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Germany's Energy Transition "Energiewende": Turning Social Value Systems?

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Germany's Energy Transition University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2019-05-13 Germany's Energy Transition "Energiewende": Turning Social Value Systems? Sadeghi Esfahlani, Mohammad Sadeghi Esfahlani, M. (2019). Germany's Energy Transition "Energiewende": Turning Social Value Systems? (Unpublished doctoral thesis. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/110366 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Germany’s Energy Transition “Energiewende”: Turning Social Value Systems? by Mohammad Sadeghi Esfahlani A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA STUDIES CALGARY, ALBERTA MAY, 2019 © Mohammad Sadeghi Esfahlani 2019 Abstract Energiewende is a German compound word for energy transition. This dissertation utilizes the term as a linguistic device to navigate the discourse of Germany’s energy transition and to reconstruct its dynamics, particularly in terms of associated social value systems. The concept of value is limited to monetary profit in the first innovation theory ‘entrepreneurship’ paradigm. In the subsequent technological paradigm, the value of innovation was conceived as commercial diffusion and society as a market. The recent ‘transformative change’ paradigm has shifted towards social values, pursued through supranational institutions. However, recent European Commission studies fall short of investigating the social dimension of the challenges of Energiewende and remain focused on economic dimensions. This dissertation builds on alternative approaches in communication theory and anthropology to theorize value, particularly in the context of innovation. Furthermore, it builds on approaches in innovation studies drawn from structural linguistics to identify and trace the dynamics of value systems in texts. On this basis, narrative and textual analysis were employed to trace the diffusion of Energiewende, reconstruct associated value systems and their evolutionary dynamics, and assess the influence of institutional actors. Findings challenge the predictions of diffusionist innovation theories and demonstrate a case where the diffusion of an idea was supported by the social landscape. Associated value systems include economic and environmental values, which are the most diverse and the most predominant, respectively. However, it is the social values that supplement the missing dimension of the transformative change paradigm. Specifically, the evolution of values, such as decentralization, social justice and social change, challenges theoretical projections. Likewise, ii the engagement of institutional actors with evolution processes also challenge entrepreneurship theories. Based on findings, a short story of Energiewende has been reconstructed, summarizing the evolution of associated concepts and the role of actors. As it turns out, the diffusion of Energiewende and the evolution of its value systems have been turbulent processes, including several pivotal “turns.” Thereby, this dissertation makes theoretical and methodological contributions to the fields of energy transition, innovation and communication studies. Furthermore, a plethora of technical and historical insights provide material for further explorations. Keywords: Energiewende, value systems, innovation, communications, narrative, NVivo 11 Plus, auto-coding, co-location. iii Preface This dissertation builds on the author’s previous research interested in theoretical problems of social change, social movements and identity. In my Master’s thesis entitled Identity, Social Categorization & Socio-Economic Consequences: Virtual Identities in the Case of the Iranian Green Movement (2010), I have demonstrated how the innovation of a new collective identity, facilitated by digital media platforms and mobilized by a political campaign at a critical historic moment, has led to momentous social and economic consequence in Iran. That thesis was framed in the field of economics as part of a business degree and investigated the case of Iranian Green Movement to challenge contemporary static economic models of identity by demonstrating a case of an emergent identity and its measurable impacts through social media interaction data. Incorporating static assumptions of identity in such a reductionist game-theoretic setting can lead to fundamentally limited and flawed models; hence, improvements such as new variables extending the assumptions have been proposed. That thesis has led me to pursue a PhD at the Communication and Culture Program— currently Communication, Media and Film—at the University of Calgary. During my earlier years, I published two follow-up studies: the first has applied the Actor-Network Theory—a prominent reference in communication theories—to construct a narrative the Iranian Green Movement (Sadeghi Esfahlani & Buckland, 2014); The second provides a critical assessment of the concept of political technologies: building on a review of communication theory literature about the role of technologies in social movements, the second publication argues that Facebook as a social media technology in the case of the Iranian Green Movement, has demonstrated destabilizing political effects rather than reflecting a certain political agenda (Sadeghi Esfahlani, iv 2016). Through these publications I have concluded the subject of Iranian Green Movement and moved on to study another social movement: Germany’s energy transition movement. This dissertation was born out of the intersection of my interest in the study of social movements and social change, and my supervisor’s expertise and research legacy in the study of innovation. The core question of this dissertation—how does innovation unfold in the realm of ideas and values—provides the most abstract form of the problem which has been contextualized to the case of Germany’s energy transition, dubbed the Energiewende. Hence, Energiewende has been studied as a case of innovation in the realm of ideas and values; the core task is to follow the idea of Energiewende and trace the dynamics of associated value systems. Background research for this project began in 2015: ethics approval has been obtained in spring 2015. Interviews were conducted in 2015-2016 and analyzed in 2016-2017 while compiling background documents as textual data. Textual analysis has been conducted in 2017- 2018 and the dissertation completed in 2018-2019. Throughout the process, the supervisory committee has guided the literature review and inspired theoretical and methodological approaches. The author has been introduced to the Canadian perspective on energy transition through the Canadian Energy Systems Analysis Research (CESAR) at the University of Calgary. The most recent opportunity to contribute to the Transition Pathways project by negotiating and implementing a collaboration with the National Energy Board of Canada has provided a chance to communicate with a broad range of stakeholders, particularly in provincial governments and key industrial associations. This opportunity has not only led to relevant literature in energy transition studies for this dissertation but has also acted as a methodological exercise in analyzing an extensive number of documents—in that case, policy instruments. In this v dissertation, the occurrence of Energiewende and its evolution in terms of associated value systems has been studied systematically from multiple angles, as will be introduced. vi Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Richard Hawkins for his consistent support, encouragement, patience, inspiration and direction. He introduced me to the innovation scholarship which has not only shaped this dissertation, but also my thinking. My special gratitude goes to Dr. David Layzell for his gracious intellectual and organizational support. In addition to introducing me to the Canadian perspective in energy transition studies, his kind dedication to facilitate a collaboration with the National Energy Board has provided me with a unique window into the politics of climate change mitigation in Canada. I would like to extend this gratitude to Albert Louie, the director of Modernization and Implementation at the National Energy Board. I would like to thank Dr. Chad Saunders for providing extensive literature guidance and advice for the ethics compliance, as well as Dr. Petra Dolata for her critical insights on the subject of Energiewende. Besides my committee and externals, I would like to appreciate the intellectual contributions of faculty members at the Department, especially Dr. Maria Bakardjieva, Dr. Douglas Brent, Dr. Tania Smith, Dr. Ronald Glasberg, Dr. Edna Einsiedel, Dr. Mel Hogan, Dr. Dr. Michael Keren and Dr. George Melnyk. I would like to extend my appreciation to Dr. James Ellis, the director of the Calgary Institute for the Humanities. I would also like to extend this appreciation to my dear friends and cohorts who provided support and encouragement, especially Ray Op’tland, Trang Pham, Dr. AnneMarie
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