@cleanenergywire # industry competitiveness # renewable energy / citizens‘ energy A Reporter’s Guide to the Energiewende*

a coal conundrum #climate change # #transforming transport

phasing out nuclear # utilities fighting for survival # # grid expansion

* German energy transition

5th edition 2018 Context. Contacts. Access. Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

Sven Egenter Kerstine Appunn Sören Amelang Eva Freundorfer Julian Wettengel Benjamin Wehrmann Carel Carlowitz Mohn Editor in Chief Correspondent Correspondent Programme Officer Correspondent Correspondent Dir. Media Programmes

The repercussions of the country’s Ener­ or political interests. We share our A Note from CLEW giewende are felt all across society and funders’ commitment to work towards the business sector, offering journalists a the decarbonisation of the economy in The Paris Climate Agreement heralds a wealth of exciting and important stories. order to limit the impact of man-made global shift to a low-carbon future to get climate change. climate change under control. As Ger- Yet, researching this massive under- many tries to follow this path, its energy taking in a foreign country is arguably a The CLEW’s “A Reporter’s Guide to the transition provides valuable lessons on difficult job, even for the most seasoned Energiewende”, now in its fifth edi- weaning a major economy off fossil fuels. reporter. This is compounded by the tion, gives journalists a starting point immense complexity of the technology for their work by highlighting the main and economics behind energy policy. At storylines of the energy transition, the same time, strong fact-based and providing lists of experts, and links to critical journalism is essential to inform key readings. the international debate about how to decarbonise the global economy. Our website, cleanenergywire.org, offers plenty more in-depth information and This is why the Clean Energy Wire (CLEW) contacts. has set out to support journalists in their work. Fully funded by two non-profit Our daily news digest and our Twitter foundations – Stiftung Mercator and feed @cleanenergywire keep readers el. Te l : the European Climate Foundation – we in the loop about Energiewende-related Email: enjoy independence from any business debates and events. witterTw e t t i @cleanenergywire 2 : 3 Our team of journalists and media professionals in Berlin is available to support journalists in their work.

Martha Otwinowski Hedwig Gradmann Felix Bieler Journalism Network Manager Assistant Research Assistant

We also organise workshops for jour- Nuclear phase-out ...... 30 nalists, offering a first-hand account of Contents Industry and Jobs ...... 32 the transformation. We invite reporters Utilities ...... 34 and editors to join our growing CLEW What is the Energiewende? And where did it Electricity market ...... 36 network of journalists covering energy come from? ...... 4 Efficiency ...... 38 transition and climate policy in order to #Energiewende – Targets ...... 6 Finance ...... 40 exchange views or team up on big cross #Energiewende – Key Figures ...... 8 border stories. Citizens’ Energy ...... 42 #Energiewende – Dates 2018 and 2019 . . . . . 11 COP24 in Katowice ...... 44 #Energiewende – Contacts ...... 12 But, most importantly, we provide Technology and Storage ...... 46 assistance, answer your questions, and #Energiewende – Reading in English ...... 13 Natural gas as a bridging technology? . . . . . 48 put you in touch with experts – so don’t Climate, CO emissions and fossil fuels . . . . . 14 Cities ...... 50 hesitate to ask CLEW. 2 The new government’s energy transi­tion policy . . 16 Digitalisation ...... 52 Sven Egenter and Energiewende history – the first four decades . . . 18 Geo-politics and the European Union ...... 54 the Clean Energy Wire team Power grid expansion ...... 20 Tranforming the transport sector ...... 22 The car industry and the energy transition . . . 24 Renewables (wind, solar, biogas) ...... 26 Energiewende legislation – the Renewable Energy Act ...... 28

2 3 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

What is the Energiewende? And where did it come from?

he energy transition, known in Ger- The process has two key elements: radically reshaping the energy system Tmany as the Energiewende, is the as a whole. As the traditional model country’s planned transformation to a of centralised power generation is being the phase-out of nuclear power low-carbon, nuclear free economy. replaced by diverse sources of energy (by 2022) that fluctuate with the weather, the the development of renewable project’s influence goes beyond the grid energy technologies and the power market. While for now mainly focused on electricity, the Ener- However, since the introduction of giewende is also expected to transform feed-in tariffs for renewable energies other sectors like industry, housing, in the 1990s, the project has been construction, heating, and transport as

Energiewende in Germany: Timeline

1973-1975 1979/1980 1986 1991 1997/2005 2000 2007

“Nuclear power? Enter the Greens Chernobyl disaster Kick-starting renew- Kyoto Protocol Renewable Energy Act EU targets No thanks!” Birth of Germany’s Green solid­if­ies Germans’ ables Germany, the world’s Renewables granted EU sets 2020 climate Germany’s anti-nuclear Party is founded, with resist­ance to nuclear New legislation intro- sixth largest emitter feed-in tariffs and grid targets: 20% renew­ movement as protests an exit from nuclear energy duces feed-in tariffs at the time, has to priority ables share, 20% GHG

force plans for a nuclear energy and a renew- for renewable power reduce CO2 emissions reduction, 20% more power plant in Wyhl to able future as key Climate change under the agreement Nuclear phase-out #1 efficiency be aborted demands enters the discourse – SPD-Green government a magazine story leads and utilities agree Activists first use the parliament to establish to phase out nuclear 4 term “Energiewende” an advisory council by 2022 5 Energiewende

all stakeholders are looking for ways to phase-out, but its future is now uncertain shape Germany’s “all-electric” future. as the government is under pressure to For Germany’s specific energy transition step up its efforts to cut greenhouse gas targets, see pages 6- 7. emissions. Meanwhile, entirely new busi- nesses have sprung up. Already, there are winners and losers. The big utilities’ traditional business models have been hit hard, while consumers and some businesses are concerned about higher electricity costs. The coal industry was the first to benefit from the nuclear

2010 2011 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Extending nuclear Nuclear phase-out #2 New EEG & climate Slow progress Spin-off Renewables New government The nuclear consensus is Merkel government action The Energiewende Utilities E.ON and RWE Reform Wants to focus on grid reversed by a conserva- formulates new nuclear Govt. lowers feed-in monitoring report split to separate renew­ Auctions determine expansion and sector tive government phase-out by 2022 with tariffs, starts PV auctions shows climate targets ables from fossil plants renewables payments coupling large parliamentary and introduces plan to are “in serious danger” Energy concept majority after Fukushi- achieve 2020 climate Climate Action Plan G20 & COP23 Utilities shakeup Govt . sets out renewa- ma disaster targets Govt. adopts ambitious Germany tries to main- RWE and E.ON split up bles and climate targets 2030 emission targets tain climate utility innogy, separating for 2020 and 2050 for individual economic leadership, but emis- grids from generation 4 sectors sions stagnate 5 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#Energiewende – Targets

he overall objective of the Energie­ tury, renewables are to cover at Sector targets for greenhouse gas reductions Twende is to reduce Germany’s least 80 percent of the country’s gross Sector 2014 status 2030 target cut from 1990 levels cut from 1990 levels greenhouse gas emissions and phase power consumption (36.2 percent in 2017). Energy 23 % 61-62 % out nuclear power, making the economy Buildings 43 % 66-67 % more environmentally sustainable. In November 2016, Germany’s govern- Transport 2 % 40-42 % ment agreed on a basic framework - the Industry 36 % 49-51 % On a national level, Germany aims to cut Climate Action Plan 2050 - for largely Agriculture 18 % 31-34 % greenhouse gas emissions by 40 percent decarbonising the country’s economy Other 69 % 87 % by 2020, by 55 percent by 2030, and by up by the middle of this century. In accord- Total 28 % 55-56 % to 95 percent by 2050. The share of re- ance with the Paris Climate Agreement, Source: Climate Action Plan 2050, BMUB (2016). newables in final energy consumption is the plan fine-tunes Germany’s climate to rise to 60 percent (from 14.8 percent in goals. It includes target corridors for re- thereby threatening the entire project’s 2017) by 2050. By the middle of the cen- ducing greenhouse gas emissions in the credibility. The economy ministry’s individual economic sectors as interim 2014 Climate Action Programme detail- goals for the year 2030. The energy sec- ing additional measures and identify-

tor will have to cut its emissions roughly ing CO₂2 saving potential, is likely to be by half compared to 2014 levels. less effective than predicted. And the Energiewende Monitoring Report, which As for the progress made on these tar- usually gives a progress update every gets: In autumn 2017, the environment year, has not been published in 2017 or ministry warned that Germany was set 2018 because of the drawn-out process of to widely miss its 2020 emission targets, forming a new government.

6 7 Energy transition targets

Quantitative targets of the energy transition 1990 2005 2008 2016 2020 2030 2040 2050 Reduce -40 % greenhouse gas -55 % emissions -70 % -80 - 95 % 5-20 % 100 % 72 . 7% 45 % 60 % 30 %

Reduce Increase share power of renewables * 80 % consumption 50 -65 % 65 % in gross power consumption 31 .6 % 35 % 90 % 75 % 96 . 4 % 100 % -20 % Increase share Reduce of renewables primary energy -50 % in energy consumption 60 % consumption 30 % 45 % 93 . 5 % 100 % 50 % 14 .8 % 80 % 18 %

Reduce energy demand in buildings 80 % 100 % 93 . 7 % Reduce final energy *New conditional target consumption accord­ing to coalition treaty 2018. in transport Sources: AG Energiebilan- 104 . 2 % 90 % 100 % 60 % zen (2017), BMWi (2018), 1990 2005 2008 2016 2020 2030 2040 2050 UBA (2018).

6 7 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#Energiewende – Key Figures

3.6 % Renewables’ share in gross German power generation in 1990 46.5 m Passenger cars 53,861 Pure electric 33.3 % Renewables’ registered in Germany cars registered = 0.12 % share in gross power (01/2018) (01/2018) generation in 2017 12.8 minutes: Average power outage in Germany 2016 95 % of Germans € 24.5 bn Renewable 338,500 People 19,852 People USA: 128 mins believe use and roll-out of surcharge paid by power employed in the employed in the lignite GB: 53 mins (2014) renewables is very impor- consumers in 2017 renew­ables sector (2016) industry France: 50 mins (2014) tant or important (2017) (12/2016) Poland: 192 mins (2014)

23.7 29.4 ct/kWh 7.8 % Drop in energy € 17 bn the government 13.1 % Renewables’ 36.2 % Renewables’ Average household power demand for heating houses pays to energy efficiency share in primary energy share in gross power con- price 2010 and 2018 – 2008 – 2016 measures in housing consumption in 2017 suption in 2017 there­of 6.8 ct/kWh re­new­­­ (by 2020) (up from 1.3 % in 1990) (up from 3.1 % in 1991) able surcharge in 2018 5 3.3 ct/kWh Average electricity 90.6 % of natural gas 98 % of crude oil 905 m tonnes 27.7 % Fall in green-

spot market price used in Germany is imported (2016) CO2 equivalents green- house gas emissions in 2010 and 2017 is imported (2016) house gas emissions 1990 – 2017 in 2017

8 9 Energy transition data 27.7 % greenhouse gas reduction since 1990 Emission trends for Germany by sector 1990-2017

1,252 1,200

79 1,045

72 1,000 69 1,000 68 973 975 68 66 68 132 67 943 920 925 942 Environment 67 909 * 67 134 908 907 905 64 67 903 ministry projections: 68 65 64 125 62 63 136 -32% 130 62 144 64 130 ~ 97 140 65 63 64 133 64 93 132 123

119 2020 target: 65 65 66 121 67 122 114 63 89 114 800 94 112 95

108 -40% 99 97 101 101 95 91 107 97 83 83 91 92 88 78 78 75 74 79 75 100 78 76 77 74 62 164 62 63 63 62 62 63 61 167 66 2030 target: 173 178

600 174 178 -55% 178 154 170 170 179 182 177 178 183 157 161 154 159 187 155 154 156 160 167 171 163 153 187

165 850

155 ~ 128 144 142 119 118 136 120

146 751 115 122 127 123 119 136 118 140 130 125 123 134

400 118 equivalents in million tonnes equivalents 109 127 126 2 130 563 CO 427 200 413 388 387 381 391 384 379 380 375 371 373 368 367 358 377 364 356 368 357 354 354 345 349 345 332 337 319

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2020 2030

Energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport Fugitive emissions from fuels Industry Households

Agriculture Waste Other Total emissions without LULUCF

Without emissions from land use, *According to federal environment ministry calculations from October 2017, Germany is set to widely miss its goal land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40 percent by 2020. Source: UBA, 2018 .

8 9 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018 gross power production Development of gross power production in Germany 1990-2017 Mineral oil 27 .3 27 .3 27 .7 Others Other 26 .2 27 .0 0 9%. 600 4 3%. Renewables 188 .6 Natural gas Mineral oil 162 .5 189 .8 151 .5 218 .3 13 .2% 500 Natural gas Wind onshore 13 .6%

67 .5 61 .1 Hard coal 400 Hard coal 62 .0 81 .3 86 .5 14 .1% Renewables 127 .3 Wind offshore 2 .7% 118 .6 33 .3% 300 117 .7 Hydro power 3 .1% 112 .2 92 .6 Lignite Biomass 7 .0%

160 .9 in 2017 % shares 200 155 .8 terawatt-hours (TWh) terawatt-hours 154 .5 149 .5 147 .5 Lignite Solar 6 .1% 100 22 .5% Nuclear power 97 .3 Nuclear 97 .1 91 .8 84 .6 76 .3 11 .7% Waste 0 .9% 0 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Source: AG Energiebilanzen, 2017. Share of energy sources Germany’s power export balance 1990-2017 in primary energy consumption 2017 Percentages add up to 101.3% as net power 675 60 exports are not visualised in this graph. Power export balance Mineral oil 650 Gross power generation 50 34 .5% Others Waste 1 .0% Gross power consumption 1 .8% Hydro power 0 .5% 625 40 Wind power 2 .8% Net export Net

600 30 Solar 1 .3% Renewables Biomass 7 .1% 575 20 Natural gas 13 .1% 23 .8% 550 10 terawatt-hours (TWh) terawatt-hours Nuclear 6 .1% 525 0 Hard coal Lignite 10 .9% 11 .1%

500 -10 import Net Geothermal 0 .4%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: BMWi 2018 . Source: AG Energiebilanzen, 2017.

10 power export balance 11 Calendar

#Energiewende – Dates 2018/2019

2018 2019 4 - 5 June: 4th annual Handelsblatt con- 25 - 28 September: WindEnergy, trade 22 – 24 January: 26th Handelsblatt ference “Digital Energy Industry 2018”, fair, HAMBURG. Annual Conference “Energy Industry BONN. 2019”, BERLIN. 14 October: State elections in Bavaria. 13 - 14 June: BDEW Congress, energy con- 5 - 7 February: E-World energy & water, 28 October: State elections in Hesse. ference by German Association of Energy trade fair, ESSEN. and Water Industries (BDEW), BERLIN. 27 - 28 November: dena Congress, by 12 – 14 March: Energy Storage Europe, German Energy Agency (dena), BERLIN. 17 – 19 June: 9th Petersberg Climate conference and trade fair, DÜSSELDORF. Dialogue, informal international gov- 3 – 14 December: COP24, KATOWICE, 1 – 5 April: Hannover Messe 2019, indus- ernment conference, BERLIN. POLAND. try trade fair, HANOVER. 20 – 22 June: Intersolar Europe, trade 11 – 12 December: new energy world 8 – 9 April: Future Mobility Summit, fair, MUNICH. 2018, trade fair for energy management, BERLIN. integrated systems, LEIPZIG. 3 July: 6th BDI commodity congress, by BDI, BERLIN.

11 – 12 September: 13th German Energy Congress, MUNICH.

20 - 27 September: 67th IAA Commer- cial Vehicles, HANOVER. Calendar 10 11 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#Energiewende – Contacts

… for official statements Institute for Applied Ecology (Öko-Institut) German Renewable Energies Agency (AEE) Sustainable development consultancy and research +49 30 200 535 52, a.knebel@unendlich-viel- Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs institute. +49 761 45295 224,[email protected] , energie .de, www.unendlich-viel-energie.de and Energy (BMWi), +49 30 18 615 6121, www .oeko .de/en [email protected], www .bmwi .de/en Federal Ministry for the Environment, Agora Energiewende, Think tank focusing on … for industry comment Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU), dialogue with energy policymakers in the pow- er sector. +49 30 700 1435-110, German Association of Energy and Water Indus- +49 30 18 305 2010, [email protected], tries (BDEW), Germany’s largest energy industry as- www .bmu bund. de/en. [email protected], www.agora-energiewende.de sociation. +49 30 300 199-1160,[email protected] , Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital www .bdew .de Infrastructure (BMVI), +49 30 18300-7200, German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) German Association of Local Utilities (VKU) [email protected], www .bmvi .de/en DIW’s energy, transportation and environment, Representing the many local and regional utilities and climate policy departments study the eco­ Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Com- (Stadtwerke) in Germany. +49 30 58580-226, nomics and politics of climate change and energy. munity, +49 30 18681 11022, [email protected], [email protected], www vku. de. Mathilde Richter, +49 30 89789-152, www .bmi bund. de. [email protected], www .diw .de Federation of German Industries (BDI) +49 30 2028-1565, [email protected], www .bdi .eu Fraunhofer ISE, Solar energy research institute and … for latest data and research publisher of electricity production data. Also see German Renewable Energy Federation (BEE) Agora Verkehrswende, Think tank focusing on the their data and graphs at www.energy-charts.de, +49 30 275 81 70-16, [email protected], energy transition in the transport sector. +49 761 4588-5147, www .ise fraunhofer. .de www.bee-ev.de +49 30 700 1435-000, [email protected], www.agora-verkehrswende.de

AG Energiebilanzen, Energy market research group. … for a list of over 250 experts and +49 30 8913987, [email protected], institutions with insights into the www.ag-energiebilanzen.de ­ the experts Energiewende­ see: experts 12 www.cleanenergywire.org/resources / 13 Contacts & Sources

#Energiewende – Reading in English

cleanenergywire.org Our website provides in-depth Federal Foreign Office Who is Who of the Energie- Renewable Energy Law analyses (dossiers), factsheets, news articles, a daily wende in Germany . Brochure of Contact Partners and Policy Review (2013) press digest, an expert database, and more. in Politics, Industry and Society (2015) and Online The Energiewende in database (2018) . Germany: background, devel- Agora Energiewende (2018) Energy Transition in opments and future challenges . the Power Sector in Europe: State of Affairs in 2017; Federal Environment Agency (UBA) (2017) Data on (2013) 12 Insights on Germany’s Energiewende . the Environment . National Geographic (2015) Germany Could Be a Model for How We’ll Get Power in the Future . Agora Verkehrswende (2017) Transforming Trans- Hager, Carol and Christoph H. Stefes (eds.) (2016) port to Ensure Tommorow’s Mobility . Germany’s Energy Transition. A Comparative Per- PwC (2015) Energiewende Outlook: Transportation spective . sector; Energiewende Outlook: Electricity sector; The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energiewende Outlook: Heating sector . Energy (BMWi) website offers a wide range of Ecologic Institute (2016) Understanding the Energy publications in English, including the newsletter Transition in Germany . Centre on Regulation in Europe (2015) The energy transition in Europe: initial lessons from Germany, ’Energiewende direkt‘ . Energy Research and Social Science (2016) Putting the UK and France . an energy system transformation into practice: The Federal Ministry for the Environment (BMU) case of the German Energiewende . (2017) Climate Action in Figures. Facts, Trends and Incentives for German Climate Policy; (2016) Climate German Institute for Economic Research (2015) Action Plan 2050 . Deep Decarbonisation in Germany. A Macro-Analy- sis of the Economic and Political Challenges of the energytransition.org A website/blog, funded by the ‘Energiewende’ . Heinrich Böll Foundation, explaining what the energy transition is, how it works, and what challenges International Association for Energy Economics lie ahead . (2014) The German “Energiewende” – An Introduction . Federal Foreign Office (2018) The German AG Energiebilanzen (2017) Evaluation Tables of the Energiewen­de . Energy Balance for Germany 1990 to 2016 . experts 12 www.cleanenergywire.org/resources / 13 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#Climatexxx and CO2 #Fossil Fuels Greenxxx pioneer Germany struggles to make climate protection a reality

s the home country of the Energie­ ting greenhouse gas emissions is mixed: Awende, Germany is considered a It is set to miss its 2020 climate targets. pioneer in the fight against man-made Germany is now aiming at 2030 targets climate change. But despite a spectacular with its Climate Action Plan 2050, a rise in power generation from renew­ roadmap to a climate neutral economy ables, the country’s track record on cut­ by mid century. But the protracted bat­ ©[hansenn] Fotolia .

14 15 #Climate and CO2 #Fossil Fuels

WWF Germany Contacts On cleanenergywire.org Corinna Seide, +49 30 311777-422, Patrick Graichen, Agora Energiewende [email protected] Dossier: +49 30 700 1435-110, The energy transition and climate change [email protected] Germanwatch +49 228 60492-23, [email protected] Article: Claudia Kemfert, German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons Germany gears up for official talks on coal phase-out +49 30 89789-663, [email protected] and Climate Change (MCC) +49 30 3385537-201, [email protected] Factsheets: Fraunhofer ISI Germany’s greenhouse gas emissions and cli- +49 721 6809 100, Climate-Alliance Germany mate targets +49 30 780 899 514, [email protected] [email protected] When will Germany finally ditch coal? The Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Stiftung 2° Germany’s Climate Action Plan 2050 +49 30 2045 3734, [email protected] Research (PIK) Coal in Germany +49 331 288 25 07, [email protected] Understanding the European Union’s Emissions Greenpeace Germany Reading Trading System +49 40 306 183 46, [email protected] Agora Energiewende (2016) Eleven Principles for a Consensus on Coal Camilla Bausch, Ecologic Institute +49 30 86880-0, [email protected] Agora Energiewende (2017) Energy Transition in the Power Sector in Europe: State of Affairs 2016 Agora Energiewende (2014) The German Energie- wende and its Climate Paradox Fraunhofer ISE (2017) Energy Charts tle over the details of the plan revealed Federal Ministry for the Environment (BMU) (2016) it will be a bumpy ride to turn climate Climate Action Plan 2050 ambition into practice, as the country will ultimately need to kick its habit of Germanwatch /Climate Action Network (2016) Climate Change Performance Index: Results 2017 burning coal for power production – and say goodbye to petrol and diesel cars.

14 15 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#Government #Policy New government wants “clean, secure and affordable” Energiewende

ermany’s 2018 coalition government government has effectively scrapped its Ghas laid out an adjusted vision for own 2020 climate target in the coalition its climate and energy policies, and is treaty, and now focuses on the 2030 goal striving to become an international instead. Meanwhile, several Energie- “pioneer” in the field again. However, wende-related challenges - such as the many observers have doubts as to its future of coal, vehicle emissions, or the ability to deliver on this promise. The deficient grid infrastructure - remain © Steffen Kugler, Bundesregierung.

16 17 #Government #Policy

The Federal Agency for Civic Education (BPB) Contacts On cleanenergywire.org +49 228 99515-200, [email protected] Christian Democratic Union (CDU) Dossiers: +49 30 220 70 -143 and -144, [email protected] Abgeordnetenwatch (website on transparency in politics) The new German government and the energy Christian Social Union (CSU) +49 40 3176 910 35, [email protected] transition +49 89 1243 300, [email protected] Preview 2018 – Outlook for Germany’s Energiewende Prof. Frank Brettschneider, political communication New government wants “clean, secure Social Democratic Party (SPD) specialist at University of Hohenheim Article: +49 30 25991 300, [email protected] +49 711 459 24031 Coalition watch – The making of a new German and affordable” Energiewende Green Party (Grüne) [email protected] government +49 30 284 42 130, [email protected] Dr. Klaus Detterbeck, political party scholar at Factsheets: University of Göttingen Left Party (Die Linke) Climate, energy and transport in Germany’s coali- +49 551 39 21 686, +49 30 24009 543, [email protected] tion treaty [email protected] Free Democratic Party (FDP) German federalism: In 16 states of mind over the +49 30 28 49 58 41, [email protected] Prof. Uwe Wagschal, political scientist at University Energiewende of Freiburg Alternative for Germany (AfD) +49 761 203 9361, +49 30 26558370, [email protected] [email protected] German Bundestag (federal parliament) +49 30 227 37171, [email protected] Reading “Germany quickly has German Bundestag (2016) Facts – The Bundestag at role a glance to restoreits pioneering largely unsolved. Following the unu- Wahlrecht.de (2018) Latest polls (federal & state) ” – sually long coalition talks, Chancellor in climate action Berlin Policy Journal (2018) Berlin Observer Angela Merkel’s fourth cabinet must now appease energy transition critics at Environment Minister home, and at the same time live up to its climate action pledges on the inter- Svenja Schulze in her national stage. inaugural speech. 16 17 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#Energiewende #History Energiewende – the first four decades

or many observers, the energy government­ reinstated plans to exit nu- Ftransition in Germany began with clear power. A long process deeply rooted Chancellor Angela Merkel’s decision in German history and society led to to phase out nuclear power, following policies that triggered a strong increase in the accident at the Fukushima nuclear renewable energy sources and are now at plant in Japan. But the societal pro- the heart of a move to a low-carbon econ- ject started decades before the Merkel omy. The Energiewende – a full-scale ©[nullplus] iStock.

18 19 #Energiewende #History

Contacts On cleanenergywire.org

Institute for Applied Ecology (Öko-Institut) Dossier: +49 761 45295 224, [email protected] The history of the Energiewende Heinrich Böll Foundation Factsheets: +49 30 285 34 217, [email protected] “The renewable energy act Milestones of the German Energiewende Green Party The history behind Germany’s nuclear phase-out sparked a real grassroots +49 30 284 42 130, [email protected] Friends of the Earth Germany (BUND) citizens’ movement. +49 30 27586 425, [email protected] Greenpeace Germany Germans turned the +49 40 306 183 46, [email protected] Nina Scheer, Social Democrats MP Energiewende into their +49 30 227 76539, [email protected]

own project.” Reading Nina Scheer, Social Democrats MP energytransition.deTimeline Energiewende Paul Hockenos (2008) Joschka Fischer and the Mak- ing of the Berlin Republic: An Alternative History of Postwar Germany transformation of society and the Carbon Brief (2016) The history of the Energie- economy – arose out of enduring grass- wende roots movements, evidence-based discourse, concern about climate change, and key technological advances, as well as hands-on experience garnered along the way in Germany and elsewhere.

18 19 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#Grid Success of Energiewende hinges on unblocking the power grid

ermany must update its electricity big a problem for the stability of the Gnetwork to handle the fluctuat- grid as too little would be. Furthermore, ing supply of power from decentral- not everyone is in favour of building ised sources, while pursuing the shift new power lines to carry electricity to an integrated renewable energy to the country’s industrial south. The system. The rapid expansion of wind debate revolves around the Energie- power capacity in the north means a wende’s public acceptance, and it also bountiful supply of low-cost electricity centres on how the central govern­ment there. But too much power can be as should work with the states to make ©[Gina Sanders] Fotolia .

20 21 #Grid

TransnetBW (grid operator) Contacts On cleanenergywire.org +49 711 21858-3567 [email protected] Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur) Dossier: +49 228 14 9921, [email protected] Chambers of Commerce and Industry (DIHK) +49 30 20308 – 1607, [email protected] The energy transition and Germany’s power grid Andreas Jahn, Regulatory Assistance Project (RAP) +49 30 700 1435 421, [email protected] Factsheets: Set-up and challenges of Germany’s power grid Lorenz Jarass, RheinMain University of Applied Reading Interconnectors & blockages – German grid at odds Sciences Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur) with EU power market +49 611 54101804, [email protected] (2014) Grid expansion in Germany. What you need Setting the power price: the merit order effect Institute of Energy Economics at the University of to know Re-dispatch costs in the German power grid Cologne (EWI), +49 221 27729 108, Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy [email protected] (BMWi) (2017) Grids and Grid Expansion Loop flows: Why is wind power from northern Ger- many putting east European grids under pressure? 50Hertz Transmission (grid operator) German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) Germany’s electricity grid stable amid energy +49 30 5150 3417, [email protected] (2015) Electricity grids and climate targets: New transition TenneT (grid operator) approaches to grid planning Power grid fees – Unfair and opaque? +49 921 50740 4050, [email protected] DIW (2014) Beyond the “Grid-Lock” in electricity interconnectors: The case of Germany and Poland How can Germany keep the lights on in a renewable Amprion (grid operator) energy future? +49 231 5849 13785, [email protected] Pentalateral Energy Forum (2018) Second regional Volatile but predictable: Forecasting renewable generation adequacy assessment report power generation Grid development plans of the four German trans- this project a success. Meanwhile, Germany’s renewable generation peaks remain mission grid operators (TSOs) shrouded in data fog the European Commission wants Germany to address the problems of Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur) (2017) Monitoring report 2017 (in German) infrastructural bottlenecks, and the opponents of the grid expansion north new power lines between are floating alternative solutions, “As long as the problem such as a decentralised power supply, are not completed, the power storage, or splitting the Ger- and south Germany man power market. worsen.” of a lopsided system will only 20 Andreas Jahn, Regulatory Assistance Project 21(RAP) Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#Transport Car giant Germany struggles to ignite Energiewende in transport

hen it comes to the automobile, the country’s quest for a low-carbon WGermany flaunts unique gravitas. economy, there is no consensus on how But so far, the country has made little this should be done. For now, emissions headway in creating a strong link from the transport sector continue

between its transport system and the to rise, and the high level of NOx pol­ transition to renewable energy. While lu­tion in cities, linked to the dieselgate it is clear that extending the Energie­ affair, has put diesel driving bans on wende to transport will be crucial in the agenda. New mobility concepts, © Pixabay .

22 23 #Transport

Contacts Agency for Renewable Energies (2015) Renewables “Decarbonisation isn’t in the transport sector: Which routes are open? Urs Maier, Agora Verkehrswende happening anywhere in +49 30 700 1435-302, Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastruc- [email protected] ture (BMVI) Electric mobility the sector. Measures are Andreas Knie, Innovation Center for Mobility and German Institute for Economic Research (2015) Social Change (Innoz) Power System Impacts of Electric Vehicles in Germa- expensive and interfere +49 30 23 88 84-101, [email protected] ny: Charging with Coal or Renewables? Peter Kasten, Institute for Applied Ecology Institute for Applied Ecology (Öko-Institut)(2016) with our daily life. (Öko-Institut), +49 30 405085 349, [email protected] Assessing the status of electrification of the road transport passenger vehicles and potential future Oliver Lah, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, implications for the environment and European Environment, and Energy Thus, it just hasn’t been energy system +49 30 2887458 16, [email protected] Institute for Applied Ecology (Öko-Institut)(2014) pushed by either Werner Reh, Friends of the Earth Germany (BUND) Development of an Evaluation Framework for the +49 30 27586435, [email protected] Introduction of Electromobility politicians or industry.” Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infra­ structure (BMVI) Peter Kasten, +49 30 18300-7200, [email protected] On cleanenergywire.org Institute for Applied Ecology Deutsche Umwelthilfe (DUH) Dossier: +49 30 2400867-20, [email protected] The energy transition and Germany’s transport sector

such as carsharing, “cycle only” lanes, Factsheets: Reading and updated public transport options, “Dieselgate” – a timeline of Germany's car emis- sions fraud scandal have yet to stand the test of time. Con- Agora Verkehrswende (2017) Transforming Trans- Diesel driving bans in Germany – The Q&A sumers are also slow in their uptake port to Ensure Tomorrow’s Mobility – 12 Insights of electric vehicles, making it unlikely Germany Trade & Invest (2015) Electromobility in Energiewende in transportation: Vague goals, modest strides for the government to reach its target Germany: Vision 2020 and beyond The role of biofuel and hydrogen in Germany’s of putting one million electric vehicles PricewaterhouseCoopers (2015) Energiewende transport Energiewende on German roads by 2020. Outlook: Transportation sector

22 23 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#Cars BMW, Daimler, and VW vow to fight in green transport revolution

n Germany, the birthplace of the by the scandal over the manipulation Iautomobile, three iconic carmakers - of emission tests by Europe’s largest BMW, Daimler, and Volkswagen - are car producer VW, and facing new and facing the greatest challenge in their powerful competitors in Google, history: the mobility revolution to turn Tesla, Apple, and Uber, the future of the transport system green. Tarnished Germany’s horsepower proud car- ©[mirpic] Fotolia.

24 25 #Cars

Contacts Federal Motor Transport Authority Reading +49 461 316-1293, [email protected] Kerstin Meyer, Agora Verkehrswende Alix Partners (2016) A watershed moment for the +49 30 700 1435 -303, German Association of the Automotive Indus- automotive industry [email protected] try (VDA) +49-30-897842-124, [email protected] McKinsey&Company (2016) Automotive revolu- Ferdinand Dudenhöffer, Center Automotive tion – perspective towards 2030 Research, University of Duisburg-Essen Henning Kagermann, National Platform for +49 203 379-1111, Electric Mobility Deutsche Bank (2014) The future of Germany as [email protected] +49 89 52 03 09-43, [email protected] an automaking location Stefan Bratzel, Center of Automotive Management, BMW Group Roland Berger (2016) Global Automotive Suppli- University of Applied Sciences Bergisch Gladbach +49 89 382-72652, wieland.bruch@bmw.de er Study +49 2202 285 77-0, [email protected] Daimler Peter Mock, The International Council on Clean +49 711 17-76409, On cleanenergywire.org Transportation (ICCT) [email protected] Dossier: +49 30 847 129-102, [email protected] Volkswagen The Energiewende and German carmakers Nicolai Müller, McKinsey&Company +49 5361 9-77639, [email protected] +49 211 136-4516, Factsheets: [email protected] Reluctant Daimler plans “radical” push into new mobility world Wolfgang Bernhart, Roland Berger +49 711 3275-7421, Early e-car starter BMW plans new mobility sprint [email protected] Diesel driving bans in Germany – The Q & A Dieselgate forces VW to embrace green mobility “Dieselgate” – a timeline of Germany's car emissions makers in an age of decarbonisation, in the global competition in the field fraud scandal self-driving vehicles, and carsharing of battery technologies. But experts The debate over an end to combustion engines is less certain than ever. Carmakers say it is far too early to write off these in Germany have lobbied hard – and with some powerhouses of automotive innovation success – against stricter emissions in the global race to master the future limits, and they risk falling behind of mobility.

24 25 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#Renewables #Wind #Solar #Bioenergy Renewables prepare for competition as rapid roll - out brings prices down

n the very first day of 2018, Ger­ renewable power to briefly cover Omany crossed an important thresh­ 100 percent of its electricity needs. As old in its drive to boost the use of prices dwindle, wind, solar, and other renewable energy. According to pre­ renewable sources have seen remark­ liminary data, the world’s fourth able capacity growth in the country in largest economy generated enough recent years, and the government has © E .ON .

26 27 #Renewables #Wind #Solar #Bioenergy

Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Contacts On cleanenergywire.org Research ISI German Renewable Energy Federation (BEE) +49 721 6809-100, [email protected] Dossiers: +49 30 275 8170 16, [email protected] Citizens’ Energy Alliance (BBEn), +49 30 3088 1789, Bioenergy in Germany German Wind Energy Association (BWE) [email protected] Onshore wind power in Germany +49 30 212341-251, [email protected] German Renewable Energies Agency (AEE) Offshore wind power in Germany Renewables prepare for competition Federal Association for Bioenergy +49 30 200 535 52, [email protected] +49 228 81002 57, [email protected] Factsheets: Reading Bioenergy’s public acceptance problem German Solar Industry Association (BSW) as rapid roll - out brings prices down +49 30 29 777 88-52, [email protected] Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy Bioenergy in Germany – facts and figures on devel- (BMWi) (2016) Renewable Energy Sources in Fig- opment, support and investment Volker Quaschning, University of Applied ures: National and International Development, 2016 Germany’s energy consumption and power mix Sciences Berlin International Renewable Energy Association (IRENA) in charts +49 30 5019-3656, [email protected] (2015) Renewable Energy Prospects: Germany Volatile but predictable: Forecasting renewable Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE) power generation Energy (BMWi) (2018) Recent Facts about Photovoltaics in Germany +49 30 18 615 6132, [email protected] High hopes and concerns over onshore wind power Frankfurt School of Finance/UN Environment Pro- auctions Renewable Energy Research Association gramme (2017) Global Trends in Renewable Energy German onshore wind power – output, business +49 30 288 7565 72, [email protected] Investment 2017 and perspectives Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) German offshore wind power – output, business System Technology (IWES) (2015) Employment in the renewable energy sector and perspectives +49 471 14290-205, in Germany: expansion and operation, today and [email protected] tomorrow (in German) Environmental concerns accompany German off- shore wind expansion

ramped up its expansion goal to 65 per­ ti­ties of intermittent power. Against cent of power consumption by 2030. the backdrop of fierce international “Renewables are no longerecologic just But while renewables have become competition, the country’s renewables the better choice from an Germany’s dominant source of energy, industry is busy addressing the chal­ the country’s power grid struggles to lenges in transmission grid expansion perspectivebut also from keep up and absorb the large quan­ and energy storage. an economic point ofview. ”

26 Economy and Energy Minister Peter 27Altmaier Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#EEG/Law Revamp of Energiewende law stirs controversy over speed and participation

he German Renewable Energy Act helped to bring down the costs of in- T(EEG), which established feed-in stalling renewable generation capacity. tariffs, is the mechanism that has made In 2016, lawmakers deemed the sector the energy transition possible. It guar- to be mature enough to take the training anteed renewable energy producers high wheels off and expose it to market forc- returns on investment, which in turn es: they introduced tenders to determine ©[Giso Bammel] Fotolia .

28 29 #EEG/Law

Contacts Friends of the Earth Germany (BUND) Deutsche Windguard Statistics on wind energy +49 30 2 75 86-425, [email protected] development Lars Holstenkamp, Energion, Leuphana University +49 4131 677-1931, [email protected] Matthias Lang, Bird & Bird / German Energy Blog Agora Energiewende (2016) Energiewende: What +49 211 2005 6293, do the new laws mean? Fraunhofer IEE [email protected] +49 561 7294-319, Uwe Krengel Volker Quaschning, University of Applied Sciences On cleanenergywire.org Rhineland-Westphalia Institute for Economic +49 30 5019-3656, [email protected] Research Dossier: +49 201 8149 213, [email protected] The reform of the Renewable Energy Act Reading Factsheets: Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy From ideas to laws – how Energiewende policy all expe - (BMWi) (2017) Renewable Energy Sources Act 2017 “Economic logic and is shaped countries BMWi (2015) Revision amending the Renewable High hopes and concerns over onshore wind power riences from other Energy Sources Act – Key points auctions the largest BMWi (2017) For a future of green energy Germany ponders how to finance renewable expan- show: In tenders, sion in the future Craig Morris and Arne Jungjohann (2016) Energy advantage.” Democracy: Germany’s Energiewende to Renewables EEG reform 2016 – switching to auctions for bidders have an renewables German Renewable Energy Federation (BEE)(2015) Reactions to the Renewable Energy Act reform 2016 Factsheet: Renewables from Germany Lars Holstenkamp, Leuphana University Defining features of the Renewable Energy Act (EEG)

payments to new renewable installa- the big energy companies see it as a step tions. And they put a cap on the new re- in the right direction, the renewable newable capacity that can be added each energy lobby and citizens’ energy groups year. The auctions have indeed lowered say it will result in Germany missing payments to large new installations, but its climate targets, and betray the very the process remains controversial. While spirit of the Energiewende.

28 29 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#Nuclear phase-out Managing the nuclear legacy – a project into the next century

he question is no longer whether primary sources of power are proving TGermany’s future will be an immense challenge. Legal hurdles, nuclear-free – or even when, since the decommissioning technicalities, and government is committed to complet- above all, the question of where to store ing the phase-out by 2022. But the the radioactive waste, are the main logistics of pulling the plug on what issues at hand. In 2016, an agreement was until recently one of the country’s between plant operators and the state ©[Thomas Lehmann] iStock .

30 31 #Nuclear phase-out

Contacts Reading Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy (2007) Comparison of Different Decommis- Wolfgang Irrek, Ruhr West University of German Institute for Economic Research (2015) sioning Fund Methodologies for Nuclear Installations Applied Sciences German Nuclear Phase-out Enters the Next Stage: +49 208 88254-838, [email protected] Electricity Supply Remains Secure On cleanenergywire.org Energiewerke Nord GmbH (EWN) Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research +49 38354 4-8030, [email protected] (2015) Germany’s decision to phase out nuclear Dossier: power is fundamentally sensible from an economic Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) The challenges of Germany’s nuclear phase-out perspective +49 30 18 333-11 30, [email protected] Articles: Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) Online Becker Bückner Held energy law firm (BBH) German utilities buy out of nuclear waste liability information on nuclear safety and nuclear waste +49 30 611 28 40-179, [email protected] for 23 .6 bln euros management Green Budget Germany (FÖS) Germany’s constitutional court backs speedy +49 30 7623991-41, [email protected] Brunnengräber et. al. (2015) Nuclear Waste Govern- nuclear exit ance – An International Comparison Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Factsheets: BBH (2014) Financial provisions in the nuclear sec- Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) The history behind Germany’s nuclear phase-out +49 30 18 305 2010, [email protected] tor – Possible risks of the status quo and options for reform (in German) What to do with the nuclear waste – the storage Forschungszentrum Jülich question +49 2461 61-2388, [email protected] BMWi / Warth & Klein Grant Thornton (2015) Evalu­ Nuclear clean-up costs ation of nuclear clean-up provisions (in German) German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) Securing utility payments for the nuclear clean-up +49 30 89789-252, [email protected] Legal disputes over the nuclear phase-out

at least established financial clarity: In “In 2050, when the final repository is ready, addition to paying for the decommis- sioning of their plants, operators will I will be 98 years old. So amI not sure fund the disposal of nuclear waste with up to 23.6 billion euros. The rest of I will live to see it happen, but I certainly feel the yet unknown bill will be footed by taxpayers. that it is my responsibility to organise this now.” Barbara Hendricks, Former Environment Minister 30 31 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#Industry #Jobs #Cost & Prices German industry embraces transformation challenge

fter balking at the Energiewende to clean energy will produce win- Afor many years, German industry ners and losers in the world’s fourth has changed its position significant- largest economy. Industry and the ly by embracing the energy transi- regions will both be affected. But tion with a new fervour. There is no businesses increasingly see money doubt that the efforts to curb climate to be made in the move to a low-car- change through a far-reaching shift bon future, and they also believe © Siemens AG, München/Berlin .

32 33 #Industry #Jobs #Cost & Prices

Contacts German Industry Initiative for Energy Efficiency Centre for European Economic Research (2015) (DENEFF) Social Implications of Green Growth Policy from the Ulrike Lehr, Institute of Economic Structures +49 30 364 097 02, [email protected] Perspective of Energy Sector Reform and its Impact Research (GWS) on Households +49 541 40933-280, [email protected] Kirsten Best-Werbunat, McKinsey & Company +49 211 136 4688, [email protected] IHS (2014) A More Competitive Energiewende: German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) Securing Germany’s Global Competitiveness in a Frank Peter, Agora Energiewende +49 30 89789-152, [email protected] New Energy World +49 30 7001435-123, Sebastian Bolay, Chambers of Commerce and [email protected] Agora Energiewende (2014) Comparing electricity Industry (DIHK) prices for industry +49 30 20308 2202, [email protected] Achim Wambach, President of the Mannheim Cen- tre for European Economic Research (ZEW) United Nations Environment Programme (2017) Federation of German Industries (BDI) +49 621 1235-100, [email protected] Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2017 +49 30 2028 1565, [email protected] Institute for the Study of Labour (IZA) +49 228 3894 223, [email protected] Reading On cleanenergywire.org Institute for Employment Research (IAB) Federation of German Industries BDI (2018) Dossiers: +49 911 179 1946, [email protected] Climate paths for Germany The energy transition’s effect on the economy Institute for Economic Research (Ifo) BMWi (2016) The Energy of the Future – Fifth “En- Energiewende effects on power prices, costs and +49 89 9224 1218, [email protected] ergy Transition” Monitoring Report industry Institute for Futures Studies and Technology Studies by the BMWi on the energy transition and The energy transition’s effect on jobs and business its impact on investment, growth and jobs Assessment (IZT), +49 30 8030880, [email protected] Factsheets: Ecofys / Fraunhofer ISI (2015) Electricity Costs of Ener- What business thinks of the energy transition gy Intensive Industries – An International Comparison that the process benefits the economy Germany’s Siemens: a case study in Energiewende The Greens / European Free Alliance (2017) The industry upheaval as a whole. Many say that now is the current electricity costs of energy-intensive indus- Where the Energiewende creates jobs time for Germany to ensure that it tries in Germany remains a global economic power- Industrial power prices and the Energiewende Destatis (2018) Data on energy price trends house – not by shunning the Energie- What German households pay for power wende, but by harnessing its innova- tive momentum. out “The Energiewende will turn the German economy inside ” 32 Achim Wambach, President of the Centre for European Ecnomic Research 33(ZEW) Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#Utilities Battered utilities take on startups in innovation race

s more and more countries around by the energy transition, the utilities Athe globe embark on the transi- are scrambling to find new business tion to a low-carbon economy, there models. While digital technologies are a lot of lessons that can be learned disrupt the power market, the incum- from the fate of Germany’s embattled bents hope the pending electrification power companies. Shaken to the core of transport and heating will offer new ©[Bengt Lange] Moorburg Power Plant 11, Vattenfall.

34 35 #Utilities

RWE AG E.ON (2015) Capital market story power companies +49 201 12-22088, stephanie.schunck@rwe.com “Traditional Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy E.ON (BMWi) (2015) The Energy of the Future become obsolete.” +49 201 184-4224, [email protected] have Renewable Energy World (2014) The Future of Vattenfall Large German Utilities: It’s Already Here Philipp Schröder, CEO Sonnen +49 30 8182-2320, [email protected]

EnBW On cleanenergywire.org +49 721 6314320, [email protected] Contacts Dossier: innogy Thorsten Lenck, Agora Energiewende Utilities and the energy transition +49 201 12-17441, +49 30 7001435-134, [email protected] [email protected] Factsheets: Uniper Germany’s largest utilities at a glance Helmuth Groscurth, Arrhenius Institute for Energy +49 211 4579-3570, [email protected] Small, but powerful: Germany’s municipal utilities and Climate Policy +49 40 3708 4420, [email protected] Philipp Schröder, CEO Sonnen E.ON shareholders ratify energy giant’s split +49 83049 2933 426, [email protected] RWE’s plans for new renewable subsidiary Simon Skillings, Trilemma UK +44 1926 842016, [email protected] Gerard Reid, Alexa Capital Securing utility payments for the nuclear clean-up +44 20 3931 7652, [email protected] German Association of Energy and Water Indus- tries (BDEW) +49 30 300 199-1160, [email protected] Reading Thomson Reuters Practical Law (2014) Electricity regulation in Germany: Overview growth opportunities in the Energie- RWE (2015) Paving the way for growth with contin- wende’s next phase. But in the innova- ued focus on financial discipline tion race against agile new players, the former monopo­­­lies are weighed down RWE (2014) Transition of the German utilities: increasing the emphasis on the service component by a heavy burden - their dependency on of supply fossil and nuclear electricity generation.

34 35 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#Electricity market Power market between competition, flexibility, supply security

ow will Germany organise the lenge to the grid and to market design. In Hmarket around the ever-increasing its most recent power market overhaul, share of renewable energy? What hap- the German government opted to stick pens to energy security when the sun with the generation cost-oriented doesn’t shine and the wind doesn’t blow? ‘energy-only’ market, and avoided a Fluctuating electricity production with full-on capacity market. As a result, many near zero operational costs poses a chal- experts predict that there will be little or © [NicoElNino] Fotolia .

36 37 #Electricity market “We don’t believe that there will be incentives for investors On cleanenergywire.org to build new, flexible power plants that will be needed Dossier: The power market and the energy transition in Germany to accompany the expansion of renew­ able energy.” Factsheets: Contacts Germany’s new power market design Frank Brachvogel, BDEW Europe’s largest electricity market set to split Felix Christian Matthes, Öko-Institut German draft power market law sticks to lignite +49 30 405085 380, [email protected] Reading reserve Katherina Reiche, German Association of Local European Commission (2016) The economic impact Capacity markets around the world Utilities (VKU) of enforcement of competition policies on the func- +49 30 58580 202, [email protected] tioning of EU energy markets How can Germany keep the lights on in a renewable energy future? German Association of Energy and Water Indus- European Commission (2016) Proposal of the Euro- The causes and effects of negative power prices tries (BDEW) pean Parliament and of the Council on the internal +49 30 300 199 1160, [email protected] market for electricity Lydia Bischof, Energy Brainpool Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy +49 30 7676 54-23, (BMWi) (2015) An electricity market for Germany’s [email protected] energy transition Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI) German Association of Energy and Water Indus- +49 40 340 576 100, [email protected] tries (BDEW) (2013) Position paper: Design of a decentralised capacity market BDEW (2016) Position paper on capacity mechanism no investment in fossil power plants in (in German) the future, as wholesale power prices Öko-Institut/WWF (2012) Focused capacity markets will remain low at most times. How the government will incorporate other actors, Öko-Institut (2016) A power market design for the such as storage and flexibility providers, Energiewende (in German) into the power market is another Agora Energiewende (2016) The Power Market decision with long-lasting implications. Pentagon

36 37 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#Efficiency Taming the appetite for energy

t will take more than just making the nently by dramatically increasing effi- Ipower supply green to achieve climate ciency. The potential is huge and so far targets. Germany must also tackle de- largely untapped,­ which is why efficiency mand and consume less energy. In the has been dubbed the “sleeping giant” past, energy use only fell significantly of the Energiewende.­ The government’s when the economy took a hit. Now the Climate Action Programme, designed to country wants to prove it is possible to get Ger­many back on track for its 2020 decouple growth and emissions perma- climate goals, suggests that increasing ©[Ingo Bartussek] Fotolia .

38 39 #Efficiency

Contacts Wolfgang Irrek, Ruhr West University of Applied Agora Energiewende (2017) Heat Transition 2030: Sciences Key technologies for reaching the intermediate and Matthias Zelinger, German Engineering +49 208 88254-838, [email protected] long-term climate targets in the building sector Federation (VDMA) +49 69 6603 1351, [email protected] Carsten Petersdorff, Ecofys +49 30 29773579-0, [email protected] On cleanenergywire.org Irmela Colaço, Friends of the Earth Germany (BUND) +49 30 275 86-436, [email protected] German Energy Agency (dena) Dossier: +49 30 66 777-641, [email protected] Stefan Thomas, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, The Energiewende and Efficiency Environment, and Energy Federal working group for the renewal of Factsheets: +49 202 2492 143, [email protected] old buildings +49 30 48 49 078-55, [email protected] Details of new Climate Action Programme Wolfgang Eichhammer, Fraunhofer ISI Homes for the Energiewende +49 721 6809 158, Institute for Housing and Environment [email protected] +49 6151 2904-0, [email protected] Germany’s greenhouse gas emissions and cli- mate targets Christian Noll, German Industry Initiative for Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Energy Efficiency (DENEFF) Community Combined heat and power – an Energiewende +49 30 36 40 97 01, [email protected] +49 30 18681 11022, [email protected] cornerstone? Volker Breisig, PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) +49 211 981 4428, [email protected] Reading “Germany can achieve Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy much (BMWi) (2018) Germany makes it efficient its emission targets energy efficiency can bring more emis- German Industry Initiative for Energy Efficiency is used sions cuts – 25 to 30 million tonnes per (DENEFF) (2016) Sector Monitor Energy Efficiency faster if energy (English summary) year – than any other measure. But saving energy on a large scale – by insulating German Institute for Economic Research (2014) Im- more efficiently.” buildings, changing behaviour and in- proved energy efficiency: Vital for energy transition and stimulus for economic growth troducing many new and often expensive Robert Pörschmann, BUND technologies – requires everyone’s parti­ International Energy Agency (IEA)(2017) Energy cipation and has proven a hard sell so far. Efficiency Market Report 2017

38 39 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#Finance Financing the future of energy

inancing the Energiewende: Ger- Energiewende a very attractive green F many has mobilised over 200 billion investment opportunity. Now, insti- euros for renewable energy projects over tutional financiers are replacing some the last 10 years, most of it from local small-scale investors. Larger projects and national investors. Relatively high such as offshore wind play a more im- yields, a stable cash flow and a reli­ portant role as banks, insurance firms able public framework have made the and investment funds increasingly look ©[Marina Lohrbach] Fotolia .

40 41 #Finance

Contacts Reading German Savings Banks Association (DSGV) United Nations Environment Programme (2017) +49 30 20 22 55 115, [email protected] Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2017 National Association of German Cooperative Allianz Capital Partners (2018) Renewables Banks (BVR) Relatively +49 30 2021-1300, [email protected] Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analy­ high yields, sis (IEEFA) (2015) The Case for Divesting Coal from German Insurance Association (GDV) the Norwegian Pension Fund a stable +49 30 2020-5903, [email protected] cash flow Norton Rose Fulbright (2013) European renewable Susan Dreyer, Carbon Disclosure Project, energy incentive guide – Germany and a reliable public German Chapter +49 30 629 033 160, [email protected] KfW Group (2016) Overview of “Energy and the framework Environment” support programmes have made Nathalie Cahn, KfW Group the Energiewende +49 69 74 31-20 98, [email protected] a Christoph Bals, Germanwatch very +49 30 28 88 356 84, [email protected] attractive green Germany Trade and Invest (GTAI) investment +49 30 200 099 173, www .gtai .de opportunity. Association of German Banks (BDB) +49 30 1663-1201, [email protected] Frankfurt School – UNEP Collaborating Centre for for carbon-free investment. Funding Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance by the public banking system is also +49 69 154008-604, [email protected] playing an increasingly important role. The Energiewende will continue to be financed by a broad mix of investors; it is part of a global financing trend, rather than a Germany singularity.

40 41 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#Citizens’ Energy #Society Citizens’ energy versus NIMBYism

ince the launch of the energy tran­ spite rising power prices. The changes Ssition process in 2000, millions of and their knock-on effects don’t please Germans have become energy produ­ everybody though: inevitably there cers, investing in solar panels on their are winners and losers when a society houses and buying shares in wind and economy undergo such sweeping parks. Citizen engagement has been changes. While some readily jump key to maintaining a high level of public aboard and transform their homes into support for the energy transition de­ small solar power stations, others take ©[anweber] Fotolia .

42 43 #Citizens’ Energy #Society

Contacts Citizens’ Energy Alliance (BBEn) University of Stuttgart(2016) How society perceives +49 30 3088 1789, the Energiewende (in German only) German Cooperative and Raiffeisen Confeder- [email protected] ation (DGRV), +49 30 72 62 20-984, [email protected] German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment (2015) The Effect of Wind Turbines on Residential Association of Energy Consumers and Energy, +49 202 2492 187, Well-Being +49 2224 123 123 0, [email protected] [email protected] Institute for Social Movement Studies (ipb) (2016) Ortwin Renn, Chair for Engineering and Environ- Engagement in the Energiewende (in German) mental Sociology, University of Stuttgart Reading +49 711 6858 3970, Institute of Economic and Cultural Geography, [email protected] German Cooperative and Raiffeisen Confederation Leibniz University of Hannover (2015) Gone with (DGRV) (2016) Annual Survey of Energy Cooperatives the wind? The impact of wind turbines on tour- Heinrich Degenhart, Professor of Banking and ism demand Finance, Leuphana University Lüneburg Helmholtz-Allianz ENERGY-TRANS (2017) Public +49 4131 677 1930, [email protected] participation in Energiewende planning (in German) On cleanenergywire.org Harald Welzer, FuturZwei Foundation Rhineland-Westphalia Institute for Economic Re- +49 30 397 177 07, [email protected] search (RWI-Essen) (2017) Societal acceptance Dossiers: of the energy transition (in German) The People’s Energiewende Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) +49 331 28822-340, [email protected] Leuphana University (2015) On the State of Energy The social impact of Germany’s energy transition Cooperatives in Germany (in German) Factsheets: MAGKS / Andreas Ziegler (2015) On the relevance Citizens’ participation in the Energiewende of ideological identification and environmental val- Polls reveal citizens’ support for Energiewende ues for beliefs and attitudes toward climate change: the NIMBY (‘not in my backyard’) ap- An empirical cross country analysis Fighting windmills: When growth hits resistance What German households pay for power proach and gripe about the “ugliness” Craig Morris and Arne Jungjohann (2016) Energy of wind turbines and photovoltaic pan- Democracy: Germany’s Energiewende to Renewables els. Important Energiewende projects - such as the extension of the grid and own money, for example the installation of wind parks – have “If people participatewith their run into resistance, requiring new ways plant in their area, to keep the public on board. in a wind or solar power it. 42 they will also support ” Manfred Fischedick, Wuppertal Institute43 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#COP24 COP in Katowice, Poland: Another ‘coal country’ to host UN climate talks

he 2017 UN climate summit (COP23) German delegation said after the COP23 Tunder Fijian presidency delivered talks in Bonn, Germany. Negotiators will what was needed to stay on schedule be busy ironing out the finer points of for the decisions expected to be made at the Paris rulebook – the guidelines im- COP24 in Katowice at the end of 2018, the plementing the agreement to keep global ©[malajscy] Fotolia .

44 45 #COP24

Contacts Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment Reading and Energy Ottmar Edenhofer, Mercator Research Institute Myrto-Christina Athanassiou, +49 202 2492-187, German government (2016) Climate Action Plan 2050 on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) [email protected] European Council (2015) EU position for the UN cli- +49 30 33 85 537-201, [email protected] Jan Kowalzig, Oxfam Germany mate change conference in Paris: Council conclusions Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature +49 30 45 30 69 712, [email protected] European Council (2018) Paris Agreement on Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) climate change (timeline) +49 30 18 305 2010, [email protected] Climate-Alliance Germany +49 30 780 899 514, [email protected] United Nations Global Compact(2015) Special Christoph Bals, Germanwatch Edition: A Call to Climate Action +49 228 60492-23, [email protected] German Climate Consortium (DKK) +49 30 7677 1869-4, United Nations Global Compact (2018) Cli- Sabine Minninger, Brot für die Welt [email protected] mate Change +49 30 65211 1817, [email protected] Forum Energii, Paweł Mikusek, Communica- Greenpeace (2015) Effects of a partial coal exit tions Coordinator (in German) The Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact [email protected] Research (PIK) +49 331 288 25 07, [email protected] Ecological Association Eko-Unia On cleanenergywire.org +48 669 147 997, [email protected] Reimund Schwarze, Helmholtz Centre for Environ- Dossier: Ministerstwo Energii, Polish Energy Ministry mental Research COP23 climate summit – All eyes on Germany +49 341 235 1607, [email protected] +48 22 695 82 02, [email protected] Articles: Poland’s Katowice COP: Next coal country hosting UN climate talks German government looks ahead as Bonn climate talks leave much to do

warming well below 2°C. Just like Bonn, to finding climate-friendly solutions of- Factsheets: Katowice is located in a traditional coal ten differ. Will the Polish COP presidency Climate finance: A brief overview of Germany’s mining region (Poland’s Upper Silesia). put its weight behind an ambitious Paris contributions Although Poland and Germany both rely rulebook, or will the host country try to Germany’s greenhouse gas emissions and cli- heavily on coal power, their approaches safeguard its ailing coal industry? mate targets

44 45 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#Technology & Storage Technology to transform the energy system - made in Germany

ermany’s energy transition anti­ German scientists say their work has Gcipates a vastly more efficient and already made important contributions to interconnected energy system in the the global goal of decarbonisation. future. It also poses huge technological Batteries that can store power and challenges – and challenges for legisla­ help to regulate the grid within sec­ tion and business models to keep pace. onds with high accuracy, smart grids ©[WEMAG AG] Batteriespeicher Schwerin Akkuhalle.

46 47 #Technology & Storage

Reading “The energy transition in Germany is entering a new phase. Agora Energiewende (2015) What if … there were a nationwide rollout of PV battery systems? While the first phase was dominated by technology European Commission (2018) Research and Innovation performance and Horizon 2020 country development in the renewables sector, the second step participation for Germany ” Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) will focus on the energy system as a whole. (2014) Power to Gas, Power to Fuel – Innovative En- ergy Storage through Utilisation of CO2 (in German) Tobias Sontheimer, Chief Research Manager for Energy at the head officeFederal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres (BMWi) (2017) Federal report on energy research 2017 (in German)

Contacts Fraunhofer ISE +49 761 4588-5147, On cleanenergywire.org Younicos (power storage developer) [email protected] +49 30 818799010, [email protected] Dossier: Fraunhofer IEE New technologies for the Energiewende Hamburg University of Applied Sciences (HAW) +49 561 7294-319, Uwe Krengel +49 40 428 75-9132, [email protected] Article: Fraunhofer ISI New phase in transition research: Focus on an inte- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) +49 721 6809 100, grated energy system +49 721 608-47414, [email protected] [email protected] Association for Electrical, Electronic & Information Factsheets: Technologies (VDE) Technologies of Energiewende and other solutions for flexibility and +49 69 6308-461, [email protected] Combined heat and power – an Energiewende integration of different power sources cornerstone? Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) are key to adapting the power system +49 30 18 57-5050, [email protected] How can Germany keep the lights on in a renewable to a high level of renewables. Germany energy future? has doubled research and development Sector coupling – Shaping an integrated renewable funds in under a decade. energy system

46 47 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#Gas Natural gas – fossil bridge to a renewable energy future?

he long-term future of natural gas Paris Climate Agreement. Meanwhile, Tin Germany seems all but sealed the gas companies advocate flexible as Europe’s biggest economy will gas-fired electri­city generation as the have to virtually phase out the burn- perfect partner for fluctuating renew- ing of all fossil fuels to accomplish its ables – a bridging technology for the goal of becoming largely greenhouse energy transition. With campaigns like gas neutral by 2050, in line with the “Greener than you think,” the gas © Nord Stream 2 .

48 49 #Gas

“By transforming renewable Contacts Reading Frontier Economics, Jens Perner Agora Energiewende / Agora Verkehrswende (2018) power into gas, peak power +49 221 337 13 0, [email protected] The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels German Energy Agency (dena) Ecofys (2018) Gas for Climate +49 30 726 165 657, [email protected] supply by renewables can European Commission (2018) Quo vadis EU gas Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural market regulatory framework – Study on a Gas be transported and stored Resources (BGR) Market Design for Europe +49 511 643 2679, [email protected] easily in today’s pipelines German Energy Agency (2015) Power to Gas system ewi Energy Research & Scenarios solution (brochure) +49 221 277 29 108, ewi Energy Research & Scenarios (2017) The energy and gas stores.T he existing [email protected] market in 2030 and 2050 – The contribution of gas Initiative Zukunft Erdgas and heat infrastructure to an efficient CO reduction gas infrastructure could 2 therefore become the battery+49 30 4606015 63, [email protected] (in German) On cleanenergywire.org of the Energiewende.” Dossiers: The Energiewende and its implications for interna- Timm Kehler, Executive Director of tional security gas industry initiative Zukunft ERDGAS Bioenergy in Germany Factsheets: industry positions its fossil resource – industry, and transport. In the longer Germany’s dependence on imported fossil fuels responsible for more than a fifth of run, experts believe that the sector’s Germany’s energy consumption and power mix Germany’s total emissions – against future can only lie in the power-to-gas in charts the even more CO2₂-intensive oil and technology, which many think could be coal, and highlights its immediate gains the ultimate solution to the long-term in terms of climate change mitiga- renewable energy storage needs when tion in heating, power production, there is too little wind or sun.

48 49 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#Cities #Urban planning Energy transition to transform German cities

erman cities, counties and munici­ expands its focus from the power sec­ Gpalities all have their role to play tor to heating, buildings and mobility, in the Energiewende. With the shift to population centres will be where crucial a decentralised energy system, renew­ changes take place. able power is increasingly generated in, Germany will only meet its climate and often owned by, local communi­ targets if localities implement their own ties. Urban centres are where much of energy transitions – which can also bring the country’s energy is distributed and economic benefits. They have opportu­ consumed. And as the energy transition nities to take different paths but must ©Pixabay . .

50 51 #Cities #Urban planning

Contacts Tobias Männel, Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial State government of Baden-Württemberg (2015) Engineering (IAO) Nachhaltige Mobilität für Alle (in German) German Energy Agency (dena) +49 713 1504 1142, +49 30 66 777-641, [email protected] [email protected] State government of Berlin (2016) Berlin Energie- wende law (in German only) Alexander Knebel, Renewable Energies Association of German Cities Agency (AEE) +49 30 377 11-130, [email protected] +49 30 200 535 52, On cleanenergywire.org [email protected] Dossiers: Reading Katrin Dziekan, Federal Environment Agency (UBA) The energy transition and Germany’s transport sector +49 34 021 036 555, [email protected] Federal Ministry for the Environment (BMU) Cities, municipalities and the Energiewende (2016) Climate Action Plan 2050 Marc Elxnat, German Association of Towns and Municipalities (DStGB) Renewable Energies Agency (AEE) (2017) Studie: Factsheets: +49 30 773 072 11, [email protected] Bundesländervergleich Erneuerbare Energien 2017 Cities' & municipalities' role in the Energiewende (in German) Efficiency gains make eastern German city Energie- Weert Canzler, Research Group Science Policy wende frontrunner Studies, Berlin Social Science Center (WZB) A report (2013) authored by 25 mayors of German +49 30 254 912 02, [email protected] cities and towns (sponsored by the German Council for Sustainable Development) Mit starken Kommu- nen die Energiewende zur Erfolgsstory machen (in German) Cabinet of Germany (2015) Zukunftsstadt – also overcome local challenges. Ger­ Strategische Forschungs- und Innovationsagenda many’s municipalities, many of which (in German) are chronically underfunded, must Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) negotiate the complex interplay be­ (2014) Climate Change: Implications for Cities – tween EU, federal, and state structures Key Findings from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Fifth Assessment Report that set overarching goals and provide funding, in order to apply their own Philipp Schönberger et al. (2016) Why Subnational ideas, agency, and expertise to shape Actors Matter: The Role of Länder and Municipali- ties in the German Energy Transition their own green future.

50 51 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#Digitalisation Digitalisation ignites new phase in energy transition Digitalisation ignites new phase in energy transition, but also poses risks

nformation and communication also power cars and provide heating Itechnology is about to revolutionise both in homes and for industrial pro- Germany’s energy sector once again. cesses. Digitalisation will be crucial for The birthplace of the energy transi- this next phase of the Energiewende tion needs a more flexible and efficient because it offers enormous potential electricity system based on millions of to speed up the decarbonisation in a wind and solar installations that can country that can showcase renewables ©BDEW e.V.

52 53 #Digitalisation

Contacts Reading Robert Spanheimer, bitkom Dena / ESMT (2017) Blockchain in the energy +49 30 27576-112, [email protected] transition Renewables Grid Initiative Sämisch (2016) Digitalisation: Where are the Ger- +49 30 7677 194 50, [email protected] man digital utilities? Hendrik Zimmermann, Germanwatch Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy doubt +49 30 2888 356-72, [email protected] (BMWi) (2016) The digitisation of the energy “There is no transition Fabian Reetz, Stiftung Neue Verantwortung will +49 30 8145 0378 95, [email protected] Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW) that digitalisation (2016) Digitisation in the Electricity Industry Pro- Trianel ceeds at Too Slow a Pace +49 241 413 20-466, [email protected] take the energy pwc Deutschland (2016) Germany’s utilities turn Association of Energy Market Innovators (bne) digital (in German) Karsten Wiedemann, transition to an +49 30 400 548 18, [email protected] European Commission (2017) Europe’s Digital Progress Report 2017 ” Next Kraftwerke entirely new level. +49 228 200 858 55, Agora Energiewende (2016) Understanding the new Spanheimer,bitkom [email protected] laws on Energiewende Robert Roman Zurhold, Digital Energy World Plat- form (dena) On cleanenergywire.org +49 30 66 777-784, [email protected] growth as a success story but lags Dossier: Project Enera The digitalisation of the Energiewende behind in cutting emissions from the +49 441 4805 5118, [email protected] transport and industry sectors. But Factsheet: Philipp Massier, Centre for European Economic the technology shift will upend many Research (ZEW) Blockchain – the next revolution in the energy sector? existing business models, and it will +49 621 1235 332, [email protected] inevitably raise concerns about data Felix Hasse, pwc privacy and the risk of cyberattacks. +49 89 5790-5810, [email protected]

52 53 Clean Energy Wire | CLEW 2018

#International #Energy Union #Security Energiewende impacts EU neighbours and shapes foreign policy

ermany’s energy transition began as Energy is also inseparable from Ger- Gan isolated expedition, but rapidly man foreign policy beyond the EU, as the impacted markets in neighbouring coun- country still relies heavily on imports tries. The country had to learn it cannot to feed its energy appetite. Germany’s reach its goals independently and needs shift to renewables will loosen these to cooperate in areas such as power grids, ties, with uncertain consequences for trade, and research. international security. ©[Lulla] Fotolia .

54 55 #International #Energy Union #Security

Wolfgang Ischinger, Ambassador / Chairman of Contacts On cleanenergywire.org the Munich Security Conference (MSC) Nikolas Wölfing, Centre for European Economic +49 89 37979 4921, [email protected] Dossiers: Research (ZEW) Germany’s energy transition in the European +49 621 1235 217, [email protected] Stiftung Neue Verantwortung, Project “Energiewende Foreign Policy” context Georg Zachmann, Bruegel (Brussels think tank) +49 30 8145 0378 80, [email protected] The Energiewende and its implications for interna- +32 2 227 4288, [email protected] tional security Global Commission on the Geopolitics of Energy ENTSO-E (network of European electricity Transformation (at IEA) Factsheets: grid operators) +971 2 417 9000, [email protected] +32 2 741 09 50, [email protected] Understanding the European Union’s Emissions Trading System Hans-Josef Fell, Green Party / Energy Watch Group Energiewende – Germany is not alone [email protected] Reading Munich Security Conference (MSC) (2018) Munich Germany’s energy consumption and power mix Kirsten Westphal, German Institute for Interna­ in charts tional and Security Affairs (SWP) Security Report 2018: To the brink – and back? Capacity markets around the world +49 30 88007-0, [email protected] International Energy Agency (IEA) (2017) Global Gas Security Review 2017 Loop flows: Why is wind power from northern Ger- Friedbert Pflüger, Department of War Studies, many putting east European grids under pressure? King’s College London Planetary Security Initiative / adelphi (2018) Build- Germany’s dependence on imported fossil fuels +44 20 7848 3202, [email protected] ing resilience by linking climate change adaptation, peacebuilding and conflict prevention Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) (2015) Joint Declaration for Regional Cooperation on Security of Electricity Supply in the Framework of the Internal Energy Market The implications of a low-carbon future reach well beyond ques- World Energy Council / Prognos (2015) Security of tions of supply security. If Germany supply: A pan-European approach is to make its energy transition Heinrich Böll Stiftung(2014) Germany’s Energy Tran- a success, it could have profound sition: A Blueprint for European Energy Security? geopolitical repercussions across the globe. Clean Energy Wire is a joint initiative of 54 Stiftung Mercator and the European Climate Foundation.55 @cleanenergywire www.cleanenergywire.org |

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