# first climate law #phasing out nuclear # renewables share overtakes coal A Reporter’s Guide to the Energy Transition

limate#c change coal exit # green startups # # grid expansion

Journalism for the energy transition Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

Sven Egenter Kerstine Appunn Sören Amelang Julian Wettengel Benjamin Wehrmann Freja Eriksen Carel Carlowitz Mohn Editor in Chief Correspondent Correspondent Correspondent Correspondent Correspondent Dir. Media Programmes

The repercussions of the Energiewende funders’ commitment to work towards a A Note from CLEW (energy transition) are felt across climate-neutral economy in order to limit society and the business sector, offer- the impact of man-made climate change. The global energy transition to stem ing journalists a wealth of exciting and harmful­ man-made climate change is important stories. But researching this CLEW’s “A Reporter’s Guide to the En- gain­ing momentum. As part of this, Ger- massive event from outside the coun- ergy Transition”, now in its eighth edi- many aims to be greenhouse gas neutral try is no easy task, even for the most tion, offers journalists a useful starting by 2050. The country’s decades-long effort seasoned reporter. The huge complexity point by outlining the main story lines of to fundamentally shift its energy supply of the technology and economics behind the energy transition, providing contact and to run the world’s fourth-largest energy policy make things harder. Yet details for experts, as well as links to key economy without fuelling global warming strong fact-based and critical journalism literature and articles. provides valuable lessons on weaning a is essential to inform the international major economy off fossil fuels. debate on ways to decarbonise the glob- Our website, cleanenergywire.org, al economy. offers lots more in-depth information and contacts. Our daily newsletter and This is why Clean Energy Wire (CLEW) our Twitter feed @cleanenergywire supports journalists in their work. keep readers in the loop about Energie - Fully funded by two non-profit foun- wende-related debates and events. dations – Stiftung Mercator and the European Climate Foundation – we enjoy Our growing CLEW Journalism Network independence from any business or (@ClewNetwork) allows 200 journalists political interests. Rather, we share our around the world to find colleagues work-

2 3 Energiewende history – the first four decades ...... 18 Power grid expansion ...... 20 Eva Freundorfer Milou Dirkx Renato Malaga Yannick Haas Transforming the transport sector . . . . 22 Programme Officer Network Manager Assistant Research Assistant The car industry and the energy transition ...... 24 Renewables: Wind, solar and bio­- ing on energy transition and climate sto- energy ...... 26 ries, to collaborate on cross-border stories, Contents CO2 pricing and renewables support . . . 28 exchange tips and views or collect back- What is the Energiewende? And where Nuclear phase-out ...... 30 ground information from other countries. did it come from? ...... 4 Industry and jobs ...... 32 We invite all reporters and editors with an Targets of the Energiewende ...... 6 Start-ups and utilities ...... 34 interest in the energy transition and cli- Greenhouse gas emissions ...... 7 Heating and efficiency ...... 36 mate policy to join. The Energiewende in figures ...... 8 Finance ...... 38 Renewables and fossil fuels ...... 10 Society ...... 40 We also organise workshops for journa­ Energiewende dates 2020/2021 . . . 11. Agriculture ...... 42 lists, offering a first-hand account of the Contacts ...... 12. Technology, storage and digitalisation . . 44 Energiewende. But, most importantly, Reading in English ...... 13 Natural gas as a bridging technology? . . 46 we provide assistance, answer your Green pioneer Germany ...... 14 Cities ...... 48 questions, and put you in touch with ex- Green Deal – a joint European project . . 16 Green Deal: A joint European project . . 50 perts and fellow journalists across the globe – so don’t hesitate to ask CLEW. Energiewende in Germany: Timeline

Sven Egenter and 1973-1975 1979/1980 the Clean Energy Wire team “Nuclear power? Enter the Greens No thanks!” Birth of Germany’s Green Germany’s anti-nuclear Party is founded, with movement as protests an exit from nuclear force plans for a nuclear energy and a renew- power plant in Wyhl to able future as key be aborted demands Activists first use the 2 term “Energiewende” 3 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

What is the Energiewende? And where did it come from?

he energy transition, known in Ger- The process involves: 1990s, the Energiewende has been Tmany as the Energiewende, is the radically reshaping Germany's energy country’s planned transformation into phasing out nuclear power by 2022 system as a whole. The traditional model a greenhouse gas-neutral, nuclear-free and coal by 2038; and reaching of generating electricity in large power economy. climate neutrality by 2050 plants is being replaced by a system the phase-in of renewable energy dominated by millions of renewable and low-carbon technologies power installations dependent on the increased energy efficiency weather. But the project’s influence now goes well beyond the electricity system, Since the introduction of financial because creating a decarbonised econo- support for renewable energy in the my also entails using renewable energy

… Energiewende in Germany: Timeline

1986 1991 1997/2005 2000 2007 2010 2011

Chernobyl disaster Kick-starting renew- Kyoto Protocol Renewable Energy Act EU targets Extending nuclear Nuclear phase-out #2 solid­if­ies Germans’ ables Germany, the world’s Renewables granted EU sets 2020 climate The nuclear consensus is Merkel government resist­ance to nuclear New legislation intro- sixth largest emitter feed-in tariffs and grid targets: 20% renew­ reversed by a conserva- formulates new nuclear energy duces feed-in tariffs at the time, has to priority ables share, 20% GHG tive government phase-out by 2022 with

for renewable power reduce CO2 emissions reduction, 20% more large parliamentary Climate change under the agreement Nuclear phase-out #1 efficiency Energy concept majority after Fukushi- enters the discourse – SPD-Green government Govt . sets out renewa- ma disaster a magazine story leads and utilities agree bles and climate targets parliament to establish to phase out nuclear for 2020 and 2050 4 an advisory council by 2022 5 Energiewende

to replace coal, oil, and gas wherever been hit hard and Germany's mighty car they are burned – be it in industry, industry struggles to shift gears, many heating, transport, or other sectors. innovative businesses have turned the upheaval to their advantage. Since the The transformation unleashed by the energy transition turned into a truly energy transition has already produced global enterprise with the Paris Climate many winners and losers. Electricity Agreement and the European Commis- costs have risen for most consumers, but sion's Green Deal, new markets have have fallen for many energy-intensive opened up for low-emission technolo- companies, thanks to industry rebates. gies – and many made in Germany brands While traditional power companies have see opportunities for growth.

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

New EEG & climate Slow progress Spin-off Renewables New government Climate action package Coal exit law action The Energiewende Utilities E.ON and RWE Reform Wants to focus on grid Climate cabinet presents Cabinet adopts coal Govt . lowers feed-in monitoring report split to separate renew­ Auctions determine expansion and sector major policy package exit law including tariffs, starts PV auctions shows climate targets ables from fossil plants renewables payments coupling in­­clud­ing national car- timetable and introduces plan to are “in serious danger” bon price achieve 2020 climate Climate Action Plan G20 & COP23 Utilities shakeup targets Govt. adopts ambitious Germany tries to main- RWE and E ON. split up Climate action law 2030 emission targets tain climate utility innogy, separating Germany’s first climate for individual economic leadership, but emis- grids from generation law makes emissions 4 sectors sions stagnate reduc­tion legally binding 5 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

Sector targets for greenhouse gas reductions Sector 2019 status 2030 target cut from 1990 levels cut from 1990 levels Targets of the Energiewende Energy 45 .5 % 62 .5 % Buildings 41 .9 % 66 .7 % Transport 0 .6 % 42 % he overall objectives of the Energie- and ending the use of fossil fuels in all Industry 33 .8 % 50 .7 % Twende are to phase out nuclear power sectors of the economy. Germany has al- Agriculture 24 .4 % 35 .6 % and eliminate Germany’s greenhouse ready exceeded its 2020 target of covering Other 76 .3 % 86 .5 % gas emissions. 35 percent of power use with renewables, Total 35.7 % "at least" 55 % Source: UBA (2020), Climate Action Law . as their share rose to above 40 percent in The nuclear exit is proceeding according 2019, and is now taking aim at 65 percent country would miss its original 2020 target to schedule and Germany will switch by 2030. However, renewables’ share of cutting emissions by 40 percent by a off its last nuclear power plant in 2022. of total energy use, currently at around wide margin, and threatening the entire Dealing with radioactive waste will, 17 percent, remains comparatively low. project’s credibility. But significant reduc- however, take many decades. As regards tions in 2018 and 2019 pushed the country emissions reductions, the pic­ture is more Germany's first Climate Action Law made closer to the target than expected – and an complex. Germany plans to cut CO2 output emissions reduction legally binding as economic slump caused by the coronavirus by at least 55 percent by 2030 compared part of a comprehensive climate action now makes it look extremely likely that to 1990 levels. By 2050, the country aims package that forms the bedrock of Ger- Germany will meet the 2020 goal. for greenhouse gas neutrality­ , in line with many's long-term policy. The strategy the new EU goal. The gov­ernment­ has includes a coal exit by 2038 at the latest, The country is still struggling to cut emis- translated the national targets into annual support for electric vehicles, and a CO2 sions in the transport and heating sectors, emissions budgets for individual sectors, price for transport and heating to com- however, and is facing a slow-down in the such as transport and industry, to make plement the EU emissions trading system roll-out of renewable energy. These trends progress more measurable. covering industry and the power sector. indicate that it will require continued efforts to meet Germany’s future climate The most important tools for reaching Progress toward the climate targets was targets, even in the event of a severe reces- the targets are the roll-out of renewable initially slow. Emissions remained stub- sion caused by the coronavirus pandemic energies, reducing energy consumption, bornly high for years, suggesting the and consequent steep drop in emissions.

6 7 Energy transition data 35.7 greenhouse % gas reduction

Emission trends for Germany by sector 1990-2019 since 1990

1251 1200 1123 1045 993 1000 942 906 909 894 858 2020 target1 805 (-35%) 800 68 Original 2020 target2 (-40%) 813

163 1 600 2030 target 751 (at least -55%) 122 543 400 equivalents in million tonnes equivalents 2 188 CO 2050 goal: 200 green- house gas 254 neutrality 0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2030 2050

Energy industries Industry Buildings Transport Agriculture Waste and other

1 Targets as stated in Climate Action Law. 2 The German government abandoned its original 2020 target with the introduction of the Climate Action Law in 2019.

Note: Without emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), 2019 data preliminary . Source: UBA, 2020 .

6 7 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

© Mwelwa Musonko.

8 9 Energy transition data

The Energiewende in Figures € 62 billion Volume € 25 per tonne

of German government's CO2 price in building and climate package transport sector starting (2020-2023) from 2021 3.6 % Renewables’ share in gross German power generation in 1990 47.7 million passenger 136.617 pure electric 1st rank for Germany 17th rank 40.1 % Renewables’ cars registered in Germany cars registered = 0.3 % in energy efficiency policy for Germany in the overall share in gross power (01/2020) (01/2020) and performance score- “Energy Transition Index” generation in 2019* *preliminary data card (ACEEE, 2018) (WEF, 2019) 14 minutes Average power outage in Germany 2018 89 % of Germans believe € 22.9 billion Renew- 316,700 people 20,336 people USA: 470 mins (2017) increased use and expan­ sion­ able surcharge paid by employed in the employed in the lignite GB: 47 mins (2016) of renewables is very impor- power consumers in 2019 renew­ables sector (2017) industry Poland: 192 mins (2016) tant or important (2019) (12/2019)

15 % Renewables’ share 42 % Renewables’ share 73.8 % of homes heated € 17 billion Energy effi­ 23.7 31.4 ct/kWh in primary energy con- in gross power consump- with oil and gas in 2019 cien­cy and renewable heat- Average household power sumption in 2019 tion in 2019 ing investments by economy price 2010 and 2020 – (up from 1.3 % in 1990) (up from 3.4 % in 1990) ministry (2020-2024) there­of 6.8 ct/kWh re­new­­­ able surcharge in 2020 5.1 3.7 ct/kWh 96 % of natural gas 97 % of crude oil 54 % rise in GDP 14 % fall in primary en- Average electricity spot used in Germany is imported (2018) since 1990 (2019) ergy consumption since market price in 2010 is imported (2018) 1990 (2019) and 2019

8 9 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020 renewables share has overtaken coal Development of gross power production in Germany 1990-2019 Mineral oil Others 21 4. 21 7. 21 5. Other 21 1. 20 7. 0 .9% 3 .4% 600 20 4. Renewables 216 3. Mineral oil 189 7. 224 8. 242 6. 188 8. Wind onshore 16 .8% 500 Natural gas 162 5. Natural gas 15 .1%

400 61 1. 62 0. Nuclear power 81 3. 86 7. 5 2. Nuclear 97 1. 82 5. 12 .4% 91 8. Wind offshore 4 1%. 300 84 6. 91 3. Renewables 76 3. 40 .1% 76 0. Hydro power 3 .1% 118 6. Hard coal 117 7. Biomass 7 .4% 112 2. 75 2. in 2019 % shares Hard coal 200 92 9.

terawatt-hours (TWh) terawatt-hours 82 6. 9 .4% 56 9. Solar 7 .7% 155 8. 100 154 5. Lignite 149 5. 148 4. Lignite 145 6. 114 0. Others 1% 18 .8% 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2019 Source: AG Energiebilanzen (2019) . Share of energy sources Germany’s power export balance 1990-2019 in primary energy consumption 2019

675 60 Power export balance Others 650 Gross power generation 50 Mineral oil 0 .7% Waste 1 0% . Hydro power 0 .5% Gross power consumption 35 .3% Wind power 3 .6% 625 40 Net export Net

600 30 Solar 1 .6% Renewables Biomass 7 .6% 575 20 Natural gas Platzhalter14x .7% 25% 550 10 terawatt-hours (TWh) terawatt-hours

525 0 Hard Lignite coal 9 .1% Nuclear Geothermal 0 . 5%

6 .4%

500 -10 import Net 8 .8%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Source: BMWi (2019) . Source: AG Energiebilanzen (2019) .

10 Germany remains net electricity exporter Calendar

Energiewende Dates 2020/2021*

2020 2021

20-21 April: Global Solutions Summit, 9 – 19 November: 2020 UN Climate 13 – 15 January: Handelsblatt Energy BERLIN. ONLINE Change Conference (COP26), Conference 2021, BERLIN. Glasgow, UK. POSTPONED 27 – 28 April: 11th Petersberg Climate 9 – 11 February: E-World energy & water Dialogue, BERLIN. ONLINE 16 – 17 November: dena Kongress, trade fair, ESSEN. conference by German Energy Agency 4 - 6 May: Berliner Energietage 2020, 14 March: State elections in Rhineland- (dena), BERLIN. BERLIN. MOVED TO SUMMER – ONLINE Palatinate and Baden-Württemberg.

17 – 18 June: BDEW Kongress, energy 6 June: State elections in Saxony-Anhalt. conference by German Association of Energy and Water Industries (BDEW), BERLIN.

17 – 19 June: Intersolar Europe, trade fair, MUNICH. CANCELLED

13 - 15 September: EU-China Summit, LEIPZIG.

28 September: European Sustainable Finance Summit, FRANKFURT. * Many events may yet be cancelled due to the coronavirus . Calendar Germany remains net electricity exporter 11 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

Contacts

… for official statements Institute for Applied Ecology (Öko-Institut), … for industry comment Sustainable development consultancy and research Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs institute. +49 30 405085-334, m schossig@oe. ko de. , German Association of Energy and Water Indus- and Energy (BMWi), +49 30 18 615 6121, www oek. o de/. en tries (BDEW), Germany’s largest energy industry as- pressestelle@bmwi bund. .de, www .bmwi .de/en sociation. +49 30 300 199-1160, presse@bdew .de, Agora Energiewende, think tank focusing on www .bdew .de Federal Ministry for the Environment, dialogue with energy policymakers in the pow- Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU), er sector .+49 30 700 1435-110, German Association of Local Utilities (VKU), +49 30 18 305 2010, presse@bmu bund. de. , christoph pode. wils@agora-energiewende de. , representing the many local and regional utilities www .bmu bund. .de/en www .agora-energiewende .de (Stadtwerke) in Germany . +49 30 58580-226, luig@vku .de, www vku. .de/en Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastruc- German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), ture (BMVI), +49 30 18300-7200, www .bmvi .de/en, DIW’s energy, transportation and environment, and Federation of German Industries (BDI) neuigkeitenzimmer@bmvi-bund .de climate policy departments study the economics +49 30 2028-1565, j wisko. w@bdi eu. , www .bdi .eu Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Com- and politics of climate change and energy. German Renewable Energy Federation (BEE) munity, +49 30 18681 11022, presse@bmi .bund .de Petra Jasper, +49 30 89789-152, pjasper@diw de. , +49 30 275 81 70-16, presse@bee-ev .de, www .diw .de/en www .bee-ev de. Fraunhofer ISE, solar energy research institute and … for latest data and research publisher of electricity production data. Also see Agora Verkehrswende, Think tank focusing on their data and graphs at www .energy-charts .de, the energy transition in the transport sector. +49 761 4588-5147, www ise. fraunhof. er .de +49 30 700 1435-000, info@agora- German Renewable Energies Agency (AEE) verkehrs­­wende . de, www ag. ora-verkehrswende .de +49 30 200 535 52, a sch. walbe@unendlich- the experts AG Energiebilanzen, Energy market research group . viel-energie .de, www .unendlich-viel-energie .de +49 30 8913987, www ag-ener. giebilanzen .de, [email protected]

12 13 Contacts & Sources

Reading in English

cleanenergywire.org Our website provides in-depth Federal Foreign Office AG Energiebilanzen (2019) Evalua- analyses (dossiers), factsheets, news articles, an (2018) The German Ener- tion Tables of the Energy Balance for expert database, and more . giewende; (2019) Who is Germany 1990 to 2018 . Who of the Energiewende Agora Energiewende (2020) The German Power in Germany . Online database Federation of German Industries (BDI) Market: State of Affairs in 2019; (2020) The Euro- of contact partners in politics, (2018) Climate Paths for Germany­ – Exec- pean Power Sector in 2019; (2013) 12 Insights on industry and society . utive Summary . Germany’s Energiewende . Centre on Regulation in Europe (2015) The energy International Energy Agency (2020) Germany 2020: Federal Environment Agency (UBA) (2017) Data on transition in Europe: initial lessons from Germany, Energy Policy Review . the Environment . the UK and France . Agora Verkehrswende (2017) Transforming Trans- Hager, Carol and Christoph H. Stefes (eds.) (2016) port to Ensure Tomorrow’s Mobility . Germany’s Energy Transition. A Comparative Per- World Economic Forum (2019) Fostering Effective spective . Energy Transition . The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) website offers a wide range of Ecologic Institute (2020) Climate laws in Europe; publications in English, including the newsletter (2016) Understanding the Energy Transition in ’Energiewende direkt‘ . Germany . Federal Ministry for the Environment (BMU) (2019) Federal Climate Change Act; (2019) Climate Action Energy Research and Social Science (2016) Putting in Figures. Facts, Trends and Incentives for German an energy system transformation into practice: The Climate Policy; (2016) Climate Action Plan 2050 . case of the German Energiewende . energytransition.org A website/blog, funded by the German Institute for Economic Research (2015) Green Party-affiliated Heinrich Böll Foundation,- ex Deep Decarbonisation in Germany. A Macro-Analy- plaining what the energy transition is, how it works, sis of the Economic and Political Challenges of the and what challenges lie ahead . ‘Energiewende’ .

12 13 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

#Climatexxx and CO2 #Fossil Fuels Greenxxx pioneer Germany adds carbon price and coal exit to climate policy push

hanks to its early embracing of 2020 climate target and instead pre­ Trenewable energy, Germany is con­ sented a longer-term strategy to reach sidered a pioneer in the fight against the country’s 2030 goals and achieve man-made climate change. Despite climate neutrality by 2050. Ironically, a rapid rise in power generation from the impacts of the coronavirus mean wind, solar, and bioenergy, the coun­ the country is almost certain to reach try’s track record on cutting greenhouse the 2020 target after all. Germany has gas emissions is, however, mixed. decided to cut its reliance on burning Germany expected to miss its original coal for power production by 2038 at the © RWE AG .

14 15 #Climate and CO2 #Fossil Fuels

Contacts Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons On cleanenergywire.org and Climate Change (MCC) Fraunhofer ISE, +49 761 4588-5147, +49 30 3385537-201, lampe@mcc-berlin ne. t Dossiers: karin schneider@ise. fraunhof. er .de Europe's largest economy aims to exit coal to reach Climate Alliance Germany, +49 30 780 899 -514, climate goals IKEM – Institute for Climate Protection [email protected] and Mobility Germany's targets under scrutiny in year of global +49 30 408187-024, dominik .dicken@ikem .de Stiftung 2° climate action +49 30 204 537 34, laura toerk. el@2grad or. g The Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Article: Patrick Graichen, Agora Energiewende Research (PIK) Transport and heating tarnish Germany's emission +49 331 288 25 07, press@pik-potsdam .de +49 30 700 1435-110, christoph .podewils@agora-energiewende de. cuts in 2019 – researchers Camilla Bausch, Ecologic Institute Factsheets: +49 30 86880-0, berlin@ecologic .eu Claudia Kemfert, German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) Germany’s greenhouse gas emissions and climate Corinna Seide, WWF Germany +49 30 89789-663, sekretariat-evu@diw de. targets +49 30 311777-422, corinna .seide@wwf .de Germany's Climate Action Law Germanwatch Reading Germany's Climate Action Programme 2030 +49 228 60492-23, presse@germanwatch .org IEA (2020) Energy Policy Review Germany Germany's carbon pricing system for transport and buildings Agora Energiewende (2017) The Energiewende Spelling out the coal exit – Germany's phase-out plan in a nutshell Agora Energiewende (2019) European Energy very latest, is about to introduce a price Transition 2030: The Big Picture . on carbon to clean up transport and it's perfectly clear. Agora Energiewende (2014) The German Energie- “Now heating, and has started to devise a wende and its Climate Paradox strategy to wean industry off fossil fu- all sectors are well advised els. But a slow-down in the renewables Fraunhofer ISE (2020) Energy Charts for the roll-out and recurring squabbles over Federal Ministry for the Environment (BMU) (2019) to prepare in time policy suggest it will be a bumpy ride to Climate Action in Figures turn Germany’s climate ambition into Germanwatch / Climate Action Network (2019) ge.post-fossil a ” practice over the long run. The Climate Change Performance Index 2020 Svenja Schulze, party) 14 Environment Minister (SPD 15 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

#Coal Hard fought coal exit to set economy on course for climate neutrality

ermany, following the example to exit coal, Germany faces the dual Gof other advanced economies challenge of simultaneously phas- in Europe, has decided to end coal- ing out nuclear power and providing fired power production for good and an economic perspective for mining gradually remodel its power sector to regions that still rely heavily on the become fully decarbonised over the coal industry. A compromise found by next decades. While a large majori- a government-appointed commission ty of citizens welcomed the decision paved the way for an official phase- © RWE AG .

16 17 #Coal probably “The planned phase-out roadmap will German Institute for Economic Research – DIW (2019) Whole-of-Government Strategies on Coal be up for debate after the next election.” Transition in Major Coal Using Countries WWF Germany (2020) Just transition to climate Contacts Graichen, head of energy policy Patrick neutrality – doing right by the regions BDEW – German Association of Energy and Water rgiewende think tank Agora Ene International Energy Agency (2020) – Energy Policy Industries, +49 30 300 199 1160, presse@bdew .de Review Germany 2020 Reading DEBRIV – Federal German Association for Brown Coal, +49 30 315 182 -22, uwe .maassen@ German government (2020) Draft Law for Reducing braunkohle de. and Ending Coal-Fired Power Production (in German) On cleanenergywire.org Institute for Applied Ecology (Öko-Institut) Commission on Growth, Structural Change and Dossiers: +49 30 405085-334, m .schossig@oeko .de Employment (2019) Final report (in German) Germany’s coal phase-out Ecologic et al. (2019) Phasing out coal in the Ger- Climate cabinet to put Germany back on track for BMWi – Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs man energy sector 2030 targets and Energy, +49 30 18 615 6121 and -6131, pressestelle@bmwi bund. .de Agora Energiewende (2019) The German Coal Com- Articles: promise and its Significance for the Energy Industry Barbara Praetorius, co-chair of coal exit German government adopts coal exit, fixes hard coal commission, Aurora Energy Research (2019) Coal exit auctions: compensation +49 30 5019-2532, Design options, opportunity costs and clearing "Historic compromise" or "pact of unreason"? – barbara .praetorius@htw-berlin .de prices for Germany's hard coal phase-out media reactions to Germany's coal exit deal Former coal commission members say German gov- ernment breached landmark exit compromise out plan that includes billions of euros the government’s planning, arguing in support payments for coal regions that it postpones plant closures to the Factsheets: and compensation for plant operators. latest possible date and lacks provi- Spelling out the coal exit – Germany's phase-out plan However, it is uncertain whether the sions for ensuring that decommis- German commission proposes coal exit by 2038 plan, which was announced in early sioned coal power capacity is substitut- 2020, will put the country’s coal debate ed with the renewable energy sources Germany's three lignite mining regions to a rest. Many of the former commis- needed as the bedrock of a climate- sion members are not satisfied with neutral economy.

16 17 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

#Energiewende #History Energiewende – the first four decades

or many observers, the energy before, in the 1970s. A long process, Ftransition in Germany began with deeply rooted in German history and Chancellor Angela Merkel’s decision society, led to policies that boosted to phase out nuclear power, follow- renewable energy in Germany, which ing the accident at the Fukushima are now at the heart of the move to a nuclear plant in Japan in 2011. But climate-neutral economy. The Ener- the societal project started decades giewende – a full-scale transformation © Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen Baden-Württemberg.

18 19 #Energiewende #History

Contacts On cleanenergywire.org Institute for Applied Ecology (Öko-Institut) Dossier: +49 30 405085-334, m .schossig@oeko .de The history of the Energiewende

Heinrich Böll Foundation Factsheets: +49 30 285 34 217, lorenz@boell de. “The renewable energy act Milestones of the German Energiewende Green Party The history behind Germany’s nuclear phase-out sparked a real grassroots +49 30 284 42 130, presse@gruene .de Friends of the Earth Germany (BUND) citizens’ movement. +49 30 27586 425, [email protected] Greenpeace Germany Germans turned the +49 40 306 18 340, presse@greenpeace .de Nina Scheer, Social Democratic Party MP Energiewende into their +49 30 227 73538, nina scheer@bundes. tag .de own project. ” Nina Scheer, Reading Social Democratic Party MP energytransition.deTimeline Energiewende Carbon Brief (2016) The history of the Energie- wende

of society and the economy – arose out of enduring grassroots movements, evidence-based discourse, concern about climate change, and key techno- logical advances, as well as hands-on experience garnered along the way in Germany and elsewhere.

18 19 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

#Grid Energiewende’s success hinges on unblocking the power grid

ermany must update its electricity much power can be as big a problem Gnetwork to handle the fluctuat- for the stability of the grid as too little. ing supply of power from decentral- Bottlenecks on the network currently ised sources, while pursuing the cause stabilisation procedures costing shift to a renewable energy system. The Germany more than a billion euros per rapid expansion of wind power capac- year. Public protests against build- ity in the north has supplied bounti- ing the power lines which will carry ful low-cost electricity there. But too electricity to Germany’s industrial ©[Freja Eriksen] CLEW .

20 21 #Grid

Contacts TransnetBW (grid operator) On cleanenergywire.org +49 711 21858-3155 r .koenig@transnetbw .de Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur) Dossier: +49 228 14 9921, pressestelle@bnetza .de Chambers of Commerce and Industry (DIHK) The energy transition and Germany’s power grid +49 30 20308-1607, renner thomas@dihk. de. Andreas Jahn, Regulatory Assistance Project (RAP) Article: +49 30 700 1435 421, ajahn@raponline .org German parliament passes law on faster grid expan- Reading Oliver Brückl, OTH Regensburg sion to ensure renewables growth +49 941 943-9881, oliver brueckl@oth-r. egensburg de. Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur) Factsheets: (2018) Annual Report 2018: 20 years of responsibil- Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Set-up and challenges of Germany’s power grid ity for networks Cologne (EWI) Interconnectors & blockages – German grid at odds +49 221 277 29-108, Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy with EU power market claudia .pichonnier@ewi uni-k. oeln .de (BMWi) (2020) An electricity grid for the energy Setting the power price: The merit order effect transition 50Hertz Transmission (grid operator) Re-dispatch costs in the German power grid +49 30 5150 -2878, volker .gustedt@50hertz .com German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) Germany’s electricity grid stable amid energy (2015) Electricity grids and climate targets: TenneT (grid operator) transition New approaches to grid planning +49 921 50740 4045, ulrike hoer. chens@tennet .eu Power grid fees – unfair and opaque? Pentalateral Energy Forum (2018) Second regional Amprion (grid operator) How can Germany keep the lights on in a renewable generation adequacy assessment report +49 231 5849-13785, andreas .preuss@amprion .net energy future? German TSOs Grid development plan – power Volatile but predictable: Forecasting renewable power generation south mean grid expansion is lagging Germany’s renewable generation peaks remain shrouded in data fog behind schedule. In 2019, parlia- ment passed an ‘acceleration law’ to ensure that the necessary lines are completed swiftly, and agreed with “Grid expansion remains states that long stretches should be placed underground to increase pub- the Energiewende’s main lic acceptance. challenge.” Jochen Homann, head of Federal Network Agency (BNetzA) 20 21 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

#Transport Car giant Germany struggles to spark Energiewende in transport

utomobile-proud Germany has after several driving bans were imple- Amade little headway in extend- mented to reduce local pollution in ing the Energiewende to transport, the wake of the dieselgate scandal, a crucial step in the country’s quest public and politics alike are acknowl- for a low-carbon economy, resulting in edging that the shift to a sustain­ stubbornly high sector emissions. But able transport system will involve © [Wolfgang Klee] Deutsche Bahn AG .

22 23 #Transport

Contacts Reading Urs Maier, Agora Verkehrswende Agora Verkehrswende (2019) Implications of the “Decarbonisation isn’t +49 30 700 1435-302, Paris Agreement for the German transport sector urs .maier@agora-verkehrswende .de Agora Verkehrswende (2017) Transforming Trans- happening anywhere in Andreas Knie, Berlin Social Science Center (WZB) port to Ensure Tomorrow’s Mobility – 12 Insights +49 30 25491-588, andreas .knie@wzb .eu Transport & Environment (2019) Less is more: how the sector. Measures are Peter Kasten, Institute for Applied Ecology to go from new to sustainable mobility (Öko-Institut) expensive and interfere +49 30 405085 349, p k. asten@oeko .de Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastruc- ture (BMVI) The future of mobility is electric Oliver Lah, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, with our daily life. Environment and Energy Arthur D Little (2018) The Future of Mobility +49 30 2887458-16, oliver .lah@wupperinst or. g McKinsey (2016) Urban Mobility 2030: Berlin Thus, it just hasn’t been Werner Reh, Friends of the Earth Germany (BUND) +49 176 45719292, w .reh@bund .net On cleanenergywire.org pushed by either Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infra­ structure (BMVI), +49 30 183 00-7200, Dossiers: politicians or industry.” neuigkeitenzimmer@bmvi bund. .de The energy transition and Germany’s transport sector Deutsche Umwelthilfe (DUH) How Germany is greening its growing freight sector Peter Kasten, +49 30 2400867-20, presse@duh .de to meet climate targets Institute for Applied Ecology Article: Renewable fuels will not solve aviation's climate dilemma – industry experts much more than replacing conven­ tative discussions about phasing out Factsheets: tional cars with electric models. In conventional cars are gaining ground. Rail cargo emissions in Germany a slow rethink of decades’ worth of Policymakers have also started to make "Dieselgate" – a timeline of Germany's car emissions car-centred policy, there is a new proposals on how aviation and ship­ fraud scandal emphasis on sharing concepts, public ping could eventually become more transport, cycling and walking, as ten­ climate-friendly.

22 23 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

#Cars BMW, Daimler, and VW vow to fight in green transport revolution

n Germany, the birthplace of the Tarnished by the dieselgate scandal and Iautomobile, three iconic carmakers – facing new and powerful competitors BMW, Daimler, and Volkswagen – are in Google, Tesla, Apple, and Uber, the facing the greatest challenge in their future of Germany’s horsepower-proud history: the mobility revolution that carmakers is more uncertain than ever, is turning the transport system green. especially in this age of decarbonisa- © BMW Group .

24 25 #Cars

Contacts Federal Motor Transport Authority (KBA) Alix Partners (2019) Global Automotive Outlook +49 461 316-1293, pressestelle@kba .de Kerstin Meyer, Agora Verkehrswende McKinsey&Company (2019) Mastering new mobility +49 30 700 1435-303, German Association of the Automotive Roland Berger (2020) The car will become a com- [email protected] Industry (VDA) +49 30 897842-124, nikolaus doll@v. da .de puter on wheels Ferdinand Dudenhöffer, Center Automotive Henning Kagermann, National Platform for Research, University of Duisburg-Essen Electric Mobility +49 203 379-1111, On cleanenergywire.org +49 30 2063096-86, huss@acatech de. [email protected] Dossier: BMW Group Stefan Bratzel, Center of Automotive BMW, Daimler and VW vow to fight in green trans- +49 89 382-72652, wieland .bruch@bmw .de Management (CAM), University of Applied Scienc- port revolution es Bergisch Gladbach, +49 22 02 2 85 77-0, Daimler Articles: [email protected] +49 151 586 282 85, madeleine .herdlitschka@daimler .com Anxious carmakers forced to tread 'arduous' path to Peter Mock, The International Council on Clean e-mobility in 2020 Transportation (ICCT) Volkswagen +49 5361 9-77639, [email protected] Carmakers highlight climate ambitions at auto show +49 30 847 129-102, peter@theicct .org in response to protest wave Nicolai Müller, McKinsey&Company Factsheets: +49 211 136-4516, Reading Reluctant Daimler shifts gear in race to sustainable [email protected] Transport & Environment (2019) How carmakers can mobility reach their 2021 CO2 targets Wolfgang Bernhart, Roland Berger Early e-car starter BMW has lost ground in clean +49 711 3275-7421, Institute for Applied Ecology(2018) Electro­ mobility race wolfgang bernhart@r. olandberger .com mobility – Fact check Huge EV bet could turn diesel pariah VW into "game-changing" pioneer tion, self-driving vehicles, and carshar- VW, all three firms have now launched "Dieselgate" – a timeline of Germany's car emissions ing. The carmakers have lobbied hard – ambitious plans to expand their e-mo- fraud scandal and with some success – against stricter bility offerings, and experts say it is far European emissions limits, and have too early to write off these automotive fallen behind in the global clean mo- powerhouses in the global race to the bility competition. But spearheaded by future of mobility.

24 25 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

#Renewables #Wind #Solar #Bioenergy Renewables growth way ahead of schedule but slump in wind power spells trouble

he share of wind power, solar power risen from a niche technology to be- Tand other renewable energy sources come the dominant player in the power has been growing much quicker than mix. On some days, they already cover planned in Germany and stood at over about three quarters of the electricity 40 percent of gross power production demand of Europe’s largest economy. in 2019. Since the launch of support The country’s solar power industry had payments in the country’s Renewable to cope with fierce price competition Energy Act in 2000, renewables have from Asia and only regained its busi- © RWE AG .

26 27 #Renewables #Wind #Solar #Bioenergy “Policymakers need to support the energy industry to make sure Reading vethat the success we' had so far is not short-lived (...) Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) (2019) Renewable Energy Sources in Fig- Otherwise the goal of reaching a share of 65 percent renewables ures: National and International Development, 2018 nsumption in International Renewable Energy Association (IRENA) power co by 2030 cannotbe achieved.” (2019) Renewable Energy Auctions – Status and Kerstin Andreae, head of the German Association of Energy and Water Industries Trends Beyond Price Contacts Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE) German Renewable Energy Federation (BEE) Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and (2018) Recent Facts about Photovoltaics in Germany +49 30 275 8170 16, presse@bee-ev .de Energy (BMWi), +49 30 18615 6133, German Wind Energy Association (BWE) philipp .jornitz@bmwi .bund de. German Wind Energy Association (BWE) Year Book Wind Power 2018 +49 30 212341-210, presse@wind-energie .de Renewable Energy Research Association +49 30 288 7565-72, fvee@helmholtz-berlin .de Frankfurt School of Finance / UN Environment Federal Association for Bioenergy Programme (2019) Global Trends in Renewable +49 228 81 002 58, info@bioenergie .de Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innova­tion Energy Investment 2019 German Solar Industry Association (BSW) Research (ISI), +49 721 6809-100, +49 30 29 777 88-30, francke@bsw-solar .de anne-catherine .jung@isi fraunhof. er .de On cleanenergywire.org Volker Quaschning, University of Applied Citizens’ Energy Alliance (BBEn), +49 30 30 88 17 89, Sciences Berlin, +49 30 5019-3656, presse@buendnis-buergerenergie de. Dossiers: volker .quaschning@htw-berlin .de Bioenergy – the troubled pillar of the Energiewende Onshore wind power in Germany ness confidence in the past two years. aims to bring the share of renewables Offshore wind power in Germany Meanwhile, Germany’s most impor- in power consumption to 65 percent by Solar power in Germany tant renewable power source - onshore 2030, but renewable energy companies, Factsheets: wind - faces a severe slump in expan- as well as other industry actors and Solar power in Germany sion after years of remarkable growth environmental groups in the country, Bioenergy in Germany due to licensing hurdles and quarrels fear that this goal might become hard Onshore wind power in Germany over minimum distances for turbines to attain if the nosedive of wind power Offshore wind power in Germany near residential areas. The government is not stopped soon.

26 27 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

#Cost & Prices #EEG/Law National carbon price heralds reshuffling of entire energy pricing system

ince 1990, Germany has made visible cision to introduce a price on CO2 emis- Sprogress in bringing down greenhouse sions accruing in sectors that are not gas emissions in the power sector. How- yet subject to the European Union’s ever, its achievements in other major emissions trading system (ETS), namely sectors of the economy have been much transport and heating. The carbon price more modest. That's why in 2019 the will take effect from 2021, and gradually government took the momentous de- increase the costs of using oil, gas or © [Bergmann] Bundesregierung .

28 29 #Cost & Prices #EEG/Law “We currently Contacts Reading fundthe transformation Matthias Kalkuhl, Mercator Research Institute on Federal Government of Germany (2019) Climate of our energy supply only with Global Commons and Climate Change, Action Programme 2030 of the German government +49 30 33 85 537 -243, kalkuhl@mcc-berlin .net to implement the Climate Action Plan 2050 a surcharge on the (in German) power price. Christoph M. Schmidt, RWI – Leibniz Institute This for Economics, International Emissions Trading Association (2019) cannot go on. Our target has +49 201 8149 -227, praesident@rwi-essen .de The economic potential of article 6 of the Paris Agreement and implementation challenges to be to make fossil Linus Herzig, Germanwatch, energy sources +49 30 28 88 356 -93, herzig@germanwatch .org Ottmar Edenhfoer et al.(2018) A framework for as- pay for sessing the performance of cap-and-trade systems: it much more in all sectors. Jobst-Hinrich Wiskow, Federation of German Insights from the European Union emissions trading ” Industries – BDI, system Svenja Schulze, Environment +49 30 20 281-565, j wisko. w@bdi .eu Minister Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research – PIK (SPD par Clearingstelle EEG / KWKG, (2019) Options for a carbon pricing reform ty)

+49 30 206 14 16 -0, post@clearingstelle-eeg-kwkg .de Federal Environment Agency – UBA Greenhouse-Gas-Neutrality in Germany until 2050 On cleanenergywire.org Dossiers: Climate cabinet to put Germany back on track for 2030 targets The reform of the Renewable Energy Act

Factsheets: coal for driving cars and heating homes. turing of energy pricing systems, where- Germany's carbon pricing system for transport and While critics have said the starting price by electricity becomes cheaper. Funding buildings

of 25 euros per tonne of CO2 is too low to the expansion of renewables, currently Germany ponders how to finance renewables trigger meaningful effects, the govern- done with auctioned feed-in tariffs expansion in the future ment argues a slow start helps people under the German Renewable Energy Act 20 years on – German renewables pioneers face end adapt to higher prices and, moreover, (EEG), could ultimately be aided by the of guaranteed payment will also be followed by a deeper restruc- proceeds from the carbon price. Defining features of the Renewable Energy Act (EEG)

28 29 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

#Nuclear phase-out Managing the nuclear legacy – a project into the next century

he last nuclear power plant in Ger­ until 2011, when the Fukushima nuclear Tmany will go offline at the end of disaster in Japan led Chancellor Ange­ 2022, marking the end of a decades-long la Merkel’s government to im­ple­ment dispute over the use of the technolo­ a phase-out plan already agreed on gy that offers emissions-free power a decade earlier by the Social Demo­ production but comes with unresolved cratic-Green government and initially challenges regarding waste storage and postponed by Merkel. While some propo­ safety. The fight against nuclear power nents of nuclear power today endorse it was one of the triggers of Germany’s as an effective tool for climate action, environmental movement in the 1970s, the broader society still widely rejects and arguments over its use continued ‘Atomkraft’ and no former nuclear plant © [Daniel Meier-Gerber] EnBW .

30 31 #Nuclear phase-out

Contacts Forschungszentrum Jülich BMWi / Warth & Klein Grant Thornton (2015) Evalua- +49 2461 61-2388, [email protected] tion of nuclear clean-up provisions (in German) Wolfgang Irrek, Ruhr West University of Ap- plied Sciences German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and +49 208 88254-838, wolfgang .irrek@hs-ruhrwest .de +49 30 89789-152, pjasper@diw de. Energy (2007) Comparison of Different Decommis- sioning Fund Methodologies for Nuclear Installations Energiewerke Nord GmbH (EWN) +49 38354 4-8030, marlies .philipp@ewn-gmbh .de Reading On cleanenergywire.org Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) Heinrich Böll Stiftung(2019) The world nuclear waste +49 30 18 333-11 30, presse@bfs .de report 2019 – Focus Europe Dossier: The challenges of Germany’s nuclear phase-out Becker Büttner Held energy law firm (BBH) German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) +49 30 611 28 40-179, ines .zenke@bbh-online .de (2019) High-priced and dangerous: Nuclear power is Articles: not an option for the climate-friendly energy mix Green Budget Germany (FÖS) Germany's env min and plant operators dismiss call +49 30 7623991-41, andrea woerle@f. oes .de Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature for nuclear lifetime extensions Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) (2020) Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature German utilities buy out of nuclear waste liability Nuclear Safety: An information portal of the Federal Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) for 23 6. bln euros government and the Länder +49 30 18 305-2010, presse@bmu .bund .de Germany’s constitutional court backs speedy Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) Online nuclear exit information on nuclear safety and nuclear waste management Factsheets: operator in Germany has any intention The history behind Germany’s nuclear phase-out to seek a resumption, not least due to Brunnengräber et. al. (2015) Nuclear Waste Govern- ance – An International Comparison What to do with the nuclear waste the technology’s high generation costs. Nuclear clean-up costs As of 2019, nuclear plants still contrib- BBH (2014) Financial provisions in the nuclear sec- tor – Possible risks of the status quo and options for Securing utility payments for the nuclear clean-up uted over 12 percent to Germany’s power reform (in German) Legal disputes over the nuclear phase-out mix, but the government says decom- missioning the remaining facilities will not threaten power supply as nuclear “Nuclear energy is economically dead (...) why should I build capacity will be replaced by renewables, gas plants, and power imports from tations,nuclear power s which carry an inherent risk, if I can neighbour countries. already harvest the sun's energy for less than half the price today?” 30 Rolf Martin Schmitz, CEO of energy company RWE 31 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

#Industry #Jobs German industry embraces transformation challenge

fter balking at the Energiewende for largest economy – both among compa- Amany years, German industry is now nies and regions. But businesses increas- fervently embracing the energy transi- ingly see new opportunities and profits in tion. There is no doubt that the efforts to the global move to a low-carbon future. curb climate change through a far-reach- Many say it is now time for Germa- ing shift to clean energy will produce ny to ensure it remains a global eco- winners and losers in the world’s fourth nomic pow­­er­house – not by shunning © Salzgitter AG.

32 33 #Industry #Jobs

Contacts German Industry Initiative for Energy On cleanenergywire.org Efficiency (DENEFF) Ulrike Lehr, Institute of Economic Structures +49 30 364 097-01, [email protected] Dossiers: Research (GWS) The energy transition’s effect on the economy +49 541 40933-280, lehr@gws-os .com Kirsten Best-Werbunat, McKinsey & Company +49 211 136-4688, [email protected] Industry bets on gas as last trump card in German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) Energiewende +49 30 89789-152, pjasper@diw .de Frank Peter, Agora Energiewende +49 30 700 1435-123, Articles: Sebastian Bolay, Chambers of Commerce and frank .peter@agora-energiewende de. German industry needs policy trigger for deep Industry (DIHK) emission cuts +49 30 20308-2202, [email protected] Achim Wambach, President of the Mannheim Cen- tre for European Economic Research (ZEW) Can Salzgitter cut Germany's CO2 emissions with Federation of German Industries (BDI) +49 621 1235-100, achim wambach@z. ew de. low-carbon steel project? +49 30 2028 1565, j wisko. w@bdi .eu Germany must beat Asia in hydrogen technology Institute for the Study of Labour (IZA) Reading race – government +49 228 3894 223, fallak@iza .org Federation of German Industries BDI (2018) Cli- Energy-intensive industry must jump-start low-CO2 Institute for Employment Research (IAB) mate paths for Germany technologies to reach climate targets – study +49 911 179-1946, wolfgang br. aun@iab .de German Energy Agency (2018) Integrated Energy Factsheets: Institute for Economic Research (Ifo) Transition Industry power prices in Germany: Extremely +49 89 9224-1218, schultz@ifo .de high – and low Energy Systems of the Future (2018) Coupling the Institute for Futures Studies and Technology As- different energy sectors – options for the next phase What business thinks of the energy transition sessment (IZT) +49 30 80 30 88-45, b .debus@izt .de of the energy transition Siemens: a case study in Energiewende industry upheaval Agora Energiewende (2019) Climate-Neutral Industry Where the Energiewende creates jobs the Energiewende, but by harnessing its How much does Germany’s energy transition cost? innovative momentum. This includes BMWi (2019) Macroeconomic effects and distribu- tional issues of the energy transition industries hardly involved yet, such as steelmaking, chemicals, and cement, Studies by the BMWi (2020) on the energy tran- which have all tabled proposals as to sition and its impact on investment, growth and jobs“The Energiewende willturn how they could become climate neutral, United Nations Environment Programme (2019) inside out.” given the right government support. Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2019 the German economy Achim Wambach, President of the Centre 32 for European Economic Research (ZEW) 33 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

#Start-ups #Utilities Energiewende start ups – cutting emissions as a business model

olicy has a crucial role to play in sectors from renewables to heating, Pthe shift to a low-carbon future, and industry to mobility. Some have but ultimately it is businesses that will referred to Germany’s lively start-up make the energy transition happen. scene as a ‘Green Energy Valley’. In In Energiewende home country Germa- sectors such as storage and hydrogen, ny, many start-ups take advantage of young German companies are among the transformation by bringing novel the world’s leaders, and could be key business ideas to market, and taking to cleaning up polluting industries. market shares from incumbents in The country's embattled utilities, who © [renedeutscher.de] Sunfire GmbH, Dresden.

34 35 #Start-ups #Utilities

Contacts E.ON McKinsey (2018) How utilities can keep the lights on +49 201 184 -42256, markus .nitschke@eon c. om Klaus Fichter, Borderstep Institute Bain & Company (2018) Digital Strategy for Utilities +49 30 306 45 100 -0, [email protected] Vattenfall +49 30 8182 -2320, [email protected] Pia Dorfinger, German Energy Agency (dena) On cleanenergywire.org +49 30 66 777-737, [email protected] EnBW +49 721 63 -14320, je schr. eiber@enbw .com Dossiers: German Startups Association +49 30 609 8959 -101, innogy Germany's Energiewende start-ups – cutting emis- paul wolt. er@deutschestartups .org +49 201 12 -15250, sions as a business model alexander .stechert-mayerhoefer@innogy .com Battered utilities take on start-ups in innovation race Thorsten Lenck, Agora Energiewende +49 30 700 1435 -134, Uniper Digitalisation ignites new phase in energy transition thorsten .lenck@agora-energiewende .de +49 211 4579 -3570, leif .erichsen@uniper .energy Articles: German Association of Energy and Water Indus- Gerard Reid, Alexa Capital Energy transition start-ups shake up the busi- tries (BDEW) +44 20 3011 5566, info@alexa-capital .com ness world +49 30 300 199 -1160, presse@bdew .de Dedicated engineers have made Germany a "Green RWE AG Energy Valley" – start-up expert Reading +49 201 1222088, stephanie .schunck@rwe .com Factsheets: Borderstep Institute (2019) Green Startup Moni- 'Green Energy Valley' – Germany's green start-up tor 2018 scene in numbers were far too slow to recognise the EY (2020) How net-zero emissions present the pow- Germany’s largest utilities at a glance renewables revolution, now bet on er sector with an opportunity start-up innovation to cut emissions. EY (2019) Start-up-Barometer Germany In the innovation race against agile Cleantech Group (2020) Global Cleantech 100 List new players, the overhaul of the for- mer monopolies is far from over – as IEEFA (2017) Global Electricity Utilities in evidenced by the landmark asset Transition swap of major energy companies RWE Deloitte (2018) Power Market Study 2030 – A new and E.ON. outlook for the energy industry

34 35 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

#Heating #Efficiency The heat is on to make German buildings ‘nearly’ climate neutral

erman homes are fossil energy government is working to extend the Gguzzlers – a big hurdle on the path energy transition to buildings with a to climate neutrality by 2050. Nearly ban on new oil-fired heating, as well two thirds heat with fossil fuels, and as tax incentives for renovations and most of them also need to be mod- low-emission technologies, such as ernised to lower energy demand. The heat pumps. In many other sectors too, © BDH .

36 37 #Heating #Efficiency

Contacts Christian Noll, German Industry Initiative for Ener- German Industry Initiative for Energy Efficiency gy Efficiency (DENEFF) (DENEFF) (2016) Sector Monitor Energy Efficiency Alexandra Langenheld, Agora Energiewende +49 30 364 097 02, [email protected] (English summary) +49 30 700 1435-108, alexandra .langenheld@ agora-energiewende .de Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and International Energy Agency (IEA) (2019) Energy Community Efficiency 2019 Frederic Leers, Federation of German Heating +49 30 18681-11022, presse@bmi bund. .de Industry (BDH) Stefan Thomas, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, +49 22 039 35 93-20, frederic .leers@bdh-koeln .de On cleanenergywire.org Environment and Energy Martin Ittershagen, Federal Environment +49 202 2492-143, stefan thomas@wupperinst. .org Dossiers: Agency (UBA) The Wärmewende – Germany's heating transition +49 340 2103-2122, [email protected] Reading The Energiewende and Efficiency Volker Breisig, PwC Germany Agora Energiewende (2019) Building sector efficien- +49 211 981-4428, volker .breisig@de .pwc .com Factsheets: cy: A crucial component of the energy transition; Heating 40 million homes – the hurdles to phasing Jan Ulland, German Association of Energy and (2017) Heat transition 2030; out fossil fuels in German basements Water Industries (BDEW) Agora Energiewende +49 30 300199 1160, presse@bdew .de Combined heat and power – an Energiewende German Energy Agency (dena) (2018) Concise 2018 cornerstone? Thomas Bründlinger, Alliance for Building Energy building report – energy efficiency in the build- Efficiency (geea) ing stock +49 30 66 777-678, bruendlinger@dena .de German Association of Energy and Water Indus- time for the tries (BDEW) (2019) How is Germany heated 2019? “It is high (in German) in the Ecofys / Association of the European Heating energy transition saving energy on a large scale – by Industry (2016) EU pathways to a decarbonised to pick up changing behaviour and introduc- building sector building sector ing many new and often expensive Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy technologies – requires everyone’s (BMWi) (2020) Germany makes it efficient speed again.” participation, and has proven a hard Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy Andreas Kuhlmann, head of sell so far. (BMWi) (2016) Green Paper on Energy Efficiency (dena) the German Energy Agency 36 37 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

#Finance Unlocking the financial sector’s vast potential for greening the economy

inance as a means for climate action of low-carbon technology and decreasing Fhas shifted into the focus of govern- investor reliance on fossil fuel extraction, ments around the world in recent years. a key target of the Paris Climate Agree- Late-starter Germany now seeks to gain ment. Germany is also raising the profile ground by gearing lending, investment of climate in finance due to EU efforts to and insurance regulation towards lower establish joint standards for the financial emissions. The government appointed an sector which take environmental and advisory council in 2019 whose aim is to social consequences into account. This sketch out a plan for financing the spread is meant to squeeze emission-intensive © [Julia Schwager] Commerzbank AG .

38 39 #Finance

“Basically, sustainable German Insurance Association (GDV) Federal Ministry of Finance (BMF) +49 30 2020-5903, k jar. osch@gdv .de +49 3018 682-4291, presse@bmf .bund .de finance amounts Susan Dreyer, Carbon Disclosure Project, Deutsche Börse Group German Chapter +49 69-2 11-1 29 01, to nothing less than +49 30 629 033 160, susan .dreyer@cdp ne. t [email protected] Nathalie Cahn, KfW Group good risk management.” +49 69 74 31-20 98, nathalie c. ahn@kfw .de Reading Christoph Bals, Germanwatch German Sustainable Finance Advisory Council Joachim Faber, chairman of +49 228 60 492 -34, bals@germanwatch .org (2019) Theses of the German Sustainable Finance Advisory Council (in German) Deutsche Börse’s advisory board Germany Trade and Invest (GTAI) +49 30 200 099 173, [email protected] German Central Bank – Bundesbank (2019) Contacts The Sustainable Finance Market – An Overview Association of German Banks (BDB) German Savings Banks Association (DSGV) +49 30 1663-1201, bdb-pressestelle@bdb .de Frankfurt School of Finance / United Nations +49 30 20 22 55 116, presse@dsgv .de Environment Programme (2019) Global Trends in Frankfurt School – UNEP Collaborating Centre for Renewable Energy Investment 2019 National Association of German Cooperative Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance Banks (BVR), +49 30 2021-1300, pressestelle@bvr de. +49 69 154008-604, [email protected] Deutsche Bank Research (2019) Climate change and corporates

business models out of the market. The for marrying profit with sustainability. On cleanenergywire.org country’s finance ministry has stated However, disputes with the European Dossier: that it does not want to only react to out- Central Bank over the influence climate Too big to just stand by – Germany's financial sector side pressure to make its financial sector policy may have on monetary policy, as faces climate challenge more sustainable. Instead, it strives to well as the German government’s initial Factsheets: make the country an international leader rejection of fossil financing bans by the German finance sector's push to play catch up which provides banks, investment funds, European Investment Bank, suggest that on climate action stock traders and other financial market becoming a green finance leader will not Germany's green finance key actors at a glance actors with the best possible framework be a straightforward exercise.

38 39 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

#Citizens’ Energy #Society Protests spur climate policy as government seeks to appease critics

he international wave of climate FfF emerged in late 2018, huge crowds Tprotests epitomised by the weekly consisting of students, their parents, Fridays for Future (FfF) school strikes scientists, and a range of other con- has made itself particularly felt in cerned groups have constantly pressed Germany. Here, it fell on fertile ground the government to step up its game prepared by decades of environmental regarding climate action and to comply protests that started with the anti-nu- with the Paris Agreement. From the clear movement in the 1970s. Since country's coal exit to its seminal climate © [Carel Mohn] CLEW .

40 41 #Citizens’ Energy #Society take “I very much support that school children Reading action. Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Devel- to the streets to fight for climate opment (2020) Protest for a future II: Composition, Angela Merkel mobilisation and motives of the participants in I think this is a very good initiative.” Chancellor Fridays for Future climate protests IASS Potsdam / dynamics (2019) Social Sustainabili- Contacts Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) Johannes Staemmler, +49 331 28822 390, ty Barometer – Energy Transition 2018 Association of Energy Consumers johannes .staemmler@iass-potsdam .de Institute for Social Movement Studies (ipb)(2019) +49 2224 123 123 0, info@energieverbraucher .de Fridays for Future: Profile, formation and perspectives Potsdam Institute for Climate Change Impact (PIK), Federation of German Consumer Organisations of the protest movement in Germany (in German) Fritz A . Reusswig, +49 331 288 2576, (vzbv), Franka Kühn, +49-30-25800 -525, fritz@pik-potsdam .de German Cooperative and Raiffeisen Confederation presse@vzbv .de (2019) Annual survey of German energy cooperatives Fridays for Future Germany, Scientists for Future, +49 151 24292627, [email protected] Rhineland-Westphalia Institute for Economic +49 431 5357 983, presse@fridaysforfuture .de Research (RWI-Essen) (2017) Societal acceptance of Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union Fachagentur Windenenergie, Bettina Bönisch, the energy transition (in German) (NABU), Inga Römer, +49 30 284 984 -1632, +49 30 64 494 -60 64, boenisch@fa-wind de. inga .roemer@nabu .de German Trade Union Confederation (DGB), On cleanenergywire.org FuturZwei Foundation, Harald Welzer, Frederik Moch, +49 30 240 60 -576, +49 30 397 177 07, welzer@futurzwei .org frederik .moch@dgb .de Dossiers: Germany between citizens’ energy and Nimbyism Europe's largest auto show pits climate protests package, protesters have helped push to wind turbine construction in their against carmakers the government to make progress on neighbourhood. Economically weak Factsheets: emissions reduction, even though many coal mining regions are a case in point, Citizens’ participation in the Energiewende still regard the steps as too unambitious. but opposition to a rapid transition also Polls reveal citizens' support for Energiewende But policymakers also face a delicate exists in more affluent regions, where Limits to growth: Resistance against wind power balance when it comes to reassuring fears that disruption in the automotive in Germany those voters who, for example, are or heavy industry could quickly turn the Students demand climate action with “Fridays for against a quick rise of fuel costs or object tide, are widespread too. Future” school strikes

40 41 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

#Agriculture The wicked task of feeding 83 million in a climate friendly way

o matter how you look at it, people by 2050, and to comply with the Par- Nneed sustenance to survive – and is Climate Agreement. It is difficult to growing crops or raising livestock cre- know which measures will be most ef- ates emissions. Germany must find a fective, as cutting emissions in one area way to reduce its agricultural emissions, often creates emissions in another. which make up about eight percent of Measures aimed at protecting the envi- total greenhouse gas emissions, to reach ronment while also combatting climate its goal of becoming climate neutral change may seem like the perfect match, © DBV.

42 43 #Agriculture

Contacts WBAE - Scientific Advisory Board on Agricultural NABU (2017) Not fit for purpose: NGOs present Fit- Policy, Food and Consumer Health Protection ness Check of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) Reinhild Benning, Senior Advisor Agriculture and +49 30 2093 46822, j c. .schmid@hu-berlin de. Livestock, Germanwatch +49 30 28 88 356 -82, benning@germanwatch .org Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature On cleanenergywire.org Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) Harald Grethe, Professor for International Agri­ +49 30 18 305-2010, presse@bmu .bund .de Dossier: cultural Trade and Development, Humboldt- Emissions from food and farming in Germany Universität zu Berlin +49 30 2093 -46810, grethe@hu-berlin .de Reading Articles: Must Germans give up sausage and schnitzel to cut adelphi, think tank Federal Ministry for Food and Agriculture (2017) agri-food emissions? +49 30 8900 068-920, weigel@adelphi .de Agrarexporte 2017 – Data and Facts (in German) "Demonizing global trade" no fix for agri-food NABU – Nature and Biodiversity Conserva- adelphi/systain (2017) Atlas on Environmental Im- emissions tion Union pacts Supply Chains +49 30 284 984 -1627, angelika .lischka@nabu .de Factsheet: Thünen Institute (2019) Greenhouse gas emissions Climate impact of farming, land use (change) and DBV – German Farmers’ Association from agriculture – Facts and Figures forestry in Germany +49 30 31 904 -239, presse@bauernverband .net Germany’s Scientific Advisory Board on Agricultural BMEL – Federal Ministry for Food and Agriculture Policy, Food and Consumer Health Protection +49 30 1 85 29 -31 74, pressestelle@bmel .bund .de Publications on EU Common Agricultural Policy etc.

but they often harbour conflicts of in- “I am convinced that our farmers can terest. The sector is increasingly affect- achieve a lot ed by droughts during primary growing if they are compensated or paid for it. They periods and must find ways to adapt. are Meanwhile, calls to enforce cli­mate partners in environmental and climate pol action in agriculture were met with icy.” large-scale protests by farmers opposed Julia Klöckner, Minister of to environmental policies in 2019. Food and Agriculture (CDU party)

42 43 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

#Technology #Storage #Digitalisation Technology to transform the energy system - made in Germany

ermany’s energy transition antici­ within seconds, smart grids, flexibility, Gpates a vastly more efficient and and the integration of different power interconnected energy system in the sources are key to an electricity system future, transforming the country into a based on millions of wind and solar testbed for innovation. Batteries that can installations that will also have to power help to regulate the electricity network cars, provide heating, and assist in de­ ©[WEMAG AG] Batteriespeicher Schwerin Akkuhalle.

44 45 #Technology #Storage #Digitalisation

International Energy Agency (IEA) (2019) Tracking “There is no doubt that digitalisation will take Energy Integration the energy transition to an entirely new level.” McKinsey (2018) The new rules of competition in Robert Spanheimer, bitkomenergy storage Contacts EFI (2019) Research and Innovation Report 2019 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Alena Müller, Association of Energy Market EY (2019) Barometer Digitalisation of the Energy +49 721 608 -21150, monika landgr. af@kit .edu Innovators (bne), +49 30 400 548 18, Transition (in German) alena .mueller@bne-online .de Fraunhofer ISE, +49 761 4588 -5147, karin schneider@ise. fraunhof. er .de Next Kraftwerke, +49 221 82 00 85-855, On cleanenergywire.org [email protected] Uwe Krengel, Fraunhofer IEE, +49 561 7294 -319 Dossiers: Roman Zurhold, Digital Energy World Plat- Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation form (dena), +49 30 66 777-501, Electricity storage is next feat for Germany’s energy Research (ISI), +49 721 6809 -100, zurhold@dena .de transition anne-catherine jung@isi. fraunhof. er .de Digitalisation ignites new phase in energy transition Project Enera, +49 441 480 55 118, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) service@projekt-enera de. Battered utilities take on start-ups in innovation race +49 30 18 57-5050, presse@bmbf .bund .de Germany’s Energiewende start-ups – cutting emis- Philipp Massier, Centre for European Economic Robert Spanheimer, bitkom sions as a business model Research (ZEW), +49 621 1235 -332, +49 30 27576 -112, a .streim@bitkom .org philipp .massier@zew de. Article: Stiftung Neue Verantwortung Felix Hasse, pwc, +49 89 5790 -5810, New phase in transition research: Focus on an inte- +49 30 81 45 03 78 90, [email protected] felix .hasse@de .pwc .com grated energy system Factsheets: Blockchain – the next revolution in the energy carbonising industry. Digitalisation Reading sector? will be crucial for this next step of the Dena (2019) Blockchain in the integrated energy How can Germany keep the lights on in a renewable transition Energie­wen­de. The technology shift will energy future? upend many existing business models Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Ener- Sector coupling – shaping an integrated renewable and inevitably raise concerns about data gy (BMWi) (2019) Federal Government Report on energy system privacy and the risk of cyberattacks. Energy Research

44 45 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

#Gas Natural gas – fossil bridge to a renewable energy future?

he long-term future of natural gas to make a significant contribution to Tin Germany seems all but sealed, the energy supply for many years. The as Europe’s biggest economy will have fuel emits less CO₂2 than oil and coal to virtually phase out all fossil fuels when burned and the gas industry pro- to reach its goal of becoming climate motes flexible gas-fired electricity neutral by 2050. However, as Germany generation as the perfect partner for exits nuclear and coal power, the gov- fluctuating renewables. Germany, ernment says natural gas will continue whose gas supply is almost exclusively © Nord Stream 2 .

46 47 #Gas

Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural ewi Energy Research & Scenarios (2017) The energy “Our goal is clear. Resources (BGR) market in 2030 and 2050 – The contribution of gas

+49 511 643 2679, info@bgr .de and heat infrastructure to an efficient 2CO reduction (in German) We want Germany Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Cologne (EWI) +49 221 277 29-103, iea (2019) Gas 2019 be the global kirsten .krumrey@ewi uni-k. oeln .de to nature energy (2019) Economics of converting Initiative Zukunft Erdgas renewable power to hydrogen number one in +49 30 460 60 15 63, presse@erdgas .info World Energy Council Germany (2018) International hydrogen technology.” aspects of a power-to-x roadmap Reading Peter Altmaier, Economy Minister Agora Energiewende / Agora Verkehrswende (2018) On cleanenergywire.org The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (CDU party) Dossiers: Ecofys (2018) Gas for Climate Industry bets on gas as last trump card in Energie- Contacts Energy Watch Group (2019) Natural gas makes no wende Jens Perner, Frontier Economics contribution to climate protection The Energiewende and its implications for interna- +49 221 337 130, [email protected] European Commission (2018) Quo vadis EU gas tional security German Energy Agency (dena) market regulatory framework – Study on a Gas Bioenergy in Germany +49 30 66 777-641, prein@dena .de Market Design for Europe Factsheets: Germany’s dependence on imported fossil fuels Power-to-gas: Fix for all problems or simply too covered by imports, continues to back the sector will only have a future with expensive? the controversial Nord Stream 2 pipe- renewables-based hydrogen, on which Liquefied gas – does LNG have a place in Germany’s line, which could come online in early the government is set to present a energy future? 2021. The government also welcomes strategy in 2020. While the gas industry Gas pipeline Nord Stream 2 links Germany to Russia, plans to build the country’s first lique- pushes for extensive use in all sectors, but splits Europe fied natural gas (LNG) import terminal many researchers see hydrogen as the Sector coupling – shaping an integrated renewable and has offered potential state sup- ultimate solution to long-term renewa- energy system port. In the longer run, experts believe ble energy storage needs.

46 47 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

#Cities #Urban planning Energy transition to transform German cities

erman cities, counties and munici­ owned by, local communities. Urban Gpalities all have their role to play in centres are where much of the country’s the Energiewende - and nearly 70 of them energy is distributed and consumed. And have by now declared their own ‘climate as the energy transition expands its focus emergency’. With the shift to a decen­ from the power sector to heating, build­ tralised energy system, renewable power ings and mobility, population centres will is increasingly generated in, and often be where crucial changes take place. © [Ulli Winkler] Berliner Stadtwerke .

48 49 #Cities #Urban planning

Contacts Reading State government of Berlin (2017) Berlin Energie- wende law (in German only) German Energy Agency (dena) Renewable Energies Agency (AEE) (2019) Bunde- +49 30 66 777-641, prein@dena .de sländer mit neuer Energie 2019/20 (in German) Anika Schwalbe, Renewable Energies Agency (AEE) German Energy Agency dena (2019) Urban energy On cleanenergywire.org +49 30 200 535-52, transition: it's all about the cities (in German) Dossiers: a .schwalbe@unendlich-viel-energie .de Report by 25 mayors of German cities and towns Cities, municipalities and the Energiewende Katrin Dziekan, Federal Environment Agency (UBA) (sponsored by the German Council for Sustainable The energy transition in Germany's capital +49 340 2103 65 55, katrin dziek. an@uba .de Development) (2013) Turning the energy transition The energy transition and Germany’s transport sector Finn-Christopher Brüning, German Association of into a success story through strong municipalities Towns and Municipalities (DStGB) (in German) Factsheets: +49 30 773 07-242, Cabinet of Germany (2015) Future city – Strategic Energy use in the city of Berlin [email protected] Research and Innovation Agenda (in German) Tenant electricity – feeble start for Germany's 'Ener- Weert Canzler, Research Group Science Policy giewende at home' C40 Cities (2020) Berlin; Heidelberg Studies, Berlin Social Science Center (WZB) Cities' & municipalities' role in the Energiewende +49 30 25491 202, weert c. anzler@wzb .eu Philipp Schönberger et al. (2016) Why Subnational Efficiency gains make eastern German city Energie- Actors Matter: The Role of Länder and Municipali- Steffen Braun, Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial wende frontrunner Engineering (IAO) ties in the German Energy Transition +49 711 970-2022, [email protected] State government of Baden-Württemberg (2020) Association of German Cities New mobility – sustainably in motion (in German) +49 30 37711-130, presse@staedtetag .de

Germany will only meet its climate tar- of which are chronically underfunded, gets if municipalities implement their must negotiate the complex interplay own energy transitions – which can also between EU, federal, and state structures bring economic benefits. They have that set overarching goals and provide opportunities to take different paths funding, in order to apply their own but must also overcome local challeng- ideas, agency, and expertise to shape es. Ger­many’s municipalities, many their own green future.

48 49 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2020

#International #Energy Union #Security The Green Deal – a joint European project shapes German foreign policy

n 2019, the EU announced a new joint is a former German defence minister IEuropean project: the Green Deal and close ally of Chancellor Angela aimed at making the continent climate Merkel. Germany will also hold the EU neutral by 2050. Germany, as the bloc’s council presidency in the second half largest economy and biggest emitter of 2020, when an EU-China summit

of CO2, is set to play a key role. But the and the COP26 UN climate confer- country’s ties to the ambitious climate ence could present critical decision plan go even deeper: EU Commission points for international climate policy. President Ursula von der Leyen, whose Some no longer see Germany as the new administration presented the deal, international climate leader it once © European Union .

50 3 #International #Energy Union #Security

Contacts Friedbert Pflüger, Department of War Studies, On cleanenergywire.org King’s College London Georg Zachmann, Bruegel (Brussels think tank) +44 20 7848 3202, pr@kcl ac. .uk Dossiers: +32 2 227 4288, georg .zachmann@bruegel .org Germany’s energy transition in the European Wolfgang Ischinger, Ambassador / Chairman of the context Alexander Reitzenstein, E3G Munich Security Conference (MSC) +49 160 80 97 748, alexander .reitzenstein@e3g .org +49 89 37979 4921, press@securityconference de. The Energiewende and its implications for interna- tional security ENTSO-E (network of European electricity Global Commission on the Geopolitics of Energy Preview 2020: Germany’s targets under scrutiny in grid operators), +32 2 741 09 50, info@entsoe .eu Transformation (at IEA) year of global climate action Hans-Josef Fell, Green Party / Energy Watch Group [email protected] press@energywatchgroup .org Articles: Kirsten Westphal, German Institute for Interna­ Reading EU and Germany hold pivotal role to drive global climate ambition 2020 tional and Security Affairs (SWP) Global Commission on the Geopolitics of Energy Reactions to EU's Green Deal from Germany +49 30 88007-0, kirsten wes. tphal@swp-berlin .org Transformation (2019) A New World – The Geopoli- tics of the Energy Transformation Factsheets: German Institute for International and Security Gas pipeline Nord Stream 2 links Germany to Russia, Affairs (SWP) (2018) The Geopolitics of Energy but splits Europe Transformation Germany’s climate obligations under the EU Effort European Commission (2020) A European Sharing scheme Green Deal Germany’s dependence on imported fossil fuels was, since the country has struggled to reduce emissions in key sectors International Energy Agency (IEA) (2019) Global Gas Interconnectors & blockages – German grid at odds with EU power market during the past years. But Europe’s Security Review 2019 Liquefied gas – Does LNG have a place in Germany’s climate ambitions will continue to Planetary Security Initiative / adelphi (2018) Build- energy future? hinge on Germany’s performance - ing resilience by linking climate change adaptation, peacebuilding and conflict prevention Understanding the European Union’s Emissions and the country’s decisions will have Trading System a profound impact in areas such as Nature (2019) How the energy transition will power grids, emissions trading, green reshape geopolitics finance and energy research across the continent. Clean Energy Wire is a joint initiative of Stiftung Mercator and the 50 European Climate Foundation. 3 DOSSIERS FACTSHEETS NEWS|NEWSLETTER

Ask CLEW Our team in Berlin is available to CLEW Dossiers provide CLEW Factsheets explain Our daily news articles and support journalists in their work . you with in-depth analysis key aspects of the energy newsletter offer compre- CLEW assists with research, provides on the main topics of the transition and provide an hensive coverage of the background and helps to find experts energy transition. overview of current issues . latest developments in Ger- and politicians to speak with. many’s energy transition. [email protected] or +49 30 700 1435 212

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