# industry competitiveness # renewable energy / citizens‘ energy A Reporter’s Guide to the Energy Transition

#a coal conundrum #climate change phasing out nuclear # utilities fighting for survival # # grid expansion

Journalism for the energy transition Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

Sven Egenter Kerstine Appunn Sören Amelang Julian Wettengel Benjamin Wehrmann Carel Carlowitz Mohn Eva Freundorfer Editor in Chief Correspondent Correspondent Correspondent Correspondent Dir. Media Programmes Programme Officer

The repercussions of the country’s En- commitment to work towards a cli- A Note from CLEW ergiewende (energy transition) are felt mate-neutral economy in order to limit across society and the business sector, the impact of man-made climate change. The global energy transition to win the offering journalists a wealth of exciting race against harmful man-made climate and important stories. But researching CLEW’s “A Reporter’s Guide to the change is slowly gaining momentum. As this massive event from outside the Energy Transition”, now in its sixth edi- part of this, Germany is trying to step country is no easy task, even for the tion, offers journalists a useful starting up its climate action activities, and its most seasoned reporter. The huge com- point by outlining the main story lines of decades-long effort to fundamentally plexity of the technology and econom- the energy transition, providing contact shift its energy supply provides valuable ics behind energy policy make things details for experts, as well as links to key lessons on weaning a major economy off harder. Yet strong fact-based and critical literature and articles. fossil fuels. journalism is essential to inform the international debate on ways to decar- Our website, cleanenergywire.org, offers bonise the global economy. lots more in-depth information and contacts. And our daily newsletter and This is why Clean Energy Wire (CLEW) our Twitter feed @cleanenergywire supports journalists in their work. Fully keep readers in the loop about Energie - funded by two non-profit foundations – wende-related debates and events. Stiftung Mercator and the European Climate Foundation – we enjoy inde- We have also launched the CLEW Journal- pendence from any business or political ism Network (@ClewNetwork) as a plat­ interests. Rather, we share our funders’ form to allow journalists to find colleagues

2 3 Contents

Martha Otwinowski Hedwig Gradmann Yannick Haas What is the Energiewende? And where Energiewende legislation – the Renew­ Journalism Network Manager Assistant Research Assistant did it come from? ...... 4 able Energy Act and beyond . . . . 28 #Energiewende – Targets . . . . . 6 Nuclear phase-out ...... 30 #Energiewende – Key Figures . . . . 8 Industry and Jobs ...... 32 working on energy transition stories, to #Energiewende – Dates 2019 / 2020 . 11 Utilities ...... 34 collaborate on cross-border stories, ex- #Energiewende – Contacts & Hotspots 12 Electricity market ...... 36 change tips and views or collect back- #Energiewende – Reading in English . 13 Efficiency ...... 38 ground information from other coun- Finance ...... 40 tries. We invite all reporters and editors Climate, CO2 emissions and fossil fuels 14 with an interest in the energy transition A planned coal exit ...... 16 Citizens’ Energy ...... 42 and climate policy to join. Energiewende history – the first four Agriculture ...... 44 decades ...... 18 Technology and Storage ...... 46 We also organise workshops for journal- Power grid expansion ...... 20 Natural gas as a bridging ists, offering a first-hand account of the Transforming the transport sector . . 22 technology?­ ...... 48 Energiewende. But, most importantly, The car industry and the energy Cities ...... 50 we provide assistance, answer your transition ...... 24 Digitalisation ...... 52 questions, and put you in touch with Renewables (wind, solar, biogas) . . 26 Geo-politics and the European Union . 54 experts and fellow journalists across the globe – so don’t hesitate to ask CLEW. Energiewende in Germany: Timeline

Sven Egenter and 1973-1975 1979/1980 the Clean Energy Wire team “Nuclear power? Enter the Greens No thanks!” Birth of Germany’s Green Germany’s anti-nuclear Party is founded, with movement as protests an exit from nuclear force plans for a nuclear energy and a renew- power plant in Wyhl to able future as key be aborted demands Activists first use the 2 term “Energiewende” 3 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

What is the Energiewende? And where did it come from?

he energy transition, known in Ger- The process has these key elements: in the 1990s, the project has been Tmany as the Energiewende, is the radically reshaping the energy system country’s planned transformation to a the phase-out of nuclear power as a whole. As the traditional model low-carbon, nuclear free economy. (by 2022) and fossil fuels of centralised power generation is being the development of renewable energy replaced by diverse sources of energy sources and low-carbon technologies that fluctuate with the weather, the increased energy efficiency project’s influence goes beyond the grid and the power market. While for now mainly focused on electricity, the Ener- However, since the introduction of giewende is also expected to transform feed-in tariffs for renewable energies other sectors like industry, housing,

… Energiewende in Germany: Timeline

1986 1991 1997/2005 2000 2007 2010 2011

Chernobyl disaster Kick-starting renew- Kyoto Protocol Renewable Energy Act EU targets Extending nuclear Nuclear phase-out #2 solid­if­es Germans’ ables Germany, the world’s Renewables granted EU sets 2020 climate The nuclear consensus is Merkel government resist­ance to nuclear New legislation intro- sixth largest emitter feed-in tariffs and grid targets: 20% renew­ reversed by a conserva- formulates new nuclear energy duces feed-in tariffs at the time, has to priority ables share, 20% GHG tive government phase-out by 2022 with

for renewable power reduce CO2 emissions reduction, 20% more large parliamentary Climate change under the agreement Nuclear phase-out #1 efficiency Energy concept majority after Fukushi- enters the discourse – SPD-Green government Govt. sets out renewa- ma disaster a magazine story leads and utilities agree bles and climate targets parliament to establish to phase out nuclear for 2020 and 2050 4 an advisory council by 2022 5 Energiewende

construction, heating, and transport as was the first to benefit from the nuclear all stakeholders are looking for ways to phase-out, but its future is now uncertain shape Germany’s “all-electric” future. as the government has taken the first For Germany’s specific energy transition steps to a coal exit path by 2038 in order targets, see pages 6- 7. to step up efforts to cut greenhouse gas emissions. Meanwhile, entirely new busi- There are already winners and losers. The nesses have sprung up. big utilities’ traditional business models have been hit hard, while consumers and some businesses are concerned about higher electricity costs. The coal industry

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

New EEG & climate Slow progress Spin-off Renewables New government Coal exit pathway action The Energiewende Utilities E.ON and RWE Reform Wants to focus on grid Multi-stakeholder Govt. lowers feed-in monitoring report split to separate renew­ Auctions determine expansion and sector commission proposes tariffs, starts PV auctions shows climate targets ables from fossil plants renewables payments coupling gradual coal phase-out and introduces plan to are “in serious danger” by 2038 achieve 2020 climate Climate Action Plan G20 & COP23 Utilities shakeup targets Govt. adopts ambitious Germany tries to main- RWE and E.ON split up Climate Action Law 2030 emission targets tain climate utility innogy, separating Government plans to for individual economic leadership, but emis- grids from generation enshrine 2030 climate 4 sectors sions stagnate targets into law 5 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Energiewende – Targets

he overall objective of the Energie­ country’s gross power consump- Sector targets for greenhouse gas reductions Twende is to reduce Germany’s tion (36 percent in 2017). Sector 2018 status* 2030 target cut from 1990 levels cut from 1990 levels greenhouse gas emissions and phase Energy 33 % 61-62 % out nuclear power, making the economy In November 2016, Germany’s govern- Buildings 44 % 66-67 % more environmentally sustainable. ment agreed on a basic framework - the Transport 0.6 % 40-42 % Climate Action Plan 2050 - for largely Industry 31 % 49-51 % On a national level, Germany's official decarbonising the country’s economy Agriculture 22 % 31-34 % goals are to cut greenhouse gas emissions by the middle of this century. In accord- Other 74 % 87 % by 40 percent by 2020, by 55 percent by ance with the Paris Climate Agreement, Total 31 % 55-56 % 2030, and by up to 95 percent by 2050. the plan fine-tunes Germany’s climate *2018 data preliminary. Source: Climate Action Plan 2050,UBA (2019). The share of renewables in final ener- goals. It includes target corridors for re- gy consumption is to rise to 60 percent ducing greenhouse gas emissions in the credibility. The economy ministry’s 2014 (from 15.9 percent in 2017) by 2050. individual economic sectors as interim Climate Action Programme detailing ad-

By the middle of the century, renewables goals for the year 2030. The energy sec- ditional measures and identifying CO₂2 are to cover at least 80 percent of the tor will have to cut its emissions roughly saving potential, is likely to be less effec- by half compared to 2014 levels. tive than predicted. The Energiewende monitoring expert commission in 2018 As for the progress made on these tar- warned that there were considerable de- gets: In autumn 2017, the environment ficiencies in improving energy efficiency, ministry warned that Germany was set and that developments in the transport to widely miss its 2020 emission targets, sector were going in the wrong direction thereby threatening the entire project’s (i. e. higher instead of lower emissions).

6 7 Energy transition targets

Quantitative targets of the energy transition 1990 2005 2008 2017 2020 2030 2040 2050 Reduce -40 % greenhouse gas -55 % emissions -70 % -80 - 95 % 5-20 % 100 % 72.5 % 45 % 60 % 30 %

Reduce Increase share electricity of renewables in * 80 % consumption 50 -65 % 65 % gross electricity consumption 36 % 35 % 90 % 75 % 96.7 % 100 % -20 % Increase share Reduce of renewables in primary energy -50 % gross final energy consumption 60 % consumption 30 % 45 % 93.5 % 100 % 50 % 15.9 % 80 % 18 %

Reduce primary energy demand (2016) in buildings

20 % 100 % 81.7 % Reduce final energy *New conditional target consumption accord­ing to coalition treaty 2018. in transport Sources: AG Energiebilan- 103.6 % 90 % 100 % 60 % zen (2018), BMWi (2018), 1990 2005 2008 2017 2020 2030 2040 2050 UBA (2018), BMU (2018).

6 7 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Energiewende – Key Figures

3.6 % Renewables’ share in gross German power generation in 1990 47.1 m Passenger cars 83,175 Pure electric cars 1st rank for Germany 17th rank 34.9 % Renewables’ registered in Germany registered = 0.17 % in energy efficiency policy for Germany in the overall share in gross power (01/2019) (01/2019) and performance score- “Energy Transition Index” generation in 2018 card (ACEEE, 2018) (WEF, 2019) 15.1 minutes: Average power outage in Germany 2017 93 % of Germans € 24.6 bn Renewable 338,500 People 20,766 People USA: 4 hours (2016) believe use and roll-out of surcharge paid by power employed in the employed in the lignite GB: 47 mins (2016) renewables is very impor- consumers in 2018 renew­ables sector (2016) industry France: 53 mins (2016) tant or important (2018) (01/2019) Poland: 192 mins (2016)

23.7 30.22 ct/kWh 8.7 % Drop in energy € 17 bn the government 14 % Renewables’ share 37.8 % Renewables’ Average household power demand for heating houses pays to energy efficiency in primary energy con- share in gross power con- price 2010 and 2019 – 2008 – 2017 measures in housing sumption in 2018 sumption in 2018 there­of 6.4 ct/kWh re­new­­­ (by 2020) (up from 1.3 % in 1990) (up from 3.1 % in 1991) able surcharge in 2019 5.1 4.4 ct/kWh Average electricity spot 92 % of natural gas 97 % of crude oil 53.4 % rise in GDP 13 % fall in primary en- market price in 2010 used in Germany is imported (2017) since 1990 (2018) ergy consumption since and 2018 is imported (2017) 1990 (2018)

8 9 Energy transition data 30.8% greenhouse gas reduction

Emission trends for Germany by sector 1990-2018 since 1990

1,252 1,200

79 1,045 71 993 1,001 69 1,000 68 974 976 68 67 68 132 67 943 925 942 Environment 68 920 *

68 911 134 908 903 907 65 907 68 ministry projections: 68 66 65 125

63 866 64 136 -32% 130 63 144 65 130 ~ 97 140 66 64 65 133 65 93 132 123 119 2020 target: 67 66 67 121 68 122 114 64 89 114 800 93 112 64 95

108 -40% 99 97 100 101 95 91 107 97 83 83 89 93 88 77 78 75 73 79 75 100 77 82 76 76 74 62 164 62 63 63 62 63 65 61 167 66 65 2030 target: 173 178

600 174 178

178 -55% 154 170 169 179 181 176 178 183 157 161 154 159 187 155 154 156 160 166 163 168 153 163 187

165 850

155 ~ 128 144 142 119 118 136 120

146 751 115 122 127 123 118 136 118 141 130 125 123 134

400 118 equivalents in million tonnes equivalents 109 127 130 2 136 132 563 CO 427 200 413 388 387 381 391 384 379 380 375 371 373 368 367 358 377 364 356 368 356 354 354 345 348 344 333 336 313 299

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2020 2030

Energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport Fugitive emissions from fuels Industry Households

Agriculture Waste Other Total emissions without LULUCF

Without emissions from land use, *According to federal environment ministry calculations from October 2017, Germany is set to widely miss its goal land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40 percent by 2020. Source: UBA, 2019.

8 9 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019 equal share of renewables&coal Development of gross power production in Germany 1990-2018

Mineral oil Others 27.3 2 7.3 26.8 27.0 Other 26.2 27.0 0.8% 600 4.3% Renewables 189.8 188.6 216.3 Mineral oil 162.5 225.7 Natural gas 152.5 12.9% 500 Natural gas Wind onshore 14.3%

67.5 61.1 Hard coal 400 Hard coal 5.2 62.0 81.3 12.9% 86.7 Renewables 127.3 83.4 118.6 34.9% 300 117.7 Wind offshore 3.0% 112.2 93.6 Hydro power 2.6% Lignite 83.2 Biomass 7.0% 160.9 in 2018 % shares 200 155.8 terawatt-hours (TWh) terawatt-hours 154.5 149.5 Lignite 148.4 145.5 Solar 7.2% 100 22.5% Nuclear power 97.3 97.1 91.8 Nuclear 84.6 76.3 76.0 11.8% Waste 1.0% 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 Source: AG Energiebilanzen (2018). Share of energy sources Germany’s power export balance 1990-2018 in primary energy consumption 2018

675 60 Power export balance Mineral oil 650 Gross power generation 50 34.3% Others Waste 0.9% Gross power consumption 0.3% Hydro power 0.5% Wind power 3.1% 625 40 Net export Net

600 30 Solar 1.5% Renewables Biomass 7.5% 575 20 Natural gas 14.0% 23.7% 550 10 terawatt-hours (TWh) terawatt-hours Nuclear 6.4% 525 0 Hard coal Lignite 10.0% 11.3% Geothermal 0.5%

500 -10 import Net

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Source: BMWi (2019). Source: AG Energiebilanzen (2018).

10 Germany remains net electricity exporter 11 Calendar

#Energiewende – Dates 2019/2020

2019 8 - 9 April: Future Mobility Summit, 1 September: State elections in Branden- 25 - 26 November: dena Congress, BERLIN. burg and Saxony. by German Energy Agency (dena), BERLIN. 9 - 10 April: Berlin Energy Transition 10 - 11 September: 14th German Energy Dialogue, BERLIN. Congress, SV Veranstaltungen, 2 – 13 December: COP25, CHILE. MUNICH. 12 - 14 May: 10th Petersberg Climate 2020 Dialogue, BERLIN. 12 - 22 September: 68th International Motor Show (IAA), FRANKFURT/MAIN. 20 – 22 January: Handelsblatt Energy 15 - 17 May: Intersolar Europe, trade fair, Conference 2020, BERLIN. MUNICH. 23 September: UN 2019 Climate Summit, NEW YORK. 11 – 13 February: E-World energy & water 20 - 22 May: Berliner Energietage 2019 trade fair, ESSEN. “Energiewende in Germany”, BERLIN. 27 October: State elections in Thuringia. 22 - 23 May: International Conference on Climate Action – ICCA2019, HEIDELBERG. 26 May: European elections in Germany. 26 May: State elections in Bremen. 4 - 6 June: BDEW Congress, energy con- ference by German Association of Energy and Water Industries (BDEW), BERLIN. Calendar 10 Germany remains net electricity exporter 11 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Energiewende – Contacts & Hotspots

… for official statements Institute for Applied Ecology (Öko-Institut) … for industry comment Sustainable development consultancy and research Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs institute. +49 30 405085 334,[email protected] , German Association of Energy and Water Indus- and Energy (BMWi), +49 30 18 615 6121, www.oeko.de/en tries (BDEW), Germany’s largest energy industry as- [email protected], www.bmwi.de/en sociation. +49 30 300 199-1160,[email protected] , Agora Energiewende, Think tank focusing on www.bdew.de Federal Ministry for the Environment, dialogue with energy policymakers in the pow- Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU), er sector. +49 30 700 1435-110, German Association of Local Utilities (VKU) +49 30 18 305 2010, [email protected], [email protected], Representing the many local and regional utilities www.bmu.bund.de/en www.agora-energiewende.de (Stadtwerke) in Germany. +49 30 58580-226, [email protected], www.vku.de Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) Infrastructure (BMVI), +49 30 18300-7200, DIW’s energy, transportation and environment, Federation of German Industries (BDI) [email protected], www.bmvi.de/en and climate policy departments study the eco­ +49 30 2028-1565, [email protected], www.bdi.eu Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Com- nomics and politics of climate change and energy. German Renewable Energy Federation (BEE) munity, +49 30 18681 11022, [email protected] Mathilde Richter, +49 30 89789-152, +49 30 275 81 70-16, [email protected], [email protected], www.diw.de www.bee-ev.de … for latest data and research Fraunhofer ISE, Solar energy research institute and publisher of electricity production data. Also see Agora Verkehrswende, Think tank focusing on the their data and graphs at www.energy-charts.de, energy transition in the transport sector. +49 761 4588-5147, www.ise.fraunhofer.de +49 30 700 1435-305, fritz.vorholz@agora- verkehrswende.de, www.agora-verkehrswende.de German Renewable Energies Agency (AEE) +49 30 200 535 52, a.schwalbe@unendlich- the experts AG Energiebilanzen, Energy market research group. viel-energie.de, www.unendlich-viel-energie.de +49 30 8913987, [email protected], ­tions with insights www.ag-energiebilanzen.de … for a list of over 250 experts and institu into the Energie­wende see: www.cleanenergywire.org/experts 12 CLEW Research Map 13 or find energy transition hotspots on the Contacts & Sources

#Energiewende – Reading in English

cleanenergywire.org Our website provides in-depth Federal Foreign Office Who is Who of the Energie- Federation of German analyses (dossiers), factsheets, news articles, a daily wende in Germany. Brochure of Contact Partners Industries (BDI) (2018) press digest, an expert database, and more. in Politics, Industry and Society (2015) & Online Climate Paths for Ger­ database (2019). many – Executive Summary Agora Energiewende (2019) The European Power Sector in 2018; (2013) 12 Insights on Germany’s Federal Environment Agency (UBA) (2017) Data on National Geographic (2015)Germany Could Be a Energiewende. the Environment. Model for How We’ll Get Power in the Future. Agora Verkehrswende (2017) Transforming Trans- Hager, Carol and Christoph H. Stefes (eds.) (2016) PwC (2015) Energiewende Outlook: Transportation port to Ensure Tomorrow’s Mobility. Germany’s Energy Transition. A Comparative Per- sector; Energiewende Outlook: Electricity sector; spective. Energiewende Outlook: Heating sector. The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) website offers a wide range of Ecologic Institute (2016) Understanding the Energy Centre on Regulation in Europe (2015) The energy publications in English, including the newsletter Transition in Germany. transition in Europe: initial lessons from Germany, ’Energiewende direkt‘. the UK and France. Energy Research and Social Science (2016) Putting Federal Ministry for the Environment (BMU) an energy system transformation into practice: The World Economic Forum (2019) Fostering Effective (2018) Climate Action in Figures. Facts, Trends and case of the German Energiewende. Energy Transition Incentives for German Climate Policy; (2016) Climate German Institute for Economic Research (2015) Action Plan 2050. Deep Decarbonisation in Germany. A Macro-Analy- energytransition.org A website/blog, funded by the sis of the Economic and Political Challenges of the Heinrich Böll Foundation, explaining what the ener- ‘Energiewende’. gy transition is, how it works, and what challenges International Association for Energy Economics (2014) lie ahead. The German “Energiewende”— An Introduction. Federal Foreign Office (2018) The German Ener­ AG Energiebilanzen (2018) Evaluation Tables of the giewende. Energy Balance for Germany 1990 to 2017. www.cleanenergywire.org/experts 12 13 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Climatexxx and CO2 #Fossil Fuels Greenxxx pioneer Germany struggles to make climate protection a reality

s the home country of the Energie­ It is set to miss its 2020 climate targets. Awende, Germany is considered a Germany is now aiming at 2030 targets pioneer in the fight against man-made with its Climate Action Plan 2050, a road­ climate change. But despite a spectacular map to a climate neutral economy by mid- rise in power generation from renew­­ables, century. The government has pledged to the country’s track record on cut­ting enshrine these targets and how sectors greenhouse gas emissions is mixed: are responsible to reach them into law in ©[hansenn] Fotolia.

14 15 #Climate and CO2 #Fossil Fuels

Contacts Climate Alliance Germany Germanwatch / Climate Action Network (2018) +49 30 780 899 514, [email protected] The Climate Change Performance Index 2019 Fraunhofer ISE +49 761 4588-5147, Stiftung 2° [email protected] +49 30 204 537 34, [email protected] On cleanenergywire.org IKEM – Institute for Climate Protection and Patrick Graichen, Agora Energiewende Dossier: +49 30 700 1435-110, Mobility The energy transition and climate change +49 30 4081870-17, [email protected] [email protected] Political uncertainty weighs heavily on energy policy The Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Claudia Kemfert, German Institute for Economic crunch time year for Germany Research (PIK) Research (DIW) +49 331 288 25 07, [email protected] +49 30 89789-663, [email protected] Article: Germany's government coalition divided over draft Camilla Bausch, Ecologic Institute Climate Action Law +49 30 86880-0, [email protected] Reading Factsheets: Corinna Seide, WWF Germany Agora Energiewende (2017) The Energiewende Germany’s greenhouse gas emissions and +49 30 311777-422, [email protected] in a nutshell climate targets Germanwatch Agora Energiewende (2019) European Energy Germany’s Climate Action Plan 2050 +49 228 60492-23, [email protected] Transition 2030: The Big Picture Germany's Climate Action Law begins to take shape Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons Agora Energiewende (2014) The German Energie- Putting a price on emissions: What are the pros- and Climate Change (MCC) wende and its Climate Paradox pects for carbon pricing in Germany? +49 30 3385537-201, [email protected] Fraunhofer ISE (2019) Energy Charts Federal Ministry for the Environment (BMU) (2016) 2019. But the protracted battle over the Climate Action Plan 2050 details of the law and the accompanying measures revealed it will be a bumpy ride to turn climate ambition into practice, as the country needs to kick its habit of “My proposal is that we make fossil fuels used for heating or burning coal for power production – and ” say goodbye to petrol and diesel cars. transport more expensive and, in return, make electricity cheaper. Environment Minister Svenja Schulze (SPD) 14 15 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Coal Europe's largest economy aims to exit coal to reach climate goals

ermany has officially set in motion Chancellor Angela Merkel’s coalition Gthe gradual withdrawal from coal, government set up a multi-stakeholder joining other major economies in the expert coal exit commission to come up global farewell to the climate-damag- with a plan. The task force recommended ing fossil fuel. Faced with stagnating shutting the last coal-fired power plant greenhouse gas emissions despite a by 2038 at the latest. It is now up to the rapid expansion of renewable power, government to move on the propos- © Pixabay.

16 17 #Coal

Contacts Reading On cleanenergywire.org BDEW-German Association of Energy and Commission on Growth, Structural Change and Dossiers: Water Industries Employment (2019) Final report (in German) Germany’s coal phase-out +49 30 300 199 1160, [email protected] Ecologic et al. (2019) Phasing out coal in the Ger- The next German government and the energy DEBRIV – Federal German Association for man energy sector transition Brown Coal Agora Energiewende (2018) A Future for Lusatia +49 2234 1864-0, [email protected] Articles: Agora Energiewende (2017) Renewables versus fos- German government stands ready to move on Institute for Applied Ecology (Öko-Institut) sil fuels – comparing the costs of electricity systems coal exit proposal +49 30 405085-334, [email protected] Relief about German coal exit deal fades as focus Climate Analytics (2018) Coal Phase Out Germany BMWi - Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs turns to implementation challenges and Energy Agora Energiewende (2016) Eleven Principles for Factsheets: +49 30 18 615 6121 and -6131, Reaching a Consensus on Coal [email protected] Implementing Germany’s coal exit proposal – the road ahead Barbara Praetorius, co-chair of coal exit German commission proposes coal exit by 2038 commission +49 30 5019-2532, Coal in Germany [email protected] Germany's three lignite mining regions Climate, energy and transport in Germany’s coalition treaty

al and mould it into legislative drafts before parliamentarians get the final say. Electricity generation from coal has long served German industry, supplied “The [coal commission] deal shows responsibility for whole regions with jobs and wealth and, to date, remains a pillar of the country’s society as a whole and we want to live up to it. energy supply. ” Chancellor Angela Merkel (CDU) 16 17 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Energiewende #History Energiewende – the first four decades

or many observers, the energy government­ reinstated plans to exit nu- Ftransition in Germany began with clear power. A long process deeply rooted Chancellor Angela Merkel’s decision in German history and society led to to phase out nuclear power, following policies that triggered a strong increase in the accident at the Fukushima nuclear renewable energy sources and are now at plant in Japan. But the societal pro- the heart of a move to a low-carbon econ- ject started decades before the Merkel omy. The Energiewende – a full-scale ©[nullplus] iStock.

18 19 #Energiewende #History

Contacts On cleanenergywire.org Institute for Applied Ecology (Öko-Institut) Dossier: +49 30 405085-334, [email protected] The history of the Energiewende

Heinrich Böll Foundation Factsheets: +49 30 285 34 217, [email protected] “The renewable energy act Milestones of the German Energiewende Green Party The history behind Germany’s nuclear phase-out sparked a real grassroots +49 30 284 42 130, [email protected] Friends of the Earth Germany (BUND) citizens’ movement. +49 30 27586 425, [email protected] Greenpeace Germany Germans turned the +49 40 306 18 340, [email protected] Nina Scheer, Social Democrats MP Energiewende into their +49 30 227 76539, nina.scheer@bundestag.de

own project.” Reading Nina Scheer, Social Democrats MP energytransition.deTimeline Energiewende Paul Hockenos (2008) Joschka Fischer and the Mak- ing of the Berlin Republic: An Alternative History of Postwar Germany transformation of society and the Carbon Brief (2016) The history History of the economy – arose out of enduring grass- Energiewende roots movements, evidence-based discourse, concern about climate change, and key technological advances, as well as hands-on experience garnered along the way in Germany and elsewhere.

18 19 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Grid Success of Energiewende hinges on unblocking the power grid

ermany must update its electricity But too much power can be as big a prob- Gnetwork to handle the fluctuat- lem for the stability of the grid as too ing supply of power from decentral- little would be. Furthermore, not every- ised sources, while pursuing the shift to one is in favour of building new power an integrated renewable energy system. lines to carry electricity to the country’s The rapid expansion of wind power industrial south. The debate revolves capacity in the north means a bounti- around the Energiewende’s public ac- ful supply of low-cost electricity there. ceptance, and it also centres on how the ©[Gina Sanders] Fotolia.

20 21 #Grid

Contacts TransnetBW (grid operator) On cleanenergywire.org +49 711 21858-3155, [email protected] Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur) Dossier: +49 228 14 9921, [email protected] Chambers of Commerce and Industry (DIHK) The energy transition and Germany’s power grid +49 30 20308-1607, [email protected] Andreas Jahn, Regulatory Assistance Project (RAP) Article: +49 30 700 1435 421, [email protected] New “Power Grid Action Plan” to accelerate net- Reading Oliver Brückl, OTH Regensburg work development +49 941 943-9881, [email protected] Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur) Factsheets: (2017) Annual Report 2017: Networks for the future Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Set-up and challenges of Germany’s power grid Cologne (EWI) Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy Interconnectors & blockages – German grid at odds +49 221 277 29-108, (BMWi) (2017) Grids and Grid Expansion with EU power market [email protected] German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) Setting the power price: the merit order effect 50Hertz Transmission (grid operator) (2015) Electricity grids and climate targets: Re-dispatch costs in the German power grid +49 30 5150-3417, [email protected] New approaches to grid planning Loop flows: Why is wind power from northern Ger- TenneT (grid operator) Pentalateral Energy Forum (2018) Second regional many putting east European grids under pressure? +49 921 50740 4045, [email protected] generation adequacy assessment report Germany’s electricity grid stable amid energy transition Amprion (grid operator) German TSOs Grid development plans +49 231 5849-13785, [email protected] Power grid fees – Unfair and opaque? How can Germany keep the lights on in a renewable energy future? central govern­ment should work with Volatile but predictable: Forecasting renewable power generation the states to make this project a suc- cess. In 2019 the government wants to Germany’s renewable generation peaks remain shrouded in data fog introduce a power grid acceleration law

to make sure that enough of the large “Germany’s grid expansion is a marathon north-south lines are completed by the – and we time the last nuclear power stations in the south are shut down in 2022. don’t just want to complete it but also finish in a good time. 20 ” Energy Minister Peter Altmaier (CDU) 21 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Transport Car giant Germany struggles to spark Energiewende in transport

hen it comes to the automobile, port will be crucial in the country’s quest WGermany has unique gravitas. But for a low-carbon economy, emissions so far, the country has made little head- from the transport sector continue to way in creating a strong link between its rise. The high level of NOx pollution in transport system and the transition to cities, which has been linked to the renewable energy. While it is clear that Dieselgate affair, has led to the first extending the Energiewende to trans- diesel driving bans, and the uptake of © Pixabay.

22 23 #Transport

Contacts Agency for Renewable Energies (2015) Renewables “Decarbonisation isn’t in the transport sector: Which routes are open? Urs Maier, Agora Verkehrswende +49 30 700 1435-302, Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastruc- happening anywhere in [email protected] ture (BMVI) Electric mobility the sector. Measures are Andreas Knie, Innovation Center for Mobility and German Institute for Economic Research (2015) Social Change (Innoz) Power System Impacts of Electric Vehicles in Germa- expensive and interfere +49 30 23 88 84-101, [email protected] ny: Charging with Coal or Renewables? Peter Kasten, Institute for Applied Ecology Institute for Applied Ecology (Öko-Institut)(2016) (Öko-Institut) Assessing the status of electrification of the road with our daily life. +49 30 405085 349, [email protected] transport passenger vehicles and potential future Oliver Lah, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, implications for the environment and European Thus, it just hasn’t been Environment and Energy energy system pushed by either +49 30 2887458-16, [email protected] McKinsey (2016) Urban Mobility 2030: Berlin Werner Reh, Friends of the Earth Germany (BUND) +49 176 45719292, [email protected] politicians or industry On cleanenergywire.org .” Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastruc- Peter Kasten, ture (BMVI) Dossiers: +49 30 183 00-7200, [email protected] The energy transition and Germany’s transport sector Institute for Applied Ecology Deutsche Umwelthilfe (DUH) How Germany is greening its growing freight sector +49 30 2400867-20, [email protected] to meet climate targets Factsheets: electric vehicles has remained slow. Reading The task force in charge of steering Germany to clean mobility But the government has started to Agora Verkehrswende (2017) Transforming Trans- tackle the thorny issue. It has set up a port to Ensure Tomorrow’s Mobility – 12 Insights Rail cargo emissions in Germany "Dieselgate" – a timeline of Germany's car emissions commission to ensure the sector meets Agora Verkehrswende (2018) Towards Decarbonis- fraud scandal highly ambitious 2030 climate targets, ing Transport Diesel driving bans in Germany – The Q&A a move that has triggered a lively public PricewaterhouseCoopers (2015) Energiewende debate on how to achieve them. Outlook: Transportation sector

22 23 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Cars BMW, Daimler, and VW vow to fight in green transport revolution

n Germany, the birthplace of the Tarnished by the Dieselgate scandal Iautomobile, three iconic carmakers and facing new and powerful competi- - BMW, Daimler, and Volkswagen - are tors in Google, Tesla, Apple, and Uber, facing the greatest challenge in their the future of Germany’s horsepower- history: the mobility revolution that proud carmakers is less certain than is turning the transport system green. ever, especially in this age of decar­boni­ ©[mirpic] Fotolia.

24 25 #Cars

Contacts Federal Motor Transport Authority (KBA) Alix Partners (2018) Global Automotive Outlook +49 461 316-1293, [email protected] Kerstin Meyer, Agora Verkehrswende McKinsey&Company (2016) Automotive revolu- +49 30 700 1435-303, German Association of the Automotive tion – perspective towards 2030 [email protected] Industry (VDA) +49 30 897842-124, [email protected] Roland Berger (2016) Global Automotive Ferdinand Dudenhöffer, Center Automotive Supplier Study Henning Kagermann, National Platform for Research, University of Duisburg-Essen Electric Mobility +49 203 379-1111, +49 89 520309-43, [email protected] [email protected] On cleanenergywire.org BMW Group Stefan Bratzel, Center of Automotive Dossier: +49 89 382-72652, [email protected] Manage­ment, University of Applied Sciences BMW, Daimler and VW vow to fight in green trans- Bergisch Gladbach Daimler port revolution +49 22 02 2 85 77-0, [email protected] +49 711 17-76409, [email protected] Factsheets: Peter Mock, The International Council on Clean Reluctant Daimler plans “radical” push into new Volkswagen Transportation (ICCT) mobility world +49 30 847 129-102, [email protected] +49 5361 9-77639, [email protected] Early e-car starter BMW plans new mobility sprint Nicolai Müller, McKinsey&Company Diesel driving bans in Germany – The Q&A +49 211 136-4516, Reading Dieselgate forces VW to embrace green mobility [email protected] Transport & Environment (2018) Roadmap to decar- bonising European cars "Dieselgate" – a timeline of Germany's car emissions Wolfgang Bernhart, Roland Berger fraud scandal +49 711 3275-7421, Institute for Applied Ecology(2018) Electro­ The debate over an end to combustion engines in [email protected] mobility – Fact check Germany The task force in charge of steering Germany to sation, self-driving vehicles, and ogies. But all three firms have now clean mobility carsharing. The carmakers have lobbied launched ambitious plans to switch to hard – and with some success – against e-mobility, and experts say it is far stricter emissions limits, and they risk too early to write off these automotive falling behind in the global compe- powerhouses in the global race to the tition in the field of battery technol- future of mobility.

24 25 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Renewables #Wind #Solar #Bioenergy Renewables are now Germany’s No. 1 power source – but key challenges remain

ince their launch on a large scale feed-in tariffs. But their perfor- Sin the year 2000, renewables have mance in recent years has been mixed. become a cornerstone of Germany's Once a global technology leader, power mix. Wind, solar and biogas Germany's solar sector suffered from plant manufacturers made up the heart increased competition abroad and of the growing German renewables declining expansion rates at home. industry, supported by generous Wind turbine manufacturers have © E.ON.

26 27 #Renewables #Wind #Solar #Bioenergy

Contacts Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy Frankfurt School of Finance / UN Environment System Technology (IWES) +49 471 14290-205, Programme (2018) Global Trends in Renewable German Renewable Energy Federation (BEE) [email protected] Energy Investment 2018 +49 30 275 8170 16, [email protected] Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and German Wind Energy Association (BWE) Innovation Research (ISI)+49 721 6809-100, On cleanenergywire.org +49 30 212341-210, [email protected] Dossiers: [email protected] Renewables are now Germany’s No. 1 Citizens’ Energy Alliance (BBEn) Bioenergy in Germany Federal Association for Bioenergy +49 30 30 88 17 89, Onshore wind power in Germany +49 228 81 002 58, [email protected] [email protected] power source – but key challenges remain Offshore wind power in Germany German Solar Industry Association (BSW) Solar power in Germany +49 30 29 777 88-30, [email protected] Reading Factsheets: Volker Quaschning, University of Applied Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) (2018) Renewable Energy Sources in Fig- Solar power in Germany – output, business Sciences Berlin and perspectives +49 30 5019-3656, ures: National and International Development, 2017 Bioenergy in Germany – facts and figures on devel- [email protected] International Renewable Energy Association (IRENA) opment, support and investment (2018) Renewable Energy Prospects for the EU Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and German onshore wind power – output, business Energy (BMWi) Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE) and perspectives +49 30 18615 6133, [email protected] (2018) Recent Facts about Photovoltaics in Germany German offshore wind power – output, business Renewable Energy Research Association German Wind Energy Association (BWE) and perspectives +49 30 288 7565-72, [email protected] Year Book Wind Power 2018 Environmental concerns accompany German offshore wind expansion Tenant electricity – feeble start for Germany’s enjoyed a long expansion period, idation phase and is also looking for ‘Energiewende at home’ but a change in political conditions, business abroad. But achieving the intensified competition and rejec- government's 2030 goal – 65 percent “Renewables are no longer justthe tion by parts of the population have of power consumption supplied by led them to seek more independ- renewables – could give the domes- better choice from an ecologic ence from their home market. The tic market new momentum in years also from an economic biogas industry underwent a consol- to come. perspective,but Economy and Energy Minister point of view.” 26 Peter Altmaier27 (CDU) Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#EEG/Law Renewables weather new auction schemes but face uncertainty in 2020s

he German Renewable Energy Act on investment, which in turn helped to T(EEG), which established feed-in tar- bring down the costs of installing renew- iffs, is the mechanism that has made the able generation capacity. In 2016, law- energy transition possible. It guaranteed makers deemed the sector to be mature renewable energy producers high returns enough to take the training wheels off ©[Giso Bammel] Fotolia.

28 29 #EEG/Law

Contacts Reading On cleanenergywire.org Lars Holstenkamp, Energion, Leuphana University Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy Dossier: +49 4131 677-1931, [email protected] (BMWi) (2017) Renewable Energy Sources Act 2017 The reform of the Renewable Energy Act

Clearingstelle EEG|KWKG BMWi (2015) Revision amending the Renewable Factsheets: +49 30 2061416-0, Energy Sources Act – Key points From ideas to laws – how Energiewende policy [email protected] BMWi (2017) For a future of green energy is shaped Enervis – energy sector consulting Craig Morris and Arne Jungjohann (2016) Energy High hopes and concerns over onshore wind +49 30 695175-34, [email protected] Democracy: Germany’s Energiewende to Renewables power auctions Fraunhofer IEE Germany ponders how to finance renewable German Renewable Energy Federation (BEE)(2015) +49 561 7294-319, Uwe Krengel expansion in the future Factsheet: Renewables from Germany Rhineland-Westphalia Institute for Economic EEG reform 2016 – switching to auctions for Deutsche Windguard Statistics on wind energy Research renewables development +49 201 8149-213, [email protected] Defining features of the Renewable Energy Act (EEG) Agora Energiewende (2016) Energiewende: Friends of the Earth Germany (BUND) +49 30 27586 425, [email protected] What do the new laws mean? Matthias Lang, Bird & Bird lawyers +49 211 2005 6293, [email protected] other countries “Economic logic and all experiences from Volker Quaschning, University of Applied Sciences an advantage.” +49 30 5019-3656, [email protected] show: In tenders, the largest bidders have Lars Holstenkamp, Leuphana University and expose it to market forces: they in- challenge for renewable operators is troduced tenders to determine payments already looming – how to deal with true to new renewable installa­tions. These market exposure after the first installa- auctions have indeed lowered payments tions cease to receive feed-in payments to large new installations. But the next altogether in the early 2020s?

28 29 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Nuclear phase-out Managing the nuclear legacy – a project into the next century

he question is no longer whether primary sources of power are proving TGermany’s future will be an immense challenge. Legal hurdles, nuclear-free – or even when, since the decommissioning technicalities, and government is committed to complet- above all, the question of where to store ing the phase-out by 2022. But the the radioactive waste, are the main logistics of pulling the plug on what issues at hand. In 2016, an agreement was until recently one of the country’s between plant operators and the state ©[Thomas Lehmann] iStock.

30 31 #Nuclear phase-out

Contacts Reading Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy (2007) Comparison of Different Decommis- Wolfgang Irrek, Ruhr West University of Ap- German Institute for Economic Research (2015) sioning Fund Methodologies for Nuclear Installations plied Sciences German Nuclear Phase-out Enters the Next Stage: +49 208 88254-838, [email protected] Electricity Supply Remains Secure On cleanenergywire.org Energiewerke Nord GmbH (EWN) Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research +49 38354 4-8030, [email protected] (2015) Germany’s decision to phase out nuclear Dossier: Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) power is fundamentally sensible from an economic The challenges of Germany’s nuclear phase-out +49 30 18 333-11 30, [email protected] perspective Articles: Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) Online Becker Bückner Held energy law firm (BBH) German utilities buy out of nuclear waste liability information on nuclear safety and nuclear waste +49 30 611 28 40-179, [email protected] for 23.6 bln euros management Green Budget Germany (FÖS) Germany’s constitutional court backs speedy +49 30 7623991-41, [email protected] Brunnengräber et. al. (2015) Nuclear Waste Govern- nuclear exit ance – An International Comparison Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Factsheets: Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) BBH (2014) Financial provisions in the nuclear sec- The history behind Germany’s nuclear phase-out +49 30 18 305-2010, [email protected] tor – Possible risks of the status quo and options for What to do with the nuclear waste – the storage Forschungszentrum Jülich reform (in German) question +49 2461 61-2388, [email protected] BMWi / Warth & Klein Grant Thornton (2015) Evalu- Nuclear clean-up costs German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) ation of nuclear clean-up provisions (in German) +49 30 89789-152, [email protected] Securing utility payments for the nuclear clean-up Legal disputes over the nuclear phase-out

at least established financial clarity: In “In 2050, when the final repository is ready, addition to paying for the decommis- sioning of their plants, operators will I will be 98 years old. So I fund the disposal of nuclear waste with am not sure up to 23.6 billion euros. The rest of I will live to see it happen, but I the yet unknown bill will be footed certainly feel by taxpayers. that it is my responsibility to organise this now.” Barbara Hendricks, Former Environment Minister (SPD) 30 31 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Industry #Jobs #Cost & Prices German industry embraces transformation challenge

fter balking at the Energiewende world’s fourth largest economy – both Afor many years, German industry among companies and regions. But is now fervently embracing the energy businesses increasingly see profits transition. There is no doubt that the in the move to a low-carbon future, efforts to curb climate change through and they also believe that the process a far-reaching shift to clean energy benefits the economy as a whole. Many will produce winners and losers in the say that now is the time for Germany © Siemens AG, München/Berlin.

32 33 #Industry #Jobs #Cost & Prices

Contacts German Industry Initiative for Energy The Greens / European Free Alliance (2017) Efficiency (DENEFF) The current electricity costs of energy-intensive Ulrike Lehr, Institute of Economic Structures +49 30 364 097 02, [email protected] industries in Germany Research (GWS) Kirsten Best, McKinsey & Company +49 541 40933-280, [email protected] Destatis (2018) Data on energy price trends +49 211 136-4688, [email protected] German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) Centre for European Economic Research (2015) Frank Peter, Agora Energiewende +49 30 89789-152, [email protected] Social Implications of Green Growth Policy from the +49 30 700 1435-123, Perspective of Energy Sector Reform and its Impact Sebastian Bolay, Chambers of Commerce and [email protected] on Households Industry (DIHK) Achim Wambach, President of the Mannheim Cen- +49 30 20308-2202, [email protected] United Nations Environment Programme (2017) tre for European Economic Research (ZEW) Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2017 Federation of German Industries (BDI) +49 621 1235-100, [email protected] +49 30 2028 1565, [email protected] On cleanenergywire.org Institute for the Study of Labour (IZA) Reading +49 228 3894 223, [email protected] Dossiers: Federation of German Industries BDI (2018) Institute for Employment Research (IAB) Climate paths for Germany The energy transition’s effect on the economy +49 911 179-1946, [email protected] Energiewende effects on power prices, costs German Energy Agency (2018) Integrated and industry Institute for Economic Research (Ifo) Energy Transition +49 89 9224-1218, [email protected] The energy transition’s effect on jobs and business Energy Systems of the Future (2018) Coupling the Institute for Futures Studies and Technology As- different energy sectors – options for the next phase Factsheets: sessment (IZT) +49 30 80 30 88-45, [email protected] of the energy transition What business thinks of the energy transition BMWi (2018) The Energy of the Future – Sixth Germany’s Siemens: a case study in Energiewende “Energy Transition” Monitoring Report industry upheaval to ensure that it remains a global BMWi (2019) Macroeconomic effects and distribu- Where the Energiewende creates jobs tional issues of the energy transition economic powerhouse – not by Industrial power prices and the Energiewende Studies by the BMWi on the energy transition and shunning the Energiewende, but by What German households pay for power its impact on investment, growth and jobs harnessing its innovative momentum. How much does Germany’s energy transition cost? Ecofys / Fraunhofer ISI (2015) Electricity Costs of Ener- This includes industries barely in- gy Intensive Industries – An International Comparison volved in the transformation (yet), such as steelmaking and cement. “TheEnergiewende will turn the German economy inside out.” 32 Achim Wambach, President of the Centre for European Economic Research33 (ZEW) Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Utilities Battered utilities take on start-ups in innovation race

s more and more countries around the energy transition, the utilities are Athe globe embark on the transi- scrambling to find new business models. tion to a low-carbon economy, there While digital technologies disrupt the are many lessons that can be learned power market, the incumbents hope the from the fate of Germany’s embattled pending electrification of transport and power companies. Shaken to the core by heating will offer new growth opportu- ©[Bengt Lange] Moorburg Power Plant 11, Vattenfall.

34 35 #Utilities

RWE AG Deloitte (2018) Power Market Study 2030 – A new “Traditionalpower companies +49 201 12-22088, stephanie.schunck@rwe.com outlook for the energy industry E.ON McKinsey (2018) How utilities can keep the lights on obsolete.” +49 201 184-4224, [email protected] have become Agora Energiewende (2019) European Energy Tran- Vattenfall sition 2030 – The Big Picture Philipp Schröder, CEO Sonnen +49 30 8182-2320, [email protected] EY (2017) Digital Utilities: From Behind the Curve to EnBW Innovation +49 721 6314320, je.schreiber@enbw.com Contacts innogy Thorsten Lenck, Agora Energiewende On cleanenergywire.org +49 201 12 15250, alexander.stechert-mayer- +49 30 700 1435-134, [email protected] Dossiers: [email protected] Utilities and the energy transition Uniper Helmuth Groscurth, Arrhenius Institute for Energy +49 211 4579-3570, [email protected] Digitalisation ignites new phase in energy transition and Climate Policy +49 40 3708 4420, [email protected] Philipp Schröder, CEO Sonnen Factsheets: +49 8304 92933426, [email protected] Germany’s largest utilities at a glance Simon Skillings, Trilemma UK +44 1926 842 016, [email protected] Gerard Reid, Alexa Capital RWE and E.ON overhaul power sector – Reactions +44 20 3931 7652, [email protected] to innogy deal German Association of Energy and Water Indus- Small, but powerful: Germany’s municipal utilities tries (BDEW) +49 30 300 199-1160, [email protected] Securing utility payments for the nuclear clean-up Reading IEEFA (2017) – Global Electricity Utilities in Transition nities in the Energiewende’s next phase. Federation of German Industries BDI (2018) In the innovation race against agile new Climate paths for Germany players, the overhaul of the former mo- nopolies is far from over – as evidenced RWE/E.ON (2018) Two European energy companies focus their activities by the landmark asset swap of former market leaders RWE and E.ON.

34 35 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Electricity market Power market between competition, flexibility, supply security

ow will Germany organise the and to market design. In its most Hmarket around the ever-in- recent power market overhaul, the creasing share of renewable energy? German government opted to stick What happens to energy security when with the generation cost-oriented the sun doesn’t shine and the wind ‘energy-only’ market, and avoided a doesn’t blow? Fluctuating electricity full-on capacity market. With a coal production with near zero operation- exit in the making and rising prices al costs poses a challenge to the grid for European carbon emission allow- © [NicoElNino] Fotolia.

36 37 #Electricity market “We don’t believe that there will be incentives for investors On cleanenergywire.org to build new, flexible power plants that will be needed Dossier: in Germany to accompany the expansion of renew­ The power market and the energy transition able energy.” Factsheets: Contacts Frank Brachvogel, BDEW Germany’s new power market design Felix Christian Matthes, Öko-Institut Europe’s largest electricity market set to split +49 30 405085 380, [email protected] German draft power market law sticks to lignite Katherina Reiche, German Association of Local Reading reserve Utilities (VKU) European Commission (2016) The economic impact Capacity markets around the world +49 30 58580 202, [email protected] of enforcement of competition policies on the func- How can Germany keep the lights on in a renewable tioning of EU energy markets German Association of Energy and Water Indus- energy future? tries (BDEW) European Commission (2016) Proposal of the +49 30 300 199 1160, [email protected] The causes and effects of negative power prices European Parliament and of the Council on the Lydia Bischof, Energy Brainpool internal market for electricity +49 30 7676 54-23, Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy [email protected] (BMWi) (2015) An electricity market for Germany’s Hamburg Institute of International Econom- energy transition ics (HWWI) +49 40 34 05 76-100, [email protected] German Association of Energy and Water Indus- tries (BDEW) (2013) Position paper: Design of a decentralised capacity market ances, experts are divided over how BDEW (2016) Position paper on capacity mechanism electricity markets will react. Calls on (in German) the government are getting louder to Öko-Institut/WWF (2012) Focused capacity markets reform the system of taxes and levies on power and adjust the rules to in- Öko-Institut (2016) A power market design for the corporate new actors, such as storage Energiewende (in German) and flexibility providers, into the Agora Energiewende (2016) The Power Market power market. Pentagon

36 37 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Efficiency Taming the appetite for energy

t will take more than just making the decouple growth and emissions perma- Ipower supply green to achieve cli- nently by dramatically increasing effi- mate targets. Germany must also tackle ciency. The potential is huge and so far demand and consume less energy. In the largely untapped, which is why efficiency past, energy use only fell significantly has been dubbed the “sleeping giant” when the economy took a hit. Now the of the Energiewende. According to the country wants to prove it is possible to government, increasing energy efficiency ©[Ingo Bartussek] Fotolia.

38 39 #Efficiency

Contacts Wolfgang Irrek, Ruhr West University of German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) Applied Sciences (2014) Improved Energy Efficiency: Vital for Energy Matthias Zelinger, German Engineering Federation +49 208 88254-838, [email protected] Transition and Stimulus for Economic Growth (VDMA) +49 69 66 03-13 51, [email protected] Carsten Petersdorff, Ecofys +49 30 29773579-0, [email protected] On cleanenergywire.org Irmela Colaço, Friends of the Earth Germany (BUND) +49 30 275 86-436, [email protected] German Energy Agency (dena) Dossiers: +49 30 66 777-641, [email protected] Stefan Thomas, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, The Energiewende and Efficiency Environment and Energy Federal working group for the renewal of City of Berlin shoots high with climate goals – but +49 202 2492-143, [email protected] old buildings can it deliver? +49 30 48 49 078-55, [email protected] Wolfgang Eichhammer, Fraunhofer ISI Factsheets: +49 721 6809-158, Institute for Housing and Environment Homes for the Energiewende [email protected] +49 6151 2904-0, [email protected] Germany’s greenhouse gas emissions and climate Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building Christian Noll, German Industry Initiative for Ener- targets gy Efficiency (DENEFF) and Community +49 30 364 097 02, [email protected] +49 30 18681-11022, [email protected] Combined heat and power – an Energiewende cornerstone? Volker Breisig, PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) Energy use in the city of Berlin +49 211 981 4428, [email protected] Reading Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy achieve (BMWi) (2018) Germany makes it efficient “Germany can German Industry Initiative for Energy Efficiency targets much could bring more emissions cuts than (DENEFF) (2016) Sector Monitor Energy Efficiency its emissions (English summary) any other measure. But saving energy on is used a large scale – by insulating buildings, International Energy Agency (IEA)(2018) Energy faster if energy changing behaviour and introducing Efficiency 2018 many new and often expensive technol- Agora Energiewende (2017) Heat Transition 2030: more efficiently.” ogies – requires everyone’s participation Key technologies for reaching the intermediate and and has proven a hard sell so far. long-term climate targets in the building sector Robert Pörschmann, BUND

38 39 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Finance Making the financial sector more sustainable

he financial industry is a growing tion. The EU wants to make the finan- Tarea of interest for climate activists cial sector more sustainable in 2019 by in Germany and beyond. In its role as a introducing joint standards for invest- facilitator of virtually all other sectors of ments that take environmental or social the economy, the financial sector plays consequences into account. At the same a key part both in financing the spread of time, Germany is aiming to become an low-carbon technology and in decreasing international hub for green and sustain- investor reliance on fossil fuel extrac- able investments. A powerful alliance of ©[Marina Lohrbach] Fotolia.

40 41 #Finance

Contacts Reading German Savings Banks Association (DSGV) United Nations Environment Programme (2017) +49 30 20 22 55 116, [email protected] Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2017 National Association of German Cooperative Allianz Capital Partners (2018) Renewables Banks (BVR) +49 30 2021-1300, [email protected] Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analy­ sis (IEEFA) (2015) The Case for Divesting Coal from “Basically, sustainable German Insurance Association (GDV) the Norwegian Pension Fund +49 30 2020-5903, [email protected] KfW Group (2016) Overview of “Energy and the finance amounts Susan Dreyer, Carbon Disclosure Project, Ger- Environment” support programmes man Chapter to nothing less than +49 30 629 033 160, [email protected] Nathalie Cahn, KfW Group good risk management. +49 69 74 31-20 98, Nathalie.Cahn@kfw.de ” Christoph Bals, Germanwatch Joachim Faber, chairman of +49 228 88 60 492-34, [email protected] Germany Trade and Invest (GTAI) Deutsche Börse’s advisory board +49 30 200 099 173, [email protected] Association of German Banks (BDB) +49 30 1663-1201, [email protected] banks, financial research institutions, Frankfurt School – UNEP Collaborating Centre for the German stock exchange and other Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance influential actors have joined forces to +49 69 154008-604, [email protected] promote the idea. They are backed by Federal Ministry of Finance (BMF) a wealth of academic research that has +49 3018 682-4291, [email protected] debunked the common misconception Deutsche Börse Group that sustainable investments are less +49 69-2 11-1 29 01, profitable for investors. [email protected]

40 41 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Citizens’ Energy #Society Citizens’ energy versus NIMBYism

ince the launch of the energy tran- rising power prices. The changes and Ssition process in 2000, millions of their knock-on effects don’t please Germans have become energy produ­ everybody though: inevitably, there- cers, investing in solar panels on their are winners and losers when a society houses and buying shares in wind parks. and economy undergo such sweeping Citizen engagement has been key to changes. While some readily jump maintaining a high level of public sup- aboard and transform their homes into port for the energy transition despite small solar power stations, others take ©[anweber] Fotolia.

42 43 #Citizens’ Energy #Society

Contacts Citizens’ Energy Alliance (BBEn) German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) +49 30 30 88 17 89, (2015) The Effect of Wind Turbines on Residen- German Cooperative and Raiffeisen Confedera- [email protected] tial Well-Being tion (DGRV) +49 30 72 62 20-984, [email protected] Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment Institute for Social Movement Studies (ipb)(2016) and Energy Engagement in the Energiewende (in German) Association of Energy Consumers +49 202 2492 187, [email protected] +49 2224 123 123 0, [email protected] Institute of Economic and Cultural Geography, Leibniz University of Hannover (2015) Ortwin Renn, Managing Scientific Director Reading Gone with the wind? The impact of wind turbines IASS Potsdam on tourism demand +49 331 28822 463, [email protected] IASS Potsdam / dynamics (2019) Social Sustainabili- ty Barometer – Energy Transition 2018 (in German) Heinrich Degenhart, Professor of Banking and On cleanenergywire.org Finance, Leuphana University Lüneburg German Cooperative and Raiffeisen Confederation +49 4131 677-1930, [email protected] (DGRV) (2016) Annual Survey of Energy Cooperatives Dossiers: Helmholtz-Allianz ENERGY-TRANS (2017) Public The People’s Energiewende Harald Welzer, Director FuturZwei Foundation participation in Energiewende planning (in German) +49 30 397 177 07, [email protected] The social impact of Germany’s energy transition Rhineland-Westphalia Institute for Economic Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) Factsheets: Research (RWI-Essen) (2017) Societal acceptance of +49 331 28822-340, Citizens’ participation in the Energiewende the energy transition (in German) [email protected] Polls reveal citizens’ support for Energiewende Leuphana University (2015) On the State of Energy Fighting windmills: When growth hits resistance Cooperatives in Germany (in German) What German households pay for power Craig Morris and Arne Jungjohann (2016) Energy the NIMBY (‘not in my backyard’) ap- Democracy: Germany’s Energiewende to Renewables proach or oppose wind and solar farms University of Stuttgart(2016) How society perceives out of aesthetic, environmental and the Energiewende (in German only) health concerns. Important Energiewen­ ­ de projects - such as the extension of the with their own money, for example grid and the installation of wind parks – “If people participate have run into resistance, requiring new plant in their area, ways to keep the public on board. in a wind or solar power it.” 42 they will also support Manfred Fischedick, Wuppertal Institute43 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Agriculture The wicked task of feeding 83 million in a climate-friendly way

o matter how you look at it, people percent of total greenhouse gas emis- Nneed sustenance to survive – and sions, to reach its goal of becoming growing crops or raising livestock largely carbon-neutral by mid-century, creates emissions. But Germany must and to comply with the Paris Climate find a way to reduce its agricultur- Agreement. It is difficult to know which al emissions, which make up seven measures will be most effective, as © Pixabay.

44 45 #Agriculture

Contacts Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature On cleanenergywire.org Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) Reinhild Benning, Senior Advisor Agriculture and +49 30 18 305 - 2010, [email protected] Dossier: Livestock, Germanwatch Emissions from food and farming in Germany +49 30 28 88 356 - 82, [email protected] Reading Articles: Harald Grethe, Professor for International Agri­ Must Germans give up sausage and schnitzel to cut cultural Trade and Development, Humboldt-Uni- Federal Ministry for Food and Agriculture (2017) agri-food emissions? versität zu Berlin Agrarexporte 2017 – Data and Facts (in German) +49 30 2093 - 46810, [email protected] "Demonizing global trade" no fix for agri-food adelphi /systain (2017) Atlas on Environmental emissions adelphi, think tank Impacts Supply Chains +49 30 8900 068 - 96, [email protected] Factsheets: Thünen Institute (2019) Greenhouse gas emissions Climate impact of farming, land use (change) and NABU – Nature and Biodiversity Conserva- from agriculture – Facts and Figures tion Union forestry in Germany +49 30 284 984 - 1627, [email protected] Germany’s Scientific Advisory Board on Agricultural Policy, Food and Consumer Health Protection DBV – German Farmers’ Association Publications on EU Common Agricultural Policy etc. +49 30 31 904 - 239, [email protected] NABU (2016) Fit, fair and sustainable: Proposals for a BMEL – Federal Ministry for Food and Agriculture new EU Common Agricultural Policy

+49 30 1 85 29 - 31 74, [email protected] WBAE – Scientific Advisory Board on Agricultural Policy, Food and Consumer Health Protection +49 30 2093 46822, [email protected] “Farmers’ willingness to operate in a more climate- friendly way is high– if politicians provide for cutting emissions in one area often creates emissions in another. Measures the necessary rules and rewards.” aimed at protecting the environment while also combatting climate change Harald Grethe, professor for international agriculture trade may seem like the perfect match, but and development HU Berlin they often harbour conflicts of interest.

44 45 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Technology #Storage Technology to transform the energy system - Made in Germany

ermany’s energy transition tion and business models to keep pace. Ganticipates a vastly more efficient German businesses and researchers say and interconnected energy system in their work has already made impor- the future, transforming the country tant contributions to the global goal into a testbed for innovation. The shift of decarbonisation. Batteries that can to renewables poses huge technological store power and help to regulate the challenges – and challenges for legisla- grid within seconds with high accuracy, ©[WEMAG AG] Batteriespeicher Schwerin Akkuhalle.

46 47 #Technology #Storage

“ McKinsey (2018) The new rules of competition in The energy transition in Germany is entering a new phase. energy storage While the first phase was dominated by technology EFI (2019) Research and Innovation Report 2019

development in the renewables sector, the second step On cleanenergywire.org will focus on the energy system as a whole.” Dossiers: New technologies for the Energiewende Tobias Sontheimer, Chief Research Manager for Energy at the head officeElectricity storage is next feat for Germany’s energy of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres transition Contacts Digitalisation ignites new phase in energy transition Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Hamburg University of Applied Sciences (HAW) Research (ISI) +49 721 6809-100, Articles: +49 40 428 75-9132, [email protected] [email protected] New phase in transition research: Focus on an inte- grated energy system Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Association for Electrical, Electronic & Information

+49 721 608-21150, [email protected] Technologies (VDE) Lack of CO2 price is killing energy innovation – Ger- +49 69 6308-461, [email protected] man government advisors Fraunhofer ISE +49 761 4588-5147, [email protected] Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Factsheets: +49 30 18 57-5050, [email protected] Fraunhofer IEE Technologies of Energiewende +49 561 7294-319, Uwe Krengel Combined heat and power – an Energiewende Reading cornerstone? European Commission (2018) Research and Blockchain – the next revolution in the energy sector? smart grids and other solutions for Innovation performance and Horizon 2020 country How can Germany keep the lights on in a renewable flexibility, and integration of different participation for Germany energy future? power sources are key to adapting the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy Sector coupling – Shaping an integrated renewable power system to a high percentage (BMWi) (2017) Federal report on energy research energy system of renewables. Germany has doubled 2017 (in German) Germany’s Siemens: a case study in Energiewende research and development funds in IRENA (2017) Electricity storage and renewables – industry upheaval under a decade. Costs and markets to 2030

46 47 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Gas Natural gas – fossil bridge to a renewable energy future?

he long-term future of natural gas gas industry positions itself as a cleaner Tin Germany seems all but sealed alternative to oil and coal, highlighting as Europe’s biggest economy will have its potential for short-term emissions to virtually phase out all fossil fuels to savings in heating, power production, become largely climate neutral by 2050, industry, and transport. The government in line with its own targets and the Paris says gas will be needed for many years to Climate Agreement. Today, however, the come and continues to back the contro- © Nord Stream 2.

48 49 #Gas

Contacts Agora Energiewende / Agora Verkehrswende (2018) “By transforming renewable The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels Jens Perner, Frontier Economics power into gas, peak power +49 221 337 130, [email protected] Ecofys (2018) Gas for Climate German Energy Agency (dena) European Commission (2018) Quo vadis EU gas supply by renewables can +49 30 66 777-641, [email protected] market regulatory framework – Study on a Gas Market Design for Europe Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural be transported and stored Resources (BGR) German Energy Agency (2015) Power to Gas system +49 511 643 2679, [email protected] solution (brochure) easily in today’s pipelines Institute of Energy Economics at the University ewi Energy Research & Scenarios (2017) The energy of Cologne (EWI) +49 221 277 29-108, market in 2030 and 2050 – The contribution of gas The existing and heat infrastructure to an efficient CO reduction and gas stores. [email protected] 2 (in German) Initiative Zukunft Erdgas gas infrastructure could +49 30 460 60 15 63, [email protected] On cleanenergywire.org therefore become the battery Dossiers: Reading Industry bets on gas as last trump card in of the Energiewende.” nature energy (2019) Economics of converting Energiewende renewable power to hydrogen The Energiewende and its implications for interna- Timm Kehler, Executive Director of World Energy Council Germany (2018) International tional security gas industry initiative Zukunft ERDGASaspects of a power-to-x roadmap Bioenergy in Germany Factsheets: Germany’s dependence on imported fossil fuels Power- versial Russian-German Nord Stream 2 a bridging technology for the energy to-gas: Fix for all problems or simply too expensive? pipeline project, and promises financial transition. In the longer run, experts be- Liquefied gas – Does LNG have a place in Germany’s support for the country’s first liquefied lieve the sector will only have a future in energy future? natural gas (LNG) import terminal. Gas power-to-gas technology, which many Gas pipeline Nord Stream 2 links Germany to Russia, companies also promote flexible gas- see as the ultimate solution to long-term but splits Europe fired electricity generation as the perfect renewable energy storage needs when Sector coupling – Shaping an integrated renewable partner for fluctuating renewables – there is too little wind or sun. energy system

48 49 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Cities #Urban planning Energy transition to transform German cities

erman cities, counties and munici­ expands its focus from the power sec- Gpalities all have their role to play tor to heating, buildings and mobility, in the Energiewende. With the shift to population centres will be where crucial a decentralised energy system, renew- changes take place. able power is increasingly generated in, Germany will only meet its climate and often owned by, local communi- targets if municipalities implement their ties. Urban centres are where much of own energy transitions – which can also the country’s energy is distributed and bring economic benefits. They have op- consumed. And as the energy transition portunities to take different paths but ©Pixabay..

50 51 #Cities #Urban planning

Contacts Association of German Cities On cleanenergywire.org +49 30 37711-130, [email protected] German Energy Agency (dena) Dossiers: +49 30 66 777-641, [email protected] Cities, municipalities and the Energiewende Anika Schwalbe, Renewable Energies Agency (AEE) Reading The energy transition in Germany's capital +49 30 200 535 30, Federal Ministry for the Environment (BMU) The energy transition and Germany’s transport sector [email protected] (2016) Climate Action Plan 2050 Factsheets: Katrin Dziekan, Federal Environment Agency (UBA) Renewable Energies Agency (AEE) (2017) Studie: Energy use in the city of Berlin +49 340 2103 65 55, [email protected] Bundesländervergleich Erneuerbare Energien 2017 (in German) Tenant electricity – feeble start for Germany's 'Ener- Marc Elxnat, German Association of Towns and giewende at home' Municipalities (DStGB) A report (2013) authored by 25 mayors of German Cities' & municipalities' role in the Energiewende +49 30 773 07 211, [email protected] cities and towns (sponsored by the German Council for Sustainable Development) Mit starken Efficiency gains make eastern German city Energie- Weert Canzler, Research Group Science Policy Stud- wende frontrunner ies, Berlin Social Science Center (WZB) Kommunen die Energiewende zur Erfolgsstory +49 30 25491 202, [email protected] machen (in German) Steffen Braun, Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Cabinet of Germany (2015) Zukunftsstadt – Engineering (IAO) Strategische Forschungs- und Innovationsagenda +49 711 970-2022, [email protected] (in German) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2014) Climate Change: Implications for Cities – must also overcome local challenges. Key Findings from the Intergovernmental Panel on Ger­many’s municipalities, many of Climate Change, Fifth Assessment Report which are chronically underfunded, Philipp Schönberger et al. (2016) Why Subnational must negotiate the complex interplay Actors Matter: The Role of Länder and Municipali- ties in the German Energy Transition between EU, federal, and state struc- tures that set overarching goals and State government of Baden-Württemberg (2015) provide funding, in order to apply their Nachhaltige Mobilität für Alle (in German) own ideas, agency, and expertise to State government of Berlin (2016) Berlin Energie- shape their own green future. wende law (in German only)

50 51 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#Digitalisation Digitalisation triggers new phase in energy transition Digitalisation ignites new phase in energy transition, but also poses risks

nformation and communications also power cars and provide heating Itechnology is about to revolutionise both in homes and for industrial pro- Germany’s energy sector once again. cesses. Digitalisation will be crucial for The birthplace of the energy transi- this next phase of the Energiewende. It tion needs a more flexible and efficient offers an enormous potential to speed electricity system based on millions of up the decarbonisation in a country wind and solar installations that can that can showcase renewables growth ©BDEW e.V.

52 53 #Digitalisation

Contacts Reading Robert Spanheimer, bitkom EY (2019) Barometer Digitalisation of the energy +49 30 27576-112, [email protected] transition (in German) Renewables Grid Initiative Dena / ESMT (2017) Blockchain in the energy +49 30 7677 194 50, [email protected] transition Hendrik Zimmermann, Germanwatch Sämisch (2016) Digitalisation: Where are the Ger- “There is nodoubt +49 30 2888 356-72, [email protected] man digital utilities? Fabian Reetz, Stiftung Neue Verantwortung Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and will +49 30 81 45 03 78 95, [email protected] Energy (BMWi) (2016) The digitisation of the that digitalisation energy transition Trianel +49 241 413 20-466, [email protected] Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW) take the energy (2016) Digitisation in the Electricity Industry Pro- Alena Müller, Association of Energy Market Inno- ceeds at Too Slow a Pace vators (bne) transition to an +49 30 400 548 18, [email protected] Bain & Company (2018) Digital Strategy for Utilities ” Next Kraftwerke European Commission (2017) Europe’s Digital entirely new level. +49 221 82 00 85-855, [email protected] Progress Report 2017 bitkom Roman Zurhold, Digital Energy World Plat- Agora Energiewende (2016) Understanding the new RobertSpanheimer, form (dena) laws on Energiewende +49 30 66 777 - 501, [email protected] Project Enera On cleanenergywire.org as a success story but lags behind in +49 441 4805 5118, [email protected] Dossiers: cutting emissions from the transport Philipp Massier, Centre for European Economic The digitalisation of the Energiewende and industry sectors. But the tech- Research (ZEW) Battered utilities take on start-ups in innovation race nology shift will upend many existing +49 621 1235 332, [email protected] Factsheet: business models, and it will inevitably Felix Hasse, pwc raise concerns about data privacy and +49 89 5790-5810, [email protected] Blockchain – the next revolution in the energy sector? the risk of cyberattacks.

52 53 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2019

#International #Energy Union #Security Energiewende impacts EU neighbours and shapes foreign policy

ermany’s energy transition began as the EU, as the country and continent still Gan isolated project, but has quick- rely heavily on imports to feed their en- ly impacted markets in neighbouring ergy appetite. Germany’s shift to renew­ countries. The country had to learn that ables will loosen these ties, with uncer­tain it cannot achieve its goals alone and must consequences for international securi- cooperate in areas such as power grids, ty. During the transition, the ongoing trade, and research. Energy is also insepa- dispute over the Russian-German Nord rable from German foreign policy beyond Stream 2 gas pipeline, under construction ©[Lulla] Fotolia.

54 55 #International #Energy Union #Security

Contacts Wolfgang Ischinger, Ambassador / Chairman of the German Institute for International and Security Munich Security Conference (MSC) Affairs (SWP) (2012) Globalising the German Ener- Nikolas Wölfing, Centre for European Economic +49 89 37979 4921, [email protected] gy Transition Research (ZEW) +49 621 1235-217, [email protected] Global Commission on the Geopolitics of Energy Transformation (at IEA) On cleanenergywire.org Georg Zachmann, Bruegel (Brussels think tank) [email protected] +32 2 227 4288, [email protected] Dossiers: Germany’s energy transition in the European ENTSO-E (network of European electricity context grid operators) Reading The Energiewende and its implications for interna- +32 2 741 09 50, [email protected] Global Commission on the Geopolitics of Energy Transformation (2019) A New World – The Geopoli- tional security Hans-Josef Fell, Green Party / Energy Watch Group tics of the Energy Transformation Factsheets: [email protected] German Institute for International and Security Gas pipeline Nord Stream 2 links Germany to Russia, Kirsten Westphal, German Institute for Interna­ Affairs (SWP) (2018) The Geopolitics of Energy but splits Europe tional and Security Affairs (SWP) Transformation Germany’s dependence on imported fossil fuels +49 30 88007-0, [email protected] International Energy Agency (IEA) (2017) Global Gas Energiewende – Germany is not alone Friedbert Pflüger, Department of War Studies, Security Review 2017 Interconnectors & blockages – German grid at odds King’s College London Planetary Security Initiative / adelphi (2018) Build- with EU power market +44 20 7848 3202, [email protected] ing resilience by linking climate change adaptation, Liquefied gas – Does LNG have a place in Germany’s peacebuilding and conflict prevention energy future? Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy Understanding the European Union’s Emissions in the Baltic Sea, is putting a strain on (BMWi) (2015) Joint Declaration for Regional Trading System relations with European neighbours and Cooperation on Security of Electricity Supply in the Loop flows: Why is wind power from northern Ger- the US. The implications of a low-carbon Framework of the Internal Energy Market many putting east European grids under pressure? future reach well beyond questions of World Energy Council / Prognos (2015) Security of supply security. If Germany is to make supply: A pan-European approach its energy transition a success, it could Heinrich Böll Stiftung (2014) Germany’s Energy have profound geo-political repercus- Transition: A Blueprint for sions across the globe. European Energy Security? Clean Energy Wire is a joint initiative of 54 Stiftung Mercator and the European Climate Foundation.55 DOSSIERS FACTSHEETS NEWS|NEWSLETTER

Ask CLEW Our team in Berlin is available to CLEW Dossiers provide CLEW Factsheets explain Our daily news articles and support journalists in their work. you with in-depth analysis key aspects of the energy newsletter offer compre- CLEW assists with research, provides on the main topics of the transition and provide an hensive coverage of the background and helps to find experts energy transition. overview of current issues. latest developments in Ger- and politicians to speak with. many’s energy transition. [email protected] or +49 30 700 1435 212

Imprint A Reporter’s Guide to the Energy NETWORK OPPORTUNITIES SERVICES Transition­ (7th edition, April 2019) A publication of Clean Energy Wire, Smart Energy for Europe Platform The CLEW Journalism We organise tours, meet- The CLEW team can help (SEFEP) gGmbH, Network brings together ings and online events to you find interviewees, Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, 10178 Berlin Responsible Sven Egenter (Editor in Chief) international reporters help you with on-the-spot background info, research Editing Kerstine Appunn covering the energy transi- reporting of the energy locations and reporting Layout Anni Langer.de tion story. transition. opportunities. Pictures Detlef Eden (Team) Print Laserline, Berlin