with a security need to know." same time raids were being conduct­ Congress and the public apparently ed in Cambodia. "All sorties against had no "need to know" and hence targets in Cambodia will be program­ were not entitled to the truth. med again:;t preplanned alternate tar­ July 18, 1973 - Former Dc­ gets in RVN (Republic of Vietnam)," fense Secretary Melvin Laird stated The he wrote. "Strikes on these latter tar­ "I did not at any time direct or au­ gets will provide a resemblance to thorize falsification of official records." normal operations thereby providing a Gen. Earle Wheeler stated, "I certain­ credible story for replies to press in­ ly did not authorize falsification of quiries." The then secretary of de­ records. The whole thing makes no fense, Melvin Laird, approved this sense." (Gen. Wheeler's memorandum BOlDbinll memorandum in his own handwriting. of Nov. 20, 1969, was not yet pub­ April 2, 1970 - Secretary of State lic knowledge.) William Rogers told the Senate For- July 20, 1973 - The Pentagon's top spokesman, Jerry Friedheim, ad­ mitted to newsmen that the statistics Gap given Congress and the press to cover up the secret bombing of Cambodia were "a damned lie," and said "that was a blunder of some magnitude." July 25, 1973 - Robert Seamens, former secretary of the Air Force, re­ by James H .Manahan vealed that he had not been consulted or informed of the secret bombing or the falsification of records. Aug. 10, 1973 - The Wheeler At his Senate confirmation hear­ memorandum, in which Melvin Laird ing last month, Secretary of State-des­ eign Relations Committee: "Cambodia specifi(a;Uy approved falsified report­ ignate Henry Kissinger proclaimed: is one country where we can say with ing of the secret raids in Cambodia, "We cannot conduct foreign policy complete assurance that our hands arc was revealed. The memo was classified by deceiving the elected representatives clean and our hearts are pure." "Top Secret - Sensitive - Noforn­ of the people." April 30, 1970 - President Nixon Eyes Only - Absolutely for Eyes of Unfortunately, this is exactly what announced the "Cambodian incursion," Addressee Only." the Nixon Administration has done sending American troops and planes Aug. 20, 1973 - President Nixon with regard to the bombing of Cam­ into the theretofore neutral nation. In acknowledged that he approved the bodia. A review of the chronology is his television address he stated: "Amer­ secret bombing raids in Cambodia. He informative: ican policy since (1954) has been to said there were no complaints from March, 1969 - Two months after scrupulously respect the neutrality of Prince Norodom Sihanouk, who was President Nixon took office, he order­ the Cambodian people .... For five head of state at the time. "The fact ed American B-52s to start bombing years, neither the United States nor of the bombing was disclosed to ap­ suspect Viet Cong troops in Cambodia. South Vietnam has moved against these propriate government and congression­ Over the next 14 months, there were sanctuaries because we did not wish to alleaders," Nixon said, "who had any a total of 3,875 raids over Cam­ violate the territory of a neutral na­ right to know or need to know." bodia, and more than 100,000 tons tion." As he spoke, bombs from B-52s Aug. 21, 1973 - Prince Sihanouk of bombs were dropped. Former Air had been raining onto this neutral na­ denied that his government had ever Force Major Hal Knight has revealed tion for 14 months. acquiesced in the secret bombing, and that each morning he took the com­ April, 1973 - The Senate Armed stated that he had made repeated puter tapes, targeting orders, tape re­ Services Committee requested a statis­ protests at the time in formal messages cordings of pilot conversations, notes tical history of the bombing in South­ to the U.S. Embassy in Phnom Penh. and other material and burned them east Asia, and the Department of De­ "You know Nixon has lied many in a barrel. False documents were then fense provided figures showing there times," the prince declared. "He has turned in to show that the bombing was no bombing of Cambodia during lied about Watergate, and now he is had occurred in South Vietnam. Major any month until May, 1970. lying about the bombing." Knight was told that these steps were July 16, 1973 - Major Hal Knight Can anyone believe otherwise? II

4 Ripon Forum r- In a series of statements to the ness which is not merely acceptance House of Representatives, I attempted and toleration of differing viewpoints, COMMENTARY to draw upon the historical precedents but a categorical demand for agreement for amnesty and to suggest that one with their own moral and political such, or some combination of them, principles. I would rather seek the t could be adapted to present circum­ human ingredient in forgiveness - stances. I now find the historical ar­ that quality which says we don't and gument less persuasive - at least to maybe can't agree, but you are my For myself - than the durable bond which neighbor, a member of my communi­ link; us together as Americans and ty, a fellow citizen. That gesture comes which explains why the United States from a confident individual or, in the remains, more or less, a united nation political realm, from a confident na­ the in the midst of wide social, cultural tion, looking calmly toward the fu­ and political diversity. ture and dispassionately at the past. I used a Bruce Catton story in one Reconciliation after any unhappy of my speeches which told of a South­ conflict also brings an interval from Sake ern soldier who, during one of those contention and a diminution of self­ periodic lulls in combat, got into a righteousness. In effect, it brings re­ fist-fight with a Union counterpart lease which, even if brief in dura­ by charging that Lincoln was "a damn­ tion, aIlows people to recognize their ed abolitionist." Officers from both mutual feelings and failings and to 01 sides eventually had to step in and start over again from a relatively equal break up the fracas. Even if the story's footing. At the root of my own quest authenticity is questioned, one can easi­ for a new reconciliation, I am sure ly imagine such a situation, and that there is a longing for a little more Reeon- admission unlocks some salient truths brotherhood after all of the freely­ about the potential in America for expended hate, contempt and violence reconciliation of even the most difficult of the last decade. I do not find that conflict in attitudes. notion at odds with the work-a-day eiliation During the heated days of the civil need of our form of government rights movement in the South, when which, to make it work, demands the outsiders from the North were "free­ production of a comity and toleration dom-riding" through the most hide­ among conflicting points of view. bound regions of Mississippi and Al­ To make amnesty work today - and - byHoward W. Robison abama, and federalized troops - most­ I speak not of "blanket" amnesty - ly Southern boys, I imagine - were and to make it a dramatic and effec­ backing up school integration orders, tive means to a wider reconciliation, I was constantly amazed at the strength I have suggested th:tt an amnesty re­ The word "amnesty" is strong med­ of the glue that holds this country to­ view board, similar to that employed icine these days. The mere mention gether. A foreign observer would have by President Harry S Truman, would of the term in polite conversation can had every reason to predict bloody in­ again be the most effective procedure. quickly alter the emotional pace of surrection, but I think most citizens A review board of this type could the exchange, and the favorable use in both the North and South gave screen the case of each so-called "draft of the word by a politician will usual­ scarcely any thought to that possibility. dodger" and recommend, where ap­ ly provoke at least one "yellow-bellied As I consider such instances, and propriate, some form of alternative communist" letter from an enraged examine my own inclination to seek service as a condition of return to the constituent. So, why even venture; 'into reconciliation between American exiles country. Rather than "honoring" those this booby-trapped ground, when there overseas and those persons who are who decided to leave the United States, are already far too many divisive is­ so adamantly convinced of the coward­ .~. some have suggested, this process sues like school-busing, school-prayer ice or unpatriotism of the draft evaders, would honor our long-held national and abortion to generate animosities an axiom is again unfolding: "Only concept of justice shared in every and billboards at home? a strong and self-assured person - or quarter. In the case of this Republican con­ nation - can afford to forgive." Of As I have discovered, Congress is gressman there are hard-to-isolate per­ course, there are many opponents of very reluctant to discuss the amnesty sonal reasons, some of which probab­ the Indochina war who demand that concept now, let alone a specific am­ ly derive from a life-long admiration the United States government be the nesty procedure. When it comes, am­ for Abraham Lincoln. There is also a penitent, seeking forgiveness because nesty will derive from the urging of conviction, fed by a good deal of of the evil of its policies in Indo­ enough citizens who believe Lincoln's thought and writing on the subject, china and the moral rectitude of those counsel that: "A government can that some basic human ties are waiting who refused to participate. However, properly have no purpose to punish to be renewed in America. these people are speaking of a forgive- merely for punishment's sake." •

October, 1973 5 hand experience that this is just not youth to become part of the political so. They realize that marijuana is only process. COMMENTARY harmful if abused excessively, has less The fact of the matter is our laws of a negative effect on their spirit do not keep up with the changing so­ than alcohol - the drug of choice of ciety they are intended to regulate. As their elders - and will only destroy long as those in a position to change their lives if they are caught under or influence the law-making process re­ the present laws and thrown in prison. fuse to recognize this, the youngsters We know more about the effects growing up under these outdated and of marijuana than we do about as­ unrealistic laws will continue to avoid pirin. Starting with the Indian Hemp joining the political process. Instead, Commission Report in 1894 countless they will turn from it. The studies have been conducted on the It is time we stopped ignoring the subject. The New York Mayor's Com­ reality that people smoke marijuana, mittee on Marijuana in 1944, the that it is not as harmful as cigarettes Wootton Report done for the Home or alcohol if used with discretion, that Case Office of Great Britain in 1968 and the those who are going to use it already National Institute of Mental Health do so illegally, that we are not en­ Report to Congress in 1971, to name forcing the law and that we are ad­ a few, all have documented what eve­ vocating a policy that is hypocritical lor ry teenager in the United States has and not justified by our own actions. known about the drug for many years. If such a policy is repulsive to those Most recently, these observations have who are making the laws, then we been substantiated by the President's must be consistent and enforce the National Commission on Marijuana law as it stands. If this alternative is Cannabis and Drug Abuse, the majority of embraced, it will only end in further whose members were appointed by disenchantment of our young people President Nixon. and turn a majority of them into crim­ Most law enforcement personnel on­ inal&. -The long-term results of such Santiva ly pay lip service to the laws re­ a policy are neither positive or propi­ garding "pot." The very people who tious. are charged with enforcing the laws, It is encouraging to see that in some ignore them. With this example it is areas of the country the issue of re­ not surprising that youngsters have a vamping our marijuana laws is be­ great distaste for the laws and those gining to be approached with more who enforce them. honesty than in the past. In Oregon a by John J Buckley The implications are even more law was recently passed by the leg­ clearly defined by the illustration of islature and signed by the governor Watergate. People holding some of the which makes possession of one ounce highest positions of responsibility in or less of marijuana for personal the land apparently only paid lip serv­ use a violation (similar to a parking ive to or, in some cases, actually broke ticket) rather than a criminal offense. The disenchantment of the young the laws. This is not the kind of ex­ This is the same law that was defeat­ people in our society manifests itself ample which encourages the nation's ed by the Massachusetts General Court in a distrust of the "establishment," earlier this year. In Texas, a state a disrespect for many of our laws and which a few years ago gave 18 in­ a suspicion of society's values. dividuals life sentences for the pos­ The issue of decriminalizing mar­ session of marijuana, the penalty has ijuana and the manner this issue has been reduced to six months. The been handled by politicians answers American Bar Association was the some questions regarding the so-call­ latest of many groups to recommend ed "alienation of youth." Our present the decriminalization of marijuana. approach toward marijuana ignores Slowly, attitudes toward marijuana reality and is hypocritical. It encour­ are adjusting to the reality and so, ages disrespect of society's laws and hopefully, will the laws. Let us hope mores. this adjustment is not too slow be­ Young people are being told by the cause our present laws are "turning men and women who make the laws people off." Unfortunately, these peo­ that "grass" is harmful, will decay ple are young and are the ones we their spirit and destroy their lives. In are looking toward to give us strength fact, these youngsters know from first- in the future. •

6 Ripon Forum For the most part, bad economic ment first evaluated the effect of such policy is implemented because both an agreement on our existing grain COMMENTARY given the anticipated harvest in rela­ stocks, let alone the price of wheat tion to expected domestic and foreign production of marginaIly profitable demand. A careful economic analysis products (e.g. lower priced grades of of the deal may not have revealed that paper), the rise of black markets, and the price would eventuaIly rise to $4 the balIooning of prices when the con­ a bushel as it did, but it would cer­ trols were lifted. All were easily pre­ tainly have revealed that such a trans­ dictable results of the recent price The action would cause major upward pres­ freeze. If the Administration had been sures on the price of wheat. required to produce an "economic im­ The shortages, the cessation of pact statement" describing the nega­ Need Administration and congressional eco­ tive aspects of the freeze, there prob­ nomic policy makers feel pressured to ably would have been a far more respond to the political realities of the healthy opposition to the freeze. Per­ short run rather than the long run haps then it would not have been al­ lor needs of the nation. Economic pol­ lowed or at least would have been icymaking could be substantially im­ shortened. It is unlikely that prices proved if each new policy proposal for the American consumer are now Ee,onolDie were accompanied by an economic any lower as a result of the freeze, and statement of the long run results of he has been forced to accept artificial­ such a policy. ly created shortages. Minimum wage legislation provides H we compare our economic envir­ a prime example of the need for an onment to our physical environment, "economic impact statement." Those we recognize that induced changes advocating an increase in the mini­ usuaIly have both positive and nega­ mum wage from $1.60 to $2.20 an tive effects. It has become apparent StatelDents hour have provided a rather persuasive that we cannot continue to alter our emotional case for raising the living physical environment without consid­ standards of milIions of impoverish­ ering the long run effects of such al­ ed workers, particularly in these infla­ terations. The same is true with our tionary times. A generation's experi­ economic environment. In order to by Richard W Rahn ence with minimum wages has shown grow and prosper in a healthy envir­ that they are not the panacea for pov­ onment, we must adopt policies which erty that they would appear to be. have long run beneficial effects rather We know that no rational employ­ than short run policies which tend to Should economists and legislators er is going to pay an employee $2.20 exacerbate current difficulties over a who determine economic policy be held an hour when he only produced $2.00 period of time. accountable for the results of their per hour's worth of product. In reali­ policies? Traditionally, economics has Specifically, it is recommended that, ty, many low wage workers will not been viewed as such a mystical science in the case of any new legislative pro­ have their wages increased, but will that it seemed perhaps no more fair posal or administrative policy that be fired. Even the distinguished econ­ to blame the economist for the world's would have major impact on the econ­ omist Paul Samuelson (a notorious economic situation than it was to blame omy, the Congress or the Administra­ non-conservative) has said: "Minimum the preacher for the world's moral sit­ tion be required to append a formal wage rates. These often hurt those they uation. In reality, however, the science and detailed statement of the expect­ are designed to help. What good does of economics has nOw developed to the ed long run effects of such an action it do a black youth to know that .l!1 stage where the effects of most policy to the proposal. employer must pay him $2.00 per changes are reasonably predictable. The Russian wheat deal, the recent ,hour if the fact that he must be paid The economic problems now facing price and wage controls, and the re­ that amount is what keeps him from our country result largely from the im­ cently vetoed minimum wage bill all getting a job."l plementation of policies whose proba­ illustrate the need for such "economic Kosters and Welch found in their ble outcome could have been fore­ impact statements." The Russian wheat highly regarded study of the mini­ cast by the policy framers. For in­ deal is acknowledged by most ob­ mum wage that: "Minimum wage stance, our present inflationary cycle servers, including Treasury Secretary legislation has had the effect of dc­ began when the Johnson Administra­ George Schultz, to have been a colos­ creasing the share of normal employ­ tion greatly increased both domestic sal blunder. It now appears that when ment and increasing vulnerability to and Vietnam War spending without the Department of Agriculture gave cyclical changes in employment for increasing taxes to pay for the spend­ its approval to sell one-fourth of the the group most 'marginal' to the work ing. The resulting inflation was pre­ entire U.S. wheat crop to the Soviet force - teenagers. Thus, as a result dictable. Union, not one official in the depart- of increased minimum wages, teen-

October, 1973 7 agers are able to obtain fewer jobs partments (Natural Resources, during periods of normal employment Human Resources, Community growth and their jobs are less secure Editorial Board Development and Economic Af­ in the face of short-term employment COMMENTARY fairs). changes .,. A disproportionate share 2. A significant reduction of the fed­ of these unfavorable employment ef­ eral work force, accompanied by fects appears to have accrued to non­ a drastic revision of civil serv­ white teenagers. The primary bene­ ice legislation. ficiaries of the shifts in the pattern of The 3. A program to encourage the employment shares occasioned by min­ development of neighborhood­ imum wage increases were adults, based governmental institutions. and among adults, particularly white Hatlield 4. A national program to expand males,"2 The President's proposal to the ownership of private prop­ have a lower minimum wage might erty and decentralize the Amer­ have received far more favorable treat­ ican economy. ment in Congress if the opposition Manilesto: 5. A fundamentally new approach had been required to show that their to simplify and reform our tax proposals to increase the wage for all structure, insuring tax equity and workers to $2.20 an hour would in Is it the fairness. all likelihood substantially increase the Certainly, these five actions would rate of teenage unemployment - par­ significantly diffuse concentration of ticularly among black teenagers. Propessive power. In fact, the senator's reform This proposal for required "eco­ program is so excessive a response nomic impact studies" is predicated on to institutional aggregation of power, the notion that the long run effects of RepubHean which is not to say that the problem our actions are at least as important does not exist, that, if it could be suc­ as the short run results, and that eco­ cessfully implemented today, it would nomic forecasting has developed to soon give birth to a new "reform" the point where it is at least as much Answer! movement whose aim would be to re­ of a science as it is an art. concentrate power. Economic policy makers ought to be Sen. Mark O. Hatfield's reform Hatfield's second proposal, for ex­ as accountable to the public for their "program of decentralization and con­ ample, addresses the inadequacies and actions as are other professionals. As stitutionalism" is important. It is im­ rigidities of the existing civil service John Kenneth Galbraith recently said: portant because the senator's proposals system. Yet, do we forget that the na­ "Then there is the remarkable non­ are offered as a response to well-doc­ tion's civil service laws were enacted accountability of economists - some­ umented public cynicism - exacer­ as the result of a major "reform" drive thing of which, as an economist, I bated but not originated by Watergate nearly a century ago? Now it is the am very reluctant to complain. A sur­ - that the people's views and ideals product of that earlier reform move­ geon, in a general way, is held ac­ are irrelevant to the decisions of the ment to limit political patronage which countable for results. If, delving for government and other large institu­ is recognized to be in n'.:ed of reform. a brain tumor, he gets a prostate, he tions. It is important because Sen. Hat­ Those who seek to improve the is open to criticism. Even lawyers are field is attempting to translate a polit­ functioning of the government cannot held to certain standards of perform­ ical philosophy that is both progressive ignore the historical rationale - how­ ance; John Mitchell is in trouble for and Republican into a specific agenda ever inadequate it may seem - that changing sides on the matter of crime. for reform. And, it is important be­ lies behind the existing system. Cer­ But not economists. No matter how cause Sen. Hatfield has long been an tainly, the civil service laws have af­ great the disaster, we are still rever­ outspoken leader of public opinion. fected the way civil servants work - ed."3 Hatfield defines the nation's prob­ as the senator asserts, . One of the It is hoped that the requirement of lem as "public disenchantment with rarest events in Washington is the an "economic impact statement" by our political process and several of firing of a civil servant for slothful­ economists and other public practi­ society's major institutions," and the ness" - but as we search for a sys­ tioners of the economic sciences will cause as "the massive concentration of tem that encourages " creativity and help bring closer the day when eco­ power - governmental, political and responsiveness," we should recognize nomists are revered for a reason. • economic." His theme is simple and that the administrative "flexibility" FOOTNOTES direct: decentralize political and eco­ necessary to reward creativity can easi­ 1. Paul A. Samuelson, Economics. 9th Editi~. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New' -Y.. rs nomic power. So are his five specific ly become another concentration of 1973 pp. 393-394. 2. Marvin Koslers and Finis Welch, "~e Ef­ proposals: power; discretion can also be exercised fects of MiniInUIII Wage on the Distribution 1. A constitutional amendment re­ of Changes In Aggregate EmploYlIlent," to provide patronage or to establish The Americcm Economic Review.

8 Ripon Forum the federal work force, and to encour­ ferently. This is why the welfare and we could pursue both objectives simul­ age the establishment of neighborhood civil rights bureaucracies have come taneously with a single program, that governmental institutions is the belief under such assault. They have not been is often impossible. In this instance, that the large federal bureaucracy is given instructions to specify their re­ the problem of devising the appro­ not performing well. This is a tradi­ sponse for all administrative situations, priate public policy becomes most dif­ tional Republican theme and one that but rather only the general goal of ficult, and it is important to recognize finds wide acceptance within the pub­ abolishing social evils. In attempting the existence of the two competing lic today. Yet, it is too simplistic to to perform that task, they have no al­ goals. provide a useful guideline for gov­ ternative but to exercise discretion. Sen. Hatfield has advocated decen­ ernmental structure. In The El1d of Liberalism, an essen­ tralizing the nation's welfare programs Bureaucracies have indeed been per­ tial book for anyone who seeks to un­ and implicit in this proposal is an ac­ forming poorly of late, but this is be­ derstand governmental failures, Theo­ ceptance that public participation in cause they have been asked to perform dore J. Lowi explains how the Con­ public welfare decisions is more im­ tasks for which they are simply not gressional liberals' delegation of au­ portant than universal equity. Yet, is suited. Aaron WiIdavsky, dean of the thority to the bureaucracy permits in­ not a major critique of the existing Graduate School of Public Policy at terest group bargaining in the execu­ system the fact that it treats dif­ Berkeley, writes in the August issue tive branch's decision-making process. ferent individuals differently? Our wel­ of Comme11tary, "Governmental per­ "Broad discretion makes a politician fare programs differ from state to state. formance depends not only on the abil­ out of a bureaucrat," writes Lowi, and The local social worker is delegated ity to solve problems but on selecting the failure to set clear legislative stan­ much of the responsibility for deciding problems government knows how to dards makes meaningful evaluation of how much assistance a family will re­ solve." To paraphrase Wildavsky, bu­ public policies impossible. ceive. Little wonder the system is de­ reaucratic performance depends not on­ Progressive Republicans have two nounced for its failures; what is an lyon the ability to solve problems but important philosophical goals: 1) to abuse of discretion to one is a respon­ on selecting problems bureaucracies ensure broad public participation in sible act to another, and reading the know how to solve. political decisions and in the imple­ federal legislation will not tell you Bureaucracies can perform well ad­ mentation of public policy, and 2) to whose interpretation is correct. ministering a complex governmental ensure equity of treatment for all cit­ For those progressive Republicans program, provided the entire program izens. Sometimes one objective dom­ who believe that universal equity is a can be defined by a specific set of in­ inateS a public policy problem, some­ much more important welfare objective structions. People may be unhappy times the other. In such situations, than local participation, the ideal pro­ with the federal income tax or with the policy decision is simplified. Few gram is the negative income tax. (See the Social Security system, but it is would argue, for example, that public the Ripon FORUM, April, 1967.) not because the bureaucracy adminis­ participation is more important than With a negative income tax, the fi­ trates the programs badly. Unhappiness equity in either the federal income nancial assistance a family receives with either of these two programs re­ tax or the Social Security programs; would be strictly determined by the sults from the instructions Congress universal equity is clearly the over­ number of adults and children in the gave the bureaucracy for administer­ riding goal and thus little considera­ family's earned income. The welfare ing the program. tion has ever been given to decentral­ checks would be processed on the basis When, however, a bureaucracy is izing these programs. On the other of a very few, simple rules, with no asked to administer a program in hand, local citizen participation is con­ individual discretion permitted and which there is substantial bureaucratic sidered to be extremely important in thus universal equity guaranteed. The discretion, the bureaucracy usually per­ public safety or police programs - if federal bureaucracy is really quite good forms badly in the public's eye. The only to prevent the establishment of at writing checks. bureaucrat's exercise of this discretion, a national police state - and thus pub­ Admittedly, this is a bureaucratic which is necessary since Congress has lic safety is a governmental function solution, but it does have some ad­ provided only vague guidelines..~ can that is decentralized. vantages with respect to decentraliza­ easily be interpreted as favoritism, po­ Frequently, however, these two goals tion of power. Since the bureaucracy litical bias, or incompetence by those are both perceived to be important. has little discretion, it has little power who would exercise the discretion dif- Although it would be convenient if that Congress has not explicitly given to it. At the same time, the individual At the Tenth Anniversary Dinner of the Ripon Society in Boston welfare recipient, not the government's last December, Sen. Mark O. Hatfield spoke out against "Presidential gov­ social worker, will decide how the ernment" and advocated the "decentralization of power." His remarks money is to be spent. Meanwhile, local were reprinted in the January, 1973 issue of FORUM, and his exec­ institutions are freed to provide social utive assistant, Wes Michaelson, discussed them further at the Society's services where the trained judgment National Governing Board meeting last April. Then, on August 26, 1973, of the social worker is needed to help Sen. Hatfield published a more detailed reform program, "Beyond Water­ solve individual problems. gate: Five Ways to Rebuild Confidence," in The Washington Post's Out­ Thus, to progressive Republicans, the question is not whether or not we look section. should shift to decentralized institu-

October, 1973 9 tions, but what social functions should erates." The label clearly implies that to avoid any tax will be too small to be decentralized. For example, many Republican progressives do not ad· generate any public outcry. progressive Republicans believe in par­ vocate a policy without examining the Although the Senator believes in ticipation - particularly parental par­ reality as well as the theory of their using the federal tax laws to accom­ ticipation - in both policy making position. plish his one objective, he would deny and administration of elementary and This limited, undogmatic approach its use by others for similar objectives. secondary education. Thus, many pro­ to government leaves progressive Re­ Might not many of these objectives gressive Republicans - and conserva­ publicans open to the charge, partic­ be worthwhile and important, and tive Republicans, too - advocate a ularly during campaigns against lib­ might not the elimination of the sys­ voucher system for education. A stu­ eral Democrats, that they are unwilling tem of personal deductions have some dent's parents would be given a vouch­ to make a true commitment to solve unwanted effects? An examination of er for a specific value which they America's problems. It is not that pro­ what is accomplished through the exist­ would use to pay for ·their child's gressive Republicans are uncommitted, ing personal income tax is essential be­ education at any school, public or pri­ but that they possess a healthy skep­ fore we decide to discard all deduc­ vate. This would encourage a diversi­ ticism about how much government tions. ty of school systems in response to can do alone. They hold that a num­ The difficulty with Sen. Hatfield's the diversity of educational objectives ber of society's objectives would best program for decentralizing power is and philosophies of the parents. be pursued by the private sector. Un­ that he often ignores the implications This decentralized and participatory fortunately, in a laissez faire economy, of his decentralization program. In his system of education has an obvious the private sector has little or no speech to the Ripon Society, the sen­ Jiability; the voucher system could incentive to undertake many of the ator worried that a "constitutional im­ become nothing more than a sophisti­ chores that society desires. Thus, the balance" would permit the President cated "freedom of choice" system. Is need for the government to provide "to neglect the severity of water pol· equity to be sacrificed for decentrali­ incentives to the private sector, and lution" and advocated that: "Towns zation? here the most useful mechanism is the should give their citizens the option The Republican Party has a long, federal income tax structure. of choosing whether industries that historical commitment to civil rights Sen. Hatfield, however, recommends would cause pollution, or manufacture - although today some Republicans elimination of all deductions from the unwanted products, should be allowed find it convenient to forget that the federal personal income tax laws. It to reside here." Yet, pollution is not GOP is the party of Abraham Lincoln, is clear that the public is unhappy a municipal problem as the senator's not of John C. Calhoun. Progressive with the tax system - because it is concern for presidential action in­ Republicans have a special obligation perceived to be inequitable, and be­ dicates. Are we to permit the citizens to ensure that the policies we advocate cause it is - although there probably of Pittsburgh to determine how pol­ in the name of participatory de­ has never been a political epoch when luted the Ohio River will be, or the centralization do not also perpetuate the public was not on the verge of v8l:ers- of Detroit and Dearborn to inequality of educational opportunity. some tax revolt or another. The fact is, determine how many pollutants auto­ Thus, progressive Republicans may ad­ that while the system of tax deductions mobiles will be allowed to emit? vocate a voucher system for education, produces inequities, it also provides in­ Hatfield longs to return the Ameri­ but they also want the program gov­ centives for private actions that the can economy to the Jeffersonian na­ erned by some safeguards. Simple, government has determined are desira­ tion of small farms and cottage indus­ clear, congressionally-established rules ble. The system of deductions may not tries. This is indeed idyllic, but hard­ for determining which schools would achieve its purpose, or we may dis­ ly practical. Broadening the ownership be eligible for the voucher program agree with the objective, but tax in­ base of American industry will help would be administered by a bureauc­ centives are still society's principaJ eliminate the vast disparities in in­ racy and would prevent racial discrim­ method for encouraging private action come; small farms and businesses, and ination. for the commonwealth. worker participation in management Progressive Republicans recognize a Sen. Hatfield has proposed changes will give more citizens a feeling that diversity of goals, a diversity of phil­ in the corporate income tax laws to they have some control over their lives. osophical preferences, and a diversity encourage "the deconglomeration of Such actions will not "provide safe­ of programmatic formulas. On any the American economy." Yet, is it guards against governmental tyranny," given issue they recognize that con­ not part of the tax revolt that the elec­ however. flicts may force them to rank and torate reads about major corporations Another example of the senator's choose from among these goals, philo­ (as well as wealthy citizens) escaping complacency about the implications of sophies and programs. The fact that the payment of any tax through the his decentralization program is his sug­ they have not pursued a rigid ideolog­ system of deductions? Of course, we gestion to hold independent elections ical line, without recognizing the im­ do not know what "basic changes in for President, Vice President and the plications of their proposals - a prac­ our tax structure" Sen. Hatfield is rec­ heads of the departments of Natural tice that means they occasionally agree ommending and perhaps if he is suc­ Resources, Human Resources, Com­ with liberal Democrats and occasional­ cessful in decentralizing the economy, munity Development and Economic ly with conservative Republicans - any corporation that is successfully able Affairs. The proposal is based on the has caused the press to call them "mod- to use the new system of deductions assumption that within the executive

10 Ripon Forum branch less coordination is needed for complex and interdependent, however, throughout the system; witness the im­ domestic affairs than is needed for that seemingly insignificant decisions pact of the most recent price freeze. foreign and defense policy. The Amer­ designed to handle one specific pub­ Sen. Hatfield is right - separate Ican post-industrial economy is so lic policy problem generate reactions elections "would unquestionably re-

The Hatfield Manifesto ly assented to accretions in presidential power and the The Watergate scandal is climaxing a steady de­ growth of govemmental powers as long as these are velopment of public dismchantment with our politic,t/ done in the name of national security or the maintmance process and several of society's major institutions. of the social order. Most conservative Republican poli­ This disillusionment is not simply being personal­ ticia11S have hardly lifted a hand to slow the groMh of ized in the President. In the eyes of most America11S, a business-labor-government combine. he and many of his f01'mer associates are guilty primari­ President Nixon has in a number of speeches de­ ly of proving to be like most all politicia11S. That is clared war on the federal bureaucracy. Yet the primary why the widespread public assumption of Mr. Nixon's thrust of this federal policy is not to reduce bureaucratic guilt has not resulted in any broadly based or popular interference with the lives of individuals, but ,·ather 10 mOlleme11t for his impeachmmt. Fundammtally, people increase the control by the President and White House have not simply lost their confidence in a leader,. they .rtaff over the federal bureaucracy. Short of a total COI1- have lost their faith in the institutions of public leader­ Ilersion in its view of presidmtial powers, the Adminis­ ship. tration will be unable to take credible initiatives to re­ People perceive the linkage betwem the credibility verse the concentration of power in society, or to de,11 of our political system and other major social a1ld eco­ with the public dist1'1lst of its govemment. nomic i11Stitutio11S in our society. Take one simple exam­ The progressive Republicans, the group with which ple: The personal attomey of the President served also I am most identified, also have failed to cope effective­ as the attomey for a major airline, and thm solicited ly with the c01ltinuing diminution of individual liber­ fU1lds for the President's re-electi011 from a competitive ties and public confidence. Republican progressives halle airline, in clear violation of u.s. law prohibiting cor­ attempted to combine more effective management of porate contributions. govemment with a series of policies on specific issue.r. Such incestuous relatio11Ships between gover11mmt Yet these responses to broken-down Democratic initia­ and business confirm that corruption itl politics breeds tives, 01' even to the excesses of a Republican adminis­ corruption itl other realms of society, and vice versa. tration, have generally bem of an ad hoc nature and The individual American correctly perceives that gov­ have thus failed to rally significant support for an on­ ernment leaders, federal bureaucracies, labor Jillions, going political coaliti011. corporations and other forces have almost routinely If America is to resist the forces that are nibblillg violated the public trust and are swallowing freedoms away at our individual freedom, a dynamic political that should be the province of individuals. movement must arise to limit the powers of big govem­ In very large measure, such corruption has been ment, big labor and big busj,less. It must be a movemel1l the direct result of the massive concentrations of pow­ committed to reshaping a1ld decentralizing the institll­ er - governmental, political and economic. Neither of tions of power in society. This will necessitate cOncrete the major political parties, 110r the administration nor and drastic initiatives designed to fundame1ltally restruc­ its critics, has offered a1lY significant ways to arrest the ture elements of our political a11d economic life. The growth of the excessive c011centrations of power which only way to restore the people's trust in the institutions inevitably erode individual liberty and the people's C011- of power is to break open new avenues 'for the people fidmce hI society's institutions. to participate directly in those institutions and remold The Democrats who have belatedly "eco gnized the them according to their 1leeds. A wide array of COll­ dangers of excessive presidential power are still blind servatives, liberals and moderates (if those labels meail to the threat of all-pervasive govemmental bureaucracy. anything) of all kinds of party affiliations can be en­ The "New Politics" Democrdlj .frequently seem to be listed in such an effort. calling not for fundamental institutional change, {JIlt This program oj- decentralization and constitutioll­ merely for the elevation of a compassionate, enlight­ alism would move decisively to limit the powers of the met! person to an all-powerful presidency. The tradi­ presidency, to replace bureaucratic government - fed­ tional Democrats, still infatuated with categorical grant eral, state or local - with "neighborhood governmmt," programs and alphabet soup agencies, seem to feel that to restore an economic e11Vironment that encourages New peal, Fair Deal, New Frontier and Great Society small mtrepreneurship and insures corporate competi­ programs are somewhat akin to the Ten Commandments. tion and accountability, and to assure the privacy and In the name of defending the rights of the "little man," autonomy of the individual American. many would gladly erect another bureaucratic mecha­ nism to ensnare him. Excerpted by permission from "Beyond Watergate: Many conservative Republicans, unlike their pre­ Five Ways to Rebuild Confidence," by Sen. Mark O. decessors such as Sen. Robert A. Taft, Sr., have willini,- Hatfield, Washington Post, August 26, 1973.

October, 1973 11 duce the raw power of the presiden­ Little wonder then that those looking ness of an American political par­ cy." But one should question and de­ to limit presidential powers must re­ ty is not to be measured simply bate whether the "tension" generated sort to ad hoc solutions such as sep­ by the votes it commands, but within the executive branch would be arate elections for cabinet officers. by the timeliness of the elements "creative" or not. Further, the "raw The traditional process for selecting which compose the party's follow­ power" of the President has not come vice presidential candidates could hard­ ing. through the expansion of the execu­ ly be called perspicacious. Yet, what Within the Ripon Society this is known tive branch; the bureaucracy has cer­ can the nation expect when it requires as Lubell's "Sun & Moon Theory of tainly increased its power, though Pres­ a presidential nominee, in the euphoric Politics." We have all too well recog­ idents Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon hours that climax years of work and nized that for four decades the GOP have not agreed with Hatfield's state­ worry, to stay up all night to select has been the obscure satellite. ment that the bureaucracies have "aug­ someone to be "a heart beat away." During the 1960's, our position as mented" presidential power. Rather, A better solution would be to allow the political moon was maintained by as Francis E. Rourke wrote in Bureauc­ two weeks for the selection of a run­ adherence to the Eleventh Command­ rac), and Foreigll Policy, "The slow­ ning mate. After consultations with all ment: "Thou Shalt Not Speak III of ness with which bureaucratic organiza­ segments of the party, and a thor­ Any Other Republican." This ensured tions respond to presidential desires ough examination of the backgrounds that no relevant political debate ever for action is legendary and a constant of all possible candidates, the nom­ occurred during a Republican primary source of exasperation for chief exec­ inee's choice could be submitted to or at a Republican meeting. In the utives." In the last decade, in an ef­ the party's national committee, where last four years, debate has been stifled fort to circumvent the bureaucracy, it would be subject to a veto by a by a Republican President who sought chief executives have expanded the Of­ two-thirds vote. no advice from Republican counsels, fice of the President and the result The ticket would still be chosen who proclaimed his views to be the has been what Rourke calls "govern­ to project the proper "balance," and only acceptable Republican positions, ment by the palace guard." Still, no would infrequently include "the par­ and who dispatched his staff to crush matter how central they are to the gov­ ty's ablest candidate to succeed to the dissent when it came from the Repub­ ernment, those who work in the Office presidency" as Hatfield desires. Yet, lican Right over China and Family As­ of the President are neither confirmed at the state level, to draw on Hat­ sistance, and, more aggressively, when by Congress nor required to appear field's own analogy, when a party must it came from Republican progressives before congressional committees. nominate candidates for several, inde­ over Civil Rights, Civil Liberties and The Constitution established a sys­ pendently elected, state-wide offices, it Vietnam. tem of checks and balances for the still makes an effort, at its state con­ Watergate has ended President purpose of limiting power - partic­ ventions, to "balance the ticket." No Nixon's dominance of the Republican ularly presidential power. It would ap­ process will eliminate ticket balancing Party, and the GOP must now grope pear appropriate to employ this tool. nor ensure that, once elected, the Vice its way toward 1976 on its own. In One can sympathize with Hatfield's de­ President will be given more admin­ the process, it can choose to continue cision to offer decentralization of the istrative responsibilities, or be consult­ as a moon, allowing the major policy executive branch as the cure for presi­ ed on more policy questions. But at issues of the day to be fought out dential power, and a decentralized eco­ least we would not be asking the most and decided within the Democratic nomy to curb "officious bureaucrats." tired man in the nation to make the Party. Or the Republicans can pursue But the proposals are symbolic of the selection. their goal of building a majority par­ Congress's failure to exercise its con­ After this critique, how can I still ty by collecting within their ranks stitutional mandate and responsibility. argue that the Hatfield Manifesto is those who are committed to a full With both houses controlled by the important, that it demands public at­ debate of the timely political issues. Democrats since 1954, Congress has tention, particularly Republican atten­ The result will certainly be a lot of been unable, for example, to develop tion, and that it should be the focus heat - heat that will make life un­ legislative procedures to enable it to of much political discussion? The an­ comfortable for those accustomed to control the federal budget, and Sen. swer lies in the absence of meaning­ the cool perfection of most Republi­ Hatfield is left to hope that decentral­ ful debate within the Republican Party can gatherings - but heat that also ization of the executive branch would during the last 40 years. Two decades signals to the electorate that the Re­ "return Congress to a role in the ago, Samuel Lubell observed: publican Party is struggling with the budget-making process much closer Our political solar system ... has nation's problems. to that conceived by the founding fa­ been characterized not by two To ignore Sen. Hatfield's ideas is thers." Despite the recent popular equally competing suns, but by a to relegate the GOP to continue in interest in congressional prerogatives sun and a moon. It is within the orbit as an irrelevant political moon. and reorganizations, House Speaker majority party that the issues of But for the Republican Party to dis­ Carl Albert's major legislative concern any particular period are fought cuss and debate, vigorously and with­ during this session has been to expand out; while the minority party out inhibition, Sen. Hatfield's five pro­ the west front of the Capitol to pro­ shines in the reflected radiance of posals, could be the beginning of vide his constituency - the U.S. Rep­ the heat thus generated. the GOP's rejuvenation as the political resentatives - with more office space. The essential strength or weak- sun. II

12 Ripon Forum ,

1973 Ripon Issues Conference "BUILDING A PROGRESSIVE GOP IN THE POST-WATERGATE ERA" November 30 - December 2, 1973 Twin Bridges Marriott Hotel Washington, D.C. CONFERENCE SCHEDULE Friday, November 30 6:00 - 8:00 p.m. Reception 8:00 - 10:00 p.m. Dinner and Address by Gov. Linwood Holton Saturday, December 1 7:30 - 9:00 a.m. Regional Breakfasts 9:00 - 10:30 a.m. Politics Panel: "State of the Moderates" 11 :00 a.m. - 1:00 p.m. Issues Panels: see below 1:00 - 2:30 p.m. Lunch and Address: Speaker to be announced 2:30 - 4:30 p.m. Issues Panels: see below {:30 - 6:00 p.m. Politics Panel: "Power Centers; Party Struc­ ture and Reform" 8:00 - 10:00 p.m. Dinner and Address: Speaker to be announced. Sunday, December 2 9:00 a.m. - 12 noon Politics Panel: "How Do Moderates Put It Together ?" ISSUES PANELS • Preserving Our Liberties in a Technological, Institutionalized, Government-Ridden Age Speaker: Hope Eastman, American Civil Liberties Union, Washington, D.C. • Deconcentration and Deregulation of the Economy Speaker: William G. Shepard, associate professor of economics, University of Michigan • Humanized Work Environment Speaker: Edwin Mills, director, Quality of Work Program, National Commision on Productivity, Washington, D.C. • Rebuilding Cities: Population Redistribution and Development Realities Speaker: Robert Patricelli, vice president, Greater Hartford Process, Hartford, Connecticut • Future of Private Property and Its Distribution Speaker: John McLaughry, president, Institute for Liberty and Community, Concord, Vermont • Congress and Foreign Policy Speaker: Alton Frye, fellow, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C. • Free Market Solutions for the Urban Crisis Speaker: William G. Colman, consultant, National Urban Coalition, Washington, D.C. • Education for Free Men and Women Speaker: Thomas K. Glennan, Jr., director, National Institute of Education, Department of Health. Education and Welfare, Washington, D.C. • Criminal Justice Reform Speaker: Russell W. Peterson, chairman, National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Stan­ dards and Goals, Washington, D.C. • Preserving the Environihent Speaker: Henry Diamond, commissioner, New York State Department of Environmental Conserva­ tion, Albany, New York

o I am interested in receiving further infonnation about the 1973 Ripon Issues Conference. o Enclosed is the application fee of $50 which covers conference meals, discussions, and admission to the re­ ception on November 30. Reservations will be accepted on a first-come, first-serve basis. (Make checks payable to "Ripon Society." o I am a student and interested in the possibility of a reduced student fee. Name ...... Occupation ...... Street Address: ...... City ...... State ...... Zip ...... Send Coupon to: MICHAEL MACLEOD National Director Ripon Society 509 C Street N.E. Washington, D.C. 20002 THE MAGAZINE OF ECONOM~ ~F!R] ge

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD: • Neither a technical journal nor a business Carolyn Shaw Bell magazine, but a forum for a wide range of Barbara R. Bergmann Kennelh E. Boulding Alan Greenspan opinion on economic policy. Robert HeUbroner Walter •• Heller Albert D. Hirschman Hendrlk Houlhakker • Eminently readable. For economists and lay­ Robert Lekachman men. Deals in depth with the entire gamut of Wassny Leonllel Arthur •• Dkun economic issues. Robert'. Roosa Paul A. Samuelson Robert M. Solaw George J. Sligler • The only general economics magazine in the Henry C. Wantch United States. Written by the leading econo­ Editor: • yran E. Sharpe mists of our time .

The September/October issue brings you this wide range of authoritative articles Bellne{{ Harnsoll. The Once and Future City; C. Lowellllarriss. Property r------Taxation: What:~ Good and What:, Bad; Mllrrar Weidenhalllll. Arnu For a Time of Peace; Johll Farerl\"etlfher. Nationali.~m or Continentali.~m: Challenge Canadian.~ React to U.S. "tm'e.,tment; Jack Barhash. The Changing 901 North Broadway Structure of CollectiJ'e Bargaining; Eli Gin::herl{. Manpower Training: White Plains, New York 10603 Boon not Boondoggle; Da·I'it! Schl\"arr:llwn, A ttention. MonopiJIi.~t.~: SPECIAL OFFER' The July/August Senator Hart i.~ Watching; Interl'ieK'. John KC'nnelh Galhrailh. . issue free with your subscription' Com'ersation With an Incom'enient Economi.~t. Please enter my subscription The July / A ugust issue of Challenge FREE to CHALLENGE with your subscription NAME ADDRESS lIellIT Ro.\"()\'skr. Japan:t Economic Future; Carolrn Shaw Bell. Social Security: Unfair to Tho.te Who Pa.\' It; Unfair to Tho.,e Who Recei\'e It; CITY Jack N. Behrman, The Futility of International Monetary Reform; Edgar STAT'E~------O;Z'"IP'--- L. FeigC' ami DOIIl{las K. Pearce. The Wage-Price Control o Three years (eighteen issues) at 522.00 Experiment-Did it Work? Marshall I. (jolt/lIlan. Growth and o Two years (twelve issues) al 516.00 Em'ironmental Prohlem.~ of Noncapitali.~t Nation.~; LOllis O. Kelso alltl o One year (six issues) al 59.00 Ptlfricia lIe{{er. Corporate Social Re.\pon.,ihility Without Corporate o Check enclosed 0 Bill me Suicide: Dal'it! Sl\"il. The NeK' Product Safety LaK'; Interl'iew. Kelllll'lh Outside Continental U.S.A. E. Boult/ing. LOI'e. Fear and the Economi.~t. add $1.00 per year. ------R. 14 Ripon Forum that part of this success is attributable to "too many Democrats having look­ POLITICS: PROFILES ed to the federal Government for sol­ utions, while Republicans have work­ ed at the state level to solve prob­ CLAY MYERS lems." Clay's chances of winning the gov­ PORTLAND - Oregon's Secretary more to bring about the reforms and ernorship in 1974 are considered good. of State Clay Myers (R) is a fifth gen­ changes" in which he believes. Al­ Although he has yet to officiaIly an­ eration descendent of a pioneer Ore­ though he expresses "limited regrets" nounce his plans, he is dearly the gon family. about the demands the office makes most logical candidate. His populari­ During Myers' early childhood his on him and his family, his outstand­ ty should discourage any major prima­ family spent several years in colonial ing performance displays his abiIrty to ry challenge except by a possible a Rhodesia and his lingering memories meet those demands. "dark horse" candidate. Clay's cam­ of the conditions there have influenced As Oregon's secretary of state, paign practices have differed consider­ his long interest in human rights and Myers' primary responsibility is as the ably from some Republicans, but have civil liberties. state's chief election officer. Along been tremendously successful. He has He was reared and educated in Ore­ with his predecessors and many pro­ avoided large financial contributions gon, and graduated from the Univer­ gressive legislators, Myers has helped and the type of campaign methods sity of Oregon. His career includes shape Oregon's election system to be which require them, such as television 16 years' experience in banking and what many feel is one of the best in advertising. Myers has.also received and insurance; he was vice president of the nation. The Oregon State Elec­ accepted the backing of many Demo­ the Insurance Company of Oregon tions Division, which Myers heads, crats and should have substantial bi­ when he was appointed assistant sec­ publishes and mails to each voter a partisan support again in 1974. retary of state in 1965. Voters Pamphlet in which every of­ Several Democratic office holders Much of Myers' early political ac­ ficial candidate as weIl as proponents are potential challengers for gover­ tivity was issue-oriented. In the early and opponents of baIlot measures, may nor including State Senate President 1950's before it became politically purchase space at nominal cost. Ore­ Jason Boe, State Treasurer James Red­ popular, he was campaigning for Fair gon also pioneered in pre-election den and Portland Mayor Neal Gold­ Employment Practices legislation and campaign contribution reporting, cam­ schmidt. Unless they reach a compro­ anti-discrimination laws in housing paign spending limits, lobbyist report­ mise, Boe and Redden appear to be and trade school admission. In 1951 ing, tax credits for small political con­ likely primary contestants with Red­ he helped organize an initiative peti­ tributions and equalized, single-mem­ den probably the more likely victor. tion drive to establish regulations for ber legislative districts. The latter were Myers is probably capable of defeat­ legislative redistricting. Ironically, the created by Myers when he reappor­ ing any chaIlenge under present or initiative resulted in his assumption tioned the state's political districts in expected cirCt.:!.QlStances. of the job many years later as secretary 1971. Myers has ably fulfiIled his ob­ Myers believes that the "greatest of state, when the legislature failed jective of "opening up" the election challenge for the Republican Party in to accomplish the task. process. in 1976 will be not to close its eyes In 1950, Myers co-authored a Myers is optimistic about the future to political reality as it did in 1964 state Young Republican resolution con­ of the Republican Party in Oregon. and as the Democrats did in 1972." demning Sen. Joseph McCarthy - one He feels "voters recognize that the But, as he adds, "selecting the proper of the first public condemnations by state has been a 'trend setter' with the candidate is sometimes the toughest de­ a Republican group anywhere in the leadership or progressive Republicans cision to make." In past GOP conven­ nation. He was active later on the such as Hatfield and Sen. Robert Pack­ tions, Myers may have been the only State Welfare Commission, and in wood and Gov. McCall." He believes delegate to have twice voted against adult education, vocational training, that Oregon Republicans have been Agnew'S nomination for Vice Presi­ planned parenthood, mental retarda­ politicaIly successful because of their dent. tion and community youth center pro­ "unique kind of Republicanism and an In the aftermath of Watergate, grams. independent, problem-solving approach Myers believes a winning candidate Myers entered full-time government to issues." must be totally "clean" and able to service when Tom McCaIl, an old The Democratic Party has a state­ present the "full picture" of himself friend from Young Republican days, wide registration advantage, but Ore­ to public scrutiny. "The old political was elected secretary of state and askf:d gon voters have been traditionally in­ types such as John ConnaIly or Mayor Myers to be his assistant. When Gov. dependent in their selections. Progres­ Daley are out" and in their place, Mark o. Hatfield ran for the Senate sive Republicans such as Myers and Myers thinks, will emerge candidates in 1966, McCaIl sought and won the McCaIl have received good pluralities who will be able to "appeal on a bi­ governorship and appointed Myers to even in Democratic years but the par­ partisan basis" and show through log­ replace him as secretary of state. He ty lost its slim control of the legisla­ ical, business-like solutions to social made the choice to enter politics full ture in 1972 despite Nixon's landslide problems that "you don't have to be time because he felt he could "do and Myers' easy re-election. He feels a revolutionary to be a reformer." •

October, 1973 15 Republicans have indicated they will seek the Senate nomination but drop POLITICS: REPORTS out of the race if Ray runs. The two are both moderates: State Sen. George a majority going into the meeting; 2) F. Milligan and State Rep. David Stan­ MAINE The issue of Ray's competence and ley. Stanley was narrowly defeated by neutrality was clouded by Jones' efforts Hughes for the Senate in 1968. less AUGUSTA - Maine's Republican to transform the issue into a vote of likely aspirants are Veterans Admin­ Party was torn in early September by confidence; and 3) They felt that ef­ istrator Donald Johnson and former what one party leader called "Water­ forts to unite the party through the lieutenant Gov. Roger Jepsen. II gate North." neutrality of the state GOP headquar­ A memorandum written by GOP ters had been sabotaged by the failure Executive Secretary Alexander Ray was to oust Ray. SOUTH DAKOTA leaked to the press. The memo pur­ As one GOP worker said, "It's real­ ported to analyze the gubernatorial ly too bad, because starting last Jan­ PIERRE - The South Dakota Re­ campaign operation of State Sen. Har­ uary we were beginning to make prog­ publican State Central Committee elect­ rison Richardson (R). Numerous par­ ress in uniting the party." Now, he ed Sioux Falls real estate businessman ty leaders were incensed by the memo predicted, the factionalizing and dis­ William Lenker to succeed D. Jack and charged that Ray was "tilting" unity, which has plagued the party for Gibson as Republican national com­ towards James Erwin, the unsuccess­ a decade, will continue. II mitteeman at a meeting here Septem­ ful 1970 gubernatorial nominee who ber 8. has yet to announce his intentions in Gibson, who had been strongly iden­ next year's race. IOWA tified with Vice President Spiro Ag­ Ray explained his action by saying new, resigned to devote more time to that he was trying to identify a leak DES MOINES - The announce­ his business. His successor, who has in his office and had planted the memo ment of Sen. Harold Hughes (D) that had considerable experience in county on his desk to catch the leaker. The he will not seek re-election in order level politics, won election on the third culprit reportedly was Ray's assistant. to devote himself to religious work, ballot of a four-way contest. He de­ has prompted an upsurge in political The issue came to a head at a feated retired Irene businessman Dex­ speculation in Iowa. meeting of the Maine Republican State ter Gunderson, Britton rancher Don Committee September 8. By a vote of The key to much of the conjecture Jarrett, and Madison real estate busi­ 27-23, a move to oust Ray from his is Gov. Robert Ray (R), who has yet nessman Tom Felker. The meeting, post was rejected. Party Chairman to decide whether to seek the gover­ which was attended by over 75 per­ Harold Jones interpreted the contro­ norship again next year or switch to cent of the committee's 200 members, versy as a threat to his leadership. the Senate. Among the Democrats with was described as one of the best-attend­ "The real question here is not Alex an announced interest in the Senate, ed in recent years. Some party ob­ Ray. It is the leadership of this party for example, is Assistant Attorney servers saw it as one sign in recent by Harold Jones." Jones, who was General Roxanne Conlin. She was GOP rejuvenation under the leader­ backed by former Chairman Charles quoted by newsmen as saying she ship of GOP State Chairman E. Steeves Morsehead who had brought Rhode Is­ might run if Gov. Ray did not. Said Smith. land native Ray to the state, easily won Conlin: ''I'm a Democrat but I'm not Next year's gubernatorial situation a vote of confidence, 47·-3. a dumb Democrat." Ray undoubtedly on the Democratic side continues to would be the favorite if he chose to leaders in the move to remove Ray be confused. There is speculation that run. reportedly included staff members for Gov. Richard Kneip (D) might run U.S. Rep. Bill Cohen, himself a gu­ Other Democrats with expressed in­ as an independent if state law bars bernatorial possibility, and Richardson. terest are State Sen. Minnette Doderer him from seeking the governorship The motion stating that "the interests of Iowa City and U.S. Rep. John C. for a third time as a Democrat. of the party would best be served" Culver, who declined to run for the Sen. George McGovern (D) reported­ by Ray's removal was introduced by Senate last year when he decided the ly desperately would like Kneip on the Auburn Mayor Jack linel!. He was odds were too unfavorable. Culver's ad­ ballot - either as a Democrat or an backed by Senate president Kenneth P. ministrative assistant, Dick Clark, ran independent - in order to aid his own Macleod who indicated that the state instead and defeated Sen. Jack Miller race. Two Democrats reportedly inter­ committee vote would not be an order (R). Culver's public announcement ested in the outcome of Kneip's cur­ but an expression of sentiment. has reportedly irritated U.S. Rep. Neal rent court battle are State Sen. Harvey Wollman and Rapid City Mayor Joe The opposition to Rayon the state Smith, since it was made without Barnett. The latter is considered a pos­ committee was reportedly widespread prior consultation. Nevertheless, Smith will probably remain in the House. sible candidate for lieutenant gover­ among supporters of possible guberna­ nor on an independent ticket with torial candidates ranging from Cohen U.S. Rep. William J. Scherle (R) Kneip - while lieutenant Gov. Wil­ to Erwin himself. has recently declared some measure of Anti-Ray forces were annoyed for peace with Gov. Ray and might seek liam Dougherty seeks the governorship several reasons: 1) They felt they had the governorship if Ray vacated it. Two as a Democrat. •

16 Ripon Forum ,

for gubernatorial combat. With U.S. Rep. W.J. Bryan Dom (D) expected to run for governor, Cain may seek POLITICS: PEOPLE his vacant seat. .. Nick Smith, the North Carolina GOP's unsuc­ • Vermont Gov. Thomas P. Sahnon (D) has been cessful candidate for attorney general last year, has de­ having his troubles with labor. Salmon won last year's cided against making a congressional run next year. gubernatorial election with the help of labor after he The 35-year-old Smith was recently appointed to a post promised to end a strike of construction workers in in the state Department of Transportation by Repub­ Burlington. Despite Salmon's efforts, however, the bit­ lican Gov. James Holshouser. ter conflict remains unsolved 15 months later. When • With Ambassador Daniel P. Moynihan back in one of the construction firms involved in the dispute Washington to advise on the Administration's housing was awarded a state contract to build a regional cor­ program, there was speculation at the White House rectional center in South Burlington, labor officials be­ that the President would reaffirm his commitment to gan to grumble and the Democratic State Committee the controversial Family Assistance Plan. But while the passed a resolution asking the governor to reconsider newspapers carried speculation about a top State De­ the contract award. Salmon has refused, arguing that partment post for Moynihan, the public recommitment the contract award system is apolitical. Meanwhile, a to FAP was scrapped at the White House - reported­ top Salmon aide has indicated that the governor will ly at a level just below the President. seek re-election rather than a Senate seat next year. • Seattle's Republican City Council president, Liem A new name under consideration for the Republican Eng Tuai, took a commanding lead as the frontrunner nomination to oppose Salmon is Superior Judge Frank­ in the nonpartisan primary for Seattle mayor. Tuai had lin S. Billings, a former Vermont House speaker. 44 percent of the vote in a six-man field; the Republi­ • Syndicated columnists Rowland Evans and Rob­ can conservative will now face the Democratic incum­ ert Novak report that Alabama Gov. George Wallace bent, Mayor Wes Uhlman, in November. Uhlman had is so strong that Alabama GOP State Chairman Rich­ 31 percent of the vote. The liberal protest vote for Re­ ard Bennett is convinced the GOP should not challenge publican Councilman Tim HiII may go to Uhlman ill his re-election next year. They also report that Wal­ the general election. lace's 1970 Democratic primary opponent, former Gov. • Maryland's Republican State Central Commit­ Albert Brewer, is similarly discouraged about next year's tee met on September 22 and elected a new slate of race." officers. A long-standing ideological crevice dividing • Three Republicans under consideration for the the party developed into a walkout by 50 of the more 1974 South Carolina gubernatorial race have reported­ conservative members of the committee, including Balti­ ly withdrawn their names from consideration: former more surgeon Dr. Ross Pierpont. After the walkout, GOP candidate for lieutenant governor James Hender­ outgoing Chairman Alexander "Sandy" Lankler and son; former GOP Senate candidate and editor William the remaining members elected State Sen. Edward D. Workman, Jr.; and former Army Chief of Staff Wil­ Thomas of Frederick, a moderate, to succeed LankIer. liam C. Westmoreland. Another possible candidate, The conservatives are threatening a lawsuit because an Commerce Secretary Frederick B. Dent, is also report­ entire new slate of officers was elected rather than edly unenthusiastic. That leaves State Sen. James B. simply a successor of LankIer. Edwards, State Rep. C. Marshall Cain and Richland • Roth Ohio Republicans and Democrats had un­ County Council Chairman Warren Giese stilI available certain candidates for the Senate in September. Sen.

Rule 29 Committee political ally of 1972 C011Velltioll 1"ules chairmal1 If"il­ liam C. Cramer, alld John H. Haugh, natiollal commit­ The Rule 29 committee of the Republicall Nati01lal teemall fromA1·izona.Itis possible the subcommittee Committee, chaired by U.S. Rep. William Steige1", met may take up selection of the vice p1"esidellt. in Washingtol1 du1"ing the RNC's mid-Septembe1' meet­ Subcommittee Three deals with Rules 19-29 and the ing. In its fi1"Sl assembly, the committee established its Republican National Committee. It is co-chaired by ground rules, set a 1"epo1"t ta1"get date of JUlie 1974, al1d Cynthia Newmal1, the able and savvy 11ational commit­ established five subcommittees to ease its workload. 117 teewoman f1'om Virginia and William F. McLaughlill, a sU1"prise move, the committee voted to have all meet­ Michigan Republican state chairmal1. itlgS Opell to the public and not to comt1"ue any lall­ The smallest group, Subcommittee Four, is chaired guage as requiring a quota system. by former Republican National Chairmal1 Ray Bliss. It Subcommittee One, co-chai1"ed by u.s. Rep. Ed­ is probably the most importa1lt subcommittee and deals wa1"d J. De1"wimki (Jil.) and forme1" presidential COUfl­ with the delegate selection process. selor Bob Browl1, deals with the p1"ologue to the mles Subcommittee Five, dealing with local and state or­ and the cont1"oversial mle 32a. During the first sub­ gallization almost self-destmcted in its first meeting. committee meeting, U.S. Rep. De1"wimki indicated that he At the urging of Y AF board member Dr. Donald did not wish to handle 32a, which is concerned with Devine, a Maryland professo1" and longtime YR Syn­ b1"Oadening the pa1"ty's base among mino1"ity groups. dicate membe1", some membe1"s tried to manipulate the Subcommittee Two involves p1"oceedillgs of the C011- committee out of existel1ce. The g1"OUp is co-chaired by vention, Rules 1 to 18. It is cochai1"ed by Paula New York State GOP Chairman Richard Rosenbaum Hawkim, national committeeWOmall f1"om Flo1"ida alld and Idaho State GOP Chairwoman Marjo1"ie Mino1".

October, 1973 17 William B. Saxbe indicated he would announce his po­ the 27-year-old GOP field man in the district, seem to litical future in mid-October. Saxbe said in a September be moving quickly toward pre-empting the field. The 6 news conference that he wouldn't seek the governor­ Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party already has five pos­ ship and was waiting to announce his plans for next sible candidates: Former DFL State Chairman Richard year's Senate race in deference to state GOP leaders. Nolan, who lost to Zwach in 1972; former U.S. Rep. Meanwhile, former Astronaut John H. Glenn demon­ Alec Olson, who was defeated by Zwach in 1966 and strated a good deal less political circumspection about is now president pro tempore of the State Senate; St. his fellow Democrats. Glenn charged that Gov. John Cloud Mayor Al Loehr; St. Cloud College administrator J. Gilligan had "backstabbed me" for refusing to drop Terry Montgomery who lost to Zwach in 1970; and plans to seek Saxbe's Senate seat in exchange for the another former congressman, Eugene McCarthy, cur­ lieutenant governor's spot on Gilligan's ticket next year. rently employed as a book editor. Glenn is a wealthy businessman, but his wealth in no • Presidential Counselor Anne Armstrong has way compares to that of Howard M. Metzenbaum, the turned into far more than the White House's token millionaire who appears to have the blessing of the woman. Armstrong is now included in the White Buckeye Democratic establishment. Democratic leaders House's "Big Six" advisors (including Alexander Haig, are apparently afraid of a rerun of the bitter 1970 Melvin Laird, Bryce Harlow, Roy L. Ash and Henry Senate primary between the two men. Glenn has said Kissinger) who meet regularly to plot presidential strat­ he has no interest in running for lieutenant governor; egy. The former RNC official is in charge of White his decision to seek the Senate will apparently be based House contact with Republicans across the country. on the availability of cash for his campaign. Metzen­ • City governments in Baltimore, Philadelphia baum has already announced. and Wilmington (Delaware) have adopted variations • California Lieutenant Gov. Ed Reinecke finally of urban homesteading (see the December 15, 1972 got a little tired of being the only announced Repub­ FORUM) in order to combat the blight of abandoned lican candidate for governor next year. "The other pos­ housing.· sible candidates should quit trying to kid the people • Former Democrat Mills E. Godwin has received and make their positions known so that the California the endorsement of former Democrat Harry F. Byrd, Republican party can get on with its business," said Jr., in the Virginia gubernatorial race. Both former Reinecke to newsmen at the September California GOP Gov. Godwin and Sen. Byrd were stalwarts in the Dem­ convention. Controller Houston 1. Flournoy announced ocratic machine of Byrd's father. Godwin's opponent is his candidacy later in the month. Attorney General a nominal independent, as is Byrd. Godwin has received Evelle J. Younger is expected to announce late this the support of two Democratic congressmen in his GOP year. Former HEW Secretary Robert H. Finch won't campaign. choose between the Senate and the governorship until • U.S. Rep. Gilbert Gude (R) has decided not to after this November's elections. Finch wants to see if enter next year's Maryland gubernatorial race. On the public response to Gov. Ronald Reagan's tax reform Democratic side, Senate Majority Leader George E. initiative will propel the governor to a third term or Snyder (D) has announced he's considering chalienging the White House. Former Treasury Secretary John B. Gov. Marvin Mandel for the 1974 gubernatorial nom­ Connally got a warm welcome at the convention despite ination. Commenting on Snyder, Mandel said, "That's assertions by GOP State Chairman Gordon Luce that one of the great things about the American system, that the hearts of California Republicans belong to Ronald anyone can run for office." Gov. Mandel has received Reagan in 1976. some re-election backing, meanwhile; his wife, whom • New York conservatives seem to be resigned to he says he intends to divorce, says she will back him. renomination of Sen. Jacob Javits (R-N.Y.) next year. • After 37 years as Vermont's national committee­ Two possible challengers, U.S. Rep. Jack F. Kemp and woman, Mrs. Consuelo Northrop Bailey has stepped State Sen. John J. Marchi (currently the GOP's New down in favor of State Sen. Madeline Harwood. Mrs. York City mayoralty candidate), now seem unlikely to Bailey, a· f@rmer lieutenant governor, had been a top contest J avits in a ~primary. A less serious effort to un­ GOP fund raiser in the state. Mrs. Harwood's election seat Javits, however, may come from a weaker candi­ was unanimous when former State Rep. Mary Thurber date like State Sen. Richard E. Schennerhom (R) of decided not to contest the election. Cornwall-on-the-Hudson. • U.S. Rep. William S. Mailliard is unhappy with .. California Republicans may finally have found the new congressional district lines given him by State a candidate willing to take on Sen. Alan Cranston: Supreme Court Special Masters in California. U.S. Rep. State Health and Welfare Director Earl Brian, Jr. The Paul McCloskey, himself the victim of an attempt to 31-year-old doctor said recently:" "I would base a de­ re?istrict ~m into the San. Andreas fault last year, has cision (on running) on thre.e factors: financing, strong SaId he wIIi file a court bnef supporting his fellow Re­ volunteer support and belIef that Cranston can be publican. In regard to Mailliard, McCloskey said, "If beaten." Also set to seek the GOP nod is State Sen. a man .has represented people for 20 years, you don't H.L. Richardson, a former John Birch Society staffer. move hIm to another congressional district if you can San Diego Mayor Pete Wilson (R) is also considering help it." The San Francisco congressman was given a making the Senate race. district which ranges in Mailliard's words from "hard • Republicans in Minnesota are searching for a core inner city" to "beautiful dairy farms." successor to U.S. Rep. John M. Zwach (6th C.D.) who has announced his intention to retire at the end of his Do all the Republicans current term. Two GOP possibilities are for the seat are the Rev. Phil Hansen, who ran unsuccessfully last On your Christmas list year against Sen. Walter Mondale (D), and former State Sen. Keith Hughes. Neither man has yet indicate,i Get the FORUM? any interest in the race. Meanwhile, John Gronseth,

18 Ripon Forum RIPON AT ISSUE: FORUM

The Fate 01 New Towns

It's not fashionable to wring one's hands these days Ol'er the fate of urban America, It's not surprising, therefore, that with all the handwringing under way in Washington, D.C., that little attention has been paid recently to the once-chic topic of "new toW11S." De t1el­ opment of such tow11S has nevertheless proceeded apace according to author William K, Woods. He capsulizes the history of current prototypes and urges that the federal government itself initiate some model new tow11S which would be admittedly experimental but which would utilize the best resources and ideas in the field. The author is a professor at Wilming­ ton College (Wilmington, Ohio), where he teaches a course in new tOW11S. As a FORUM correspondent, he is perhaps best known for his "Mother Goose" poetry.

by William K Woods

What ever happened to the new community move­ tling of the Family Assistance Plan and the deluge of ment? The concept to build new towns seems like an idea Watergate, the new community movement seemed to float whose time came and passed without the bang of results into some administrative backwater. Furthermore, since or the whimper of defeat. new towns were discussed in terms of the urban crisis, the Back in 1969, magazines like Newsweek talked glow­ idea lost momentum once the environmental crisis, and ingly about new towns. The National Urban Coalition then the energy crisis, replaced cities as the real status sponsored tours of European new communities, George catastrophes. Now, outside of the planning journals, one Romney, then secretary of the Department of Housing and doesn't hear too much about new towns, and even in these Urban Development, visited the satellite centers around publications, the bloom seems to be off the concept. New Stockholm. Even Spiro Agnew wrote the introduction to communities no longer retain that glamour or exotic qual­ a book entitled The New City. Quite early during the first ity that once made them chic among urban specialists.2 term of the Nixon Administration, a new communities Despite the lack of publicity of late, certain spokes­ division was established at BUD, and it looked very much men argue that the new community movement is alive and as if the President might incorporate a new town policy well, and they cite a lot of evidence to make their case. as a major feature of what Daniel Patrick Moynihan reo More than ten new towns are under construction with fed­ ferred to as an emerging "national urban policy." Also in eral assistance, and the New York State Urban Develop­ 1969, the National Committee on Urban Growth Policy is· ment Corporation has a number of projects under way or sued a report recommending the construction of 110 new in the planning stages. Furthermore, numerous completely communities as part of a major national new town pro­ private ventures like Reston and Columbia continue to gram. l arise.3 The heralding of new towns preceded the Adminis­ Thus, with or without fanfare, a number of projects tration's fixation with the Indochina War and domestic un­ called new communities or new towns exist in some stage rest and the unfurling of revenue sharing as the cure-all of development. Although Reston and Columbia remain for state and local problems. Some time between the scut- the most celebrated examples of the private development October, 1973 19 approach, one researcher of the movement lists as many level of feasibly continuing with the venture. James Rouse, as 129 potential and emerging new communities that rely the developer of Columbia, swears that he could never on no public fiscal or planning aid. Frequently located on again accomplish the secret "James Bond-like" purchases large tracts of land in western states like Arizona, New that provided the land base for his new town. The ex­ Mexico, Texas and California, these ventures are often pense and difficulty of assembling land in metropolitan sponsored by major corporations and large real estate de­ areas can drive promoters to buy up rural properties. Such velopers with sufficient capital to engage in this vast ex­ retreats to agricultural regions defeat the goal of helping tension of the older form of suburb building.4 metropolitan areas to gain improved housing, job and rec­ After noting the quantity of these developments, one reation patterns.7 cannot deny the reality of the phenomenon. Chic or not, Land acquisition remains just the first stumbling block new towns will take their place with older villages, cities for the private builder. Since a new community entails and suburbs across the country. After accepting this fact, planning and construction on a much larger scale than a one must question the roles that new towns will play in mere suburban layout, the original costs are greater for shaping the future socia~ economic, political and geo­ the new town sponsor. Not only will expenses be higher graphic patterns of the nation. Since prophets and propa­ due to the size and scope of the project, but a faithfulness gandists of new communities claim that such projects can to any of the ideals associated with new towns will boost ex­ accomplish everything from improving the environment to penditures without insuring greater future profits. For in­ curing the common cold, it becomes necessary to separate stance, a developer who wishes to build with the least pos­ the important from the trivial reasons for building these sible damage to the landscape will spend more money and centers. time than a realtor who merely bulldozes a whole area. The written objectives of the Urban Growth and New Robert E. Simon, the builder of Reston, made the original Community Development Act of 1970 remain good sources Lake Anne Plaza and village a model of aesthetic and en­ for a discussion of relevant goals. In fact, few improve­ vironmental planning, but the huge cost of this project ments need be made to that general guideline. According was one of the reasons that Simon was forced to sell his to this law, any new community receiving money from interests to the Gulf Oil Corporation.s HUD must seek to solve a range of problems. Applicants Another ideal of new town advocates that is liable for federal funds must show that their projects will pro­ to be sacrificed or compromised in the market place is the vide housing and occupational opportunities for different goal to provide housing and jobs for different races and races and income groups, while they must also corivince income groups. Confronted by obstacles of land purchase HUD officials that their communities will possess high stan­ and construction costs prior to reaping any economic re­ dards of environmental quality that will sustain a more turns, private developers can't afford to rank housing the orderly future growth for their respective regions. Plans poor as a top priority. Struggling to make up deficits by should indicate innovative thinking concerning community selling lots and houses, promoters may be wary of offend­ functions like transportation and recreation, and the spon­ ing middle-class buyers with the prospect of black and sors must prove that state and local governments view their low income neighbors. After all, the goal of social diversi­ projects as positive contributions to area-wide planning ty contradicts a long standing real estate maxim upholding 9 and governance. Such broad objectives leave little room homogeneous suburbs. for quibbling.5 Although the bulk of Reston's and Columbia's resi­ dents come from the white middle-class, blacks comprise about 15 percent of the populations of both towns. Most "Despite the lack of publicity of late, certain blacks living in these communities are professional peo­ spokesmen argue that the new community ple, bue efforts have also been made to provide some low movement is a1ive and well, and they cite a income housing. Non-profit housing groups sponsored 300 lot of evidence to make their case." subsidized units in Columbia and apartments for 200 low and moderate income families in Reston. 10 How do the many private new town ventures measure This analysis of privately developed new communi­ up to the goals of the 1970 new community development ties should not be regarded as a condemnation of these act? With only first-hand knowledge of Reston and Co­ v~ntures. In fact, most free enterprise new towns pro­ lumbia, the author relies heavily on the experiences of vld~ better models for land-use and physical planning than these two communities plus the published accounts of other their suburban counterparts. Nevertheless, it must be ac­ developments. Nonetheless, since Reston and Columbia re­ knowledged that any social and ecological ideals envision­ ceive acclaim as the brightest stars of the private new town ed by the developers must be woven into schemes that will constellation, their successes and failures do merit a lot allow them to survive economically. of attention. Certain themes also seem commOn to all the The ventu~es of R~bert SimO? and James Rouse ap­ free enterprise projects.6 pe~ t~ exemplify ~e highest quality blend of community A corporation or developer that undertakes a new objectiVes and busmess necessities. In terms of recreation town faces rather monumental obstacles. Since new towns i~ternal tr~sportation, open space, environmental plan~ require more property than even the largest residential sub­ mng, phySICal beauty and shopping and health facilities, urbs, land acquisition looms as a major difficulty. Even if Reston and Columbia rank well ahead of sprawling one­ an appropriate space of sufficient size can be found, news function suburbs. However, if the two towns represent the of an imminent project may raise land prices beyond the best that can be had in the open market, these pioneer

20 Ripon F orttm efforts also signal the need for public approaches and as­ veloper to experiment with different types of communica­ sistance. Despite the presence of blacks and a few token tions systems and housing. low-income residents, neither commmunity rates an award Another HUD-supported community in Minnesota is as a social laboratory. Even the goal of making Reston and a new-town-in-town within the boundaries of Minneapolis. Columbia relatively self-contained was temporarily set aside Working with 340 acres in a physically deteriorating sec­ in order to lure Washington and Baltimore commuters to tion of the city, the developers, in close cooperation with buy home sites. Thus, even with high marks as successful regional and Minneapolis agencies, hope to create a vital hybrid mixtures of entrepreneurship and utopianism, they high density community of 30,000 people. With three col­ reflect the difficulties of combining social or public account­ leges and two hospitals already lodged in the area, plan­ ing with cost accounting. ners feel that CedarjRiverside can become a thriving pro­ With the goals of the 1970 Urban Growth and New fessional-residential center. Community Development Act already reviewed, it is ap­ A third project receiving HUD backing is Maumelle, propriate to examine the actual achievements of federally a new town arising twelve miles northwest of Little Rock, sponsored new towns. Are the laudable objectives of the Arkansas. Equipped with 5,319 acres stretched out along law coming to fruition in the real world of bulldozers and three and a half miles of the Arkansas River, the private cement mixers? Since few HUD-aided projects are very corporation sponsoring this venture believes it possesses a far along in development, any comments must be quite unique setting to absorb much of the Little Rock area's fu­ tentative in nature. ture growth. Planned as a series of villages connected to As of August 1972, ten new communities were re­ a town center, Maumelle will reach its full size of 60,000 ceiving planning and development grants from the HUD after years of staged development. Recreation facilities rank division responsible for such funding. Since that time, a as a top priority of the community sponsors.12 number of other ventures, including the celebrated Soul Good as these projects sound, there exist some weak­ City project of Floyd McKissick, the former national di­ nesses in this federal approach. In order to understand the rector of CORE, have gained approval for federal subsidies. concept of the 1970 Act, it is educational to look at the Although a recent HUD publication oozed enthusiasm 1966 and 1968 laws that preceded it. From the beginning, about new towns, other reports indicate a less idyllic be­ Congress took special pains to avoid alienating the pri­ ginning for this program. Since the Nixon Administration vate sector by turning the government into a competitor opposed the 1970 legislation, there was an apparent early builder-developer. Originally, all ventures needed to be effort to starve the program by failing to apply for all the initiated by private promoters, and federal assistance was appropriated congressional money. Another source has em­ small compared to a project's total cost. The main thrust phasized the bureaucratic quagmire separating a new com­ of both earlier laws was to provide mortgage loans and munity applicant from federal aid.l1 guarantees to developers who were willing to incorporate Nevertheless, a working relationship now exists be­ certain planning and social goals in their new town tween the HUD new communities division and over ten plans.ls new towns. Ostensibly, these communities must comply The 1970 Act goes much farther in terms of financial with the objectives of the law, and on paper, these ven­ aid and flexibility of sponsorship, but it stilf upholds the tures look like paragons of ecological and social virtue. dogma that the federal government cannot initiate, plan For example, the recipient of the first HUD financial or build new towns. Now local governments and special guarantee, Jonathan, an emerging new town in rural Min­ state agencies can sponsor new communities, but HUD's nesota, strives to produce a balance between the country­ new communities division must wait for applicants to come side and the city. Located on 8,000 acres, the town's cur­ to it for assistance.14 rent population of 1,300 is projected to reach 50,000. A In conclusion, the present federal guidelines and fi­ group of corporations has teamed up with the original de- nancial help for new towns cannot be called a truly na-

October, 1973 21 tional program. At best, HUD acts as a benefactor to some jobs for a variety of social and economic groups.l7 already germinated ventures. In a final section, it will be Besides the three new communities, UDC has had argued that room should be made for some federally ini­ even more success in housing people in numerous smaller tiated and planned new towns that need not fear bank­ ventures. From 1968 through 1972, UDC completeci units ruptcy due to any setbacks caused by fluctuations in the for 7,000 persons, while it was already at work on 103 building or real estate markets. other housing projects. No other U.S. public agency seems Unique in its present status in the country, the New to be able to match UOC's power, flexibility and resultsY:I York State Urban Development Corporation offers another public approach to creating new communities. Estabfrshed This review indicates that a variety of mechanisms by the New York Legislature in 1968, this public cor­ exist for promoting new communities. What needs further poration may constitute a more adequate vehicle for build­ analysis is the best way to achieve new towns that foster ing new towns than either a profit-seeking enterprise or the kinds of social and physical planning goals that were a potentially cumbersome national agency. Operating on discussed earlier in this essay. Due to the complexities of the state level, UDC was given broad authority to initiate the market place, completely private ventures will incor­ and finance a variety of community endeavors designed to porate economically costly public benefits only so long as improve an area's housing, occupational, recreational, en­ they are profitable. The tempting carrots of federal sub- vironmental or aesthetic resources. HI With sweeping powers to override local zoning and "By daring to unleash the best minds in plan­ building codes, UDC can build an industrial park or a new town anywhere it wants in the Empire State. Original­ ning some new cities, it may prove possible ly funded with 40 million dollars and given the right to to bring the fragmented and dispersed spe­ float up to $1.5 billion of state bonds, the corporation pos­ cializations of modern society together into sesses considerable economic weight. Led by Edward J. a meaningful pattern." Logue, the energetic former director of New Haven's and Boston's urban renewal programs, UDC spent the first years selling itself rather than bludgeoning local leaders sidies will probably continue to lure some entrepreneurs with its legal clout. to at least conform minimally to the standards of the 1970 With a mandate to plan, finance and build everything new communities law. Nevertheless, if new towns are to from housing clusters to new towns, UDC has begun a play a significant role in solving long-term environmental variety of projects during its four-year existence. Current­ and social problems, public goals must comprise their pri­ ly, UDC assumes responsibility for three new communi­ mary justification for existence. In that case, it will take ties. Emerging under its guidance is a new-town-in-town public institutions to guide the development of such com­ and two new towns located within metropolitan areas. munities. The Welfare Island project remains the most public­ Judging from the results of the first four and a half years ized of UDC's ventures. Under contractual agreement with of UDC's activities in New York, new community advocates New York City, UDC promises to transform this once un­ seem justified in supporting the creation of such public der-used and rather seedy island in the East River into a corporations in the other 49 states. In a country the size vital and diverse residential community of 20,000 people. of the United States, the state comes closest to an appro­ Although red tape and financial problems have slowed the priate geographic size for dealing with metropolitan and project, Ed Logue remains confident that rich as well as regional problems, and New York's UDC is comparable poor people will flock to reside on this riverfront communi­ to the type of public body that initiates new communities ty that will feature architectural ingenuity and a ban on in England and France. Also, UDC possesses the flexibili­ the automobile. 16 ty to construct mini-communities and housing clusters. Under way on 2,000 acres to the north of Buffalo, Armed with the same powers and financial resources that Audubon will be a new town designed to absorb metropoli­ New York's UOC boasts, other state corporations could tan expansion and the growth stimulated by a new state be equally effective within their jurisdictional boundaries. university. Since Audubon's site lies within the town of Besides proposing the establishment of state urban devel­ Amherst, UDC works on this project in partnership with opment corporations, there also appears to be a need for the town. Planned as a fifteen year development, Audubon further legislation at the national level. For one thing, a will eventually provide housing for 27,500 people of dif­ number of states aren't prepared for the domestic Viet­ ferent income levels. Amherst would only agree to the plan namization program envisioned by Nixon's architects of after UDC assured town fathers that the environmental revenue sharing. Also, it does not seem wise in the era quality of the area would remain constant. of the urban-industrial state for the national government Another UDC new community created to order met­ to renounce its responsibilities in domestic affairs. ropolitan growth is Lysander. UDC was invited by Syra­ cuse leaders in 1968 to do something creative with 2,700 acres that formerly housed a World War II munitions plant. Located outside the city, the site appeared to be Christmas Gift Subscriptions made to order for a small community geared to shelter the population overflow in the region. Projected for 18,000 Get Them Coming residents by 1980, UDC blueprints call for housing and

22 Ripon F or.um r Future new commumtIes legislation should set objec­ the more well-known cities that began with complete plans, tives and monetary incentives that encourage and favor while Williamsburg, Virginia is merely the most famous state development corporations as the suitable vehicles for example of government planned communities established new town development. Furthermore, Congress should es­ in the Old Dominion during the eighteenth century.20 tablish an independent national agency responsible for As America's bicentennial approaches, one should re­ planning and building several experimental new cities. member the case of early Washington, D.C. Two founding Why turn a national agency into a new community fathers in good standing, George Washington and Thomas builder? For some answers to that question, one should Jefferson, decided that the capital of their new country turn to the proposals drafted in 1969 by the National Com­ should possess an orderly and unified plan. They, there­ mittee on Urban Growth Policy. In that report, the com­ fore, kept the site of Washington, D.C. under public own­ mittee recommended that the nation should build by the ership until a plan was drawn, adopted, and partially com­ year 2000, "100 new communities averaging 100 thousand pleted. If the founding fathers, confronted by few socbl population each and 10 new communities of at least 1 mil­ problems and unlimited space, could act so wisely, cer­ lion in population." Despite the apparent enormity of the tainly we of the megalopolis generation should do no proposal, the committee and other experts predict that less.2I II these 110 communities would only accommodate 20 per­ cent of the nation's population growth by the end of the FOOTNOTES I. Donald Canty, editor, The New City (Frederick A. Praeger, 1969); century. Even granting the slippery nature of population Readings On Selected New Towns In Europe (Urban America, Inc., projections, it is safe to say that most Americans will never 1969); Daniel P. Moynihan, ed., Toward A Nationed UrbCID Policy (Basic Books, Inc., 1970); "The New City Blues" Newsweek (July live in new communities. I9 14, 1969), pp. 46, 51. 2. Paul o 'Mara, "Citizen Participation Sought In New Towns," PIC1D­ If even a sweeping new community program wiIl ab­ Ding (Dec. 1972), pp. 300-302. 3. Robert E. Simon, "The Challenge of Starting New Communities," sorb less than a quarter of America's population growth, HUD Challenge (Aug. 1972)' pp. 8-10. should not these new cities and towns possess an impact 4. James A. Clapp, New Towns And UrbCID Policy (Dunellen Pub­ lishing Company, Inc., 1971)' pp. 291-298 and pp. 111-126. beyond their geographic boundaries? By experimenting with 5. Samuel C. Jackson, "New Communities," HOD Challenge (Aug. technology and planning methods, some of these ventures 1972), pp. 1-4. 6. See the extensive bibliography in Clapp, New Towns ClDd Urban could serve as laboratories for the rest of society. Success­ Policy. ful innovations in environmental planning or industrialized 7. William Steil, "New Scheme For Housing Problem," The Cincin­ nati. Post (Nov. 15, 1969). housing could then be transferred to smaller scale devel­ 8. "Two Pioneers," HOD Challenge (Aug. 1972), pp. 11, 12; Clapp, opments. New Towns and UrbCID Policy, pp. 132-139. 9. Clapp, p. 71. In order to show a national commitment to experi­ 10. Wolf Von Eckardt, "A Fresh Scene In The Clean Dream," Satur­ day Review (May 15, 1971), p. 22. mental planning on a large scale, the federal government II. HOD Challenge (Aug. 1972); "Starvin~ New Communities," The New Republic (M~ 29, 1971), p. 9; • Soul City," The New Re­ should accept a total responsibility for at least five or ten public (july 3, 1971). pp. 9, 10, II. new cities. These should be prestigious national projects 12. "HOO Guaranteed New Communities," HOD Challenge (Aug. 1972), pp. 13-19. that will attract the best planners, architects, ecologists, so­ 13. Clapp, pp. 151-2 5. ciologists, political scientists, engineers, economists, phi­ 14. Simpson Lawson, "New Towns In Old Cities," City (May IJune 1971), pp. 40-41. losophers and artists. Working together unfettered by lim­ 15. William K. Reilly and S. J. Schulman, "The State Urban Devel­ its of cost, these experts might synthesize their areas of opment Corporation," The UrbCID Lawyer (Summer 1969), pp. 129- 146; "Housing: How Ed Logue Does It," Newsweek (Nov. 6 1972), knowledge into plans for some exciting future communi­ pp. 88, 91, 92; Steil, "New Scheme For Housing Problem." 16. Richard Rogin, "New Town On New York Island," City (May IJune ties. An achievement of wholeness, after all, is probably 1971), pp. 42-47. the single most important goal of the new community 17. Annual Report of the New York State UrbCID Development Corpora­ tion 1971 (The State of New York, 1973), pp. 48-51. process. By daring to unleash the best minds in planning 18. "Housing: How Ed Logue Does It," p. 88. some new cities, it may prove possible to bring the frag­ 19. "Report Of The National Committee On Urban Growth Policy," in The New City, pp. 169-174. mented and dispersed specializations of modern society to­ 20. Carl Feiss, "America's Neglected Tradition," in The New City, gether into a meaningful pattern. pp. 81-100. 21. Donald Canty, The Urban Crisis (League of Women Voters, 1968), To some people, these proposals for national and state p. 61. involvement in new community building will appear un­ American. Critics will argue that such schemes should be left to more socialistic countries like Sweden and England. A few observations should be made about this point of VIew. For one thing, publicly planned new communities would not replace private development. The two processes would go on side by side. Secondly, state or federal new towns would be constructed by private builders who con­ tracted to foIlow government plans. Finally, the concept of America's laissez faire tradition in city and town devel­ opment is unhistoricaI. As one urban scholar recently pointed out, America has a long neglected tradition of totally planned cities. Philadelphia, Savannah and Salt Lake City are three of

October, 1973 23 state is intrinsically incapable of caring for the people within its purview. It invariably insulates itself from those who make pesky requests for safe streets, good DULY NOTED: BOOKS education 'and a judicial process that works once in a while, since it holds a monopoly in these areas. And the problem gets worse as the state enlarges in size and • Brown-Out: The Power Crisis In America, by Wil­ power. As an alternative, Rothbard suggests that we try liam Rodgers. (Stein and Day, 1972 289 pages, $7.95) At to do as much as we can - without state or private c0- a time when the general public is being bombarded with ercion. For a start, all subsidies to the Highway Trust corporate propaganda, much of it anti-environmentalist, would be yanked away, for the first time putting roads regarding the "energy crisis," it is cheering to see some on a competitive basis with a reprivatized rail system. muckraking journalism for the other side. William Rod­ Once transportation was balanced, Ma Bell and the util­ gers's Brown-Out is a popular, anecdotal survey of the ities wo~d fuce the terrifying prospect of carrying their electric power industry and its political and economic own welght in a free market. Meanwhile, rich farmers connections. Grounded in dozens of special reports and and Greek shipping magnates would no longer pluck bilr studies, the book is l~ss valuable for its somewhat Utopian lions from taxpayers' pockets, the minimum wage would solutions (a nationl¥ energy policy board for which en­ vanish, the welfare state would evaporate, and finally, vironmentalist groups elect half the members, for in­ as the state withered away completely, defense would be­ stance) than its contribution toward public consciousness­ come privately financed. To the questions which sprout raising concerning what the author calls .. the senseless from these theses, Rothbard gives careful answers. Suc­ promotion of the U$e of energy" and the need to adopt cessful examples of private delivery of government serv­ certain policies and attitudes leading to the control of ices run throughout the book, and he frequently cites demand rather than'. its continuous expansion. Aside from ingenious new ways of handling services now managed a useful historical Q..verview of the growth of the electric by the state. People who are unhappy with the spread of power industry and\ a maliciously delightful examination bureaucretic kingdoms will profit greatly from reading of Disney World eittitled "Power in the Tourist Trap his proposals. As Nicholas von Hoffman, writing about Kingdom," the book is concerned with power in both the Rothbard's book in two recent columns, said " ... the gen­ technological and the political senses. Although the author eral dissatisfaction is so great that we'd be crazy not to is adept at identifting villains, e.g. Messrs. Nixon and try some of these ideas experimentally." Reviewed by Rockefeller, he does have a certain sympathy for the elec­ Mark C. Frazier. tri<: companies as humap organizations, caught up by thelr own growth rhetoric and their history of rewards • The Middle East: A Political and Economic Sur­ by government and society, and now under assault by a vey, Fourth Edition, edited by Peter Mansfield. (Oxford yariety of critics. The self-deceptions of "free enterprise" University Press, 1973, 591 pages, $19.95) This latest edi­ In a monopolistic industry, the expanding control of the tion of a series begun in 1950 is really a reference book, oil interests over all fossil fuels and its consequences for and an excellent one at that. The previous editions were the energy business, the complexities and complicities of sponsored by the Royal Institute of International Affairs nuclear reactor politics, and the environmental conse­ and were edited by Sir Reader Bullard who had long quences of our present course are leading themes in the service in various British diplomatic posts in the Middle book. Not deeply enough researched on anyone aspect Bast. The present editor, Peter Mansfield, is a journalist to serve as the basis for public policy decisions but a and professional writer who brings equally distinguished timely first book for the general reader. Revi~ed by credential,s to his task. His 1969 book, Nasser's Egypt, William A. Koelsch. was a fine picture of modern Egypt, and he has written • Precision Journalism: A Reporter's Introduction to many other books and articles on Middle Eastern sub­ Social Science Methods, by Philip Meyer. (Indiana Uni­ jects. The Middle East is organized into an introduction versity Press, 1973: 342 .pages, $10.00 hardbound, $2.95 wh!c!,,- inclu~~s disCllSsions of 0e geography, history and paperback) By SOClal SClence methods, Philip Meyer a polItics, religlOns, and econOffilC and social problems of national correspondent for Knight Newspapers me:ms the region as a whole, and then presents a series of survey research to uncover the public's attitudes ~pinions ''Thematic Studies" on such topics as "The Origins of characteristics and voting preferences. Meyer beiieves thai the Palestine Problem," "Arab Political Movements" surveys make good newspaper stories, that "reporters "The United States in the Middle East," "Soviet Poli~y ~hould learn to program computers," and that discover­ in the Middle East," "The Oil Industry," and others. The mg segments of the public with views or characteristics Middle East then discusses each country's geography and people, religious background, history and political organ­ dif!~~ng ~ubst~tially from the norm will lead the in­ qUlSltIve Journalist to search for the reason and to un­ ization, and economic and social arrangements, and usual­ cover an even better story. Meyer's book is designed as ly makes a few useful notes regarding the country's fu­ ture and problems. The states covered are Saudi Arabia, an elementary instruction for other journalists who wish Yemen, the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, the to take their own surveys. Unfortunately, the chapter entities in the rest of the Arabian Peninsula, Egypt, on "Statistics," designed to provide the mathematical Iran. Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, the Sudan, Syria, and background necessary to take an honest survey is inad­ Turkey. Appendices covering population, economic indica­ equate. Meyer's book is fun reading - the chapter on tors, and trade are provided for the region as a whole how Messrs. Gallup and Harris get the last bit of ac­ and for each country. A foldout political and economic curacy out of their final poll before each presidential map 'and a useful reading list 'are also included. This is election is the best - but a journalist without a quanti­ an excellent reference work, stylishly written but like tative background will need to read more than Meyer's all such works it tends to be dated before it is publish­ book before he can take his first good survey. Reviewed ed. Although the book has a 1973 publication date, there by Robert D. Behn. is almost no reference to anything which occurred in • For a New LIberty, by Murray Rothbard. (Mac­ the region after the autumn of 1971, and obviously the in­ Millan, 1973, 400 pages, $7.95) At a time when Congress and President Nixon are haggling over just how much tervening changes in the oil industry and the Soviet rela­ more of your money bureaucrats should spend this year tionship could have been usefully included. The reading list than last, it is nice to find talk about an alternative. is not without its omissions, and one could wish that the Murray Rothbard, an economist at Brooklyn Polytechnic list had included such works as Morroe Berger's still Institute, has been making refreshing noises of this sort excellent 1962 study, The Arab World Today, or Kemal recently. In For a New Liberty, he argues that the gov­ Karpat's important, PoHtlcal and Social ThoUJtht' In the ernment should go away and let individuals cooperate to Contemporary Middle East (1967), or the 1969 Edition meet problems in an anarchistic manner. Rothbard is of William Polk's, The United states and the Arab World. by no means a bomb-thrower. He admires a line of dis­ Even more useful would have been a topographical map tinguished American politicians running from Thomas to supplement the political map already contained in the Jefferson to Robert Taft, Jr., who he believes embodied book. One must also hope that the publishers will issue a libertarian spirit. His book explores the possibilities a paperback edition so as to bring this book, with its of peaceful solutions to problems through such respect­ horrendous hardcover price, within the range of those able vehicles as free enterprise, profit, and voluntary as­ students to whom it could be of help. Reviewed by Thomas sociation. But Rothbard is a radical. He believes that a A. Sargent.

24 Ripon F omm • DecentralWng the City: A Study of Boston's Little • The New Federalism, by Michael D. Reagan. (Ox­ City Halls, by Eric A. Nordlinger. (M.I.T. Press, 1972, ford University Press, 1972, 175 pages, $5,95) The New 309 pages, $12.50) Decentralizing the City is an interest­ Federalism involves ·a critical review of that aspect of the ing book, primarily to urban administrators, public ad­ "new federalism" involving revenue sharing - and an ministration scholars, and persons interested in the prac­ elaboration on the merits of what Professor Reagan calls tical aspects of urban decentralization movements. It is "permissive federalism." He argues that federalism as an account of the effectiveness of the Boston Little City an historical and constitutional concept is "dead" and HaIls, created in 1968 after Mayor Kevin White's cam­ has no more meaning in American politics. The point is paign promise to "bring government closer to the people." made succinctly: " ... I ask the reader: Exactly what The first chapter outlines four models of urban decen­ powers does Congress not possess under present Court tralization, concluding that the Little City Hall model interpretation of the Constitution? .." The "reality" of offered, at least in theory, the best prospects for effect­ American government, notes the author, is that we are ing change, increasing responsiveness and reducing cit­ approaching a unitary state or its precursor, "permissive izen dissatisfaction. The book examines empirical data federalism," which is defined as " ... a sharing of power on citizen evaluation of urban services, a theoretical anal­ and authority between the national and state govern­ ysis of the city bureaucracy, strategies which Little City ments," but with the qualifioation that "the state's share Hall managers could use to change bureaucratic behavior rests upon the permission and permissiveness of the na­ through interaction with departmental foremen, citizen tional government." The merits of The New Federalism attitudes toward and usages of Little City Halls, and can be found in Professor Reagan's critiqUe of revenue analysis of the role strains on the Little City Hall man­ sharing and in his presentation of possible alternatives. agers. The final chapter evaluates the Little City Hall The author rejects the arguments of both conservatives experiment, concluding that it did little to improve gov­ and liberals and the myth that state and local govern­ ernment responsiveness, was moderately effective in re­ ments, which he has relegated to mere administrative ducing citizen alienation, and was of considerable help governmental units, can revive their independence and in­ in improving public services. The chapters are of uneven tegrity, and he dismisses the belief that revenue sharing quality. Those earlier chapters which deal with theoretical "with no strings attached" is workable or possible in models are generally weak and not always conceptually the modern system of "permissiVe federalism." He sug­ clear. One wishes there had been some empirical investi­ gests "tax credits" and "block grants" as more reason­ gation of Boston bureaucrats, rather than a priorI theo­ able alternatives to revenue sharing. The major flaw of rizing (even though the theorizing seems intuitively ap­ The New Federalism can be found in the author's aban­ pealing to me). The parts of the book which describe donment of the constitutional qUestion of American fed­ the actual Little City Hall program are very good. Bu­ eralism. Reagan's dismissal of the important constitu­ reaucratic behavior, organizational patterns, and strate­ tional qUestion of American federalism leads him to a gies for change are dealt with effectively. The most blind and non-critical acceptance of "permissive federal­ useful part of the book for pedagogical purposes is the ism." Thus, he is unable to conceive of a constitutional clear demonstration of the complex linkages between pol­ amendment, or the like, that would restructure the fed­ itics and administration. The Little City Hall managers, eral income tax to assure that the states and local gov­ torn between the mayor, community, and department, ernments would assert their historical .and constitutional come through as a classic case of the "man in the middle." role as partners in the federal system and checks upon It would be difficult, except perhaps for the city man­ the federal government. The danger of Reagan's "per­ ager, to find a position which more clearly demonstrates missive federalism" is that if the unquestionable author­ the impossibility of distinguishing between politics and ity of the federal government is accepted as "the" po­ administration. This is also what the Little City Halls litical reality, then there can be no basis, outside of pure are - a unique blend of politics and administration. Re­ power politics, to condemn or check the possible future viewed by John Rehfuss. development of a tyrannical-like national government. • Power Play: Oil in the Middle East;, by Leonard Reagan presupposes the belief that the federal govern­ Mosley. (Random House, 1973, 458 pages, $10.00) "Pe­ ment will always be both rational and good: a most troleum has become as much the drug of Western civili­ questionable philosophical presupposition. Reviewed by zation as cigarettes and alcohol," writes Britsh journal­ Gene Terracina. ist Leonard Mosley in this absorbing survey of the ex­ ploration and exploitation of Middle East oil reserves by • The Retreat of American Power, by Henry Brandon. European and American companies. The focus of the (Doubleday, 1973, 368 pages, $8.95) Henry Brandon is a book is less on Western demand than on Middle Eastern British journalist with over twenty-five years of experi­ supply, and on the shifting relationships of oilmen and ence in international reporting; he has written a sober, governments from the later 19th century until the agree­ lucid and generally favorable survey of the Nixon for­ ments of March 1972 which granted Arab "participation" eign policy during its first term, or rather until December in corporate affairs. Tying specific events and diverse 1, 1973, which means that his chapter on Vietnam has localities together is the rise of Arab and Iranian na­ been superseded by events. Brandon covers our sundry tionalism and the adjustments, most of them inept, which crises with intelligence and detachment, although his sur­ the oil interests have made to it. Another and related red vey is sometimes superficial, rarely original, and often thread is the cartelization of the industry and the ways g03sipy. Brandon is very favorable toward Nixon and in which its power has had effects in such diverse phe­ Kissinger, balanced on Connally (no intellectual, but a nomena as the creation of model company towns, the negotiator), down on Rogers (a genial lightweight) and enlistment of government agencies (including the CIA) on Laird (a politician of expediency). As the title sug­ in the service of industry, and the fantastic (79.2 per­ gests, Brandon sees the American role in world affairs cent per annum) profits reaped by American oil com­ diminishing, and the Seventies as a period when American panies in the process. Mosley's account is generally even­ foreign policy will be settling into the new mold already handed, well-written, and suitably ironic when occasion established by Nixon-Kissinger. The problems of this demands, as it does frequently. At the end, he argues transitional era may well be severe. Imperial Germany that only a nationalization of the concessions can destroy found no replacement for Bismarck, and we may not find the stranglehold of the international oil cartel and bring one for Kissinger. Brandon's version of our role in the consumer prices down. The new participatory arrange­ India-Pakistan-Bangladesh War indicates the strain that ments, the additional time needed for training more na­ a policy of the balance of power uber alles can place on tive technicians and administrative personnel, and the an America which still sees it foreign alignments in moral chronic divisions among Arab states may delay that solu­ terms. It will be necessary to form a new consensus for tion. But beginning in 1979, when current leases begin this policy, which, because it i,s more sophisticated, will to expire, Mosley sees still further changes in the volatile have to be justified by more than the simple anti-com­ relationships of nationalism and Western interests. In munist rhetoric which sustained the Cold War. As a na­ particular. he forecasts the increasing use by the Arabs tion we are not overly sophisticated about foreign affairs, of threats to curtail Western oil supplies as leverage and the consensus may never jell. Brandon fears that against American and other support of Israel. The,:author fashioning of a new form of alliance with Western Europe bases much of his account on extensive interviews with will be difficult, that military parity with Russia will have sheiks, oilmen, technicians and politicians of varying per­ to be constantly watched (we should: never have MillV­ suasions on three continents. The result is an informa­ ed), that the American economy will be vulnerable in for­ tive, timely, and useful work. Reviewed by William A. eign trade (Kissinger's blind spot). Reviewed by C.R. Con­ Koelsch. nell.

October, 1973 25 not vote for it. Were party funds used to pay for this expensive aberration? Were party funds available for local, non-partisan LETTERS campaigning? This, of course, includes the time and ex­ penses of paid staff. Was the action taken within the legal scope and powers of the committee? Off the Track I do not think I have to spell out to the young mem­ bers of the Society the monstrous damage this egregious One of the dangers of publishing a "Politics: People" example of terrible public relations did to the party drive feature appears to be a relaxation of normal standards to enlist youth, or to gain the support of millions of voters of accuracy. In the course of speculating upon the who seek wise and worthy political leadership and doubt political plans of Messrs. Rockefeller, Samuels et aJ, the they can find it among the Democratic candidates. FORUM (August 15, 1973) stated that the New York If the Ripon Society has a raison d'etre, other than City Off-Track Betting Corporation would be taken over to provide dubious comfort for the discontented, I think by a statewide agency. it must seize upon this challenge and opportunity here L An examination of Chapter 346 of the Laws of 1973 at home to rid the party of leadership and control which would inform a careful columnist that the newly created either devised or permitted this perversion of the purposes State Racing and Wagering Board supersedes the reg­ and name of the Los Angeles County Republican Central ulatory authority of various State commissions but that Committee. the NYCOTBC continues as a public corporation with its What precise action is indicated? First, I believe powel1S virtually undiminished. lawyer members of the Ripon Society here should explore As a 10ng-time-.;EUpon member and FORUM subscriber the legal scope and powers of the central committee, to who participated in drafting the legislation that became see whether there has been 'a violation of the law in Chapter 346, I wanted to set the record straight. this instance. JASON R. GETTINGER There must be many Republicans in Los Angeles who New York, New York retain some degree of moral indignation, some pride in their political beliefs and affiliation ... people who do not Editor's Postscript: Preparatory to his resignation sanction and apologize for Watergate and the mess in at the end of this year, Off-Tl1ack Betting president the White House . . . Republicans who supported Tom Howard J. Samuels has recommended to New York City Bradley for Mayor with great sincerity. Mayor Abraham D. Beame that a Republican be named Their collective and organized strength should be­ OTB's new president. Samuels' choice is Joseph F. more than adequate to retire from power and influence Joyce, currently executive vice president of OTB. Al­ those guilty of the racist attack on Bradley and the stain though Joyce, formerly a Suffolk County lawyer, is not on the party's honor and integrity. Such resolute action actively engaged in GOP politics, it is theorized that is the only way the Republican Party may regain its cred­ Samuels' suggestion was meant to blunt charges that ibility and reputation, and ,remain viable and effective in OTB has been a pre-gubernatorial campaign organization local, state, and national affairs, in my opinion. for Democrat Samuels. FREDERIC A. CHASE Los Angeles, California Editor's Footnote: Subsequent to Mr. Chase's letter, What is Ripon? former Los Angeles Mayor Sam Yorty, defeated for re­ election, switched his registration to the Republican Par­ The more I think about it, the more I come back to ty. The letter was originally directed to the members of my original question: what is the Ripon Society? Is it the Los Angeles Chapter of the Ripon Society. a group of disparate Republicans, milling together herd­ like because they vaguely feel left out, that the party has taken a direction its founders never intended? Is it a The Liberal Press kind of political detention camp with invisible fences, cleverly erected by the party leadership to contain party I am constantly mystified at the inaccuracy of the dissidents? A diversion contrived to keep Republican "liberal" press especially when its reporting is based on idealists busy and impotent? non-primary "liberal" sources. I refer specifically to the Or does the Ripon Society have a character, a life, piece in the September FORUM on the Javits-Buckley an energy, of its own? Is it ,a group of activists dedicated softball game. to the restoration of integrity and compassion to a party Clearly, this article was based on a paragraph in the which has given the nation - and our State of California "Notes on People" column in the Saturday, July 28th - great leadership in the past? Will the Ripon Society editions of the New York TUnes which was in turn pre­ try to remove from power and influence those amoral sumabl.y ~ased on a "leak" from the Buckley office. men who have led the party astray, who confuse their For, in fact, the game went the regulation seven own narrow views and power drives with the dream of innings and the score was taillied throughout all seven. America, and who believe their ends justify any means? The final score was Javits 17 - Buckley 4, which not only If its character and mission are to restore principle is indicative of the strength of proglt'essive Republican­ and pride in Republicanism, how should the Ripon So­ ism but also a prescience of the strength of Sen. Jacob ciety organize here and where should it begin? Javits for 1974. Obviously, a viable Ripon Society anywhere must seek In addition, the Javits regulars were able to handily removal from party control of those people who have deal with the inflated Buckley team consisting of such proved unworthy of Republican Party leadership, because conservative ringers as an anonymous YAF field man and they have contributed, either actively or passively, to the at least one member of Sen. Carl Curtis' staff. present moral bankruptcy and bad name of the party. JUDAH C. SOMMER One automatically thinks of Washington and Water­ Executive Assistant gate, but the rot goes far deeper. We had an example Sen. Jacob Javits here in Los Angeles which I believe cries for action and Washington, D.C. offers an immediate reason and challenge for the Ripon Society here at home. I refer to the use of the Los Angeles County Repub­ Exotic Titles lican Central Committee in a Il'acist attack on a decent Unless I was dIl'unk when I typed it, I think my title black man, Tom Bradley, in his campaign for mayor. was "After the Summit: A Tamed Bear?" (See the Sep­ Both candidates in the runoff were Democrats, and the tember 1973 FORUM.) I prefer my version to yours. office they sought is non-partisan. Why, then, did the Re­ So that the reading public may be assured that exotic publican County Central Committee lend its name to a and elliptical titles are not my bag, could you have an telegram backing Sam Yorty and attacking Bradley in erratum noted in the next issue? words so racist and insulting to the intelligence that the Peace the keep. message backfired and won BIl'adley support? ROBERT H. DONALDSON How was this piece of bumbling bigotry arranged, and Ripon Vice President by whom? Certainly the county committee as a whole did Washington, D.C.

26 Ripon Forum , Durham, North Carolina, to join the faculty of Duke Minority Business Enterprise University as an associate professor at the Institute for As a Ripon member, a MESBIC manager, and as Policy Sciences and Public Affairs. Harvard College un­ an individual involved -in- the minority business develop­ dergraduate Murk Fruzier was elected treasurer and ment effort almost since its inception, I was pleased to membership chairman of the chapter. Frazier who spent see Ripon take note of the activities and problems of the summer working for columnist Jack re­ this important program, (See "Putting The Enterprise ~derson Back in OMBE," in the June 15, 1973 FORUM.) I agree places M. Victoria Golden, assistant editOt' of the FORUM most strongly with your supposition that things have not who has moved to Washington, D.C. with the Ripon office. gone by perfectly 'in the past and I feel the reasons are Also elected to the chapter's executive board were Thomas primarily three: ReId, a special assistant to Sen. Edward Brooke, who 1. The unrealistic funding of both "rna and pa" works out of his Boston office, and John Curtis, a Harvard dead end businesses and promotors with grandiose Law School student who spent the past summer as a schemes as opposed to the technically proven en­ Ripon Research Fellow. trepreneur who is willing to sweat and to "risk • U.S. Rep. Paul Findley (R-lll.) addressed a meet­ it all" to be profitable. ' ing of the New Haven Chapter on April 24, concentrating 2. The unrealistic expectations for quick success in on his "Atlantic Union Resolution." U.S. Rep. Ronald A. spite of the proven 5 _ 7 year cycle of small busi­ Sarasin (R-Conn.) addressed the chapter on May 4. Sar­ ness development. asin defeated long-time incumbent John Monagan in 1972. 3. The unfortunate funding by OMBE of political • Dr. John Rehfuss, acting director of the Center for noisemakers, in many cases, with a disregard for Governmental Studies at Northern Illinois University, has many performance-oriented field operations such been named a contributing editor of the FORUM. M. Vic· as ours, toria Golden has been named assistant editor. I am hopeful toward the future, in that those in this field are becoming encouragingly realistic and that the THE RIPON SOCIETY INC is ~ Republ~caD: research new regime at OMBE will be taking a more performance­ . ' • pollcy orgamzal1on whose members are young busmess, academic and professional men and oriented stance in the future. women. It has national headquarters in Washington D.C. chap­ WILLIAM p, MATTHEWS ters .in fifteen cities. National Associate membe;s throughout Executive Director the fifty .stat~. and several affiliated groups of subchapter status. Greater Springfield Investment Corp. The Soclety 18 supported by chapter dues, individual contribu­ !lon~ and revenues from its publications and contract work. The Springfield, Massachusetts S,?clety offers the following options lor annual contribution: Con­ tributor ~ or more; Sustainer $100 or more; Founder $1000 or more. InqUlries about membershiP and chapter organization should be addressed to the National Dlrector. 14a ELIOT STREET NAnONAL GOVERNING BOARD "Ronald K. Speed. President "Patricia A. Goldman, Chairperson of the Board "Paul F. Anderson, Vice President, Chief Financial Officer • The Boston-Cambridge Chapter hosted John R. Bunt­ "Robert H. Donaldson. Vice President, Research ing, progressive Philadelphia banker, at its September "Anne-Marie Borger, Vice President, Public: Information "Robert D. Behn, Vice President, FORUM meeting. Bunting told the chapter that the national ec0- "Richard E. Beeman. Treasurer nomy is actually sounder than traditional indices such as "Werner P. Kuhn. Secretary the stock market would suggest. He attributed much of Boston - Cambridge Pittsburgh the economic gloom to misunderstandings on the part of Martha Reardon Murray Dickman consumers about the meaning of recent price surges com­ Martin A. LInsky James Groninger pounded by the depression about government's ability to Bob Stewart J3ruce Guenther cope with the economy as a result of Watergate and Chicaqo Seattle related scandals. The Administration's controls program "Jared Kaplan Tom Alberg A. Richard Talt Mason D. Morisset was doomed to fail, he said, because its architects had Tomas Russell no faith in it. He proposed instead a firm, three-year pro­ Detroit Washington gram of decreasing allowable price and wage levels which Dennis Gibson "Jonathan Brown would, he said, allow the economy to decontrol itself. Stephen Selander Rick Carson Over the long term, Bunting predicted, interest rates of Mary E. Low Willie leftwich Hartford At Large 7-8 percent would become normal, and national growth Nicholas Norton ""Josiah Lee Auspitz would gradually be redefined to include the quality of Stewart H. McConaughy ""Christoper T. Bayley life. About 130 (actual as opposed to potential) people Los Angeles Christopher W. Beal Ilttended the meeting of the "moribund" chapter. Mark Pierce Robert L. Beal Thomas A. Brown Peter Berg • The Ripon Society is expanding to cable television, ""Michael Brewer Edward McAnlH Cliflord Brown or at least some of our members -are. Mary S. Robinson, Mempids John Cairns Joycelyn Wurzburg, and Urania. Alissa.ndra.tos of the Mem­ "LInda Miller Ralph Caprio phis Chapter are part of a group who have founded the William D. Whitten ""Bruce Chapman first women's channel in cable television in the country. J eny Katz Pamela Curtis Minneapolis Robert W. Davidson Women in Cable, Inc. will also be joined by the first black­ Ann O'Loughlin Al Fe!zenberg operated channel when Memphis CATV goes on the air Elayne Hansen Larry Finkelstein this winter. Jim Manahan Glenn Gerstell Nashville ""Howard F. Gillette. Jr. • U,S. Representatives Phillip Ruppe (R-Mich.) and Leonard Dunavant Bema Gorenstein Don Young (R-Alaska) debated the desirability of the Dru Smith ""Lee W. Huebner Bill Gibbons Philip C. Johnston Alaskan Pipeline at a meeting of the Washington, D.C, New Haven Bobbl Greene Kilberg Chapter, July 24. Melvin Dilman William J. ICilberg Frank L. Huband Ralph loomis • New York Ripon IIiember Sal Scalafani was recent­ Jeffrey Miller Judith R. Lumb ly elected chairman of the New York City Board of Elec­ New Jersey ""J. Eugene Marana tions, The young Staten Island resident was. a darkhorse John Brotschol Tanya MeUch candidate for the position on the newly-reconstituted Harry Kline Don Meyer Nancy Miller ""John R. Price, Jr. board. New York ""John S. Saloma III • Speaking to the New York Chapter August 23 Martha Ferry Daniel J. Swillinger Judge Charles D. Breitel (R) said New York should un: Leah Thayer Edward Goldberg "Chris Topping dertake a well-financed study to determine the root causes Lewis B. Stone ·"Peter Wallison of crime in order to better lawlessness. Judge Breitel now PhUadelphia R. Quincy White an associate justice on the State Court of Appeals' New Robert J. Moss Lyndon A.S. Wilson York's highest court, is the Republican-Liberal candidate William Horton ·Richard Zimmer for chief judge of that court in the only statewide race this Ex·Officio At Large "Richard W. Rahn. Managing Director year. "Michael F. MacLeod. National Director • Gloucester eel fisherman Peter C. Berg has been Robert Gulick, Counsel elected president of the Boston-Cambridge Chapter. Berg Clair W. Rodgers, Jr .• Counsel ·National Executive Committee Member a former administrative assistant to Francis W. Hatch; "·Past President. Chairman of the Board. or Chairman of the Jr., Republican leader of the Massachusetts House of Rep­ Executive Coumntlee resentatives, replaces Robert D. Behn, who has moved to October, 1973 27 • "Party of the Rdch '!" by William S. White. Wash· ington Post, September 15, 1973. "A funny thing Is hap­ pening to the Republicans on the way back from that ex­ DULY NOTED: POLITICS traordinary binge of hot money and over-heated chowder heads so long celebrated as Watergate. The big money • "Holshouser v. Helms: Will Success Spoil State Re­ is now fleeing from the GOP as from a modern plague. publicans?" by Claude Sitton. Raleigh News and Observer, Because of this, a hitherto indestructible cliche of poli­ September 2, 1973. "As if Watergate had not brought tics is dying. The stereotype that is now biting the dust them enough trouble, North Carolina Republicans are . - the dust, that is, that is being stirred up by the fly­ s~a~pening their knives for a round of intra-party can­ ing feet of the departing fat cats - is that the Repub­ nIbalism. The apparent cause of contention is the bid by licans are by ordination the party of the rich and the Frank A. Rouse for re-election to the state party chair­ Democrats the party of the poor," writes columnist White. manship. At bMarlow Cook vs. Democratic Gov. Wendell Ford" of the time and opposed him 21 percent of the time (ab­ according to Courler..Journal Political Editor Billite~. sences accounting for the remaining 13 percent). They Now, however, Ford has come close to taking himself were exactly in line with the Senate Republican average out of the race and Sen. Cook is reportedly considering [for 1972]. But this year, the Baker's Dozen facing the entering private industry. Writes Billiter: "Other Repub­ voters next year have cut their support of the President lican sources said that Cook is well aware that the GOP an average of 17 percent, while the other 24 Republican has suffered ·an unbroken chain of losses in Kentucky holdovers have moved only 9 points away from the Pres­ since his election in 1968. Democrats won back control of ident. If there is any reason for that sharp disparity be­ Louisville and Jefferson County in 1969; ousted Repub­ tween the two groups of Republicans, other than the lican U.S. Rep. William Cowger in 1970; won back the Watergate-induced desire to avoid looking like a 'Nixon governor's mansion in 1971, and captured the U.S. Senate rubber stamp' next year, it does not come readily to mind." seat in 1972, despite President Nixon's massive victory." • "Sandman's Drive Splits Jersey Republican Par­ Republicans need victories in Louisville and Jefferson ty," by Ronald Sullivan, New York TImes, September 14, County to boost Cook's chances for victory next year. 1973. "Open warfare within a number of big Republican Codk has said he will disclose his political intentions in county organizations and charges that Governor (Wil­ November. In the Democratic Party, meanwhile, Gov. liam) Cahill is deliberately plotting the defeat of Rep­ Ford and State Democratic Chairman J.R. Miller are resentative Charles W. Sandman, Jr., were reported to­ boosting Lieutenant Gov. Julian Carroll (D) for the Sen­ day to be undermining the conservative Republican's ate while working to deflate Carroll's 'Chances of succeed­ campaign for Governor," according to TImes reporter ing to the governorship in 1974. Carroll has said he isn't Sullivan. Although Sullivan's article was considered exag­ interested in the Senate. With Ford out of the running, gerated by some Republican observers, the article quoted the Democrats will probably choose their candidate from Bergen County Sandman leader Samuel Bartoletta as the following list of names: U.S. Rep. Romano L. Mazzoli, alleging that "Cahill is not taking this election sitting State Sen. Willi'am Sullivan, Jefferson County Judge Todd down ... He's out to get Charlie, and he's trying to do Hollenbach and fried chicken magnate John Y. Brown, Jr. it in every county in the state." There is wide agreement The GOP field includes U.S. Rep. Tim Lee Carter, U.S. that Gov. Cahill's announcement of a $200 million budget Rep. Gene Snyder, former State Parks Commissioner surplus has aided Democratic gubernatorial candidate Robert Gable and Louisville-Jefferson County Republican Brendan T. Byrne by allowing him to back away from Chairman Mitch McConnell. advocating a state income tax. Cahill's primary defeat • "Sargent shopes up as loogh to beat in '74," by by Sandman has clearly not ended the w8Jl'fare between Cornelius Dalton. (Boston) Sunday Herald Advertiser, party moderates and conservatives led by Sandman. Sul­ September 9, 1973. "The (1974 Massachusetts) GOP livan reports that former state GOP chairman Webster ticket is already taking shape. It will be headed by Gov. Todd, who took over the State Republican Finance Com­ (Francis) Sargent and Lt. Gov. (Donald) Dwight, both mittee to aid Sandman'S fundraising efforts among mod­ Yankees. State Sen. John Quinlan of Norwood, an Irish­ erates, has been unhappy with the Sandman's campaign American, is close to putting a clamp on the nomination fiscal accountability. If polls showing a large Byrne lead for Secretary of the Commonwealth. Administration Sec­ (and a large bloc of undecided voters) prove correct, retary William Cowin, a member of the Jewish faith, will more intra party struggles may follow election day. probably be the GOP candidate for attorney general. And • "GOP Bright Star Looking Forward to Another an Italo-American, without much doubt, will be endorsed Race," by A.B. Albritton. (Memphis) Commercial Appeal, for state treasurer or state auditor," writes Dalton. He September 2, 1973. "Gil Carmichael has two offices (in quotes one leading Democrat who tells the following story Meridian) on the top floor of his automobile dealership. about his mother: "My mother is Irish. She's in her SO's He uses one to talk politics and the other to sell Volks­ and every time Gov. Sargent goes on television and says, wagens." Carmichael has kept operating the campaign 'I need your help,' Mother says, 'He's a nice man and committee which ran his surprisingly strong race against we should help him.''' That image may protect Gov. Sen. James O. Eastland (D) last year. According to Sargent next year, according to Dalton, but he asks, "How Albritton, the "brightest star of the Mississippi Repub­ long will the voters of Massachusetts, the most Demo­ lican Party" intends to run either for governor or sen­ cratic state in the nation, continue to elect Republican ator. "Lately he's been thinking more about the 1975 governors?" governor's race."

28 Ripon Forum