Energy Transition in Germany
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Energy Transition in Germany Miranda A. Schreurs Bavarian School of Public Policy Technical University of Munich Strong Public Involvement in Germany‘s Energiewende • Long history of protest and citizen involvement • Concerns about nuclear • Concerns about climate change • Concerns about energy import dependency and instability in global energy prices • Desire to democratize energy structures • Desire to transform the economy towards more sustainable structures Push Factor: Opposition to Nuclear Energy Wyhl, Brokdorf, Bonn... Chernobyl Fukushima Eine Bürgerbewegung Deutschlands Energiewende– www.iiasa.ac.at/GenticsImageStore/800/auto/prop/web/home/resources/publications/opt ions/Sustain.jpg Nasa: http://d35brb9zkkbdsd.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/NASA2012- FINAL.png Source: Global Carbon Project, 2013 data http://folk.uio.no/roberan/img/GCP2014/PNG/fig_36_Emissions_by_Country_300.png Share Global CO2 Emissions (2013) Source: Global Carbon Project 1. China 29% 2. United States 15% 3. European Union 10% 4. India 7.1% 5. Russian Federation 5.3% 6. Japan 3.7% 7. Germany 2.2% 8. Republic of Korea 1.8% 9. Iran 1.8% 10. Saudia Arabia 1.8% Top 3 (China, US, EU) = 54% global total Top 6 (China, US, EU, India, Russian Fed., Japan = 70.1%) The Paris Climate Accord https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/COP21_participants_- _30_Nov_2015_%2823430273715%29.jpg EU Energy Import Dependency Projections through 2030 http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/eu/images/policy/eac/import_dependancy.png Energie Import Abhängigkeit ENERGIEWENDE TARGETS German Nuclear Reactor Shut Down Schedule 2011 7 + 1 Shut down after Fukushima (approx. 40% of German nuclear capacity) 2015 Grafenrheinfeld (7-8%) 2017 Grundremmingen B 2019 Philippsburg 2 2021 Grohnde, Grundremmingen C, • Brokdorf 2022 Isar 2, Emsland, Neckarwestheim 2 Over 50% of German territory has renewable energy, climate or energy efficiency plans 100% Renewable Energy Regions‘ Conference Innovation Green Jobs Green Growth Erneuerbare Energien Energy Efficiency Low Carbon Cities Pionieren: Ursula Sladek, Schönau Renewable Energy Ownership: In the hands of the people Energy Cooperatives 2050: Climate Neutral Berlin Rising prices? • Average price for electricity for a three- member family using 3500 kWh/yr was 17.11 cents/kWh in 1998. It is 29.13cents/kWh in 2014. Reforms to the Feed-in-Law (effective Aug 2014) • Caps amount of renewables eligible for FIT (2.5GW/year for on-shore wind, solar; 1GW/yr for biomass, 6.5GW/yr for off-shore wind to 2020) • Keeps exemptions from FIT payments for about 1600 industries • Mandatory direct marketing of renewable energy plants (starting with those with 500 kW capacity as of Aug 2014; and with 250kW capacity as of 2016, and 100 kW capacity as of 2017) • After 2017, tender or quota model Total Household Energy Spending Source: Agora Energiewende 2013 Emission Trends in Germany 1,249 1,232 1,200 © UBA 07.01.2014 1,137 übrige Emissionen 1,118 131 1,101 1,076 1,056 1,042 1,041 1,034 1,033 1,020 Haushalte 144 1,003 130 995 980 Schätzung UBA 1,000 160 139 977 133 947 951 132 929 940 121 119 122 123 114 913 114 Verkehr 112 89 108 107 94 81 174 173 91 174 100 -40% 177 800 182 178 174 172 166 166 gegenüber Gewerbe, Handel, 157 153 150 150 1990 Dienstleistungen 60 70 151 153 151 Ä quivalenten 61 150 - 2 59 276 51 57 55 47 45 50 39 Industrie 55 44 46 44 40 42 42 600 236 226 229 189 188 191 201 211 200 199 186 185 191 199 Landwirtschaft 187 189 185 99 174 749 84 86 83 80 78 79 78 76 75 Energiewirtschaft 84 83 84 83 78 76 400 76 75 77 AngabenMio. int CO Kyoto-Budget 458 200 394 401 393 394 408 403 396 397 403 Treibhausgas- 380 380 370 383 382 356 368 366 377 emissionen- Summe 0 Dec 2014 Climate Package 80 million Euro to meet 40% CO2 emission reduction target for 2020 (which otherwise could be missed by 5-8%) • More energy efficiency (to cut 25-30 million tonnes CO2) • Climate friendly buildings (to cut 1.5-4.7 milltion tonnes); as of 2015 10% of energy saving renovation costs to be tax deductible • Reduced emissions from Coal and gas plants (to save 22 million tonnes CO2 (equivalent of 8 large coal plants)) • More efficient road transport (to save 10 million tonnes CO2) • Goal of passing climate law Coal Dependency Remains High New Systems for Monitoring of Goal Achievement Benefits of the Energiewende Source: BMWi .