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2019-05-13 Germany's Energy Transition "Energiewende": Turning Social Value Systems?
Sadeghi Esfahlani, Mohammad
Sadeghi Esfahlani, M. (2019). Germany's Energy Transition "Energiewende": Turning Social Value Systems? (Unpublished doctoral thesis. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/110366 doctoral thesis
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Germany’s Energy Transition “Energiewende”: Turning Social Value Systems?
by
Mohammad Sadeghi Esfahlani
A THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
GRADUATE PROGRAM IN COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA STUDIES
CALGARY, ALBERTA
MAY, 2019
© Mohammad Sadeghi Esfahlani 2019 Abstract
Energiewende is a German compound word for energy transition. This dissertation utilizes the term as a linguistic device to navigate the discourse of Germany’s energy transition and to reconstruct its dynamics, particularly in terms of associated social value systems.
The concept of value is limited to monetary profit in the first innovation theory
‘entrepreneurship’ paradigm. In the subsequent technological paradigm, the value of innovation was conceived as commercial diffusion and society as a market. The recent ‘transformative change’ paradigm has shifted towards social values, pursued through supranational institutions.
However, recent European Commission studies fall short of investigating the social dimension of the challenges of Energiewende and remain focused on economic dimensions.
This dissertation builds on alternative approaches in communication theory and anthropology to theorize value, particularly in the context of innovation. Furthermore, it builds on approaches in innovation studies drawn from structural linguistics to identify and trace the dynamics of value systems in texts. On this basis, narrative and textual analysis were employed to trace the diffusion of Energiewende, reconstruct associated value systems and their evolutionary dynamics, and assess the influence of institutional actors.
Findings challenge the predictions of diffusionist innovation theories and demonstrate a case where the diffusion of an idea was supported by the social landscape. Associated value systems include economic and environmental values, which are the most diverse and the most predominant, respectively. However, it is the social values that supplement the missing dimension of the transformative change paradigm. Specifically, the evolution of values, such as decentralization, social justice and social change, challenges theoretical projections. Likewise,
ii the engagement of institutional actors with evolution processes also challenge entrepreneurship theories.
Based on findings, a short story of Energiewende has been reconstructed, summarizing the evolution of associated concepts and the role of actors. As it turns out, the diffusion of
Energiewende and the evolution of its value systems have been turbulent processes, including several pivotal “turns.”
Thereby, this dissertation makes theoretical and methodological contributions to the fields of energy transition, innovation and communication studies. Furthermore, a plethora of technical and historical insights provide material for further explorations.
Keywords: Energiewende, value systems, innovation, communications, narrative, NVivo
11 Plus, auto-coding, co-location.
iii Preface
This dissertation builds on the author’s previous research interested in theoretical problems of social change, social movements and identity. In my Master’s thesis entitled
Identity, Social Categorization & Socio-Economic Consequences: Virtual Identities in the Case of the Iranian Green Movement (2010), I have demonstrated how the innovation of a new collective identity, facilitated by digital media platforms and mobilized by a political campaign at a critical historic moment, has led to momentous social and economic consequence in Iran.
That thesis was framed in the field of economics as part of a business degree and investigated the case of Iranian Green Movement to challenge contemporary static economic models of identity by demonstrating a case of an emergent identity and its measurable impacts through social media interaction data. Incorporating static assumptions of identity in such a reductionist game-theoretic setting can lead to fundamentally limited and flawed models; hence, improvements such as new variables extending the assumptions have been proposed.
That thesis has led me to pursue a PhD at the Communication and Culture Program— currently Communication, Media and Film—at the University of Calgary. During my earlier years, I published two follow-up studies: the first has applied the Actor-Network Theory—a prominent reference in communication theories—to construct a narrative the Iranian Green
Movement (Sadeghi Esfahlani & Buckland, 2014); The second provides a critical assessment of the concept of political technologies: building on a review of communication theory literature about the role of technologies in social movements, the second publication argues that Facebook as a social media technology in the case of the Iranian Green Movement, has demonstrated destabilizing political effects rather than reflecting a certain political agenda (Sadeghi Esfahlani,
iv 2016). Through these publications I have concluded the subject of Iranian Green Movement and moved on to study another social movement: Germany’s energy transition movement.
This dissertation was born out of the intersection of my interest in the study of social movements and social change, and my supervisor’s expertise and research legacy in the study of innovation. The core question of this dissertation—how does innovation unfold in the realm of ideas and values—provides the most abstract form of the problem which has been contextualized to the case of Germany’s energy transition, dubbed the Energiewende. Hence, Energiewende has been studied as a case of innovation in the realm of ideas and values; the core task is to follow the idea of Energiewende and trace the dynamics of associated value systems.
Background research for this project began in 2015: ethics approval has been obtained in spring 2015. Interviews were conducted in 2015-2016 and analyzed in 2016-2017 while compiling background documents as textual data. Textual analysis has been conducted in 2017-
2018 and the dissertation completed in 2018-2019. Throughout the process, the supervisory committee has guided the literature review and inspired theoretical and methodological approaches.
The author has been introduced to the Canadian perspective on energy transition through the Canadian Energy Systems Analysis Research (CESAR) at the University of Calgary. The most recent opportunity to contribute to the Transition Pathways project by negotiating and implementing a collaboration with the National Energy Board of Canada has provided a chance to communicate with a broad range of stakeholders, particularly in provincial governments and key industrial associations. This opportunity has not only led to relevant literature in energy transition studies for this dissertation but has also acted as a methodological exercise in analyzing an extensive number of documents—in that case, policy instruments. In this
v dissertation, the occurrence of Energiewende and its evolution in terms of associated value systems has been studied systematically from multiple angles, as will be introduced.
vi Acknowledgements
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Richard Hawkins for his consistent support, encouragement, patience, inspiration and direction. He introduced me to the innovation scholarship which has not only shaped this dissertation, but also my thinking.
My special gratitude goes to Dr. David Layzell for his gracious intellectual and organizational support. In addition to introducing me to the Canadian perspective in energy transition studies, his kind dedication to facilitate a collaboration with the National Energy Board has provided me with a unique window into the politics of climate change mitigation in Canada.
I would like to extend this gratitude to Albert Louie, the director of Modernization and
Implementation at the National Energy Board.
I would like to thank Dr. Chad Saunders for providing extensive literature guidance and advice for the ethics compliance, as well as Dr. Petra Dolata for her critical insights on the subject of Energiewende.
Besides my committee and externals, I would like to appreciate the intellectual contributions of faculty members at the Department, especially Dr. Maria Bakardjieva, Dr.
Douglas Brent, Dr. Tania Smith, Dr. Ronald Glasberg, Dr. Edna Einsiedel, Dr. Mel Hogan, Dr.
Dr. Michael Keren and Dr. George Melnyk. I would like to extend my appreciation to Dr. James
Ellis, the director of the Calgary Institute for the Humanities. I would also like to extend this appreciation to my dear friends and cohorts who provided support and encouragement, especially
Ray Op’tland, Trang Pham, Dr. AnneMarie Dorland, Dr. T.A. Pattinson and Dr. Ofer Berenstein.
Finally, I’d like to thank my partner, my brother, mother, father, great-uncle, great cousins and all other family members and friends who provided emotional support and encouragement.
vii Dedication
To a higher purpose with higher values.
viii Table of Contents
Abstract ...... ii Preface ...... iv Acknowledgements ...... vii Dedication ...... viii Table of Contents ...... ix List of Figures and Illustrations ...... xvi Epigraph ...... xviii
Chapter 1: Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Energiewende: Europe’s Showcase of a Transformative Mission ...... 2 1.1.1 Limits in understanding social dimensions...... 5 1.2 Transition as Value Systems Innovation ...... 7 1.2.1 Research Questions...... 7 1.2.2 Organization of Chapters...... 9
Chapter 2: A Review of Energy Transition Research ...... 14 2.1 Energy Systems and the Problem of Transition ...... 14 2.1.1 Supply side bias...... 18 2.2 Traditional Approaches in Energy Transition Research ...... 19 2.2.1 The role of governments in the case of Germany...... 21 2.2.2 Quantitative and technological biases...... 23 2.2.3 Economic policy focus...... 27 2.3 The Socio-Technical Approach...... 29 2.3.1 Diffusionism: technological bottom-up change...... 32 2.4 Limits, Gaps and Emerging Approaches ...... 35 2.4.1 Demand, social landscape and values...... 36 2.4.2 Advances in public policy studies...... 39 2.5 Conclusions ...... 39
Chapter 3: Innovation Theory and the Problem of Values ...... 41 3.1 Paradigms in Innovation Theory...... 42 3.1.1 Traditional paradigms...... 42 3.1.2 Technology as the default lens...... 45 3.1.3 Emerging perspectives and common goods...... 47 3.2 The Concept of Entrepreneur ...... 50 3.2.1 Philosophical origins: Machiavelli and Nietzsche...... 51 3.2.1.1. Nietzsche on Innovation and Entrepreneurship ...... 53 3.2.2 Schumpeter’s economic entrepreneur...... 55 3.2.3 Borders and limits...... 58 3.3 Diffusion of Innovations Theory ...... 61 3.3.1 Background and context...... 61 3.3.2 Key concepts...... 64 3.3.3 Conceptual structure...... 66 3.3.4 Limits and contradictions ...... 68 3.4 Conclusions and Alternative Approaches ...... 72
ix 3.4.1 Economization, Marketization, Monetization...... 74 3.4.2 Values, myths and narratives...... 76 3.4.3 Values, concepts and value systems...... 81
Chapter 4: Methodology...... 84 4.1. Combined Methods ...... 85 4.1.1 Groundwork: Narrative analysis ...... 86 4.2 Textual Analysis ...... 88 4.2.1 Dataset: sampling and stratification ...... 89 4.2.2 Analysis: context vs. collocates ...... 91 4.3 Comparison and Discussion ...... 93
Chapter 5: Narrative Analysis: Values and Turning Points ...... 96 5.1 Pre- 1979: Background and Emergence ...... 96 5.1.1 Evolution of values...... 97 5.2 1980’s: Innovation Introduction ...... 99 5.2.1 Evolution of values...... 100 5.3 1990’s: Significance, Prominence and Diffusion ...... 102 5.3.1 Evolution of values...... 104 5.4 2000’s: Legislation and Expansion ...... 105 5.4.1 Evolution of values...... 107 5.5 2010’s: Peaks and Turns ...... 109 5.5.1 Evolution of values...... 112 5.6. A Summary of Recent Developments ...... 114
Chapter 6: Textual Analysis with NVivo 11 Plus ...... 117 6.1 Dataset: Quantitative Visualisations ...... 118 6.1.1 Sample stratification...... 118 6.1.2 Energiewende occurrences: distribution and trends...... 122 6.1.3 Outstanding insights...... 126 6.2 Chronological Results ...... 130 6.2.1 Pre-1979...... 130 Themes in context: ...... 131 Energiewende Collocates: ...... 132 6.2.2 1980-1990...... 133 Themes in Context: ...... 133 Energiewende Collocates: ...... 134 6.2.3 1990-2000...... 135 Themes in Context: ...... 135 Energiewende Collocates: ...... 137 6.2.4 2000-2005...... 138 Themes in Context: ...... 138 Energiewende Collocates: ...... 140 6.2.5 2005-2009...... 142 Themes in Context: ...... 142 Energiewende Collocates: ...... 144 6.2.6 2009-2011...... 146
x Themes in Context: ...... 146 Energiewende Collocates: ...... 148 6.2.7 2011-2013...... 149 Themes in Context: ...... 149 Energiewende Collocates: ...... 151 6.2.8 2013-2015...... 154 Themes in Context: ...... 154 Energiewende Collocates: ...... 155 6.2.9 2015-2017...... 158 Themes in Context: ...... 158 Energiewende Collocates: ...... 160 6.3 Categorical Results ...... 163 6.3.2 Parliamentary documents...... 164 Themes (word-frequency) in Context: ...... 165 Energiewende Collocates: ...... 166 6.3.3 Government ministries...... 167 Themes in Context: ...... 167 Energiewende Collocates: ...... 169 6.3.4 Non-Governmental Organizations...... 171 Themes in Context: ...... 171 Energiewende Collocates: ...... 172 6.3.5 Political campaigns...... 174 Themes in Context: ...... 174 Energiewende Collocates: ...... 176 6.3.6 Special commissions...... 178 Themes in Context: ...... 178 Energiewende Collocates: ...... 179 6.3.7 Government coalition contracts...... 181 Themes in Context: ...... 181 Energiewende Collocates: ...... 182 6.3.8 Legislations...... 183 Themes in Context: ...... 183 Collocates: ...... 184
Chapter 7: Energiewende and the Chronological Evolution of Values ...... 185 7.1 Energiewende as a Main- and Sub-theme ...... 186 7.2 Economic Values ...... 190 7.2.1 Supply...... 191 7.2.2 Demand...... 195 7.2.3 Infrastructure...... 198 7.2.4 Policy...... 199 7.3 Environmental values ...... 202 7.4 Social Values ...... 205 7.5 Odd values ...... 207
Chapter 8: Actors and Value Systems Engagement ...... 210 8.1 Actors and Engaged Values ...... 211
xi 8.1.1 Comparing the engagement of actors in the evolution chronology...... 214 8.2 Economic Values ...... 215 8.2.1 Supply...... 216 8.2.2 Demand...... 218 8.2.3 Infrastructure...... 221 8.2.4 Policy...... 223 8.3 Environmental Values ...... 225 8.4 Social Values ...... 229 8.5 Odd Values ...... 233
Chapter 9: Discussion – Energiewende as Innovation ...... 236 9.1 The Diffusion of Energiewende ...... 237 9.1.1 Forces of the landscape...... 241 9.2 Outstanding Values and Patterns of Evolution ...... 244 9.2.1 Diffusion vs. forces of the landscape...... 249 9.3 Engaged Actors and Entrepreneurs ...... 251 9.3.1 Actors and the evolution of values...... 254 9.3.2 Actors vs. forces of the landscape...... 256 9.4 Energiewende: A Short Story of Turning Value Systems ...... 259
Chapter 10: Conclusions ...... 266 10.1 Energiewende and the Innovation of Values ...... 266 10.2 Theoretical and Methodological Contributions ...... 270 10.3 Limitations ...... 274 10.4 Relevance and Future Research ...... 275
References ...... 279
Appendix A: Profiles of Narrative Sources ...... 296 A.1. Profiles of Interviewees ...... 296 A.2. Profiles of Organizations Providing Public Narratives ...... 296 A.3. Interview Protocol and Questions ...... 298 A.4. Copyright Permission for Figure 2.1 ...... 299
Appendix B: Chronological Analysis Results - Ranked Lists of Associated Concepts (Idea-Values) ...... 300 B.1. Pre-1979 ...... 300 B.1.1. Themes in Context: ...... 300 B.1.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 301 B.2. 1980-1990 ...... 301 B.2.1. Themes in Context: ...... 301 B.2.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 304 B.3. 1990-2000 ...... 305 B.3.1. Themes in Context: ...... 305 B.3.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 307 B.4. 2000-2005 ...... 310 B.4.1. Themes in Context: ...... 310
xii B.4.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 314 B.5. 2005-2009 ...... 316 B.5.1. Themes in Context: ...... 316 B.5.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 320 B.6. 2009-2011 ...... 321 B.6.1. Themes in Context: ...... 321 B.6.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 330 B.7. 2011-2013 ...... 333 B.7.1. Themes in Context: ...... 333 B.7.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 335 B.8. 2013-2015 ...... 337 B.8.1. Themes in Context: ...... 337 B.8.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 341 B.9. 2015-2017 ...... 344 B.9.1. Themes in Context: ...... 344 B.9.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 351
Appendix C: Categorical Analysis Results - Ranked Lists of Associated Concepts (Idea- Values) ...... 355 C.1. Parliament ...... 355 C.1.1. Themes in Context: ...... 355 C.1.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 355 C.2. Executive (All) ...... 357 C.2.1. Themes in Context: ...... 357 C.2.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 361 C.3. Ministry of Economy ...... 363 C.3.1. Themes in Context: ...... 363 C.3.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 369 C.4. Ministry of Environment ...... 370 C.4.1. Themes in Context: ...... 370 C.4.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 373 C.5. Executive Strategies ...... 374 C.5.1. Themes in Context: ...... 374 C.5.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 375 C.6. Campaigns ...... 376 C.6.1. Themes in Context: ...... 376 C.6.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 377 C.7. Gruene Party ...... 378 C.7.1. Themes in Context: ...... 378 C.7.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 379 C.8. SPD Party ...... 381 C.8.1. Themes in Context: ...... 381 C.8.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 382 C.9. CDU Party ...... 383 C.9.1. Themes in Context: ...... 383 C.9.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 384 C.10. FDP Party ...... 385 xiii C.10.1. Themes in Context: ...... 385 C.10.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 386 C.11. Linke Party ...... 387 C.11.1. Themes in Context: ...... 387 C.11.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 388 C.12. AFD Party ...... 389 C.12.1. Themes in Context: ...... 389 C.12.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 391 C.13. Special Commissions ...... 391 C.13.1. Themes in Context: ...... 391 C.13.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 398 C.14. Oko institute ...... 399 C.14.1. Themes in Context...... 399 C.14.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 403 C.15. Other NGO’s ...... 404 C.15.1. Themes in Context: ...... 404 C.15.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 409 C.16. Coalition Contracts:...... 409 C.16.1. Themes in Context: ...... 409 C.16.2. Energiewende Collocates: ...... 410 C.17. Legislations: ...... 411 C.17.1. Themes in Context: ...... 411
Appendix D: Summary Tables of Evolution Dynamics ...... 414 D.1. Narrative summary of the development of events and values over time ...... 414 D.2. Chronological Tables: Evolution of Values ...... 416 D.2.1. Themes in Context ...... 416 D.2.2. Energiewende Collocates ...... 420 D.3. Categorical Tables: Actors and Engagement ...... 424 D.3.1. Themes in Context ...... 424 D.3.2. Energiewende Collocates ...... 427
Appendix E: Actor Engagement Reports ...... 431 E.1. Parliament: ...... 431 E.1.1. Themes ...... 431 E.1.2. Collocates: ...... 431 E.2. Ministries: ...... 432 E.2.1. Themes: ...... 432 E.2.2. Collocates: ...... 434 E.3. NGOs ...... 435 E.3.1. Themes: ...... 435 E.3.2. Collocates: ...... 437 E.4. Political Campaigns ...... 439 E.4.1. Themes ...... 439 E.4.2. Collocates ...... 440 E.5. Special Commissions ...... 441 E.5.1. Themes ...... 441
xiv E.5.2. Collocates ...... 442 E.6. Coalition Contracts: ...... 443 E.6.1. Themes: ...... 443 E.6.2. Collocates: ...... 444 E.7. Legislations ...... 444 E.7.1. Themes: ...... 444
Appendix F: Cross-Section Analysis Tables ...... 446
xv List of Figures and Illustrations
Figure 2.1 Energy systems. Adopted from “What are Energy Systems?” (Layzell, 2017)...... 17
Figure 2.2: System Innovation from a Multi-Level Perspective. Adopted from “Figure 2.5 A dynamic multi-level perspective on system innovation” (Geels, 2004)...... 31
Figure 2.3 Landscape Pressure in the Multi-Level Perspective. Adopted from “Figure 5 Transformation pathways” (Geels & Schot 2007, p.407) ...... 38
Figure 3.1. The S-Curve of the Diffusion Process Adapted from “Figure 1-2: The Diffusion Process” (Rogers, 2004)...... 64
Figure 6.1. Types of Documents ...... 118
Figure 6.2: Chronological Structure of Plenary Protocols (Parliament) ...... 119
Figure 6.3: Chronological/Categorical Stratification of Non-Parliamentary Documents ...... 121
Figure 6.4. Energiewende Occurrences in Parliament ...... 122
Figure 6.5: Energiewende Occurrences in Non-Parliamentary Documents ...... 123
Figure 6.6: Energiewende Occurrences by Document Categories ...... 125
Figure 6.7: Energiewende Occurrences in Campaign Documents ...... 126
Figure 6.8: Energiewende Occurrence Trends in Comparison ...... 129
Figure 6.9: 1980-1990 – Contextual Themes ...... 133
Figure 6.10: 1980-1990 – Energiewende Collocates ...... 134
Figure 6.11: 1990-2000 – Contextual Themes ...... 135
Figure 6.12: 1990-2000 – Energiewende Collocates ...... 137
Figure 6.13: 2000-2005 – Contextual Themes ...... 139
Figure 6.14: 2000-2005 – Energiewende Collocates ...... 141
Figure 6.15: 2005-2009 – Contextual Themes ...... 143
Figure 6.16: 2005-2009 – Energiewende Collocates ...... 145
Figure 6.17: 2009-2011 – Contextual Themes ...... 146
Figure 6.18: 2009-2011 – Energiewende Collocates ...... 149
xvi Figure 6.19: 2011-2013 – Contextual Themes ...... 150
Figure 6.20: 2011-2013 – Energiewende Collocates ...... 152
Figure 6.21: 2013-2015 – Contextual Themes ...... 154
Figure 6.22: 2013-2015 – Energiewende Collocates ...... 157
Figure 6.23: 2015-2017 – Contextual Themes ...... 159
Figure 6.24: 2015-2017 – Energiewende Collocates ...... 161
Figure 6.25: Parliamentary Documents – Contextual Themes ...... 165
Figure 6.26: Parliamentary Documents – Energiewende Collocates...... 166
Figure 6.27: Government Documents – Themes in Context ...... 168
Figure 6.28: Government Documents – Energiewende Collocates ...... 170
Figure 6.29: NGO Documents – Themes in Context ...... 171
Figure 6.30: NGO Documents – Energiewende Collocates ...... 173
Figure 6.31: Campaign Documents – Contextual Themes ...... 174
Figure 6.32: Campaign Documents – Energiewende Collocates...... 176
Figure 6.33: Special Commission – Themes in Context...... 179
Figure 6.34: Special Commission – Energiewende Collocates ...... 180
Figure 6.35: Government Coalition Contracts– Themes in Context ...... 181
Figure 6.36: Government Coalition Contracts – Energiewende Collocates ...... 182
Figure 6.37: Legislations – Themes in Context ...... 184
Figure 9.1: “Figure 6.8: Energiewende Occurrence Trends in Comparison” ...... 238
Figure 9.2: “Figure 6.5: Energiewende Occurrences in non-parliamentary documents” ...... 240
xvii Epigraph
All sciences must, from now on, prepare the way for the future work of the philosopher: this work being understood to mean that the philosopher has to
solve the problem of values and […] decide on the rank order of values.
Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morality: A Polemic (1887)
xviii 1
Chapter 1: Introduction
German is a complicated language. Mark Twain in an Appendix entitled The Awful
German Language as part of his travel literature A Tramp Abroad (Twain, 2003) written in 1880,
describes the hardships of learning German as a second language, particularly when it comes to
the comprehension of “compound words”—several words “compacted into one, without joint or
seam—that is, without hyphens” (p.300). Although he considered the currency of compound
words at that time to be an obstacle for non-native speakers, he also appreciated how they
facilitate the formation and development of complex ideas and concepts: “Some German
concepts are so long that they have a perspective, [they’re] not words, [but] alphabetical
processions” (p.306).
“Energiewende” is a rather simple example of a German compound word consisting of two elements: the substantive nouns “Energie” and “wende”. As a short translation for
Energiewende, academic scholarship and other dictionaries often refer to Germany’s “energy transition” and “energy system transition” (Fischer, Hake, Kuckshinrichs, Schröder, &
Venghaus, 2016; Gailing & Röhring, 2016; Jonas Sonnenschein & Peter Hennicke, 2015;
Quitzow et al., 2016; Steinbacher & Pahle, 2016; Strunz, 2014). Duden—the most prominent and popular German dictionary—defines Energiewende on its website as “the replacement of the use of fossil and atomic energy resources with ecological and sustainable resources” (2014). Hence,
Energiewende generally refers to a collective ambition to transition from energy systems based on fossil and atomic fuels, to sustainable systems based on renewable energies. This implies an aspired transition in the fundamental values that society and the general public associates with the energy systems. The encapsulation of such complex ideas in one compound word makes it an emblem which can be traced through various inquiries across textual datasets.
2
This dissertation has capitalized on this opportunity to design and implement an inquiry
into the meaning of the idea of Energiewende, how it has been communicated and how it has
changed over time. For this purpose, a theoretical and methodological approach informed by an
interdisciplinary set of academic scholarship in the field of social sciences and humanities must
be consulted.
1.1 Energiewende: Europe’s Showcase of a Transformative Mission
In a contribution to the Mission Oriented Research and innovation in the European
Union, Mazzucato (2018) has presented “a problem-solving approach for fuel innovation-led growth”. In the preface, Mazzucato (2018) building upon her previous contributions to the
European Commission’s Horizon 2020 program, has summarized the values of the European
Union as the “triple objectives of smart innovation-led growth, inclusion and sustainability [all seeking to] solve pressing global challenges”. She has argued that research and innovation are the solution in the pursuit of economic growth and activity, as well as addressing global challenges. She has postulated a mission-oriented approach seeking to transform such objectives and challenges into “concrete, measurable and, most importantly, achievable missions” (pp. 2-3).
This study (Mazzucato, 2018) has looked at “missions of the past” to draw lessons for designing and implementing future missions in response to complex global challenges. The key lesson has been that “missions must be bold, activating innovation across sectors, across actors and across disciplines [while enabling] bottom-up solutions and experimentation”. Nonetheless, the ultimate goal of this study has been to “trigger the imagination and ambition of participants” in future collaborations in European Union missions (pp. 2-3).
Energiewende has been presented as the second—next to the Apollo Project—showcase an exemplary past mission for EU Research and innovation. Adjacent to the problem of societal
3 challenges of change and transformation, Energiewende has been showcased for its grassroots origins as a “citizen driven green movement” rooted in a “longstanding and growing sentiment of exiting nuclear power production”. The strengths of Energiewende have been the clarity and societal legitimization of its targets and the ability to tackle the “important societal challenge of reducing carbon emissions, which are a key cause of climate change” (Mazzucato, 2018, pp. 8–
9).
The key strategic lesson drawn from the case of Energiewende in this study, has been that a mission “should be based on a selection process that starts with a political steer on topics of societal relevance, while simultaneously mobilizing active public involvement in the decision making on the choice of mission”; hence, a political steer must initially follow socially relevant topics and actively seek to mobilize engagement in the decision-making process. Therefore, the ingredients that make the Energiewende an exemplary mission on member state-level of the
European Union have been identified as 1) the grassroots legacy of Energiewende, 2) a boost in societal relevance through the Fukushima catastrophe and 3) subsequent government leadership in policy, investment and legislation (Mazzucato, 2018, pp. 8–9).
A comprehensive Case Study Report of Energiewende by the European Commission has provided an in-depth analysis of Energiewende as a national mission in Germany (Kuittinen &
Velte, 2018). The core objectives of the Energiewende have been nuclear phase-out, renewable energy production, energy security, energy efficiency and Green House Gas (GHG) emission reductions with quantified goals and quotas. These objectives have been sought through a national initiative since 2010, coordinated by the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and
Energy—short, Ministry of Economy. This initiative involved a broad variety of stakeholders
4
and has been implemented through various executive and legislative measures such as market
policies and legal, regulatory and funding programs (Kuittinen & Velte, 2018).
The outcomes of the Energiewende, according to Kuittinen & Velte (2018), have been
exceptionally high levels of private investments, particularly in building retrofits, renewable
energy production and grid infrastructure. To date, concrete target quotas for renewable energy
production have been surpassed, nuclear phase-out is progressing as planned and energy efficiency target are being moderately approached. Nonetheless, emission reduction targets are
“not likely to be met”. On the other hand, there have been several other impacts such as
industrial development—in terms of research and technology capacities—export increase, job
creation and behavioral and opinion changes in citizens (pp.3, 37-44).
This study (Kuittinen & Velte, 2018) also provides a brief history of the term
Energiewende which stands for “a continuous and gradual process of transition of energy
systems” and sought through the means of a progressive series of policies and laws. It was first
used by the opponents of nuclear energy in the late 1970’s; later, sustainable development and
climate change mitigation also become key objectives. The context of Energiewende in this
account has been Germany’s traditional reliance on local coal and energy imports which was
disrupted by the oil crisis in the 1970’s, which resulted in the promotion of the nuclear energy
option first introduced in the 1950’s in West Germany. Later in the 1980’s, nuclear phase-out
gained momentum as a result of the Chernobyl catastrophe and a looming climate crisis. A book
published by the Öko institute—a prominent environmental NGO—entitled Energiewende has
been the official cornerstone of the history of Energiewende (pp. 5-7).
The first quantitative objectives for Energiewende—GHG emission reductions—were set
in the late 1980’s and the first feed-in law guaranteeing transmission grid access for small scale
5 energy producers was enacted in the early 1990’s. The political shift later in the 1990’s and early
2000’s has resulted in the enactment of the first nuclear phase-out and renewable energy acts and promoted the value of “ecological modernization”. On the other hand, the next major development in the story of Energiewende has been a national Energy Concept published by the
Ministry of Environment in 2010 (Kuittinen & Velte, 2018, pp. 5–7, 9, 18).
A gap between 2005 and 2010 stands out immediately in this historic account.
After the Fukushima catastrophe in 2011, nuclear phase-out became law and a series of amendments were made to the renewable energy act in 2014 and 2017 to ensure “growth and competitiveness of renewable energies”—tariffs shifted away from fixed towards and auction- based system, industrial surcharges were abolished, self-supply surcharges increased and renewable energy expansion limited to the available grid capacity. Nonetheless, Kuittinen &
Velte (2018) have asserted that only in the latest year has the Energiewende amassed public support across political parties and among citizen. Since Fukushima, all ruling political coalitions and most citizens (90%) “believe the Energiewende [to be] vital to the country’s future”
(Kuittinen & Velte, 2018, pp. 7, 18, 44).
1.1.1 Limits in understanding social dimensions.
The scope of the Case Study Report Energiewende (Kuittinen & Velte, 2018) has encompassed historic scholarship about Energiewende as well as a comprehensive dataset comprised of government documents from the federal ministries of economics and energy, environment and nuclear safety, transport and digital infrastructure, other government bodies such as the federal audit agency and the state development bank. Most of the data used and discussed in this study have been financing and budget data concerning research funding. This
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has been due to the fact that the Energiewende has been relevant to the European Commission
mostly in terms of research, innovation policy and technological funding programs.
Overall, Kuittinen & Velte (2018) fall rather short of addressing the social dimensions of
the challenges, which had been emphasized in the mission-oriented approach (Mazzucato, 2018).
The only instance of a direct reference to social challenges in Kuittinen & Velte (2018) has been
the “social challenge of achieving a secure, clean and efficient electricity supply”—a funding
initiative by the H2020 Framework. The only reference to the social aspects of Energiewende
has been in section 3.5 about opinion polling as well as the levels and types of “citizen
engagement in the initiative”. What stands out about this section is that references for polling
studies are journalistic resources and NGO studies (pp. 26, 17, 44).
Hence, social challenges have been mostly limited to the economic aspects whereas the
role of “citizens” has been assumed rather passive, particularly in prospect. The societal impacts
of Energiewende have been mostly measured through official statistical data on jobs, economic
value added, investments, exports and research funding (Kuittinen & Velte, 2018, pp. 42–45).
Whereas citizens have been repeatedly hailed as “supporters”, “co-owners”, “co-payers”, they have only been accounted for as consumers who are skeptical about the progress of
Energiewende. Despite societal drivers such as the anti-nuclear movement and climate change concerns, societal barriers have been identified as the elevation of electricity prices that will eventually “erode public support”. This implies a certain bias and limitation inherent in the perspective of this Case Study Report (pp. 5, 9, 18, 48).
In sum, the European Commission’s Case Study Report Energiewende (Kuittinen &
Velte, 2018) has been one of the most recent studies about Germany’s Energy transition. The
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biases and limitations of this study point to broader problems in the study of energy transition in
terms of scoping, analyzing and understanding the social dimension of challenges.
1.2 Transition as Value Systems Innovation
This dissertation seeks to contribute to the expansion of the perspective of contemporary
studies about Energiewende, by illuminating the social dimensions of the problem of change and
transition, particularly concerning social challenges of energy transitions. For this purpose, it
builds upon a communicational approach to research and theory to understand transition as
innovation in context of value systems. Hence, this dissertation aspires to make both theoretical
and methodological contributions. In this sense, the core question of this dissertation casts a
theoretical problem of transition through the concept of innovation and value systems:
• How does innovation unfold in the realm of ideas and values?
This question reflects the overarching theoretical aim of this study, which is to understand transition as innovation in the social context of value systems. The case of
Energiewende provides a unique example for investigating the core question and illuminating
some of the previously neglected dimensions such as social challenges. Hence, the core question
will be explored through an inquiry which begins with the idea of Energiewende as innovation
and explores its evolution dynamics in terms of its occurrence and associated value systems.
1.2.1 Research Questions.
On this basis, the core question has been tailored into two sets of research questions that
re-cast the theoretical problem in context of Energiewende. The first set pertains to the origins
and evolution of Energiewende and its associated value systems; the second set pertains to the
social, institutional and political dynamics:
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1. How did the idea of Energiewende emerge and evolve? What values were associated
with it and how did they evolve?
The first set of research questions begins with establishing Energiewende as an empirical
signpost for an inquiry of its evolution. By utilising the linguistic capacities of the compound
word, the communication of the term can be documented and traced back to its origins,
particularly in text; this approach will facilitate a research exercise in following the emergence,
innovation and evolution of an idea. Furthermore, values associated with the term, their
systematic relationship and their evolution will illuminate the social dimensions of innovation.
Hence, the first set of research questions casts Energiewende as a case of innovation in the realm
of ideas and values.
The second set of research questions seeks to extend the analysis to identifying potential
causes of the emergence and evolution of the term Energiewende and its associated value
systems; thereby, pertaining to the social, institutional and political dynamics:
2. What has been the role of various institutional actors in conjoining values with the
idea of Energiewende? Who were the most engaged actors? When and how did they
engage with Energiewende and associated values?
According to the Energiewende Case Study Report (Kuittinen & Velte, 2018) various institutional actors have been significantly engaged in the evolution of Energiewende including government ministries, federal states, banks and other financial agencies, research organizations and society (p. 16-17).
Since the social dimensions of the impact of actors and their engagement with social challenges have not been the focus of Kuittinen & Velte (2018), this dissertation seeks to discover the role of actors from a social perspective. Hence, a systematic study of levels and
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timing of their engagement will illuminate how actors impacted the evolution of ideas such as
Energiewende and associated value systems.
Nonetheless, some of the key concepts used in the core and research questions must be clarified in advance; hence, the pursuit of research questions is contingent upon a theoretical pursuit that clarifies the concepts of transition, innovation and value systems.
1.2.2 Organization of Chapters.
This dissertation starts with a literature review of energy transition research to investigate findings, concepts and theoretical underpinnings of their modelling of transition. Thereupon, underlying theoretical models will be explored in theoretical literature and alternative theoretical frameworks will be drawn upon, in order to conceptualize the social dimensions of transition as innovations in context of value systems. Thereby, an intellectual infrastructure will be established for an appropriate methodological framework to build upon, in order to dissect and address both sets of research questions.
Chapter 2 presents a literature review in Energy Transition Studies, beginning with the concept of Energy Systems; contemporary conceptions of Energy System have been reviewed in natural science literature. Furthermore, energy transition studies have been reviewed in social sciences literature—particularly energy policy streams. These include traditional approaches in energy transition studies and the relatively recent socio-technical approaches. The objectives, assumptions and outcomes of these studies have been reviewed to identify limits and biases in their theoretical and methodological approaches.
Chapter 3 takes a further step in reviewing literature and dives into the theoretical origins of limits in energy transition studies. Paradigms of innovation theory and the underlying assumptions of the models have been reviewed and assessed in terms of their borders, limits,
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gaps and contradictions. Three key concepts have been investigated in this section:
entrepreneurship, diffusion of innovations and the forces of the landscape. A critical review of
philosophical and theoretical scholarship in economic and social theory has been conducted and supplemented with alternative theories from communication theory. Thereby, this chapter facilitates the methodological approach of this dissertation.
Chapter 4 presents a retrospective snapshot of the methodological conduct. The methodology builds upon Perren & Sapsed (2013) in following the occurrence of a certain
keyword—“Innovation” in Perren & Sapsed (2013), “Energiewende” in this dissertation—and
analyzing collocated words to discover the evolution of its meaning. However, this approach has
been taken three steps further: 1) narrative analysis has been included upfront; 2) a broader set of
documents than the parliamentary verbatim has been sampled for textual analysis through the
NVivo software platform and 3) the newly available Auto coding Wizard function of the NVivo
11 Plus has been used, which can be considered a embryonic form of machine learning,
providing an independent perspective.
Chapter 5 presents the results from the initial narrative analysis. Some references in this
chapter are incidentally similar to the Case Study Report Energiewende (Kuittinen & Velte,
2018). Nonetheless, interviews with key scholars and political figures have been supplemented to
the narrative resources. On this basis, the story of Energiewende has been reconstructed with a
focus on instrumental events and the evolution of associated values. The chronology includes
five epochs: Pre 1979, 1980’s, 1990’s, 2000’s and 2010’s. This simple, decade-based narration
provides an initial map of key values, their dynamics and evolution. Appendix D.1 provides an
overview of the findings in a table form. Findings from this chapter have been later compared to
the findings from textual analysis in chapters 7 and 8.
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Chapter 6 presents the results from the first layer of analysis. These are based on
Appendix B and C which contain the abstract rankings from NVivo Excel file outputs in original
German, and Appendix D.2 and D.3 which contains a summary of their evolution. The first section 6.1 introduces the structure of the sample as well as quantitative findings of the occurrences of Energiewende in different epochs and documents categories, illustrated in charts.
This section will be directly involved in the discussion in Chapter 9 to test theoretical predictions. Section 6.2 presents the chronological results for nine epochs from the 1979 to
2017—informed by the narrative analysis, the four additional epochs break down the epochs after 2000 to accounts for major turning points. Section 6.3 presents the categorical results that provide insight into the engagement of the authors of each category with various values. Each subsection contains a word cloud which has been constructed using the relative ranking of values, as well as a short narrative about the comparative dynamics of values in each epoch and category. Each subsection also distinguishes between results from context analysis—auto-coding of entire documents—and collocation analysis—manual review of frequent words surrounding
Energiewende.
Chapter 7 & 8 provide a second layer of analysis, using findings from Chapter 5, 6.2, 6.3, summarized tables in Appendix D as well as the results of cross-sectional analysis in Appendix E and F. Three main groups of values have been extracted from previous findings: economic, environmental and social values—some other values stand out as rather odd. Economic values comprise of the most diverse group containing various sub-groups. For each value system and sub-group, the findings from chapter 5, 6.2 and 6.3 have been re-cast as short summary reports.
Chapter 7 addresses the first set of research questions about the chronological evolution of
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Energiewende and its associated value systems. It begins with the review of Energiewende as an auto-coded theme by the Nvivo 11 Software across the sample, describes the evolution of auto- discovered values and compares the dynamics to the findings from narrative analysis. It proceeds with comparative summaries of evolution patterns for each value system and sub-group.
Chapter 8 addresses the second set of research questions about the engagement of actors in the evolution process. Using findings from chapter 6.3 and cross-section results in Appendix E and F, Chapter 8 begins with summarizing the most outstanding values that each actor—author of document category—has engaged with. It proceeds with comparative summaries of the engagement of actors with each value system and sub-group.
Chapter 9 presents a third layer of analysis which tests the theoretical frameworks of entrepreneurship, innovation and diffusion against the outstanding quantitative findings in
Chapter 6.1 as well as the description of evolution patterns and engagement of actors with values and value systems as discussed in Chapter 7 and 8. In 9.1, the quantitative occurrence patterns of
Energiewende in epochs and document categories have been compared to the assumptions and predictions of diffusionist approaches in innovation theory. In 9.2, outstanding values and evolution patterns have been highlighted and contrasted with theoretical propositions. In 9.3, the engagement of actors has been outlined in context of the theories of entrepreneurship and diffusion of innovations. In 9.4, a short story of Energiewende has been reconstructed considering the comparative findings of narrative and textual analysis. This story of the emergence and evolution of Energiewende and associated value systems, illuminates whether the emergence of certain concepts can be associated with certain actors or whether they’ve occurred as a result of external influences.
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Overall, the findings will demonstrate how the traditional diffusionist assumptions about
‘bottom-up’ as the default direction of innovation do not hold in the case of Energiewende. Some theoretical extensions in socio-economic approaches have added a layer of the landscape to account for external effects, but they fall short of recognizing the supporting—rather than suppressive—effects of such forces on innovation in context of social values. Such supporting effects have been demonstrated through the findings of this dissertation.
Finally, Chapter 10 provides a summary of the findings as discussed in Chapter 9 and contrasts outstanding findings with the Case Study Report Energiewende. Furthermore, it highlights the theoretical and methodological contributions of this dissertation, its relevance and potentials for future research.
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Chapter 2: A Review of Energy Transition Research
Studies of Germany’s Energy Transition or Energiewende, fit in the broader academic
literature on energy transitions. Energy transition research is an emerging field of scholarship in
response to some major problems of our time such as global warming, environmental
degradation and energy and economic security. To navigate this vast body of research with a
fast-growing pace, the most relevant “meta” studies which can provide an overview have been
collected; over 464 documents were reviewed over the course of four years until a substantiated
argument could be developed in this chapter.
The focus of reviewing these articles has been to identify the most relevant and significant studies—particularly meta-studies that provide an overview of the field of energy transition—as well as preeminent theoretical frameworks used to conceive and analyze energy transition. The following section will introduce the most significant and influential streams of literature and categorize them conceptually to illuminate their limits and gaps in understanding the meaning and workings of energy transition, particularly from a social perspective.
As this chapter will demonstrate, the central gap in understanding energy transition is the
focus on the economic aspects of social change, a technological focus in understanding
innovations and a focus on energy systems as the primary site of the transition process.
2.1 Energy Systems and the Problem of Transition
Energy transition research is an interdisciplinary field; however, most of the recent peer-
reviewed studies have been published in venues dedicated to social science and humanities with
a special interest in policy questions. Nonetheless, the concept of energy systems is used
predominately in natural and applied sciences such as in physics, chemistry, biology, ecology
and engineering.
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The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (Venikov, 1979) provides the oldest encyclopedic definition, introduced by thefreedictionary.com with a “warning” that it “might be outdated or ideologically biased”. This definition reflects the centralized understanding of the Soviet Union, including a description of the hierarchical structure of a planned energy system: “the aggregate of energy sources of all kinds and of methods for obtaining (extracting), converting, distributing, and using them, as well as the equipment systems and organizational complexes that supply all forms of energy to the consumer”. Therefore, the central elements of this definition are energy sources, their commodification process and supply/consumption. Instead of through markets— one of the conceptual pillars of contemporary paradigms in political economy—this process is mediated by “organizational complexes” on national, regional and local levels which manage and control supply operations. Hence, this definition harbors a centralized, supply oriented bias.
A contemporary definition of energy systems is provided by the United Nation’s
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in it’s Fifth Assessment Report (2014): “
[an] energy system comprises all components related to the production, conversion, delivery, and use of energy”; the notion of Energy itself is defined as “the power of ‘doing work’ possessed at any instant by a body or system of bodies.” (p.1261). Compared to the previous definition, the emphasis here is on “end use”—putting energy to “work”—rather than “consumption.” It is interesting to note that since energy is explicitly defined as “doing work”, the aim of end-use is ultimately some sort of productivity, which implies an understanding based on a utilitarian notion of consumption aligned with contemporary economics. Nevertheless, the notion of demand is absent from this definition as well and with three of four components related to energy supply, this definition does not go much beyond a supply-oriented understanding of energy systems.
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In Canada, a recent report entitled Primer on Energy Systems in Canada (Oliver et al.,
2016) published by two NGO’s—Pollution Probe and Energy Exchange—defines energy
systems as “interconnected elements of technology and infrastructure that transform natural
sources of energy into useful services that deliver access, convenience, comfort and other
amenities” (p.16). Compared to the previous definitions, this definition emphasizes the notion of
transformation and uses the notion of amenities such as access, convenience and comfort instead
of an abstract notion of consumption or end-use. Hence, it provides a broader understanding of
energy systems that goes beyond supply oriented perspective on the political economy of energy
and instead, specifies social and psychological aspects of demand.
Another Canadian example is a detailed stratification of the elements of energy systems
from a biological sciences perspective—provided in a series lectures about Terrestrial
Communities & Ecosystems (Layzell, 2017). This model is based on a “five-link architecture” model which approaches a holistic model of energy systems that captures an overview of the complexity of the “full system”—“a vision of how the bits and pieces fit together” in a systematic way (Scott, 2008, pp. 53–63). From this perspective, energy flows from sources to services. “Services” are the “objective” and thus, “drive the system” (p.57-58). Layzell’s (2017) adaptation extends the architecture by adding amenities as the objective and driving force of the system; Figure 2.1 illustrates this adaptation.
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Figure 2.1 Energy systems. Adopted from “What are Energy Systems?” (Layzell, 2017).
The unique feature of this model is the recognition of the difference between what people want and need, with what people ask for—in other words, it has distinguished between individual wants and needs and their representation as demand for energy services in markets.
This difference is significantly influenced by structural factors such as geography and culture as well as by situational factors such as marketing. This framework borrows from Scott (2008) which suggests that rather than “energy needs”, the driving forces of energy system are “energy services that people ask for” (p.59). Hence, when it comes to the problem of transition— particularly for dealing with the problem of climate change and GHG emissions— the focus of research and policy remains on “what energy system developers create” (Layzell, 2017).
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2.1.1 Supply side bias.
Despite recognizing the role of demand and its social and psychological aspects,
contemporary definitions of energy systems still frame the problem of transition from the supply side. The implication of this bias for understanding the problem of transition become more clear when considering Scott’s (2008) assumption that “categories of energy services never change”
(p.60); on one hand, the dynamics of needs and wants are beyond the scope that demand can reflect. On the other hand, assuming static categories of energy services means that change and transformation particularly for dealing with climate change can only be sought on the energy supply side.
In sum, energy systems have been conceptualized as complex intermediaries between natural resources and demand for (human) end-use/consumption. Although the concept of energy markets does not appear in formal definitions, it seems to be implied in the focus on the dichotomy of supply and demand for energy commodities and fixed categories of energy services. Contemporary understandings, particularly in the Canadian context, recognize the precedence of wants and needs which are embedded in a social context; however, when it comes to the problem of transition, contemporary as well as traditional understandings of energy systems in research and policy focus on technologies created by developers on the supply side of energy systems.
Hence, conceptual understandings of energy systems in contemporary environmental sciences are limited to an economic understanding of the commodification of energy for the purpose of consumption; when it comes to the problem of transition, the focus mostly remains on supply-side technologies. Hence, transition in context of energy systems represents change in the technological structure of supply, facing demand for pre-established categories of energy
19 services. Despite the recognition of energy amenities in recent models, transition in this context has not been discussed or considered as an option in addressing the problem of climate change.
2.2 Traditional Approaches in Energy Transition Research
From the previously mentioned set of articles, the most relevant providing a meta perspective on energy transition research is Grubler’s (2012) article entitled Energy transition research: Insights and cautionary tales. This article is part of the 50th Volume of Energy Policy
Journal and provides valuable historic insight into past energy transitions, as well as “for a possible [future] transition to a low carbon economy”. These insights have been presented in the form of meta-studies using previous historical and empirical research (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012, p. 1).
Compared to the previously discussed concepts of energy systems, what stands out is that the point of departure for understanding energy transitions from a social sciences and humanities perspective—particularly with policy orientations—fundamentally differs from energy systems in context of natural sciences. Grubler (2012) has explained this difference by recognizing that although in sciences “empirical understanding and data” lead to theoretical models, “the first discussion of energy transitions emerged from bold exercises in future scenarios rather than from historical accounts”. Furthermore, the theories that have most significantly contributed to contemporary energy transition research have been the theory of diffusions of innovation
(Rogers, 2003) and the multi-level perspective (Elzen, Geels, & Green, 2004)(Grubler, 2012, pp.
9–12).
Energy transition has been defined as “the switch from an economic system dependent on one or a series of energy resources and technologies to another” (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012, p. 1) emphasis added). This definition of energy transition from the editorial demonstrates how the
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policy perspective shares a similar bias with the scientific perspective in understanding energy
transitions; here, transition is to be sought on the supply side –i.e. resources and technologies.
Furthermore, the notion of energy system is understood vis-à-vis an economic system which is
“dependent on one or a series of energy sources and technologies”. This definition demonstrates how the scope of existing policy-oriented research about energy transitions is limited to political and economic problems in context of supply side technologies. Nonetheless, the problem of climate change and the transition to a low carbon energy system have been considered paramount (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012, pp. 2–6).
To compensate for biases in energy transition studies, a workshop had been organized to initiate a series of discussions about past energy transitions and their implications for the future
(Fouquet & Pearson, 2012, p. 2). However, most academic studies in this volume and in the broader energy transition literature have used historic data and information; thus, their understanding of energy transition has been retrospective. Hence, the outcome of the analysis has often only encompassed past cause-effect relationship and left out prospective pursuits, purposive vision and implementation strategies.
Most importantly, since “social challenges” haven’t been the traditional focus of historic studies of energy transitions, workshop participants “warned that past energy transitions may not be the best analogies for a future low carbon energy transition”. Therefore, it has been suggested that investigating social aspects of the transition problem would provide “additional and even better insights” into the energy transition process. In order to gain additional insights, alternative methodologies and data, particularly qualitative data and analysis are potentially useful: “sound models, consistent data and even memorable anecdotes can be important tools for generating insights and distilling lessons from past experiences” (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012, pp. 3–5).
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Nevertheless, scholars who participated in the workshops and published in the special edition could reach a consensus on central questions concerning the nature, timelines, forces and
drivers of the energy transition process. First and most importantly, it is in the “nature of
transitions” to “unfold over long periods of time”. Furthermore, “transitions are both about the
successful penetration of new energy sources, technologies and institutions […] and the decline
of others”. The most important drivers of transition are “demand/end use and
supply/infrastructure issues” as well as “the roles and agency of consumers, business and
government” and particularly, the role of incumbent forces (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012, p. 3).
Hence, traditional approaches often focus on the diffusion of technological innovation
from “niche markets” to “dominance”. The process involves moving “away from state
involvement towards privatized and liberalized energy markets”, “securing long term support for
innovation” and overcoming the “inertia of incumbent energy sectors”. On the other hand, the
main difference between past and prospective energy transitions has been the emergence of
environment and climate as the new “public good”. Hence, the government has been considered
an essential driving force for a “purposive energy transition” (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012, pp. 2-4).
2.2.1 The role of governments in the case of Germany.
The case of Germany’s Energiewende demonstrates the crucial role of the government
and its profound influence in shaping the energy transition process. For instance, Hake et al
(2015) have provided a comprehensive historical account of the German Energiewende focused
on investigating it’s drivers. In this study, the qualitative approach for reconstructing a historical
account in this study, can be considered a pertinent methodological example of investigating
social aspects of the challenges of energy transition. Hake et al (2015) have used a “policy-
analytical approach” that investigates “changing positions of different political parties as well as
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the economic, social and political discourses and events that have created circumstances with a
significant influence on the social opinion and political governance process” (p.533).
Hake et al (2015) have recognized the importance of the policy framework that German
governments had designed to support the development and integration of renewable energy
technologies in the past. Nevertheless, this study has also recognized that German governments
in the last 25 years “accepted” rather than actively shaped the paradigm shift towards renewable
energy technologies (p.532). Since the incumbent technology had been nuclear energy, the anti-
nuclear movement in the 1970’s opposed this “innovative technology” which had been embraced
by the German government since the 1950’s (p. 543).
Despite the passive acceptance of the paradigm shift from nuclear to renewable energy in
social discourses, the role of the German government has been pivotal in conducting “legislative work to accelerate the development and market integration of renewable technologies”.
However, the vision of Germany as a “pioneer and ‘intellectual leader’” has been a result of the preceding social movement that created the circumstances that influences public opinion and shaped a consensus to adopt Energiewende as a guiding principle for governance and “a pursued political path” (Hake et al 2015, p.544).
Similarly, Jacobs (2012) in a historic study of Energiewende emphasize that despite the significant role of the German government in adopting ambitious targets, setting policies and embracing the challenges of Energiewende, the groundwork had been laid by the anti-nuclear
movement in the 1980’s: long before the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011. Mautz (2008) has
also emphasized that the roots of Germany’s energy transition were utopian concepts about the
environment, society and politics—rather than technological innovations—which influenced
new-social movements in the 1980’s and eventually, gave rise to Energiewende.
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In another instance, Groth and Cortekar (2014) in an study of climate change adaption
strategies in Germany, have emphasized that government intervention is required to anticipate
the impact of climate change through infrastructure projects. They have suggested that the main
challenge of Germany’s energy transition has been to deal with “a fundamental shift in energy
supply from fossil fuel to renewable energies in the next decades”. Since energy transition is
considered a “public good”, policy measures provide “additional incentives” in the form of
“legal obligations” or “subsidies, taxes, etc.” Hence, the role of the government has been
considered vital given the “vulnerabilities of the energy sector in Germany”, particularly for
critical infrastructure projects like the electric grid system (pp.4-7).
In terms of methodology, neither of these studies has provided details about the dataset
and the analytical process but instead, have used a comprehensive set of references ranging from
academic journals to reports by the government, NGOs, political parties and other institutions.
Nonetheless, most of these studies invoke secondary statistical data on energy supply to explain
historic developments.
2.2.2 Quantitative and technological biases.
Many studies in energy transition research have relied primarily on empirical approaches and statistical analysis of quantitative data; some have blended in qualitative approaches as well but the methodological pillar in historical energy transition studies has been statistical analysis.
For instance, Jacobs (2012, pp. 224–231) has used primary and secondary statistical data to reconstruct the development of renewable energy supply by sector, as well as changes in the ownership structure of power supply in Germany. This quintessential reliance implies a certain bias in historical accounts towards measuring technological development through quantitative approaches and statistical methods.
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Furthermore, Grubler (2012) has provided “insights and cautionary tales” from historical energy transition studies through the assessment of their use of theory and empirical data. Three
major insights have been highlighted: the “importance of energy end-use and services; the lengthy process of transition; and the patterns that characterize successful scale up of technologies and industries that drive historical energy transitions” (p. 8). The first insight draws attention to the fact that “fundamental drivers of historical energy transition” are “technological and associated institutional/organizational transformations in energy end-use”. However, Grubler
(2012) has argued that the legacy of empirical research has been limited to available statistical records of “energy input flows” mostly from an industrial point of view— “installed capacity or capital stocks”. Thus, statistical approaches harbor “supply-push cause- effect relationship” resulting from the bias of the dataset (p.10).
Research on national levels have been particularly subjected to this bias: they focus by and large on analyzing “energy inputs rather than energy outputs (in term of delivered useful energy or energy services proper)”, in context of industrialized economies (Grubler, 2012, p. 9).
For instance, Solomon and Krishna (2011) in a study of energy transitions in Brazil, France and the US have focused on finding out how to accelerate energy transitions, conclude about the role of the government in driving energy transitions as follows:
“Energy alternatives have to be nurtured through a combination of RTD
[Research and Technology Development] and deployment policies over a
sustained period; nationalistic sentiments and centralized power appear to be
important for marshalling resources in a sustained way; the existence of new
types of energy firms and jobs can help governments to stay committed and
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focused; and the relative costs of new energy technologies must develop
favorably” (Solomon & Krishna, 2011, p. 7430).
This statement demonstrates how the role of government is defined in context of the supply-push cause effect relationship: governments can significantly help with pushing sustainable energy supplies and thereby help to “accelerate a supply side energy transition”. On the other hand, it is highlighted that “greater opportunity exists in the near-term to more rapidly disseminate energy efficiency technologies” on the demand side. Especially the electric power sector provides great potentials: “negotiating an international agreement on energy efficiency that targets the electrical power sector” as well as the “promotion of the smart grid” technology would be the greatest contribution of governments towards efficiency in energy end-use
(Solomon and Krishna 2011, p.7430).
Tanaka (2008) provides another example of a quantitative study using a statistical analysis approach. This study has provided a comprehensive assessment of energy performance measures in industry and their application in policy making and implementation. Using a systematic methodology to assess industrial data and conduct historic efficiency assessments, the industrial indices have accounted for “energy consumption”, “energy intensity” and the
“diffusion of specific energy saving technology and thermal efficiency”. It has been suggested that in addition to policy making and implementations, developing a database for the assessment criteria such as the reliability, feasibility and verifiability of indicators can be a significant contribution of the government. Nevertheless, political implications of this study are limited to the industrial policy and therefore, resemble the supply side bias in energy transition research
(Tanaka, 2008, pp. 2888–2891).
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Fouquet (2010a) in a follow-up study on trends in the evolution of energy service costs, have presented new evidence in the “very long trends in the price of energy and energy services such as heat, power, transport and light” in the UK. Using historic data for energy prices such as coal and firewood as well as other price indices for energy services and retail, this study has made two key observations: first, there has been an upward trend of average energy prices leading to the industrial evolution; a decline afterwards has been associated with a shift away from traditional fuels towards fossil fuels. However, the rising average energy prices at the end of the 19th and early 20th century have not been interpreted as a result of rising resource scarcity, but rather “the growing value consumers placed on the energy being consumed” (p.2).
Fouquet (2010a) has highlighted the bias in economic studies of energy consumption, which are due to the prevalence of macro-economic input variables (Fouquet 2010a, p.11-13).
However, given “a lack of data and possibly the lack of awareness about implications, energy
services demand has been ignored”. More specifically, Fouquet has criticized economic studies
that still use energy input variables—instead of energy outcome variables—as data. It has been
argued that such variables represent “commodity price series” and not the price of services.
Hence, these studies do not inquire about key factors such as income and price elasticity of
demand and only “make assumptions about them” (p.26-27).
Fouquet (2012) has later presented a compelling example of estimating trends in income and price elasticity of demand with a particular focus on the impact of energy and technology transitions in the transportation industry. The results demonstrate that with rising GDP per capita, price elasticities decline, indicating that future transitions would not necessarily lead to increased consumption like past energy transitions did. This study also identifies serious
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methodological limitations of its econometric approach: “perhaps, the estimate is an outcome of
a flawed statistical analysis” (p.69).
2.2.3 Economic policy focus.
In an investigation of the effectiveness of policy measures in transforming the energy
system, Lund (2007) has emphasized the importance of understanding energy demand and end-
use for better policy making. Policies have been categorized into “subsidy-type” and “catalyzing
measures” based on their use of “public financial resources” (p. 627). Catalytic measures have
been found to be more efficient due to lower policy costs and stronger market effects; they “have
a much stronger stakeholder involvement and actively utilize market forces to stimulate
technology competitiveness and deployment” (p. 629); they have also been found to shorten
investment cycles and payback times (p. 636). However, the data used in this study—in almost
all the 20 renewable energy policy cases including Germany—are once again, industrial and
technological indices that demonstrate a supply side bias.
Generally, energy transition research with a historic and empirical approach is primarily focused on supply side industrial and infrastructure data; some also use market prices and approach the demand side and end-use but both streams focus on the problem of technological transformation; they seek to identify “distinct patterns in the successful scaling up of technology systems, […] both in energy end-use as well as in energy supply” (Grubler, 2012, p. 14). As a result, the role of government is often limited to executive and legislative interventions in energy markets; the primary form of government intervention is providing economic incentives on the supply side to facilitate the development of cheaper and better energy services (Fouquet, 2010b, p. 6587).
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Policy interventions based on traditional energy transition research mainly aim at protecting niche markets in which a willingness to pay for specific “superior” characteristics would nurture technological change in resources and services that would eventually become competitive on a mainstream level. However, despite the positive outlook that “transitions were driven by additional or superior characteristics” may provide, this insight does not translate into a practical economic implication for current energy transitions due to the “free-rider problem”;
“it is unlikely that sufficient consumers will pay a premium for the social benefits associated with renewable energy sources”. To counter this problem, supply side measures involve
“effective support of niche markets [through] incentivizing the provision of ever cheaper services and highly valued additional attributes and minimizing the problem of negative aspects of new technologies” (Fouquet, 2010b, pp. 6594–6595).
Policy interventions for energy transitions have also been characterized as a “continuous cycle of policy makers inducing and reacting to technological change”; in context of
Energiewende, such political interventions have been label as “compulsive policy making”. In a qualitative case study of legislation development in Germany—archival documents about process and outcome of policy making and interviews with industry experts—the authors trace the evolution of the feed-in tariff system which is considered a key legislation in context of
Energiewende. Similarly, they consider the key driver of change to have a technological and commercial character (Hoppmann, Huenteler, & Girod, 2014, p. 1435).
In sum, most energy transition research studies with empirical and statistical approaches tend to find cause-effect relationships from a supply-push perspective through a quantitative approach. In policy strategies, this translates into a focus on subsidizing technological developments, facilitate commercialization and protecting niche markets.
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Nevertheless, most energy transition studies have emphasized the importance of
understanding the demand side of energy markets. More specifically, Fouquet and Pearson
(2012) have highlighted that ultimately, “transitions are about the quality of people’s lives—here
and in developing economies, now and in the future”. From this perspective, “a key role of
government could be to act as a benevolent third [of low carbon] industrial revolution” (p.4).
However, to move beyond such bias towards finding cause-effect relationships, Grubler (2012) has pointed out that “many transitions in energy end-use that have taken place are difficult to
rationalize within a narrow equilibrium perspective” (p.10). Factors such as “trust, social
acceptance and the process of domestication of new technologies” have been emphasized by
Fouquet and Pearson (2012, p. 4) as significant, but discussed no further.
Fouquet (2010b) has recognized the limits of the empirical/historic perspective to
“economic drivers” and admit that “this obviously ignores a great deal of the rich socio-technical
features that the Multiple-Level Perspective offer” (p. 6595).
2.3 The Socio-Technical Approach
The socio-technical approach to energy transitions research has been a relatively recent
trend; it has drawn from pioneering theories from economic history and introduced a social
perspective to energy transition research based on the diffusion model of innovations and the
Multi-Level Perspective. The socio technical approach has been based on the work of “‘Dutch
school of transition research’ (Geels, 2004, 2014; Geels & Schot, 2007; Kemp, Schot, &
Hoogma, 2000), which has blended historical macro-perspective with actor based micro-
economic and institutional foundations” (Grubler, 2012). In contrast to the traditional streams, a
common approach in this stream has been the “embedding of energy transitions into the much
wider field of social, institutional, and economic change” (p.10).
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The cornerstone of the socio-technical approach in theorizing energy transitions has been
the “structural problem” of modern societies in various sectors—as reflected in a general
introduction to a theoretical anthology about System Innovation and the Transition to
Sustainability: Theory, Evidence and Policy (Elzen et al., 2004). Most notably, no specific
definition has been provided for energy systems. However, the scope of this volume goes beyond the context of energy systems and aims at understanding transitions from a general perspective of
“changes in socio-technical systems” (p.3).
Socio-technical systems “comprise a cluster of elements, including technology, regulations, user practices and markets, cultural meanings, infrastructure, maintenance networks and supply networks”. However, the focus of the socio-technical approach has been on technology and its role in “fulfilling societal functions” (Elzen et al., 2004, p. 4). Hence, this approach has been limited to the notion of technology, technological systems and functional utility in a social context while seeking to explore socio-cultural aspect of transitions.
The multi-level perspective (MLP) has been introduced as the theoretical model for the socio-technical approach to analyzing transition processes. The model consists of a nested hierarchy of socio-technical regimes embedded between technological niches and the wider socio-technical landscape (Elzen et al., 2004, pp. 32–34). Based on the proposition that
“technology fulfill[s] societal functions”, two main transition paths are outlined as “technological replacement”—emergence, diffusion and replacement of technology—and “coevolution” – change in user practice, regulation, industrial networks, infrastructure and cultural meaning. This further reflects the functional understanding of energy end-use in terms of its productivity in context of energy systems (pp. 19–20).
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At the center of the MLP model are socio-technical regimes; they refer to “the semi-
coherent set of rules carried by different social groups”. Furthermore, the socio-technical landscape represents “a set of deep structural trends” at the top of this model, consisting of
“heterogeneous, slow changing factors such as cultural and normative values, broad political
coalitions, long term economic developments, accumulating environmental problems growth,
emigration”. Here, “incremental innovation” can occur within socio-technical regimes but the
source of radical innovation are technological market niches at the bottom of the model,
“protected from market selection” in the wider landscape (Elzen et al., 2004, pp. 33–35).
Figure 2.2: System Innovation from a Multi-Level Perspective. Adopted from “Figure 2.5
A dynamic multi-level perspective on system innovation” (Geels, 2004).
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The MLP is depicted in Figure 2.2; from this perspective, the process of system
innovation is a bottom-up rise of “articulation processes with novelties on multiple dimensions
(e.g. technology, user preferences and policies)” which rearrange configurations and find their
way up towards the broader socio-economic landscape. To influence the wider landscape,
innovations must break through the existing patchwork of socio-technical regime. Hence, systems innovation and transition from this perspective is focused on the journey of “new technology” from technological niches to markets in the wider landscape through the process of diffusion; technology, technological diffusion and technological replacement resemble key concepts and residual factors in the MLP’s framework of assumptions (Geels, 2004, pp. 38–42).
2.3.1 Diffusionism: technological bottom-up change.
In energy transitions research, a broad body of literature similarly follows the journey of technology and casts the energy transition process from a “diffusionist” perspective. Often, the theoretical framework of Rogers (2003) has been employed, reflected upon and referenced to explain the process of diffusion, particularly concerning the social “barriers” of the diffusion
process.
For instance, Faiers and Neame (2006) utilize the diffusion of innovations theory drawing
from Rogers (2003) in order to isolate the characteristics of barriers of the diffusion of renewable
energy technologies (RET), particularly for a pragmatic ‘early majority’. This study finds that
“barriers to the adoption of domestic solar systems lie primarily with the financial aspects of the
system” (Faiers & Neame, 2006, p. 16). Furthermore, through surveys, the perception of
consumers and their attitudes towards other aspects such as operationality and aesthetics have
been found to act as barrier (p.11-15). With a similar approach, Reddy and Painuly (2004) have
conducted household surveys and interviews with stakeholders in order to elicit their views on
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the barriers to the diffusion of the RET in India. The focus of this study has been on identifying
factors that influence the “rate of market penetration of RETs” (p.1446).
Tsoutsosa and Stamboulis (2005) have also provided a diffusionist analysis of RETs,
encompassing a supply and demand side perspective to identify barriers to “technological regime
shifts”. However, the assumed path of transition is technological substitution whereas the focus
remains on identifying technological, political economic and cultural/socio-psychological
barriers. On this basis, policy recommendations focus on developing learning mechanisms,
creating domestic added value measures and thereby, encouraging new types of players by
modifying the socio-economic landscape. For this purpose, the factor of public awareness has
been found crucial (pp.756-758).
In an introduction to a special edition on the social acceptance of renewable energies,
Wuestenhagen, Wolsinkb and Beurer (2007) have highlighted the problem of “ambitious government targets to increase the share of renewable energy in many countries”. They have introduced three dimensions of social acceptance for RETs: “socio-political, community and market acceptance” (p.2684). Drawing attention to the significant lack of knowledge on “market acceptance”—particularly in context of management studies on the diffusion of renewable energy technologies and the role of business and consumer agencies—it has been suggested that qualitative case studies complemented by experimental research could provide critical insights, especially for the “under researched angle of this field” (p.2690).
Other studies have used Rogers’ (2003) Diffusion of Innovations theory to conceptualize social acceptance; Mallett (2007) in a study of the role of technology cooperation in urban
Mexico, has drawn attention to the issue of social acceptance from the angle of agency of business consumers and its importance for policy (p. 2791). Key aspects of Roger’s (2003)
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model which have been found to shape social acceptance were ”awareness, relative advantage,
complexity and triability” (Mallett, 2007, p. 2797). However, this study has concluded that
technology adoption models must be revisited to decipher the process of diffusion more
adequately in terms of broader factors involved; in this case, “technology cooperation” has been
emphasized as a concept to be considered in energy transition research and the broader debate on innovation (p. 2798).
Earlier, Jacobsson and Johnson (2000) in response to the emerging of “commercially interesting renewable energy technologies” in the 1990’s, have utilized Rogers (2003) diffusion
of innovations theory. In the energy transition process, “the consequent alteration of the energy systems” has been understood as a “slow, painful and highly uncertain process”. The focus has been on change from a technological replacement perspective: “transforming the energy system involves replacing or supplementing established technologies with new ones” (p.625). However, this process faces the problem of legacy: “in the competition between an emerging new technological system and an incumbent one, the latter is supported by a whole set of institutions, for instance in the form of legislation favoring the incumbent technology” (p.633).
In a later study on the politics of energy system transformation, Jacobsson and Lauber
(2006) investigate the diffusion of new technologies in Germany. The focus of this study is on understanding “the nature of the policy instruments employed and to the political process which led to the adoption of these instruments” (p.1). Despite emphasizing the importance of shared
“visions” in this process, both as a “pre-requisite” and “result” of the innovation process (p.21), the discussion about shared visions has been integrated into the narrative of institutional change as a function of the diffusion process (pp. 5,8,17,19). However, the main emphasis of this study has been on the diffusion process of new technology which is “defensible also on economic
35 grounds” and “against established actors which are well connected” with an interest in “short term profitability” (pp. 21-22).
In another, rather recent instance, Wagner (2015) has identified energy systems based on nuclear and fossil fuel as the most significant legacy regime, which has acted as a barrier for transition. This study has applied the multi-level perspective to the case of Germany, using empirical analysis of data on the ownership structure of transmission network; it has been argued that the public municipal utilities have been key actors in overcoming the monopoly of legacy actors over transmission networks (Wagner, 2015; Wagner & Berlo, 2015).
Overall, it seems that a key issue in energy transitions research, particularly in context of
Germany’s “Energiewende” remains the “push” role of government, particularly through policy interventions, by means of providing policy incentives on the supply side to achieve technological bottom up change.
2.4 Limits, Gaps and Emerging Approaches
Energy transition research, particularly the empirical and quantitative streams, have mainly focused on the role of government as an important driver of energy transition. By means of policy instruments and incentives, the main transition pathways consist of the government pushing the industry away from unsustainable practices to balance out market imperfections such as the free-rider problem, and to protect niche markets.
The socio-technical approach which has developed from a theoretical stream has brought a significant shift towards the agency of business and consumers; particularly, the diffusionist approach in the study of energy transitions has highlighted the agency of businesses and consumers in driving the diffusion of technological innovation. However, the overall limits of the economic paradigm and its underlying assumptions, methods and available data has led to a
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resource-based framing of the energy transition problem. In policy, these limits have led to strategies that often consist of governments conducting market interventions—mostly on the supply side. The socio-technical approach has employed the diffusionist approach while further developing the theory to explain the agency of business and consumers. However, the focus remains on the commercial diffusion of renewable energy technology and its social barriers.
Hence, traditional perspectives in the study of energy transition focus on understanding the diffusion process of technology and draw upon the economic assumption that technology must be economically viable— “commercially interesting technology” (Jacobsson & Johnson,
2000, p. 72). But there seems to be a shift towards exploring energy demand and end-use on a theoretical level as well as in terms of data and input variables used in research. This shift has opened a new perspective towards understanding agency beyond the role of the government and has illuminated the role of consumers, business and other actors in driving socio-technical regime transitions.
However, since the wider socio-economic landscape has been assumed to be a rather static entity harboring deep structures of culture and value in the society, transition is understood as a bottom-up process of technological diffusion and the focus remains on the techno-economic aspects of transitions.
2.4.1 Demand, social landscape and values.
Emerging approaches in energy transition studies have provided theoretical developments to encompass the influence of values in the deep structure of the social landscape and drawn increasing attention to demand and the values of the consumers.
In a qualitative study of urban energy systems, Rutter and Keirstead (2012) have provided a historic overview of how urban energy systems developed, by investigating major
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transitions from earlier settlements through todays fossil fuelled cities. With special attention
towards demand and end-use aspects, they have found that supply and demand side technologies
have emerged as solutions for “increasing efficiency under the condition of increasing organizational and technological complexity”; in this context, innovations need to be understood from a “strategic view of the overall system” in order to develop policy (p.72).
To project future transitions in urban energy systems, Rutter and Keirstead (2012) have analyzed past urban energy transitions, emphasizing that “systems did not evolve in isolation but in parallel with wider changes in society and technology”; when resources start to exhaust, a broader dynamic on economic, political and social grounds affect the process of transitions. The most effective solutions to current challenges in urban energy systems have been efficiency improvement in energy transmission and end-use: particularly, “smart grid technologies” and
“improved energy measures at home” promoted by government policy (pp.76 - 79).
The key issue for Rutter and Keirstead (2012) has been the shift of research focus from new technologies to existing ones, particularly when it comes to energy efficiency in consumption. On this basis, future research needs a new framework for investigating how efficiency innovations “affect the fabric of urban energy systems and the societies and economies they support” (p.79).
Hence, emerging approaches in energy transition studies have begun to address the problem of change in deep social structure and the wider social landscape. Theoretical developments have also taken account of the forces of the social landscape which affect the technological diffusion process.
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Geels and Schot (2007) have used the critical feedback of the multi-level perspective to
propose conceptual refinements that address the issue of social landscape. “Socio-technical
landscape” is defined as a “broad context that sustains action and makes some action easier than
others”. The landscape does not impact niches and regimes but needs to be comprehended by
actors if they wish to exert influence. Hence, the landscape cannot directly impact the transition
pathway—which is a form of technological diffusion. Landscape developments “form no driver
for transition” but have rather “stabilizing effects” (pp.404-406) which almost always appears as
a force of pressure upon the diffusion process. Figure 2.3 demonstrates an illustration.
Figure 2.3 Landscape Pressure in the Multi-Level Perspective. Adopted from “Figure 5
Transformation pathways” (Geels & Schot 2007, p.407)
Overall, despite advances and developments in emerging energy transition studies, the legacy of available industrial supply side data encourages the supply side bias in research, leading to a focus on the role of government policy in promoting technological diffusion of renewable energy technologies, to transform the fossil fuel dominated legacy of energy supply.
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This problem is rooted in conceptual understandings of energy systems and demonstrates the importance of the concept of technological diffusion in contemporary energy transition studies for understanding the transition process.
2.4.2 Advances in public policy studies.
In public policy studies, there has been a body of literature on environmental policy that looks at the problem of transition from the standpoint of conceptual and social innovation. Even though some of the theoretical frameworks involved date back to several decades (Ball, Farr, &
Hansen, 1989), the uptake of conceptual innovation and social innovation theory has been rather recent and associated with the rise of environmental values such as sustainability and climate protection. This body of literature provides an alternative approach to energy transition studies which needs to be further reviewed and explored. However, it has been outside of the original scope of this dissertation and provides a critical perspective for future research.
2.5 Conclusions
Diffusionist approaches have emerged as a promising theme in energy transition research after renewable energy technologies began to become commercially viable. While energy systems are understood mostly in terms of energy supply and its technological infrastructure retrospectively, the problem of energy transition is framed in prospect of climate change and the need to reduce emissions. Energy transition is mostly approached from the supply side with the aim of replacing legacy technologies based on fossil and nuclear resources with renewable energy technologies.
Most historic studies conclude by strongly emphasizing the importance of energy efficiency measures and the central role of government in protecting niche markets. Diffusionist approaches on the other hand, expand the focus to the agency of business and consumers in the
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adoption of renewable energy technologies. Since most historic studies are based on quantitative
industrial input and output variables and statistical analysis methods, Grubler (2012) suggests
that research might be affected by a supply side cause-effect relationship bias. Furthermore,
Fouquet (2012) suggests that econometric approaches and statistical analysis can lead to flawed
outcomes. The emphasis on the role of government policy and interventions, particularly in the
quantitative approaches, might be considered at least partly due to such biases; these policies often seek to facilitate commercial diffusion of new technologies by removing barriers and
protecting niche markets.
In an effort to move beyond technological background assumption in context of a narrow
economic paradigm of market supply and demand, a rather underexplored emerging trend in the
socio-technical studies of energy transition has been expanding the focus of agency beyond the role of economic policy for technological change.
However, the diffusion of innovations theory as conceptualized by Rogers (2003) and often used in the diffusionist stream of energy transitions research, has significant limitations in conceptualizing the diffusions process beyond economic aspects. As the following chapter will demonstrate through a review of innovation theory paradigms, these limitations are rooted in underlying assumption in contemporary economic paradigms and theories of innovation.
The socio-technical approach to energy transition has provided a broader map and has established the social landscape as an influential factor for technological change. To understand
the role of the social landscape, innovation needs to be understood beyond technological
diffusion and change, in the deep structure of social value systems.
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Chapter 3: Innovation Theory and the Problem of Values
This chapter expands the literature review from energy transition research to the
theoretical literature on innovation. It seeks to illuminate the way innovation has been
conceptualized in academic scholarship, with a special focus on the problem of values.
Innovation theory, though not a coherent discipline, has been framed since the 1990’s as
a field of studies including several schools of thought. The first section will begin with the most
prominent reconstructions of the field of innovation theory, reviewing theoretical paradigms and
framings to discover the focus and conceptual limits in this field.
The second section will investigate the first paradigm and the conceptual roots of
innovation theory by exploring the philosophical foundations of the concept of the entrepreneur.
Furthermore, the Schumpeterian entrepreneur will be put in perspective to older philosophical
concepts, the underlying assumptions will be examined, and conceptual boundaries and
theoretical limits will be discussed.
The third section will investigate a theoretical framework of the second paradigm, the
diffusion of innovations theory (Rogers, 2003), which has been identified in the review of most
literature streams as a contemporary conceptual cornerstone; in this section, background
assumptions and key concepts will be highlighted to outline limits and contradictions.
On this basis, the fourth section will draw conclusions about the limits of innovation
theory and put these shortcomings in perspective of the limits of economic theory. Furthermore, alternative approaches from other disciplines –communications, sociology and anthropology— will be explored to shape a theoretical lens for the problem of value and the change of value systems as a form of innovation.
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3.1 Paradigms in Innovation Theory
Innovation has been the subject of theorizing across various fields of scholarship.
Whereas first theories of innovation date back to the early 20th century, innovation theory as a
field has developed and evolved mostly in the second half. Key literature reviews in innovation theory have been compared and synthesized to map this theoretical field—i.e. “innovation”,
“systems innovation” or “systems of innovation”—and provide an overview of theoretical
paradigms in terms of their characteristics, similarities and differences.
Sundbo (1995) has casted a first perspective of innovation theory from a science and
industrial policy point of view and identified prevalent paradigms. Geels (2004) in an effort to
integrate different approaches in a socio-technical framework dubbed the “evolutionary multi-
level perspective”, has conducted an extensive literature review on systems of innovation theory.
Hawkins and Davis (2012) have reviewed innovation theory literature to trace the conceptual
evolution of ‘values’ for the purpose of conceptualizing experience as a dimension of innovation.
Fagerberg, Martin and Andersen (2013) in an anthology seek to frame innovation studies as a
field and capture its history, life cycle developments and future trajectories. Schot and
Steinmueller (2016) in a relatively recent working paper have used framing theory to distinguish
conceptual framings of innovation in science and technology policy which have been
systematically employed to mobilize action and address interests and goals.
3.1.1 Traditional paradigms.
Most of the aforementioned studies refer to three “paradigms” (Sundbo, 1995)—"basic approaches” (Geels, 2004), “evolutionary trends” (Hawkins & Davis, 2012) and “policy framings” (Schot & Steinmueller, 2016)—in innovation theory. These paradigms do not necessarily match in descriptions and characterization; however, the entrepreneurship and
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technology paradigms represent traditional paradigms that have reached maturity and been
somewhat transcended.
Based on Kuhn (1970), Sundbo (1995) has defined paradigm as “a common cohesive
understanding” of a certain phenomenon in sciences that must be interpreted and explained” with
an emphasis on the “successive nature” of paradigms through “revolutionary situations” (pp.399-
400). The first paradigm which broke through the early 20th century has been the
“entrepreneurship paradigm”: conceptual foundations were laid in the early 19th century by the
French economist J.B. Say who introduced the concept of the entrepreneur as the director of
economic resources to economic theory. Later, the first comprehensive innovation theory was
produced by the French sociologist G. Tarde to explain social change and its causes.
However, it was J.A. Schumpeter who conceptualized the entrepreneur as the driver of
economic development and established the most prominent framework for the entrepreneurship
paradigm (Sundbo 1995, p.401). Hawkins and David (2012) describe the first stage of the
conceptual evolution of innovation theory as “Schumpeterian” in which innovation was
perceived as a cyclical process of creative destruction and manifested in the creation of new
forms of enterprise, at the center of which has been the concept of the entrepreneur—a socio-
psychological archetype that is predisposed to go against the trends (p.237).
Several authors in Fagerberg et al (2013) have similarly invoked “Schumpeterian” as the
earliest brand of innovation theory, building upon the idea of entrepreneur as the driver of
economic growth (Dosi, 2013, pp. 113, 123–126; Lundvall, 2013, pp. 34–38; Nelson, 2013, p.
191). Schot & Steinmueller‘s (2016) have dubbed the first basic innovation policy framing as
“innovation for growth”; innovation has been defined as the “commercialization of scientific
discovery” whereas discovery has been assumed to result from economic investments, leading to
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growth (pp.6-7). While Schot & Steinmueller (2016) occasionally mention the influence of
Schumpeter and his concept of the entrepreneur on the early framework developments (p.7), this influence has been contextualized as part of a broader paradigm of the time which called for state
financial support of research (p.4). However, the first frame has been equally concerned with the
question of diffusion of innovation—“commercialization of technological inventions” (p.5)— and eventually moved away from a Schumpeterian theory of innovation focused on the concept of the entrepreneur.
The classification of Geels (2004) has been somewhat different than the others in that theoretical approaches have not been organized in the chronological order of their appearance.
The first basic approach has been dubbed the “point-source” approach; it has been focused on the
“emergence and diffusion of new technology,” tracing the source of change at the “emergence of radical novelty” (p.21). It is notable that a relatively fewer number of references have been provided in this study. A reference to Schumpeter has been made in the second stream dubbed
“replacement approaches” focused on economic competition and substitution. However, the evolutionary economics approach—as part of the replacement approach—makes simplistic assumptions about the origins of innovation (p.24) and builds upon a Schumpeterian concept of the entrepreneur (p.26); nonetheless, these assumptions have been appropriated for complex theories of organizational and management economics (pp.23-29).
Hence, traditional theories of innovation have built upon a Schumpeterian understanding of the entrepreneur which has been revived since the 1980s and revisited and integrated in contemporary theories (Sundbo, 1995, p. 401). However, all sources agree that the core concept in later theoretical development before the 2000’s has been the concept of technology.
Oftentimes, such as in Geels (2004) and some chapters of Fagerberg et al (2013), innovation has
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been used synonymously with technological innovation. The next section will demonstrate how
technology has been the conceptual epicenter of subsequent developments in innovation theory.
3.1.2 Technology as the default lens.
As central as the concept of entrepreneur has been to early development of innovation
theory, technology has been paramount to the subsequent and so far, the most persistent
paradigm. Sundbo (1995) has called it the “technology-economic” paradigm based on the technological breakthroughs in the 1940’s that came with new international wave of economic growth; as a result, science and technological development have replaced the entrepreneur as the core concept in innovation theory and the principal driver of economic growth. Henceforth, it has become the default lens in the study of innovation as can be observed in recent studies.
Geels’ (2004) review of innovation theory has demonstrated the role of technology in dominating theoretical understanding of innovation; all approaches have been primarily concerned with technology: the point-source approach is focused on the emergence of radically new technologies, the replacement approach on technological market competition and the transformation approach on how new technologies grow out of the legacy. Hence, the early version of the socio-technical multi-level perspective in innovation theory has been focused on the problem of technological development and has similarly adopted technology as the default lens for theorizing innovation.
According to Hawkins & Davis (2012), the second stage in the development of innovation theory has constituted a “neo-Schumpeterian” trend which, in response to the post-
WWII problems of industrial reconstruction and reorientation, demonstrated a primary concern with technological development. As part of this trend, national systems of innovation have been modelled as a tool for economic policy development. Despite the resurgence of the
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Schumpeterian entrepreneur as the scholarship shifted from national to the firm level,
technological change has remained the default lens. Hence, the industrial “technology-product- process” emphasis of neo-Schumpeterian approaches has developed at the cost of marginalizing non-technological values, particularly in service and cultural industries. Furthermore, the post-
Schumpeterian approach which has stretched to the present time has been focused on firm level dynamics in context of market competition. In this sense, technology has been conceived broader to encompass emergent and adaptive activities of firms at a closer interface with the market—for example, through product differentiation. This “enterprise perspective” has been evolving towards one that values the engagement of all market participants. It is along this trajectory where Hawkins and Davis have placed the concept of experience goods—commodities aimed at creating value for emotional rather than functional needs (pp. 238-244).
Schot & Steinmueller’s (2016) second framing of innovation policy has been based on a national systems of innovation concept in which technology is still the default lens, but does not follow the linear model of diffusion; instead, it is subject to complex phenomena such as accumulation, path dependency and market competition. This framing can be considered post-
Schumpeterian in Hawkins and Davis’ (2012) terms and fits within the “replacement approach” in Geels’ (2004) classification.
Schot & Steinmueller (2016) have demonstrated how the second approach has framed industrial policy as the purpose of innovation theory—at core of which is the concept of technology—and how this framing still persists. Sundbo (1995) has also emphasizes that the technology-economy paradigm has survived while pointing out that the focus has shifted towards the level of the firm, as well as broader factors than R&D such as market conditions.
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However, considering the comeback of the concept of the entrepreneur and its influence
on innovation theory in the 1980’s, a third’ “incomplete” paradigm has been identified as the
“strategic innovation paradigm” which resembles a synthesis of the previous two (Sundbo 1995,
pp. 402-403).
Hence, most theoretical scholarship on innovation have employed technology as the
default lens to trace, analyze and explain innovations. In a critical review of Fagerberg et al’s
(2013), Godin (2014) has observed that all contributors to the anthology agree on a “firm-centric
focus” whereas the anthology makes little attempt at providing a definition for the field. Instead,
“innovation studies” in this conception builds upon a static concept of innovation whereas the
field “rarely looks at the dynamics of actors and factors over time”. While innovation is “taken for granted as an a priori solution to every problem of society,” socioeconomic problems to which it is supposed to respond are rarely studied. Comparing the breadth of the anthology in terms of the diversity of scholarship with Roger’s (1976) review of diffusion of innovations literature, Godin (2014) concludes that innovation studies has become “a brand name for a community of scholars” and reflect the “rhetoric of the field” (pp.491-493).
Hence, contemporary innovation theory seems to have not been able to move beyond technology and its commercialization as its conceptual cornerstone and default lens.
3.1.3 Emerging perspectives and common goods.
Contemporary innovation theory literature may have transcended entrepreneurship and technology centric concepts, but the emerging perspective still gravitates towards the context of firms in market competition. Hence, it assumes value to be based on technological and service commodities and falls short of theorizing innovation as a broader, social phenomenon which can also act as the key source of social change.
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However, Schot & Steinmueller (2016) have provided a different alternative: the third
framing of innovation policy dubbed “transformative change”. Despite the traditional framing
attempts for actors and systems components, these elements have been beyond the scope of
traditional innovation theory which has been “primarily centered on economic justifications”.
The transformative change frame on the other hand, has been focused on change in socio-
technical configurations; systems innovation in this framing, “refers to radical change in all the
elements of the configuration [...] involving social innovation, since the focus is not on the
technological components but [also] the perception of the value and culture by actors within the system”. Most significantly, the role of civil society actors has been emphasized in constructing
new systems and its underlying values (pp. 15-20).
According to Schot & Steinmueller (2016), the frame of transformative change has
emerged against the background of “grand societal challenges” that require collective and broad
reaching measures. It is the result of a new movement in response to “grand societal problems”
such as social inequality, destructive effects of technological innovation, environmental decline,
erosion of the power of nation states, corporate concentration of power and monopolization. This
movement has been proposed on a supra-national level through the European Union and the
United Nations to establish a framework for a broader set of social values. Most significantly,
EU’s Horizon 2020 program, the Paris Climate Change Agreement (2015) and the UN 17
Sustainable Goals have been recognized as the most prominent framing examples. Hence, the transformative change framing significantly departs from a model of innovation policy as science and technology regulation in that it recognizes and prioritizes common goods (pp.16-18)
Nevertheless, the transformative change framing as described by Schot & Steinmueller
(2016) seems to still hold a significant bias towards questions of technological change. Policy
49
practices in this framing, pursue social and environmental values—however mostly through
technological development. Examples of practical policy approaches include “foresight
activities” and “technological assessment groups”, social experimentation, grassroots innovation
and strategic reorientation through the creation of new visions. Ultimately, the values underlying
this frame are environmental values and inclusive social welfare. This framing “involves
deliberating and exploring these social and environmental goals and underlying values and
embedding them in processes of system change” (pp.19-20).
However, despite the social and environmental pursuits, systems follow a trajectory along
the legacy of previous paradigms, particularly in terms of being preoccupied with the
commercial diffusion of technological innovations. Schot & Steinmueller (2016) have also
examined alternatives and counter-framings for transformative change and acknowledged that
competing ideas such as the implementation of capital-intensive technological solutions inspired
by the pursuit of economic growth, would lead to marginalization of social and environmental
values—the unique components of the transformative change framing (p.20).
The advances in public policy studies, particularly the theoretical frameworks of social
innovation and conceptual innovation have neither been mentioned by Schot & Steinmuller
(2016) in connotation with the emerging transformative change paradigm, nor mentioned in any of the other literature which have framed the field of innovation theory. Hence, that approach has remained outside of the scope of this dissertation. Nonetheless, it has been added to the
theoretical lens of this study as will be discussed in 3.4.3 to further refine the notion of values.
Finally, it has been suggested as an alternative approach to draw from for future research.
Most recently, Hawkins (2017) has provided a critical argument against traditional
innovation policy approaches which are based on the promotion of economic growth through
50 stimulating technological innovation and resemble economic management (p.63). Building on
Mazzucato (2013), Hawkins (2017) has criticized the entrepreneurial intervention of modern governments as “de-risking eventual corporate investment in the development and marketing of new technology” (p.67). Instead standardization, has been proposed as a core structural component of innovation policy that would level the entrepreneurial playground to ensure organic entrepreneurship. Building on Swann’s (2015) criticism of innovation theory for conceptualizing innovation as an industrial phenomenon, Hawkins (2017) has argued that the reason why “innovation has become defined almost exclusively in terms of the output of firms
[is] because these outputs are all we attempt to monitor and measure” (p.68).
In order to look beyond economic output data for understanding innovation and entrepreneurship, conceptual limits need to be recognized and appreciated in order to facilitate an appropriate methodological approach to overcome them.
3.2 The Concept of Entrepreneur
The origins of the entrepreneurship paradigm can be traced to early 19th century in the work of the French economist J.B. Say (Sundbo 1994, p.401). Schumpeter in his latest work on the history of economic analysis (1954) published posthumously, has identified J.B. Say as “the first to assign to the entrepreneur—per se and as distinct from the capitalist—a definite position in the schema of the economic process” (p.555). In Contemporary Studies of the French
Economists (Steiner, 2002), J.B. Say has also been presented as a key figure in economic theory based on his criticism of British classical liberalism and concern with “diffusing knowledge in the social body [to] allow the development of modern society” (p.196).
However, the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde is often referenced as the earliest theorist of innovation, such as previously observed in the work of Rogers (2003, p.41). With his
51
prominent work Laws of Imitation (1903), Tarde has established a key reference for later
theorists by conceptualizing invention. However, Tarde’s own relationship with sociology—
particularly the social sciences—has been complicated: contemporary reviews of his work have
argued that by the methodological standard of his time reflected in the works of prominent sociologists such as Emile Durkheim, Tarde resembles a philosopher or journalist rather than a sociologist (Djellal & Gallouj, 2014; Mucchielli, 2000).
Schumpeter (1909, 1934, 1939, 1954) has been the most prominent and often cited innovation theory scholar, particularly in the economic tradition of innovation theory and the entrepreneurship paradigm. in a review of theoretical developments in neighboring fields, he has built upon J.B. Say and recognized Tarde (Schumpeter, 1954, p. 793). However, some key
references in classical literature that conceptualize entrepreneurship have been noticeably absent
from Schumpeter’s scope and therefore, from contemporary innovation theory. Hence, before
investigating Schumpeter’s concept of entrepreneurship, the philosophical origins of the concept
will be presented and discussed.
3.2.1 Philosophical origins: Machiavelli and Nietzsche.
Niccolò Machiavelli and Friedrich Nietzsche have been two highly influential
philosophers in western intellectual history, particularly in humanities traditions. It has been
argued that Schumpeter’s concept has “some overtones of the Nietzschean leader” (Brouwer,
2002) or that critical interpretations of Machiavelli’s The Prince (1532) can be applied to
problems of institutional entrepreneurship in organizational theory (D. Levy & Scully, 2007, p.
976). Nonetheless, Schumpeter has taken no account of their core concepts in his theories
(Schumpeter, 1934, 1939); there has been only one general reference in his final work to
Machiavelli (Schumpeter, 1954, p. 164) while Nietzsche has been dismissed as a “bad example”
52 of “ anti-democratic” and “anti-intellectualist” thinker who did not even “constitute a sufficiently pure form of this line of thought” or have as much influence as often accredited (p. 774).
Machiavelli, through his most famous work The Prince (1532), has provided a comprehensive theory of power and delivered a code of conduct for political ambitions in the turbulent times of Italian politics in the 16th century. What has made this work so controversial is the brutal realism and ruthless pragmatism manifesting in his blunt advices for how a Prince ought to think and operate; however, the same qualities have made this work the cornerstone of political sciences. After the failure of a popular government in Florence and the return of the old elite, Machiavelli dedicated this writing to the returning Medici family as a means to prevent mistakes that had led to the downfall of the revolutionary government which he had helped to establish (Stephens, 1986). Looking at the concept of a prince—the ideal construct of a successful and effective leader—the main designated qualities resemble an early concept of an entrepreneur in the realm of politics and power.
The greatest challenge of a prince, according to Machiavelli (1532), is to be an
“innovator”: “[a]nd it ought to be remembered that there is nothing more difficult to take in hand, more perilous to conduct or more uncertain in its success, than to take the lead in the introduction of new order to things” (p.42). Furthermore, what Machiavelli considered the single most important concern and quality of a prince is the “art of war” since it is the only way to attain power (p.87). But perhaps the most controversial advice is concerning moral flexibility:
“[h]ence, it is necessary for a prince wishing to hold his own to know how to do wrong, and to make use of it or not according to necessity” (p.92).
Overall, a brief look at Machiavelli’s concept of the prince—as appropriated across a variety of theoretical fields—has revealed parallels with the concept of the entrepreneur. Antonio
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Gramsci, the Italian Marxist philosopher who was imprisoned by the Mussolini regime in his
Prison Notebooks has built on the Machiavellian concept of the Prince to conceptualize a
“Modern Prince” as a “concrete phantasy which acts on a dispersed and shattered people to
arouse and organize its collective will”; a modern prince operates as a communist entrepreneur
with egalitarian and collective ideals in context of modern institutions (Gramsci, Hoare, &
Smith, 1999, p. 318). Despite initial hesitations in embracing Machiavellianism (Nelson &
Gilbertson, 1991), contemporary studies in management and organizational studies use the
Machiavellian Prince (Kessler et al., 2010; Schlosser & Todorovic, 2007) and the Gramscian
Modern Prince ( Levy & Scully, 2007) to theorize institutional entrepreneurship and its conditions and circumstances.
3.2.1.1. Nietzsche on Innovation and Entrepreneurship
Friedrich Nietzsche has also been concerned with a theory of power and transformation, but mostly in the realm of culture and values. His ambitions have been most clearly articulated in
The Antichrist where he has laid bare his antagonism with Christianity as the cultural and moral foundation of western civilizations—it is in this work where he has coined the term “trans-
valuation of values” (Nietzsche, 2018, pp. 9, 13, 61). By declaring the “Death of God”,
Nietzsche has proposed the concept of “Übermensch”—to be achieved through a long process of
transition—as a necessary replacement for a myth that has acted as the gravitational epicenter for
social and cultural organizations. For this purpose, he has constructed archetypical characters
who can be considered prototypes of the concept of the entrepreneurship; these characters are
referred to as “free spirits”, “pioneers”, and “those who attempt”. However, he begins with an
abstract conception of social transformation which resembles a process of social innovation.
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Nietzsche in his early work first published in 1878 contemplates about progress and
social transformation in an aphorism called “ennoblement through degeneration”. He begins by
acknowledging that a “vital public spirit” and sense of “common faith” are the core ingredients
of a sustainable society. However, societies over time face the risk of growing “stupidity” which
generally follows “stability” because of de-individualization. It is here that the survival of the society through “spiritual progress” depends on its antagonists, characterized as “less bound,
much less certain, and morally weaker […] who try new things and many different things”.
These “morally weaker” members of society occasionally deliver significant “wounds” to the
stable elements of the society; if a society can integrate and assimilate such members in their
highest states of revolt, it will be inoculated and will persist. “Wherever progress is to ensue,
deviating natures are of greatest importance […] the strongest natures retain the type, the weaker
ones help to advance it”. With a reference to Machiavelli, Nietzsche has noted that since “
permanence” outweighs “freedom” in terms of real-political value, it is only by means of
“ennoblement through degeneration” that a society can secure permanence without being
overtaken by accumulating authority (Nietzsche, 1909, pp. 207–209).
Later in a work first published in 1882, Nietzsche has introduced the concept of
“Pioneers” as a prototype for his ideal construct of a sort of philosopher-entrepreneur. Pioneers
are the response to the rise of a “manly and warlike” age that will restore the value of “valor”.
They are not made from the same “sand and slime of our present civilization and
metropolitanism”; instead, pioneers have been characterized as “silent, solitary and resolute”,
with “acute and independent judgement”, independent in their rituals and comfortable in both
command and obedience. But most importantly, pioneers have an “innate disposition [to] seek in
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all things that which is to be overcome”, and “more fruitful and happier” when “living
dangerously” (Nietzsche, 1910, pp. 219–220).
However, in the same work, Nietzsche has confronted that archetype as “the madman” against the “marketplace” and played it out in a short parable; without much context, the madman announces the death of god to a marketplace crowd, is subsequently mocked, leaves them in vain while complaining that he came too early and retires to a life of singing poems about the death of god at churches (1910, pp. 168–169). Nietzsche has later developed that character into Zarathustra and contextualizes it in more detail in his next most prominent book first published in 1883 (Nietzsche, 2003). Later in 1886, Nietzsche makes a new attempt at branding entrepreneurial philosophers calling them “those who attempt” new things and are not bound to anything, especially not to truths, values and myths such as country or nation
(Nietzsche, 2002, p. 39).
Overall, the origins of the concept of the entrepreneur, can be traced in the works of
Nietzsche and Machiavelli. The entrepreneur, based on the Machiavellian ‘prince’, Gramscian
‘modern prince’ and Nietzschean ‘pioneers’ and ‘attempters’ can be characterized as some sort of a contrarian: a brave, competitive, war-minded, eccentric, independent individualist who is morally flexible, attempts to overcome the existing order, to establish a new order and thereby, to enable progress and ensure sustainability of socio-political and cultural systems by triggering a transition. As the next section will demonstrate, the economic concept of the entrepreneur demonstrates similar characteristics and functions.
3.2.2 Schumpeter’s economic entrepreneur.
Schumpeter has been called the “godfather” (Acs, 2016; Hartmann, 2007; Moulaert,
Martinelli, Swyngedouw, & González, 2005; Tidd, Bessant, & Pavitt, 2005) and “prophet”
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(Croitoru, 2012; Louçã, 2014; McCraw, 2007) of innovation and entrepreneurship in various
streams of political and economic scholarship as well as in popular venues such as The
Economist (“The long cycles of industrial innovation are becoming shorter,” 1999). He has been
associated with the German Historic School along with other contemporaries such as Max
Weber, as well as the Austrian School of Marginal Economics; his work appreciates both traditions critically (Faucci, 2007; Ingham, 2003; Kleinheyer, 2011). He has introduced the concept of entrepreneur as the driving force of innovation and the principal cause of economic growth into economic theory (Schumpeter, 1934) and refined the concept in his later work
(Schumpeter, 1939).
As contemporary studies in sociology and economics agree, the concept of entrepreneurship and its connection to change, progress and economic developments has been mostly attributed to Schumpeter (Brouwer, 2002; Faucci, 2007; Ingham, 2003; Shionoya, 1991).
Brouwer (2002) has revisited Schumpeter’s Theory of Economic Development (1934) and made key observations: it was through this work that “Schumpeter presented himself as an economist”.
Furthermore, in response to criticism to the first edition, Schumpeter has essentially doubled down on his emphasis on the role of the entrepreneur and its intrinsic capability of foresight and a sense of intuition (Brouwer 2002, p.100). In this sense, Schumpeter and Weber have agreed on the idea that the drive of an economy towards development does not depends on the “economic man”—who, in the conception of the Marginalist School, seeks the equilibrium of marginal costs and benefits—but a different psychological archetype (p.90). At this point however, opinions have diverged: Weber has contended that religious dissent and a sense of ideological zeal were the driving force of change (p.87).
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The Schumpeterian archetype on the other hand, has been described as “forward
looking”, “creative non-conformist” with a “will to conquer” and an “impulse to prove himself
superior to others” (Brouwer 2002, pp.87-91). Others have characterized the Schumpeterian
economic entrepreneur as driven by “dream and will” with “inner motivation” (Ingham, 2003) to
“go against all odds” (Cantner, Goethner, & Silbereisen, 2017) and “predisposed to against the
trends” (Hawkins & Davis, 2012, p. 237). In the second edition of Theory of Economic
Development, Schumpeter has toned down the heroic and charismatic aspects of the entrepreneur
and presented it as the “leader against his will” who “leads society in the new ways of doing
things” (Brouwer 2002, p.101). In this sense, Schumpeter came closer to the marginalist
conception and embraced the rational aspects of the entrepreneur.
An outstanding feature of the Schumpeterian entrepreneur is the focus on what it is not
supposed to represent: it does not represent “inventors”, but “innovators” who put inventions into
practice (Croitoru, 2012, p. 145). An entrepreneur is not an “engineer” driven by “half-artistic joy” in technical perfection (p.12) and not a “businessman” or “producer” in a marginalist sense who wants to make ends meet (Schumpeter, 1934, pp. 10, 90). Nor is the entrepreneur, as
Brouwer (2002) has observed, a capitalist risk-taker (p. 101). Instead, the entrepreneur acts exclusively within the realm of “industrial and commercial life” (p.65) and does not value any measure of success other than “pecuniary gain” which is “largely independent of the opinions of others” (p.94). Hence, the entrepreneur exclusively seeks the “greatest possible economic welfare by conscious and rational effort” (p.10).
This implies that Schumpeter’s concept of the entrepreneur resembles an appropriation of
the Machiavellian and Nietzschean concepts in the realm of economics—as Brouwer (2002) has
argued, the commercial focus of the Schumpeterian entrepreneur is what distinguishes the
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concept from past archetypes “who had based their leadership mainly on military and
bureaucratic expedience” (p. 90). The Nietzschean influence is also thoroughly discussed by
Reiner & Reinert (2006) who, in a study about the concept of “creative destruction”, trace the
origins of the idea further back than Schumpeter and argue that “behind the contemporary highly
fashionable Schumpeterian and evolutionary economic towers Nietzsche, his Übermensch
entrepreneur and his creative destruction” (p.76).
3.2.3 Borders and limits.
The entrepreneur is central to Schumpeter’s theory of economic development (1934), which he has contrasted upfront with the “theory of equilibrium” (p.xi). Economic development here refers to “changes in economic life” which “arise by their own initiative from within” the realm of economics (p.4). In this sense, Schumpeter seem to have carefully drawn the borders of his theory and demarked its conceptual limits within the realm of economics.
Within that framework, the concept of entrepreneur has been conceived as the principal
cause of economic development: the “entrepreneurial profit” is conceived as “a special and
independent value phenomenon [that] is fundamentally connected with the role of leadership in
economic systems” (Schumpeter, 1934, p.147). Whereas the “good of the highest order” has
been assumed to be labor, the entrepreneur performs “directing labor” on top a “productive
organism”; through “directing labor”, the entrepreneur constructs new, more productive
combinations of labor and other forces (pp.14-20).
Therefore, the limits of the concept of innovation in Schumpeter’s Theory of Economic
Development (1934) has been clearly delineated as an “economic mechanism” in context of a
“commercially organized state, one in which private property, division of labor and free
competition prevail” (p.5). What has been explicitly excluded here, is the “sphere of the wants of
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consumers” and absolute values beyond the realm of economics (p.65). In his later work on
Business Cycles (1939) where he has provided a historic outline for understanding the “cyclical
process of economic evolution” (p.220), “non-capitalist exchange” has been specifically
excluded and capitalism has been defined as “that form of private property economy in which
innovations are carried out by means of borrowed money, which in general […] implies credit
creation” (p.223). In this context, the banker represents the capitalist risk-taker whereas interest
charges only “acts as tax upon entrepreneurial profits” (Schumpeter, 1934, p. 175).
In his early work, Schumpeter had contemplated On the Concept of Social Value (1909).
This essay has opened with a criticism towards modern economic theories that take marginal utility as the “chief instrument of theoretical reasoning; and they seem so far to relate to individuals only”. Even though marginalist theories simply assume price to be an accumulated effect of individual utility curves, Schumpeter suggests that this “individualistic assumptions by means of an individualist reasoning” neglects “social values”, which he describes as “those which are consciously asserted by the whole community”. Social values are realized in “a communistic society”; outside that domain, “only individual wants, values and demands and their interactions” are included in the theory for non-communistic society. Ideas such as the
“community of wants” and social influences that shape them remain “metaphorical meanings” and only express themselves in economic interactions (pp. 214-220).
On this basis, Schumpeter (1909) has concluded that while the “present way of testing economic phenomenon”—as per methodological individualism and marginal theory—"emerges justified”, it is “most useful to introduce [the concept of social value] by way of scientific fiction in the study of non-communistic society”—even though it may not “be accepted as a fully satisfactory statement of facts” (p.232).
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Louçã (2014) in a study that has analyzed correspondence between later Schumpeter and
Marschak—the first president of the Econometric Society—has suggested that despite
Schumpeter’s role as the co-founder, the elusive concept of innovation was never resolved between Schumpeter and early econometricians. Even though Schumpeter publicly endorsed the econometric approach—and appreciated its “exploits” (p.1448)—he had privately admitted that he “suspected the basic assumptions of these models; he has had trouble translating them and thought they could be inadequate to represent the evolutionary character of capitalism” (p.1443).
Furthermore, Louçã has demonstrated that Schumpeter kept insisting on the “sui-generis” character of the innovation phenomenon and the inadequacy of mathematical models and statistical analysis to capture its randomness—not even with the quantum revolution and new advances in probability theory (pp.1445-1447).
What stands out in Louçã’s (2014) findings is the extent to which metaphors have been central in constructing mathematical assumptions for equilibrium economists, econometricians and Schumpeter himself (p.1444). Interestingly, Schumpeter has kept insisting on the metaphor of a “little devil” driven by some sort of “pathological behavior” acting as a random endogenous phenomenon (p.1446). In addition to Schumpeter’s (1909) emphasis on the need for exploring social values through “scientific fiction”, Louçã (2014) has also suggests that “[Schumpeter’s] intuition was that a macroeconomic narrative of innovation would not lead to a formal model, and that reasoned history would be more akin to microeconomic histories of firms and entrepreneurship” (p.1448).
Hence “the prophet of innovation”, when presented with the increasingly complex econometric models as Louçã (2014) has argued, has been incapable of deciphering the mathematical representations; in correspondence with a colleague, he has expressed that he felt
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“like Moses must have felt when he beheld the promised Land and knew that he himself would not be allowed to enter it” (p.1443).
3.3 Diffusion of Innovations Theory
Another prominent theory of innovation is Rogers’ (2009) Diffusion of Innovations theory which is at the heart of the technology paradigm and has developed from the academic field of rural sociology. As this section will demonstrate, this theoretical framework epitomizes some of the key biases and limits of innovation theory, as previously traced in several literature streams and the Schumpeterian theory of entrepreneurship and innovation.
To overcome these limits and biases, the background and context for this theory as well as its fundamental assumptions and key concepts need to be critically examined. This examination will illuminate some of the inconsistencies in key concepts and contradictions in fundamental assumptions. Findings will be compared to contemporary critical interpretations.
3.3.1 Background and context.
Roger’s Diffusion of Innovations has encompassed over 40 years of state-of the art scholarship and has become a benchmark in innovation theory. Sundbo (1995) refers to the first edition (Rogers, 1962) as a landmark of the technology-economy paradigm. Contemporary reviews of innovation studies recognize Rogers’ (1962) work as well as his later review of diffusion studies (Rogers, 1976) as broad reaching and inclusive collections that integrated and synthesized various streams of scholarship (Godin, 2014).
In a short assessment of the developments regarding the Diffusion of Innovation theory,
Rogers (2004) has strongly emphasized the generalizability of this theory while providing a somewhat brief account of its legacy and fields of application. He has traced the origin of the theory to the work of early rural sociologist, most notably the study of the diffusion of hybrid
62 seeds among the farmers in Iowa (Ryan & Gross, 1943). He has accredited this study for having popularized the term ‘diffusion’—previously only used in Anthropology—but has reminded that it was him who has drawn together the works of the “invisible college” of agricultural diffusion research which emerged in the subsequent years, and introduced the terminology of innovation to diffusion studies (Rogers, 2004, pp.13-15).
Rogers (2004) has laid out the diffusion of innovations theory after a multiple decade long endeavor, as a “universal process of social change”. In this sense, this theory understands social change as an accumulation of diffusion of innovations. Furthermore, the most general form of research question that this theory has pursued is concerning “delay in adopting new, profitable ideas”. Such questions were originally pursued in context of the modernization process in rural agriculture with “increasing productivity” as its primary purpose. However, the theory has later been applied successfully to other areas such as civil defense—diffusion of home bunkers—health and family planning, education, behavioral sciences, geography, political sciences and anthropology (pp.15-17).
Whereas the original research question was concerned with increasing agricultural productivity, what has stood out from the early outsets was the role of non-economic factors.
Rogers (2004) in a reconstruction of the Iowa Hybrid Seed corn study, recounts that
“sociological factors like the influence of a farmer’s neighbor”, “income”, “formal education”, and “readership of magazines” as well as other factors were among the earliest studied in diffusion research. Eventually, one of the key findings of the study was that “information exchange about the innovation” was at the heart of the diffusion process. It is upon this basis and a keen interest in generalizing the diffusion model beyond rural sociology that Rogers took diffusion research into the field of communication studies by accepting “a faculty appointment in
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the Department of Communication at Michigan State University, then the seed institution for
communication study in the United States” (pp.14-17).
Rogers (2004) has invoked a meta- perspective to demonstrate that the basic assumptions of the diffusion of innovations model have been corroborated across various fields of scholarship; he has argued that the widespread application of the theory, in fact, affirms that “the generalizability of the diffusion model has been borne out by history since 1962”. Rogers has
also postulated that the cornerstone of the diffusion research was a “customary research methodology”, namely "retrospective survey interviews” with adopters as originally conducted by Ryan and Gross (1943) (Rogers, 2004, p. 15-18).
Hence, the diffusion theory may also be subject to some of the disciplinary assumptions
underlying the methodological approaches that shaped early theoretical developments. Thus, it
may be limited in terms of its explanatory power for a phenomenon as complex as social change.
Hence, key theoretical concepts and the assumptions of the diffusion model require a critical
review (Rogers, 2004, p. 15-18).
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3.3.2 Key concepts.
The single most important element of the diffusion theory is the S-curve which provides a
snapshot of the theoretical pattern expected to reflect the diffusion process of innovations.
Figure 3.1. The S-Curve of the Diffusion Process Adapted from “Figure 1-2: The Diffusion
Process” (Rogers, 2004).
Diffusion theory (Rogers, 2004) is based on four concepts: “diffusion is the process by
which (1) an innovation (2) is communicated through certain channels (3) over time (4) among
the members of a social system”. Each element harbors a range of assumption and subordinated
models that further expands the diffusion model and its explanatory reach (p.11).
Innovation: an “idea, practice or object” but mostly, in effect, it refers to some type of technology: “a design for instrumental action that reduces uncertainty in the cause-effect
relationship involved in achieving a desired outcome” (Rogers, 2004, pp.12-13). For instance, in studying the diffusion of the news of September 11th terrorist attacks, it is emphasized that the
news was created with the intention of creating terror and that its diffusion demonstrates that it
65 successfully achieved its purpose. Hence, even in this case, the innovation is conceptualized as a form of technology. Technologies can also form a cluster or appear as a re-invention of previous technologies (p.79).
Communication channels: essentially the means of information exchange through which instrumental action achieves its effect. Whereas in Rogers’ (2003) definition, the aim of communication is mutual understanding, when it comes to the diffusion process, the aim is to achieve adoption; in this context individuals are assumed to be “units of adoption”. Hence, communication channels in context of the diffusion process are merely an instrument of transmission of an “awareness knowledge”—mass media, interpersonal and interactive internet channels. Furthermore, the main problem of communication is heterophily— “the degree to which individuals are different in certain attributes” like belief, education, status etc. (pp. 17-19).
Time: Rogers (2003) has particularly invoked time as an element to avoid the problem of
“timelessness” as a traditional limit of behavioral sciences. By doing so, Rogers has layed the sequential foundation for concepts such as “innovation-decision process”—knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation and confirmation, leading to adoption or reject of innovation—“adopter categories”—innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, laggards—and “rate of adoption”—generally S-shaped with a lazy slope. These concepts demonstrate the utility of time in Rogers’ (2003) sequential theorizing and consequently, the predictive power of the diffusion of innovations theory, particularly for planning and organizational management (pp.20-23).
Social system: this is the most complex concept, including a broad set of sub-concepts.
Most notably, the social system is a “structure” of interrelations: “patterned arrangements of the units in a system” that engage towards a collective goal; in the case of diffusion, to reduce
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uncertainty about the adoption of an innovation. The most relevant aspect of social structure for
the diffusion theory is the communication structure which consists of “homophilous sets of
individuals grouped together in cliques”. Social structures can facilitate or impede diffusion. On
the other hand, system norms—established behavioral patterns—as another aspect of social
systems, is mentioned exclusively as a barrier (pp.23-26).
The most relevant members of a social system for the diffusion process are opinion
leaders and change agents who drive the innovation-decision process. Depending on the
composition of the social system, the innovation decision process can either be optional and
cumulative such as in early diffusion studies (Ryan & Gross, 1943), or collectively made by
consensus among the members, or superimposed through a powerful authority. Ideally, change
agents and opinion leader and ensure that the diffusion process results in consequences that are
desirable, direct and anticipated (pp.28-30).
3.3.3 Conceptual structure.
After defining diffusion and its key elements, Rogers (2003) has provided a comprehensive review of diffusion research which has surpassed his previous review (1976) in scope and depth. Here, like in Schumpeterian traditions, Gabriel Tard has been considered the
earliest associated scholar; However, Schumpeter and other scholars in the field of economics
seem entirely absent. Besides Gabriel Tard, George Simmel is mentioned as another “forefather”
of diffusion theory who has proposed the concept of the “stranger”—a member of a social
system that resides at its margins and is loosely connected but has a unique perspective—
provides a prototype of the “innovator” (pp. 41-23).
After the review of original concepts in Chapter 1, their historic legacy in diffusion research in Chapter 2 and contributions and criticism in Chapter 3, Rogers (2003) has turned to
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conceptualizing the generation process of innovations in Chapter 4 as: problem recognition,
research, development, commercialization, diffusion and consequences. Subsequently, the
individual innovation-decision process has been dissected in chapter 5. Chapters 6 & 7 have
described the attributes of innovation and their relationship to the rates of adoption and the
innovativeness of different adopter categories (pp.267-300).
In Chapter 8, diffusion networks of communication have been explored, and the concepts
of opinion leadership and critical mass introduced: opinion leaders drive the diffusion process in
initial stages by informally influencing individuals in their network; they lead diffusion to the
stage where a critical mass is reached, and the diffusion process becomes self-sustaining (Rogers
2003, pp.301-365). In Chapter 9, the change agent and aids have been conceptualized as the
operators of interventions to achieve behavioral change towards adoption; as marginalized
members of a system facing information overload, change agents must secure adoption with the
help of aids who bridge their marginality. Here, the theory has described the conditions for
successful conduct and reaching desired outcomes (pp.365-401).
Chapter 10 has been about innovation in organizational context: organizations have been
perceived as a stable system of individuals who work towards a common goal through a
hierarchy of ranks and labor division. Here, the unit of adoption is not an individual; instead the
innovation-decision is superimposed by the organizational authorities or made collectively
(Rogers, 2003, pp.402-235). Chapter 11 has been about consequences; although the goal of
change agency in the diffusion process is to achieve desirable, direct anticipated effects, the
disruptive forces of innovation can lead to disequilibrium and the aim is to achieve a dynamic
equilibrium, for which strategic solutions have been provided (pp.470-471).
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Despite the coherent structure, lucid architecture and diligent clarification, the conceptual
structure of the diffusion of innovation theory has been limited to narrow fundamental
assumptions. Rogers (2004) articulates a set of theoretical generalizations in each chapter which
constitute the fabric of the coherent structure, systematically interwoven to deliver the fifth and
final edition of the theory of Diffusion of Innovations (2003). As previously discussed, Rogers
(2004) has emphasizes the generalizability of the theory and claims that it represents “a kind of
universal micro-process of social change” (p.16). As the next section will show, some of the
limits and contradictions in the theoretical generalizations make such a claim questionable.
3.3.4 Limits and contradictions
Considering the diffusion of innovations to be a “universal micro-process of social
change” implies that the process of social change consists of an accumulation of diffusion of
innovations. However, considering some limits and contradictions in the conceptual structure,
the theory cannot quite hold up to its ambitious generalization claims.
First, essentially, innovations have been assumed to be technologies; be it an idea or
object, the subject of diffusion is a design for instrumental action towards a desired outcome;
specifically, it is supposed to reduce uncertainty. Action, almost exclusively, has been conceived
in functional and rational terms. Hence, value in this context resembles a pre-determined desired
outcome—for individuals or organizations—and the certainty of its achievement. Contemporary
innovation theory has moved beyond these limits; for instance, Hawkins and Davis’ (2012)
concept of experience goods has conceptualized intangible and subjective values for emotional rather than functional needs, the value of which can only be determined after the consumption.
Second, the notion of communication seems to be more in line with traditional communication theories; even though initially, communication has been defined as a reciprocal
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process aimed at mutual understanding, the notion of diffusion as a special type of
communication resembles a “transmissional” model of communication which is been considered as rather outdated. Craig (1999) in an article that has famously framed the field of
communication theory, has defined communication through the lens of the transmission theory
as “a process of sending and receiving messages or transferring information from one mind to
the other”. However, he has pointed out that this perspective has come “under heavy attack” and
considered “flawed” and succeeded by a “’constitutive model’ in which shared meanings are
produced and reproduced” (p.125).
What stands out is that Rogers (2003) does not refer to any literature beyond his own on
communication theory or clarify on what basis the notion of communication is defined.
Communication, in Rogers’ (2003) theory is itself a branch of diffusion research—the “fastest
growing tradition” (p.76). He postulates that diffusion studies predate communication studies,
drawing upon early theories of communication which resulted from studying spreading of news
events. He has also referred to an earlier, less prominent work in which he constructed a history of communication theory (pp.75-81). A critical review decades later has suggested that Rogers
(2004) has “spread a paradigm of communication as diffusion from a centralized source”
(Simonson & Peters, 2014, p.786). Indeed, Rogers’ response to criticism regarding the issues of equality has consisted of re-appropriating the theory for developing nations, with the goal of closing socio-economic gaps (2003, pp.132-134). Hence, the diffusion model of innovation fits within the paradigm of the transmissional model of communication, the “dialectical opposite” of
Craig’s (1999) constitutive meta-model (p. 125).
Third, the dimension of time has proved a great extension that Rogers (2003) has brought
to behavioral theory. The time dimension has opened a new perspective for categorizing data and
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constructing variables for the diffusion process—such as Rogers (2003) has done with adopter
categories and innovation-decision process.
However, the time dimension also breeds a sequential bias and a teleology of growth
which lies beneath the S-curve concept. As the S-curve acquired theoretical fame, the focus of
research became afflicted with a bias—confirmation bias. On one hand, growth has become a
fundamental assumption, thereby situating the theory at a key intersection with the field of
economics. On the other hand, the sequential, and unidirectional understanding of the diffusion
process—induced by the time dimension—has led to a bottom-up bias. Hence, the influence of
external circumstances and forces have been rarely captured: the issue of compatibility of
innovation seems to be the only interface of diffusion theory with exogenous factors such as
values and beliefs, cultural legacy and social needs (Rogers, 2003, pp.240-249).
Fourth, social system seems to represent the concept which harbors the most obvious limits and contradictions: society, from the perspective of diffusion, consists of units of adoption.
The most significant social structure, the communication structure, is made of homophilous clusters. Within clusters, there are opinion leaders who have strong links and influence inside as well as better links to the outside—also described as “cosmopolite” and “people on the edge”
(p.317) and “necessarily subject to role conflict” (p.374). Change agents are the closest notion to the entrepreneur, as the person who is closest to the agency of change—adoption of new technology. However, change agents face the problem of marginality “due to their position midway between change agency and the client system” and the information overload within the client systems. Hence, change agents need opinion leaders and aids to access and influence clients and “secure adoption” (p.400). Aids are merely “less than fully professional change agents” (p.384).
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Whereas the concept of society has been assumed in its most simple form in this model,
its elements seem overly complex. Particularly, the concept of aid provides insight into the
theoretical limits of the Rogers (2003) theory, which seems to be mostly based on findings of a
prominent study by Rogers about AIDS prevention in San Francisco (Rogers et al., 1995).
Opinion leaders, change agents and aids have overlapping and sometimes similar and
interchangeable definitions and functions. On the other hand, the agency of change has not been
elaborated; it is abstract, taken for granted in discussions and case studies and not approached
theoretically: the focus is entirely on the process of diffusion.
Furthermore, “decentral diffusion systems” have been introduced in an epilogue to the
chapter about change agents; Rogers (2003) has characterized decentral diffusion systems in
contrast to centralized ones and acknowledged criticism that it cannot be captured by the model
but does not further elaborate. Since decentral diffusions are “client-controlled”, none of the
concepts of opinion leader, change agent and aid are applicable (pp. 394-400).
Overall, the 1) simplified assumptions about society, 2) complexification of diffusion
actors and 3) the abstraction of the origin of innovations demonstrate the kind of problems that
highlight the limits in the theory, and occasionally even leads to contradictions. For instance, the
key role of change agents is to ensure diffusion with desired outcomes (Rogers, 2003, p.400)—
desired, direct, anticipated consequences (p.31)—but later when discussing details, it is stated that, “change agents generally give little attention to consequences”; even though they “should recognize their responsibility for the consequences of innovation” and ideally, predict the consequences of adoption in the client system, this “often cannot be done” (p.436).
Hence, the generalization claim of the diffusion of innovations theory seems questionable. Diffusions of innovation theory cannot credibly claim to be a “mico-process of
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social change” or to capture the process of social change beyond the realm of technological
adoption. Instead, the theory of diffusion can be found on common territory with economic
theories which understand society from a market-based perspective: in Rogers’ (2003) conception, “commercialization” is the key stage in achieving diffusion (pp.152-155).
However, nowhere has Rogers (2003) engaged with economic theories or acknowledged that assumptions are borrowed from economic theory; most interestingly, there has been no reference to the body of literature on the economic theories of innovation, except one quote from
Schumpeter at the beginning of Chapter 4 on the generation of innovations. This quote is chosen from the latest book of Schumpeter where he had attempted to move beyond his theory and acknowledged that the fundamental impulse of capitalism comes from market dynamics rather than individual entrepreneurs (p.136).
Overall, it seems that despite Roger’s attempt to move beyond the entrepreneurship paradigm, the diffusion of innovation theory does not move far beyond a market-based understanding of society and its and fundamental economic assumptions and values. It has been presented as a theory of social change but rather resembles an economic theory of social change.
3.4 Conclusions and Alternative Approaches
The problem of values has been central to the theory of innovation and treated differently
across different traditions. Whereas the field of innovation studies still seems rather scattered and
disconnected, various traditions have built upon relatively similar set of assumptions. Most
importantly, both the Diffusion of Innovations theory and Schumpeterian approaches can only
explain society and social change from the standpoint of economic theory and are hence limited
to the reach of its assumptions. Hence, innovation theory seems to be only able to explain
economic change, particularly in the realm of rational and functional values.
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A review of Rogers (2003) diffusion of innovations theory has demonstrated important
limits and contradictions. Despite the high claims of generalizability, underlying conceptual
assumption seem to be economic rather than social. First, innovations have been conceived as functional technologies and no other experience dimensions are considered. Second, communication has been conceptualized as a transmission process for the choice of adoption.
Third, society is understood as clusters of units of adoption whereas the agency of change is completely outside of the system and by definition, only accessible to the marginalized. Fourth, the theory demonstrates an underlying assumption of the necessity and desirability of
technological and economic growth; it also demonstrates a bias towards the bottom-up perspective without considering a greater range of external effects beyond barriers. Hence, despite Roger’s (2004) claim of providing a general theory of social change, this theory can only encompass technological and economic change.
A review of the concept of entrepreneur has demonstrated that its origins can be traced in
Machiavelli’s “prince” with an ambitious, competitive, risk taking and morally flexible character, as well as Nietzschean archetypes such as pioneers, madmen and free spirits— eccentric, independent individualist contrarians that like to overcome existing orders towards new ones—who emerge as philosophical warriors that facilitate society’s ‘ennoblement through degeneration’ and trans-valuation of values.
Schumpeter, without much acknowledgement, has assumed similar characteristics and appropriated the concept of the entrepreneur to the realm of economics. The Schumpeterian entrepreneur acts in context of the commercially organized state, motivated solely by monetary gain—as a force of creative destruction from within the economy that enables growth and progress. However, Schumpeter has been conscious of the role of values beyond the economic
74 system and from early on, departed carefully from the realm of sociology and social analysis, leaving out the issue of social values from his economic analysis. When econometrics came to build on his theoretical legacy in his later years, he was not convinced of the mathematical and statistical approaches and, like in his early article (1909), insisted again on the importance of non-scientific approaches—reconstructing histories and narratives—in the study of entrepreneurship.
These have been the conceptual roots of the problems identified through a literature review of Energy Transition Research; the supply side bias and focus on commercial technologies in a market context can be observed in both legacy approaches in innovation theory.
Rogers’ (2004) theory is rooted in sociology, framed as a theory of communication and claims to theorize about society and social change. Schumpeter (1909) on the other hand, has consciously and clearly departed from sociology and drew the borders around his economic theory of change.
The conceptual focus of these theories explains the bias in energy transition studies that build upon these theories and why their data often only consists of quantitative industrial input and output variables and firm outputs. Biases, in turn, explain the focus of innovation policy on the supply side to stimulate entrepreneurship and promote the commercialization of new technology.
However, the overarching theoretical problem seems to be that change has been only theorized—consciously or not—in the realm of economic values, specifically, in context of markets. Hence, the realm of social values seems entirely outside the scope of innovation theory.
3.4.1 Economization, Marketization, Monetization.
In this sense, one may speak of “market society”—a term coined by Karl Polanyi about
70 years ago in “The Great Transformation” (Polanyi, Stiglitz, & Block, 2001); this work has investigated the causes and consequences of the transformation from traditional societies based
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on social relationships to a unified “market society” where economic aspects are the center of
social life (p.60).
Polanyi (2001) has traces the ideological origins of this transformation to “Ricardian
England” (p.32) where the ideas of market economy, free trade and the gold standard fueled the
industrial revolution and eventually, led to a dramatic demise, amounting to fascism in Germany,
Italy and Austria. In a criticism of classical liberal economics, Polanyi has postulated that the idea of “self-regulating markets” has been the cornerstone of a utopian ideology, actively
constructed as a sort of objective science about the human nature, and pursued in policy making.
Polanyi (2001) has argues that due to the problematic concept of “primitive man”
underlying the self-regulating market ideology (pp.46-48), national and international market institutions were fundamentally flawed; since this ideology “subordinates human purposes to the logic of an impersonal market mechanism” (xxxviii), it is doomed to fail; he has postulated that
“marketization” rather than industrialization has been the “congenital weakness of nineteenth century society” and that it was the malfunction of market societies that ultimately led to socialism and fascism (pp.248-258).
Other economists and sociologists have drawn attention and taken position towards the marketization of society. In an edited anthology, various cases have been presented to demonstrate how economics is performative, and economists make markets: even though economics is perceived as a science, it is actively constructed through institutions and practices
(MacKenzie, Muniesa, & Siu, 2007). For instance, Guala (2007) has argued that in experimental economic, there has been a bias in sampling which is mostly limited to economics students and that value of self-interest has been induced through such practices in education. Callon (2007) has argued that without economists, the market would not exists and that there is no such thing as
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“economics in the wild” (p.338). Economics, therefore, is but a recent performative trend among
many other and older modes of human life performance (p.352).
Contemporary readings of Polanyi suggest that the shift towards neo-liberal politics over
the years has already brought us to a dystopian scenario where global market institutions have
defined societies (Block & Somers, 2014; Graeber, 2001). Graeber (2001), based on a review of
Polanyi’s work and later interpretations, has suggested that it was the “principle of individualism
that made possible the emergence of “the economy” (p.18); he has postulated that western
traditions have been dogged by extreme individualism and “the assumption that human nature is
founded on essentially infinite unquenchable desires and that therefore we are all in a state of
fundamental competition” (p.254). As a result, the rise of neo-liberal politics to national politics
all around the world in the late 20th century has given rise to the “global market” as “the single greatest and monolithic system of measurement ever created, a totalizing system that would subordinate everything […] on the planet to a single standard of value” (xi).
Most remarkably, Graeber (2001) has pointed out a fundamental flaw in post-modernist approaches: postmodernism has failed to realize that what it describes as the fragmentation of values is but the effect of the “universal market system” that has acted as a “totalizing system of values”, throwing all others into disarray (xi). Others have argued that prominent post-modern theorists such as Michel Foucault have embraced neo-liberal free market ideologies and facilitated its widespread political application in France and the United States (Behrent, 2016).
3.4.2 Values, myths and narratives.
Alternative approaches in understanding values are rather scarce and scattered. However, an extensive account of the study of values in anthropology has been provided by Graber (2001); in Towards an Anthropological Theory of Value, he has taken up the subject from abandoned
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traditions in the 1950’s to 1970’s to criticize an economic understanding of exchange value and
society as market. He has built upon the labor theory of value and broadened its scope to
encompass all creative human action.
The concept of value, from this perspective, has been defined as “the way action becomes meaningful to the actors by being placed in some larger social whole, real or imaginary”. Hence, values are the building blocks of societies and its elements such as mythological systems (p.254).
Mythological systems have been the creative engines of cultures but once established, they “just re-create the same structure of names and offices” to preserve peace and social order (Graeber,
2001, p. 128). For instance, the founding myth of the United States—a commerce-based state— is based on the myth of the Dutch buying Manhattan for very cheap. From an anthropological point of view, Garber argues, this myth reinforces a notion of supremacy of western value systems based on property and commerce while ignoring the perception of this event from the perspective of the native people who saw the transaction as gift giving and sharing land use
(p.91). Hence, mythological systems in turn, are also constructed “totalities” that researchers create as a “reality in some kind of empirical sense” (p.86).
The concept of myth has also been of great interest to communication theorists, particularly in the semiotic tradition such as in the work of Kenneth Burke (Craig, 1999, p. 137); contemporary readings of Burke have described him as a “myth theorist” (Coupe, 2013, p. 6) and emphasized the centrality that Burke placed upon the “social function of the myth” (p.22). Myth has been defined in the work of Burke as “a credible, dramatic, socially constructed representation of perceived realities that people accept as permanent fixed knowledge of reality
[disregarding] its fictional qualities”. Burke has been dedicated in his work to a “harsh critique of
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industrial capitalism” and used a “mythic perspective on modernity that enabled him to offer a
critique of unbridled progress” and “technological psychosis” (p.6).
Like Polanyi (2001), Burke has also been concerned with the problem of fascism in the
1930’s; he has considered the “rise of fascism […] as complementary to the industrial capitalism
that is prevalent in the United States” (Coupe, 2013, p. 143). What stands out most in his work has been the environmental and ecological orientation; his myth has been a “’counter-statement’ to the ideology of industrialism, the rationale for the exploitation of the earth” (p.143). For instance, in his reconstruction of the Christian myth, visions have culminated in the “promise of never-ending technological rebirth, with profit emerging out of pollution (p.178)”.
When comparing of Burke’s (Coupe, 2013), and Graeber’s (2001) concept of value, what stands out most is that both have extended their criticism to the “Nietzschean” concept of desire and ambition. Graber (2001) for instance, has pointed out that in his search for an anthropological theory of value, he has been continuously facing “the lack of a theoretical language with which to talk about desire”. He has argued that the “Nietzschean approach as adopted by authors like Deleuze or Foucault […] make the desire of power, the fundamental
constituency of all reality” and has criticized this approach for not actually providing “a theory
of desire at all” but rather a “declaration of why one isn’t necessary” (p.258). Burke’s position
towards the “Nietzschean option” is similarly critical, since the concept of desire as “the will to
power overemphasizes conflict and the goal of supremacy” (Coupe, 2013, p. 144).
Hence, human values and desires seem to be under-theorized and the role of myths in shaping them often seem under researched and under-utilized; it has been argued that problem
has historically led to social disasters and paved the way for fascism.
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The only alternative tradition that Graber (2001) has identifies as focused on the problem
of values, has been structural linguistics. He has argued that the first attempts at an anthropological theory of values were trying to borrow models from linguistics, but the analytic tools and technologies were still too primitive (p.5). Value, in the sense of Ferdinand Saussure’s structural linguistics, exists at the level of individual words and emerges out of the contrast of different value meanings; hence, understanding the meaning of a value necessitates knowledge of the entire system as a whole and the place of the linguistic object in them (pp.13-14). Later works in classical structuralism added the notion of hierarchy and shifted focus to “idea-values”
to account for implicit as well as explicit value meanings. From this perspective, society is
structured around a few key values that are not necessarily expressed, whereas “idea-values”
exist with different rankings in the social value system, expressed and constructed through
language (p.18).
Another alternative approach to the concept of value can be found in the narrative
paradigm of communication theory. The narrative paradigm has been proposed by Walter Fisher
(1987) against the “rational world paradigm” of the rhetorical tradition. Tracing back the
separation of story and logic to Socrates, Fisher has suggested that most theories of
communication have focused on the logical aspects—such as in technical and formal
communication—at the expense of narrative aspects that shape the human experience. Instead,
he has suggested that narration is the “foundational conceptual configuration of human
communication” (p.193).
Fisher (1987) has introduced “Homo Narrans”—humans as story tellers—as the
archetype that can most accurately describe human motivations and proposed that “narrative
rationality” is the “universal logic” based on which a new theory of rhetoric is required (p.194).
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The world, from this perspective is “a set of stories that must be chosen among” (p.65) whereas
the key element embedded in each story is the value system. He has built upon earlier works to
argue that “the most compelling, persuasive stories are mythic in form” (Fisher, 1984, p. 16).
Hence, narrative or stories are the vehicles of value systems. What matters in a story,
according to Fischer, is “the logic of good reason” which is measured by two key qualities: 1)
probability, coherence, and internal consistency and 2) fidelity, truthfulness and reliability to
legacy of stories and value systems (Fisher, 1987, pp. 45–49)—“whether the stories they
experience ring true with the stories they know to be true in their lives” (Fisher, 1984, p. 8).
Fisher (1987) has applied the concept of the “logic of good reason” and the test of “probability
and fidelity” for a range of case studies, including the case of Ronal Reagan’s campaign; in this
case, he has argued that the campaign compensated for probability or “fidelity to facts” (p.145)
with an appeal to core values such as the heroic and mythical story of the U.S. and the
“compatibility of [Reagan’s] image with that of his constituency” (p.145).
However, some contemporary applications have criticized Fisher (1987) for a
“conservative bias and its inability to account for narrative transformation” (Mcclure, 2009, p.
190). Instead of the logic of good reason, the idea of “narrative identification” has been re- emphasized drawing from Fisher’s own work to “include a logic of terminologies” that bind people, communities and identities (p.202). Applied approaches in qualitative narrative inquiry have used Fisher’s (1987) theory to define narrative as a “story that evinces a culture's world- view or ideology”. Hence, applied narrative inquiry have used methodological approaches to reconstruct “stories [that] are concerned with human attempts to progress to a solution, clarification, or unraveling of an incomplete situation” (Polkinghorne, 1995, p. 7).
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The Energiewende seems to be just this kind of a story. It does not represent a
technological object of innovation that traditional innovation theory can conceptualize. Even
though the diffusion theory and entrepreneurship paradigms may be helpful—particularly for interpreting the results—none of them provides an applicable framework beyond the limits
identified in the review of energy transition literature.
As Schumpeter has suggests, the use of qualitative, non-scientific and historic approaches
seems more appropriate for the context of social values. Hence, this work will take inspiration
from structural linguistics approaches and the narrative paradigm for building a unique
methodological framework for the study of Energiewende as an “idea-value”—a mythical form
of innovation in the realm of values.
3.4.3 Values, concepts and value systems.
Parallel to the field of innovation theory, the advances in public policy studies have
introduced novel approaches such as conceptual innovation and social innovation. Since the
scope of this dissertation had been defined at the intersection of communication and innovation
theories, conceptual and social innovation as theorized in public policy studies have remained
outside of the scope. However, a brief review of some of its key components and applications will be used to refine theoretical notions and distinguish between concepts, values and value system and update the terminology.
As previously mentioned, a line of inquiry in policy studies has been concerned with the
problem of innovation in the realm of ideas and concepts. Most notably, current political theory
defines conceptual innovation based on technological innovation (Meadowcroft & Fiorino, 2017;
Rao-Nicholson, Vorley, & Khan, 2017). Instead of technology in the realm of economy and
commerce, conceptual innovation has been defined as “the broad process through with new
82 understandings win acceptance within the environmental policy realm”. However, this line of inquiry is specifically concerned with political communication, namely how “a new understanding is introduced into policy argument, gains adherents, and becomes lined in to policy design and implementation” (p.7).
Meadowcroft & Fiorino (2017) draw from earlier theories on political innovation and conceptual change (Ball et al., 1989; Paehlke, 2000) and conclude that “conceptual innovation, linguistic shifts and political change go hand in hand” (Meadowcroft & Fiorino, 2017, p. 4).
Concepts are understood as “unit/ideas” that are defined in their relationship with other concepts whereas “language is not a neutral medium but one that reflects and reproduces particular perspective”. This theoretical understanding builds on earlier works on language and political change (Skinner, 1989), which, in turn, draws from ‘Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and
Society’ (Williams, 1985). In this sense, “units/ideas” (Meadowcroft & Fiorino, 2017) which resemble “idea-values” (Graber 2001) can be considered linguistic constructs of keywords that make sense in context of a broader meanings, narratives and value systems.
In the study of the evolution of modern environmental concerns, Paehlke (2000) has specifically invoked the term ‘values’ in the study of public environment policy in order to set out the “value dimensions of contemporary environmentalism” and how it has evolved to shape the political agenda. The framework proposes a range of environmental values; three main groups of social values have been postulated as “environment, economy and equity” (p.77).
Retrospectively, these groups coincide with the findings of this dissertation in chapter 7 and 8.
However, this theoretical lens, conceptual innovation theory and social innovation theory had not been included in the original scope of theoretical review.
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Henceforth, “concepts” will be used in reference to a general range of “unit/ideas” and
“idea-values”. Values and value systems will be reserved for the overarching groups of values and those keywords that imply fundamental meanings in social value systems.
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Chapter 4: Methodology
This chapter builds upon the theoretical insights into the limits of economic theories of
innovation and alternative approaches in communication theory to construct a methodological
alternative for overcoming the limits of Energy Transition research. The methodological
approach in this dissertation has been inspired by Perren & Sapsed’s (2013) study of the rise and
reshaping of the term innovation in the UK parliament discourse. Language, from their policy-
oriented perspective, is “a primary means for disseminating [government] ideologies”. Hence,
this study has sought to “offer systematic evidence” of such a process by analyzing “the use of
the word [innovation] and its changing meanings” (pp.1815).
The scope of the dataset in Perren & Sapsed, (2013) has been the UK parliamentary
discussions retrieved from the Millbank System which provides a full “edited verbatim reports of
the proceedings of the UK House of Commons House of Lords from 1803 to 2005”. The
analytical approach in this study relies on statistical analysis to determine statistical significance of the words co-located with “innovation” against “normal language”, using the British National
Corpus as a frame of reference for the normal probability of words.
This dissertation, however, has modified and expanded Perren & Sapsed’s (2013) methodological approach in three dimensions: first, instead of seeking statistical validity, this dissertation seeks to build a credible narrative through a combination of methods, starting with a narrative analysis. Second, sampling has been expanded based on narrative analysis to include a broader range of documents that are highly relevant to the subject matter—Energiewende. Third, a more recent version of the software platform used by Perren & Sapsed (2013) will be
employed, and its new features will be used to triangulate the combined analytic methods.
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4.1. Combined Methods
Critical approaches to social science methodology have argued against “Method-ism” and
for “Methodology”, proposing that “social science is often led astray by a too strict adherence to
method” (Gerring, 2001, p. 240). Hence, the methodology of this dissertation has not been
following a strict, pre-determined approach but rather crystalized throughout an iterative process
and captured as a snapshot of the methodological de-facto conduct, retrospectively.
This dissertation uses a combination of research methods, referred to in a methodological
textbook for Researching Society and Culture (Seale, 2012a) as “sequential, facilitative
combination of qualitative and quantitative methods”. In this approach, qualitative methods
provide “general analytic categories” which facilitate quantitative inquiries by providing
contextual awareness and a reference point for comparisons (pp. 486-489).
The methodology borrows from the epistemology of the socio-cultural tradition of
communication theory. The “meta-discursive practice” approach of communication theory—"a
field of discourse about discourse with implications for the practice of communication”—
provides a “distinct way of conceptualizing and discussing communication problems and
practices” (Craig, 1999, p. 120). Particularly, the “phenomenological orientation” associated
with the socio-cultural tradition of communication studies can “uncover or capture the ‘telos’
[essence, purpose, value] of an account” and thereby, provide means for discovering the practical
understanding of meaning and action (Craig, 1999, p. 120).
In communication theory, particularly the socio-cultural traditions, constructivism is a common epistemology. In contrast to structuralist scientific approaches such as structural linguistics, constructivist approaches considers “credibility”—in contrast to “validity” for which often statistical analysis is a key method—as the core value of research. From such perspective,
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“prolonged engagement in the field, persistent observation and triangulation exercises, reflexivity and exposure to criticism” are key ingredients for credibility (Seale, 2012b, p. 535)
In this dissertation, first qualitative methods will provide general analytic categories which will then be used to build a sample and stratify a database. Furthermore, findings from qualitative and quantitative analyses will be compared. On this basis, credible generalizations can be drawn from analytical findings. The qualitative method of choice in this case has been narrative analysis.
4.1.1 Groundwork: Narrative analysis
Narrative analysis has been among the “relatively new arrivals” in the methodological repertoire of social and communication research, as part of a “resurgence of humanist approaches
(Griffin & May, 2012). It has been defined as “any study that uses or analyses narrative material
[namely], naturally occurring narratives such as everyday conversation between people, life stories collected for research purposes in interview or written narratives found in the private, public or political realms (e.g. […] policy documents). A narrative is defined as an “account of a non-random sequence of events that conveys some kind of action and movement through time”
(pp.442-443). Others define a narrative as “the semiotic representation of a series of events meaningfully connected in a temporal and causal way” (Herman & Vervaeck, 2005, p. 2).
Whereas classical structuralist narratology reflects the “transmissional” communications model and assumes a linear understanding of sender/receiver/message (Herman & Vervaeck,
2005, p.22), post-classical and post-modern approaches in narratology understand narrative as “a broader notion that can be narrative text or anything that conveys a narrative aspect”.
Furthermore, the focus of this perspective is on “savage narratives”, “the monster” and whatever
“undermines itself” and the narrative logic, using “no fixed methodology” (pp.109-111).
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Narrative analysis dedicates special attention to the sequencing of themes; this focus
seeks to account for the sequential features of the narrative structure as a main feature and
“hallmark” of narratives (Griffin & May, 2012, p. 445). The narrative paradigm as discussed in
3.4.2, has similarly emphasized “coherence” as a key feature of a “good story” which is achieved
through sequential sensitivity of the analysis reflected in its chronological structure.
In this dissertation, narrative analysis has been applied to re-construct a story of
Energiewende with a focus on change and transformations in value systems. For this purpose, a
set of public and individual narratives have been collected; public narratives include common
references with the Case Study Report Energiewende (Kuittinen & Velte, 2018). Individual narratives were constructed from interviews with key actors of the Energiewende—these include
a key political figure in bringing the first renewable energy act, an activist scholar, a scholar
leading a related government funded project and a foreign scholar immersed in the subject.
These interviews were based on questions that were specifically tailored to the problem of
values, the evolution of value systems and the role of actors in context of Energiewende. A list
and description of interview participants, public narratives and interview protocol can be found
in Appendix A.
These narratives have been qualitatively reviewed and reconstructed into a unified and
inclusive “meta” narrative of Energiewende in Chapter 9. The chronology is simply decade-
based but relevant events and their impact on the evolution of Energiewende have been
accounted for each decade. Furthermore, the story for each decade contains a sub-section that is specifically focused on the evolution of values.
The story in Chapter 5 contains key textual references from private and public narratives which were collected throughout further research and follow-ups and used in the second line of
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inquiry: a textual analysis involving quantitative methods administered through the NVivo Pro
11 software platform.
4.2 Textual Analysis
Narrative analysis has laid the groundwork for the second methodological sequence: for
textual analysis. Textual analysis in this dissertation consists of content and keyword analysis.
In communication research, content analysis has been a “fairly standard model” for analyzing “text in terms of the presence and frequency of specific terms, narratives and concepts, involving counting items such as words or categories”. Keyword analysis on the other hand, goes beyond content analysis and “supports discourse analysis methods”; it is an increasingly popular computer assisted method, focused on specific words that “occur more frequently in one text than in the other”. By connecting keyword groups and bundling constructs of meaning,
“comparative keyword analysis” can yield insights into occurrences of various value meanings and how they differ across textual sources, categories and groups. The key to finding unusual and unexpected results in comparing keywords is the stratification of the dataset and “choosing interesting comparison groups” (Seale & Tonkiss, 2012, pp. 467–474).
Textual analysis in this dissertation goes beyond the previously discussed work of Perren
& Sapsed (2013) which has provided the initial inspiration; instead of a statistical analysis approach to validity, the methodology in this dissertation relies on the triangulation of results from multiple methods to achieve credible results. For this purpose, different lines of inquiry will be applied within textual analysis, as will be further discussed. Others argue that the triangulation of results from multiple data sources constitute an additional dimension referred to as
“triangulation of data”. Thereby, triangulation of data in addition to combined methods provided a firm basis to make credibility claims.
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The sample of textual data used for content and keyword analysis include political manifests, policy and legal document, historical documents, publicity literature and others. The sample for this methodological sequence builds upon the findings of the previous sequence; throughout the narrative analysis, landmark documents that resemble significant milestones in
Germany’s Energy Transition discussions have been identified collected and categorized. (Seale
& Tonkiss, 2012, p. 460).
4.2.1 Dataset: sampling and stratification
The scope of Perren & Sapsed’s (2013) sample has been limited to UK parliamentary discussions retrieved from the Millbank System which provides a full “edited verbatim reports of the proceedings of the UK house of Commons and House of Lords from 1803 to 2005” (p.1818).
The scope of this dissertation similarly encompasses all plenary protocols of the German parliament including stenographic records of the proceedings of the German Parliament which include the term Energiewende, retrieved from the web archive of the Documentation and
Information System of the German Parliament (http://pdok.bundestag.de/).
The dataset in this dissertation includes a total of 464 parliamentary documents from various sessions including the term Energiewende. However, based on the narrative analysis, an additional 141 landmark documents including legislations, studies, report and manifestos were added in an effort to triangulate the parliamentary sample. Hence, the textual analysis sample includes a total of 605 documents, which were analyzed using the NVivo software which was also used by Perren & Sapsed (2013).
Perren & Sapsed (2013) have used an early version of the software; NVivo 8 has been used to stratify the dataset chronologically based on decades that are consistent with historic
studies. Furthermore, it has been used for manual coding of findings to create hierarchies of
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meaning associated with the term innovation, including “inductive free nodes and tree node
patterns of meaning” (1818). The dataset of this dissertation has been constructed in a more
advanced version—NVivo 11 Plus.
Two separate projects were created for each dataset: one for 464 parliamentary
documents and one for the 141 non-parliamentary documents. Both have been stratified
chronologically using the insights from the narrative analysis: the simple, decade-based
distinction in the narrative analysis into five decades has been broken down into nine epochs—
particularly in the later years—in order to account for pivotal developments. The epochs used for
chronological stratification of documents include: Pre-1979, 1980-1990, 1990-2000, 2000-2005,
2005-2009, 2009-2011, 2011-2013, 2013-2015 and 2015-2017. For each epoch, a node—a “unit of observation” (QSR International, 2018)—has been created and documents published in that epochs were assigned to each node. A quantitative overview of the dataset stratification can be found in Chapter 6.1. Documents from before 1991 are from West Germany.
In addition to the chronological stratification, non-parliamentary documents were further categorized based on their authorship. Categories include the Öko institute, other NGOs, the
Ministry of Economy (strategies and reports), Ministry of Environment (strategies and reports), special commissions, campaign documents and legislations. For each category, a node has been created to which related documents have been assigned.
Hence, each node in the NVivo software resembles a case/node, upon which analytic methods can be implemented. Furthermore, cross-sections facilitate stratification based on both sets of criteria: their epoch emergence and their category of authorship—within each epoch, results were distinguished based on their category and for each author, based on their epoch of publication. This provides a plethora of opportunities for cross-case comparison of results.
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4.2.2 Analysis: context vs. collocates
Two distinct inquiries have been pursued through methodological operations, facilitated by the NVivo 11 Plus platform: context and collocation analysis. Both inquires have been conducted on each node of the stratified sample: chronological nodes, categorical nodes and cross-sectional nodes. A summary of the findings has been reported through chapters 6.2 and 6.3 and Appendices B, C, D, E and F.
Context analysis consists of using a newly available feature of NVivo 11 Plus for automated text analysis, which resembles a rudimentary form of a machine learning algorithm.
However, automated text analysis has been used in communication studies since before NVivo
(Seale, 2003). Auto-coding has been added since NVivo 7 and recommended for “projects containing large data sets with quick turnaround time frames for analysis” (Sorensen, 2008).
Some studies have used auto-coding to extend manual coding and feed the existing thematic structure (Ferguson, 2014; Hutchisona, Johnstonb, & Breckona, 2010). Recent studies with a constructivist approach have used this function in the initial stages of qualitative research to construct thematic structures (Onishi & Wales, 2015; Panagiotis, 2017). A current methodology textbook of Data Analytics in Digital Humanities (Hai-Jew, 2017) has also considered auto- coding—“automated theme extraction (unsupervised)” (p.251)—as a viable function to create an initial codebook structure for grouping words and themes (pp. 262, 268).
Context analysis through the auto-coding of each chronological, categorical and cross- sectional node, has resulted in a set of thematic structures which have been exported from NVivo into Microsoft Excel files. Each file contains between 4 to 600,000 items—each a word construct—depending on the epoch, category or cross-section that they have been extracted from. These files were reviewed manually to highlight the most prevalent and relevant items.
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Highlighted items and their relative ranking in their case were exported into Appendix B and C
and an online platform (www.wordart.com) for creating word clouds weighted by the ranking of
items. These word clouds supplemented by an in-depth report of the findings for each case/node
will be presented in sub-sections in Chapters 6.2 and 6.3—main sections correspond to the layers
of chronological and categorical sample stratification.
Collocation analysis in this work follows Perren & Sapsed (2013) in using a single
keyword to analyze and assuming that meaning is created through co-located words. Through a
special search inquiry in NVivo 11 Plus, all instances of Energiewende were located for each
case/node and the “narrow context” of 10 surrounding words were saved in a separate set of
nodes. Through the word frequency function, a ranked list of the 300 most frequent co-located
word were created and exported as Excel files. Similar to context analysis, files were manually
reviewed to highlight the most prevalent and relevant items. Highlighted items and their relative
ranking in their case were exported into www.wordart.com for creating word clouds weighted by
the ranking of items. Word clouds and reports have been presented along with a report of the
results of context analysis as sub-section throughout 6.2 and 6.3.
Collocation analysis has also produced meta-data about the occurrence of Energiewende in each case/node. These data have been a key reference in interpreting the developments in the evolution of values around Energiewende and instrumental to the final discussion in Chapter 9.
Hence, Chapter 6 begins with quantitative visualizations of the sample stratification and occurrences of Energiewende in 6.1, proceeds with the word clouds and reports of context and
collocation analysis for each epoch in 6.2 and for each category in 6.3. Additional reports for
cross-section have been included in Appendix E and mapped in Appendix F.
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In each report in Chapter 6, references to words from the results are marked with
underlines. Hence, underlined words resemble (value) concepts that have been taken out of
context and objectified in the analysis whereas strikethrough indicates declining concepts. This
formatting has been used to ease the identification of words that have been interpreted to
represent concepts throughout the results, discussions and conclusions. It has also been used to
avoid confusions in the meaning of sentences, which each of those concepts would otherwise
distort. Later in Chapters 7, 8 and 9, more formatting will be used to identify concept groups and value systems.
4.3 Comparison and Discussion
The results from context and collocation analysis provide the basis for a second analytic
layer, conducted and summarized in Chapters 7 and 8. Both chapters capture the results from the
perspective of the most prominent values found throughout the first layer of analysis. Overall
value systems include economic, environmental and social values. The range of themes for
each theme reflects the most relevant and prevalent concepts extracted from Chapter 6. For each
value system, concept groups and individual concepts, a short report of their evolution
compared to other prominent themes will be reconstructed from a review of the results.
Both Chapters 7 and 8 open with a brief summary of the methodological conduct
amounting to the second analytic layer, which has produced the subsequently described results.
They proceed with a summary of developments for each individual concept and value system.
These summaries include a comparison of the findings of different inquiries such as between
themes and collocates, across epochs and between actors. Summaries also compare findings of
textual and narrative analysis.
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Chapter 7 is focused on addressing the first set of research questions regarding the
evolution of Energiewende and its associated value systems over time, drawn from chapter 6.2
and the summarized tables in Appendix D.1. In 7.1, Energiewende has been traced in all the
results obtained from context analysis and its chronological evolution in terms of relative ranking
and prevalence has been reported. Furthermore, the chronological evolution pattern of
Energiewende in context analysis has been compared to the pattern of occurrence of the term, as captured in Chapter 6.1. In 7.2 to 7.5, comparative summaries of conceptual evolutions will be
discussed.
Chapter 8 is focused on addressing the second set of research questions by investigating
the social, institutional and political dynamics, drawn from Chapter 6.3, Appendix D as well as
the results of cross-sectional analysis in Appendix E and F. In chapter 8.1, value systems of each actor will be summarized, distinguishing between the results from context and collocation analysis. In 8.2 to 8.5, the engagement of actors with each individual concept, themes and value systems will be discussed comparatively, using cross-sectional analysis results from Appendix E and F.
Chapter 9 presents a third and final layer of analysis using outstanding findings from
Chapter 6.1, 7 and 8. These findings will be contrasted with theoretical assumptions and projections about innovation in diffusionist theories (Elzen et al., 2004; Geels & Schot, 2007;
Rogers, 2003), as discussed in the previous chapters. For this final discussion, the distinction between context and collocation analysis has been instrumental.
Compared to the words collocated with Energiewende, the auto-coding of entire document bodies—as conducted for context analysis, has been interpreted to be more detached from concepts and value systems that are directly associated with Energiewende. Therefore,
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auto-coded results have been used to find key concepts in the general context of the debate on
Energiewende. Collocation analysis on the other hand, has been used to follow the occurrence
patterns of concepts and value systems directly association with Energiewende.
On this basis, if a concept first appears as a significant collocate and subsequently in
context, this trend has been interpreted as a classical diffusion pattern where a concept has found
its way from a direct association with Energiewende to the broader discussion. If a concept first
appears in context and subsequently among collocates, this trend can be interpreted to have
found its way from to broader debate to direct association with the Energiewende, resembling an
evaluation under the influence of the forces of landscape rather than bottom-up diffusion.
Hence, Chapter 9 will provide an assessment of innovation theory paradigms in term of their application in the realm of ideas and values, using a comparative analysis of the findings from narrative and textual analysis. Furthermore, theories of entrepreneurship will be assessed in terms of their concordance with patterns found in data, particularly regarding the role of institutional actors. Finally, Chapter 9 will conclude with a story of Energiewende based on findings and pave the way for the final conclusions.
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Chapter 5: Narrative Analysis: Values and Turning Points
The following is an outcome of the narrative analysis which has been conducted based on
the approach and resources described previously in chapter 4.1.1. It constitutes a meta-narrative
in the sense that it draws together various individual and popular narratives and delivers results
in a chronologically organized sequence of events; the ‘plot’ will lay out on how the
phenomenon of Energiewende emerged, how it evolved, how its associated value systems
evolved and how various actors influenced the evolution. The plot is divided by decade, focused
on the events that manifest significant historical developments and complemented with sub-
sections that describe the dynamic of value systems for each epoch.
Thereby, the results of the narrative analysis describe how value concepts associated with
the idea of Energiewende changed over time. This narrative-of-narratives or meta-narrative
illuminates key turning points throughout the evolution of concepts, as well as the empirical
signposts used for a quantitative textual analysis in the next chapter—Chapter 6.
As the results will demonstrate, there has been higher dynamics in the evolution of
Energiewende in the later years. On this basis, decades need to be further divided into epochs to
account for major turning points in the evolution process. Hence, Chapter 6 will be based on a
modified chronological organization that reflects major developments discovered in this chapter.
In addition to standard citation, abbreviations in parentheses refer to the public and
individual narratives sources, as introduced in Appendix A. Furthermore, developments before
the German unification in 1991 refer to developments in West Germany.
5.1 Pre- 1979: Background and Emergence
Most of the individual and popular narratives (Fell, Späth; ET, AE, CEW, CB) trace the
origins of the term Energiewende to the late 1970’s and early 1980’s and particularly, to a
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prominent study Energie-wende: Growth and prosperity without Oil and Uranium (Krause,
Bossel, & Müller-Reißmann, 1980).
However, earliest referenced events go back to the late 1960’s in which first rebellions of
leftist students gave rise to New Social Movements of the 1970’s and particularly, the anti-
nuclear movement spurred by a bestseller in the 1971’s entitled Heading Peacefully to
Catastrophe: A Documentation of Nuclear Power Plants. The anti-nuclear movement accomplished a major milestone by stopping a nuclear power plant project in Wyhl, bei Freiburg in 1975 (CEW, CB).
Later in 1977, the Öko Institut—Institute for Applied Ecology—was founded by some of
the researchers involved in stopping the Wyhl project, publishing the Energie-wende study in
1980 (Krause et al., 1980). This study was also influenced by Amory Lovins’ “Soft Energy
Paths: Towards Durable Peace” (1977) as well as the “The Limits to Growth” (Meadows,
Randers, Meadows, & Randers, 1972) published by the prominent think tank Club of Rome. The
very first emergence of Energiewende in the political discourse was a motion passed by the
provincial convention of SPD—left leaning social democratic party (Beschlussdatenbank, 1979).
Around the same time (1979-1980), the Green Party of Germany—Bündnis 90/Grüne—was
founded by activists from across the new social movements such as the writer Heinrich Böll
whose dedicated institute later became a think-tank associated with the Green Party and
publisher of The Energiewende: Germany’s Energy Transition (Morris & Pehnt, 2014) (Fell,
Späth, ET, CB, CEW).
5.1.1 Evolution of values.
The idea of “soft paths” which predated and inspired the idea of Energiewende, called for
caution in choosing pathways of innovation and technological development, arguing for a soft
98 path of transition from a US energy system based on centralized production and distribution systems using fossil fuels and nuclear fission, towards a socio-politically decentralization and diverse system of soft—flexible and benign—technologies relying on renewable energies (solar, wind, biomass, geothermal etc.), conservation and energy efficiency. The value of such transition entails mitigating environmental risks associated with business as usual “hard path” (Lovins,
1977).
The SPD party called for an “Aktionsprogramm Energiewende” to address “ecological questions of Germany’s industrial growth” through an energy policy framework that provides financial instruments for a transition towards a “stationary energy economy” in which primary energy demand is constant but welfare can grow. The aim of this framework has been to mitigate increasing risks associated with energy supply through decentralization, energy efficiency and reduced reliance on oil imports. Furthermore, nuclear-phase out has been central in this context.
But despite some environmental concerns such as the possible harm of GHG emissions, this motion has prioritized coal for securing future energy supply (Beschlussdatenbank, 1979).
Nonetheless, SPD lost that year’s provincial elections in Schleswig Holstein to the incumbent CDU party. Still, the motion was briefly mentioned and discussed in the federal parliament (CEW, CB). This brief argument section reflects the disagreement over the future of nuclear energy and the uncertainty within the ruling party (SPD) about the implications of the idea of Energiewende for future energy security and the long term plans to expand nuclear energy production (Deutscher Bundestag, 1979).
In sum, the values of the Energiewende are based on what has been referred to as the
“post-materialist” culture of the post-war Germany (Späth); in the 1960’s to 1970’s and along with an era of global economic growth in developed countries, value systems began to shift from
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materialistic meanings such the economic growth, peace and security to a new tradition of wealth
based on a broader notion of quality of life that values environment, autonomy, participation and
equality (Inglehart, 1977). These values were also the cornerstones of Energiewende.
5.2 1980’s: Innovation Introduction
The term Energiewende was coined in the early 1980’s and gained significance and influence in popular and political discourses in the same decade, partly due to the influence of external events that reiterated the need for a transition in Germany’s energy systems (Späth).
The most prominent emergence of the term Energiewende has been in a the title of a study by the Öko institute (Krause et al., 1980). This study has laid out alternative scenarios in which the reliance of Germany’s energy production does nuclear energy and fossil fuel imports will be reduced and phased-out, while maintaining economic growth. For this purpose, renewable energy development, particularly in electricity production has been considered central.
Furthermore, building refurbishments have also been discussed and included in the models. What stands out most however, is the consideration of coal as a local energy resource as a key option to reduce energy imports.
On the other hand, a prominent nuclear research center has responded to this report with a critical examination of its assumptions and modelling. Thereby it highlights questions of transparency, consistency and sensitivity of the technological possibility of energy transition, as conceptualized by the Öko Institute (Beschlussdatenbank, 1979; Schmitz & Voß, 1980). In the first half of the 80’s, the Green party—B90/Die Grüne—was elected into the federal parliament and became the “parliamentary arm” (Fell) of the new social movements, particularly the anti- nuclear movement in 1983 (CB, CEW). Later in 1985, another comprehensive report by the Öko institute laid out strategies to implement the Energiewende as part of a greater strategy of
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political de-centralization with a focus on social and political barriers (Hennicke, Johnson,
Kohler, & Seifried, 1985).
Three main external events significantly influenced the rise of the idea of Energiewende
in the second half of the 1980’s: first, Energiewende began to occur in the records of the German
Parliament and Öko’s Energiewende report (Krause et al., 1980) was referenced in federal
government reports (Späth, CB).
Second, the Chernobyl catastrophe in 1986 provided the anti-nuclear movement with a
critical argument since many northern parts of Germany were affected by the radioactive cloud
and people had to live in semi-war like conditions for weeks and flared protest against nuclear
power plants in East Germany. In response to a national call from the Öko-Institut, more than
300 local committees were formed to discuss alternatives to nuclear energy (ET, AE, CEW, CB).
Third, a cover story of “Spiegel”—a prominent German weekly magazine with high claims of investigative journalism—in 1986 added another key issue to the cause of energy system transition: the imminent threat of a climate catastrophe through global warming. As a result, the German Councilor Helmut Kohl who had previously criticized the motion of
Energiewende in the parliament in 1979 as a member of the CDU party, in 1987 warned against the “threat of grave climate change from the greenhouse effect”. Thereupon, the first official report on climate change conducted by a federal government advisory panel proposed first CO2 emission targets for Germany (CEW, ET, CB).
5.2.1 Evolution of values.
Based on Krause et al (1980), the Green Party framed the issues of nuclear phase-out and
renewable energy development as its core demands and de-centralization as its core principle—
with the slogan “small is beautiful” as a way of life has been considered a key value concept
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(CLEW). In this context, de-centralization, re-communalization, participation, self-reliance and
energy autarky and public access to energy were value concepts that were introduced along with
the idea of Energiewende in response to contemporary problems. The Chernobyl catastrophe gave nuclear phase-out a significant momentum in popular and political discourses given its
direct consequences for Germany.
The idea of “climate protection” was introduced into political debates about energy—
particularly about energy transition and “Energiewende”—as another essential value concept; the problem of a looming global climate catastrophe as a result of rising emissions and temperature
brought value concepts associated with Energiewende to the forefront of the political discourse.
However, the term per se was not adopted in the official political discourse (CB, Späth, Lysak).
Furthermore, the problems as well as the solutions were rather limited to the electricity
sector of energy systems and other sectors such as transportation and bio-sectors were not in
focus. Energy security and independence from energy imports have also been key value concepts
associated with the Energiewende since the oil crisis in the previous decade (CB, CEW, ET, Fell,
Späth).
Energiewende was framed as a concept around the idea of de-centralization:
independence from energy imports and centralized supply; reliance on local energy capacity
(coal); re-communalization of energy politics and by extension, the energy supply infrastructure;
and increasing energy efficiency which is both the cause and effect of de-centralization. For this
purpose, legal and technical solutions were conceptualized by the think thanks of the Green Party
throughout the 80’s but remained focused on electricity supply (ET, AE, Fell, Späth).
The initial reliance on coal and its value came into question after the issue of climate
protection became a core value concept sought to address increasing concerns about the looming
102 climate catastrophe. Technological pioneers who also considered themselves environmental/ecological activists gave rise to the viability and value of wind energy by making significant progress in designing first prototypes of wind turbines (Fell).
5.3 1990’s: Significance, Prominence and Diffusion
In the 1990’s, Energiewende gained political prominence and began to impact Germany’s energy policy. Some consider the 1990’s as the beginning of the Energiewende movement since the effects of the concept of Energiewende began to materialize in official government policy, particularly in legislation related to the electricity and construction sector. Furthermore, the
German unification in 1990 paved the way for the first major nuclear phase-out: five East
German reactors were shut down due to safety concerns. Later in that decade, the Green Party first became a coalition partner in the German government and catalyzed the diffusion of ideas and values associated with Energiewende (Lysak, AE, ET).
In 1991, the first climate protection program was adopted, and the first Feed-in Act that obliged utilities to buy electricity from local producers was enacted by a right leaning government coalition consisting of the CDU and FDP. This act laid the groundwork for a broader reform in the legal framework of Germany’s energy economy in 1998 which liberalized the market and ended local municipal monopolies, thereby opening the way for market competitors, resulting in the formation of the five major energy corporations (AE, CEW, Fell, Späth).
In the second half of the 1990’s, the idea of sustainability gained a significant momentum with the publication of a major study by several prominent NGOs entitled “Sustainable Germany in a globalized world” (BUND & Misereor, 1996). Simultaneously, wind energy has been incentivized through a law that allowed for facilities to be added to farms without an additional building permit, which led to an unanticipated boom of the wind energy industry. Also, the first
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Carbon Reduction Program to support housing stock refurbishment was launched by the KfW
Bank owned by the federal government (ET, CEW).
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997 as the first international agreement on climate
change mitigation through GHG emission reduction targets for 2012 and paved the way for an
international system for registry, reporting and compliance measurement. The United Nation
Climate Change Secretariat which supported intergovernmental negotiations for this protocol
was established two years earlier in 1995 in Bonn, Germany (AE, CEW).
In 1998 and with the election of a coalition government—Social Democratic Party and
the Green Party—ideas associated with the Energiewende entered the official political agenda.
The coalition agreement prioritized sustainable energy supply, particularly through renewable
energies as part of a broader ecological modernization of Germany’s economy and society. In the
same year, an EU Directive for deregulating and liberalizing nationalized electricity markets has
been incorporated into German law, unbundling the ownership of production facilities and
transmission grids (ET, CEW).
Some of the main influences on the development of Energiewende and related ideas can be found in other studies published by Öko in this decade (Fritsche, Cames, Loose, Lücking, &
Timpe, 1996; Fritsche, Matthes, & Seifried, 1991; Ilgemann, Leprich, Roos, Seifried, & Timpe,
1996). These studies laid the groundwork for the reforms that the Green Party negotiated with its coalition partner, the SPD and subsequently, manifested in the official government agenda in the next decade. However, despite the dynamic of the political discourse, the mainstream media
rarely used the term or reported about events related to Energiewende; most stories about the
Energiewende and related topics and projects occurred in local media (CEW, Fell).
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5.3.1 Evolution of values.
In the 1990’s, climate protection through climate change mitigation became a key value
concept arching over the driving forces of Energiewende. Hence, most of the other associated
meaning either became a subset of, or directly corresponded with climate protection;
development in this decade were directly associated with goals derived from this key concept.
Hence, climate protection began the rise to become a key value concept that superseded the
Energiewende.
The anti-nuclear values driving the Energiewende gained new momentum with the first
phase-outs in the early 1990’s. Even though these phase-outs cannot be considered an
achievement of the anti-nuclear movement—they occurred due to a lack of techno-economical feasibility resulting from changing government standards after the German unification—they significantly affirmed the anti-nuclear position of the movement. These phase-outs also supported nuclear phase-out arguments made by NGOs throughout this decade.
The Green party, as part of the government coalition, focused on building policy
framework for the project of ecological modernization. The first feed-in tariff was enacted and
implemented around the beginning of this decade, constituting an important measure for providing renewable energy and decentralization with an advantage in terms of its economic
value.
However, by the mid-1990’s, the premium value of the tariff decreased significantly due
to the coal-levy phase out as well as the subsequent market liberalization. Hence, the effect of tax
relief for coal and market liberalization can be considered to have facilitated a transition towards
a free market but at the same time, encouraged an oligopolistic structure of corporate energy
firms which were still obliged to buy locally produced electricity. After all, the experience of the
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first tariff informed the most prominent feed-in law (EEG) which was introduced in the early
2000’s.
Another key value concept that was accentuated by the developments in the 1990’s has
been energy efficiency; for one, a newly enacted building code regulated and endorsed energy
efficiency in the building sector. Furthermore, the focus on the electricity sector and the diffusion
of renewable energy technologies through the feed-in tariff law encouraged energy efficiency as
a complementary concept (Lysak, Späth). However, the sectoral expansion of Energiewende
from electricity to the building sector can be considered a first turning point in the 1990’s which
has broadened the range of concepts associated with energy efficiency and the Energiewende.
5.4 2000’s: Legislation and Expansion
The year 2000 has been a major milestone for the Energiewende due to two major reforms realized by the new coalition government; the first was an agreement with utility companies to stop building new nuclear power plants and limit the life of existing ones to an average of 32 years and certain output quantities. In 2003 for the first time, an active nuclear plant “Stade” was shut down, followed by “Obrigheim” in 2005. The second milestone was the enactment of the Renewable Energy Act—the “EEG”—which replaced the 1990 Feed-in law and set a fixed tariff value for renewable energy feed-ins—instead of floating market prices—as the
basis for a 20 year guaranteed by-law compensation by the utilities. The impact of these reforms
unfolded in subsequent years, giving significant momentum for the Energiewende (Späth, AE,
ET, CB).
In 2002, the German government introduced the first National Sustainability Strategy
which set a target—50% renewable energy supply by 2050—for Germany’s energy portfolio—
Renewable Portfolio Standard or RPS—and provided energy efficiency initiatives promoting
106 measures for efficient consumption in households and businesses. These initiatives particularly impacted non-industrial electricity producers like farmers, small business owners, citizens and not for profit organizations, empowering their market position in the liberalized market (Fell,
Späth, Lysak, Braun, AE, ET).
In 2004, the EEG law was reformed to specify earlier targets—12.5% by 2010; 20% by
2020—and incentivize a greater variety of renewable technologies by stimulating competition for the cheapest technologies through an annual decrease of the tariff value (Fell, Späth, AE).
In 2005, the EU emission trading system became effective, binding CO2 markets across
Europe into a unified framework which further boosted the value of renewable energies. In the same year, the structure of the German energy market was reformed through the Energy law that unbundled electricity supply and grid access and thereby, guaranteeing access through the
Federal Network Agency—a government agency that previously oversaw postal services and telecommunication. In 2006, the Power Grid Expansion Act facilitated a major expansion of transmission networks. At the same time, the renewable portfolio targets for 2010 were already surpassed while other forms of renewables such as geothermal and hydro acquired prominence and policy support (AE, ET, CEW).
However, the second half of 2000’s came with a political shift towards the political right, when the Green party was replaced in the coalition government by the CDU who became the major coalition partner with the SPD and formed a “grand coalition”. Despite aforementioned
EU reforms and integrated programs and targets, the new government’s energy strategy shifted from direct regulatory intervention towards indirect facilitation through market instrument—later around the end of the decade, the next German government completed a U-turn to embrace nuclear energy and coal as transient solution. In 2007, the CDU/SPD Government’s introduced
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an integrated climate and energy program outlining new targets, policies and support for increasing energy efficiency, renewable energy expansion and emission reductions ahead of the
European Union targets established in the same year—by 2020, reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20%, to increase renewable share of energy consumption to 20% and energy efficiency in consumption by 20% compared to 1990 (ET, AG).
When in 2009 the FDP party replaced the SPD and formed a coalition government with the CDU, the shift that began further towards the political right and away from the values of
Energiewende; the coalition contract of CDU/SPD proposed to keep using efficient coal-fired power plants and extending nuclear reactor lifelines. The EEG law was again reformed in 2007 and 2009 to cut some industrial surcharges that paid for incentive programs. This relief however, reduced the contribution of these industries towards bearing the costs of Germany’s energy transition (CB, CEW, Spath). In the same year, Germany stepped up its emission targets in compliance with goals of the World Climate Conference in Copenhagen (AE, ET, CEW).
5.4.1 Evolution of values.
According to all accounts, the legislative reforms and change in political leadership had
significant repercussion for the development of the Energiewende and associated value systems.
In 2000, climate protection, renewable energy technology, phase-out of nuclear and fossil fuels
and energy efficiency across various economic sectors were cemented in political party
agreements, contracts with utilities, national strategies and international agreement in
quantitative terms. Furthermore, the phase-out deadlines, renewable energy portfolio targets,
emission targets and energy efficiency targets provided quantified, concrete values pursued
systematically on highest political levels. This constitutes a significant milestone in the history of
Energiewende in terms of the developments of associated value systems.
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However, political priorities began to shift around mid-decade. First, the EEG 2004
reforms differentiated between renewable energy technologies; whereas solar energy was
initially most incentivized by the feed-in tariff, the reform set a regressive course to the compensation to stimulate competition and incentivize cheaper technologies (AE, ET). This
indicates the rising concerns about the costs of the Energiewende and the prioritization of
industrial economic values. Most significantly, the shift in political leadership in 2005 initiated a
turn that would become complete around the end of the decade.
The amendment of EEG in 2007 to limit industrial surcharges, has demonstrated the
rising concerns about industrial-economic values. A later reform in 2009 enacted under a
CDU/FDP coalition increased the digression of the solar tariff value and raised the tariff for
geothermal power to incentivize more centralized industrial technology development (AG, ET).
This amendment demonstrates a shift away from decentralization which was at heart of
the original EEG legislation and the legacy values of Energiewende. Nevertheless, with
increased public participation in the energy sector—particularly energy supply through solar and
wind—there had already been momentum towards decentralization (Späth, Fell, Braun).
Around the end of the decade, the transport sector shifted towards the center of the value
systems associated with Energiewende. Most notably, in the 2007 integrated climate and energy
program, electric mobility was mentioned for the first time in conjunction with energy efficiency
targets for the transport sector (Späth, Fell, Lysak, CEW, AE).
Hence, developments in this decade, particularly the first half, supported the values
associated with the Energiewende and emboldened the prospects of Germany’s energy transition.
Despite some rollbacks which came with the change in political leadership, some of the core values of Energiewende manifested in official targets and associated ideas gained political
109 momentum. On the other hand, this change incentivized corporate and industrial scale technologies and economic development but undermined decentralization in light of the targets that Germany’s energy transition was set to achieve.
5.5 2010’s: Peaks and Turns
In the last decade, Energiewende has been picked up in the highest political discourses, adopted as an official government strategy and unfolded as a buzzword in popular discussions surrounding energy in Germany. However, as the use of the word peaked, the ideas associated with the Energiewende came under public scrutiny and a critical opposition began to form.
Since 2010, there have been several peaks and turns in the course of Germany’s Energy transition. In 2010 the CDU/FDP government enacted a turnaround from nuclear phase-out and extended the commissions of Germany’s remaining 17 nuclear plants by 8 to 14 years through an amendment of the Atomic Energy Act, thereby effectively nullifying the nuclear phase-out of
2002. On the other hand, a national energy concept was formulated based on ambitious targets for emission reductions, renewable energy expansion, energy efficiency, and low-carbon transportation. Subsequently, the first government created funding pool dedicated to energy efficiency targets was created with revenues from carbon taxes. However, this fund diminished in later years due to stagnating prices in carbon markets. Nonetheless, renewable targets were accomplished and surpassed (ET, CEW, AE, CB).
All sources agree that the most significant turnaround of the latest decade concerning
Energiewende was also the most significant in the history of its development: the 2011
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear catastrophe in Japan. Public reactions to this catastrophe—the meltdown of the nuclear reactor cores caused by a tsunami triggered by a magnitude 9 earthquake—lead the CDU/FDP government to immediately shut down eight of the oldest
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reactors which constituted about 40% of the nuclear generation capacity and turn back to the
2002 plan of total nuclear phase-out by 2020 (ET, AE).
Furthermore, the term Energiewende was officially introduced to energy policy after a
speech by the German chancellor to the parliament after the Fukushima catastrophe. It subsequently became a central issue for an ethics commission for secure energy supply which was appointed by the federal government in the wake of Fukushima. The commission proposed a
detailed plan for accomplishing Germany’s Energiewende as a collective project for the future,
including analyses, evaluations and recommended actions for federal and provincial
governments (AE, CEW, ET).
Since 2011, the Ministry of Environment and Nuclear Safety and since 2014, the
Ministry of Economy and Energy were tasked with annual monitoring the implementation of
measures recommended by the ethics commission. Under the leadership of the Ministry of
Economy, another series of tri-annual progress report of Energiewende have been published with a focus on the economics aspects. Triannual reports provide a longitudinal perspective, drawing upon broader datasets and in-depth analyses (AE, ET, CEW).
In 2012, the feed-in law EEG was amended to curb the maximum capacity of new solar
plants and anticipate the rapid expansion and falling cost of solar energy. Nonetheless, the four
German utility corporations began restructuring towards renewable energy assets; ENBW began
in 2012 after the Green party won a historic majority in the industrial province of Baden-
Württemberg; EON and RWE followed suit by spinning off their stranded assets in 2015. In
2013, CDU and SPD formed a grand-coalition again, which continued to pursue the phase-out plans and monitoring the Energiewende in terms of the previously set targets for renewable energy and energy efficiency quotas. To achieve these ambitious targets, the Ministry of
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Economy published a strategy with a 10-point agenda. Later in 2017 and months before federal elections, a report called Energiewende: Our Success Story claimed that most of the 10 points
were achieved and that the Energiewende stands on “stable legal and economic ground and is
thought through on a European level” (AE, ET, CB, Späth, Fell).
In 2013, a federal requirement plan was enacted to regulate a major expansion of the grid
after 2020. This act prioritized underground cables over overhead lines due to increasing citizen
protest across a variety of regions. Opposition to Energiewende related projects also prompted
the Ministry for Education and Research to launch a project titled Energy Conflicts to investigate
motivations and arguments against power lines and renewable energy projects such as wind and
solar across Germany. With regards to the grid, in 2015 The Ministry of Economy in 2017
published a study that proposed a 7-point agenda for the rollout of a smart metering system—
initially for businesses and large-scale producers—thereby laying the ground for the digitization of power networks to facilitate the development of intelligent networks (ET, CB, CEW, Braun).
In 2014 the EEG underwent major reforms again and the EEG 2.0 was presented as a
new start to keep Energiewende affordable. Additional solar and wind capacities were capped,
and the feed-in tariff system based on fixed and regressive values was replaced with an auction-
based system. This reform was also informed by a study commissioned by the Ministry of
Economy and conducted by the Öko institute which suggested a focused approach to capacity
markets particularly in terms of capacity planning and revenue allocation. Later in 2016, the
EEG was reformed again to provide a comprehensive remuneration system including levels for
onshore wind power (AE, CB, ET).
After the Paris Agreement in 2015, a national dialogue was initiated by the government
to design Germany’s Climate Action Plan for 2050, involving stakeholders and engaged citizens
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in workshops to draw ideas for how Germany could meet its climate targets. The Ministry for
Environment has published this plan in 2016 as a framework for decarbonizing the economy on a
large scale to reach the Paris Agreement targets and achieve GHG neutrality by 2050—including
GHG emission targets for individual economic sectors. The plan also proposes a step-by-step
phase-out of coal and in the same year, the first coal power plants were transferred to reserve
capacity and scheduled for phase-out in the subsequent years (AE, CEW).
5.5.1 Evolution of values.
The 2010 energy concept was based on the idea of energy mix, maintaining that Germany could not simultaneously transition towards renewable energies and maintain supply security
without using incumbent nuclear technology as a bridge. In this concept, emission reduction targets were so highly valued that it was decided to take the nuclear turn backwards and extend
the phase-out deadlines from early 2000’s. Energy efficiency has been considered key in this
concept. However, most notably, the term Energiewende was never used in this strategy and was
rarely used in government discourse since the early 2000’s (Späth, Fell, CB, AE).
All sources agree that the most outstanding event in the evolution of Energiewende has
been the Fukushima nuclear catastrophe turned the tides and gave Energiewende and its
associated values a new momentum in social value systems, particularly when it came to nuclear
phase-out. After Fukushima, the chancellor and the report of the ethics commission put the
Energiewende at the forefront of national strategy and ever since, it became a significant a buzzword in political and popular discourses about Germany’s energy system. Given the nature and magnitude of the catastrophe, phase-out of nuclear reactors was re-scheduled and began almost immediately; hence, the value of nuclear phase-out was restored.
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Furthermore, Energiewende became a ministerial mandate first assigned to the Ministry
of Environment and later to the Ministry of Economy and Energy. The 10-point plan published
by the Ministry of Economy in 2014 and updated in 2016 emphasizes energy efficiency—
particularly in the transport and building sector—renewable energy expansion and smart
electricity networks. Furthermore, the internationalization of Energiewende gained increasing
attention as a strategic objective across government documents and it evolved into a special
brand of German export-oriented industrialism (Fell, Späth).
The increasing association of industrial economic values with the Energiewende after its
discursive diffusion in the last decade came with a decline in the economic value of small-scale
energy projects. This shift has undermined the de-centralization as a key value concept
associated with the initial Energiewende movement in earlier decades. The EEG 2014 was aimed
at keeping the Energiewende affordable based on the argument that renewable energies have
reached a stage of maturation that they are no longer niche technologies but a pillar of the
Energiewende. Hence, this reform cut most subsidies and exempt major exporting industries of
the additional costs and thereby, to protect Germany’s export economy (Speath, Fell, Lysack).
The following EEG 2016 further liberalized the market by promoting competition and
organized the market with a focused capacity system that incentivized legacy power plants to be
kept for a baseload, capped renewable energy growth to ensure supply security and promoted network stability through smart grids. Furthermore, the utility companies’ divestment from nuclear and fossil fuel power production and their spin-off of major stranded assets implies a significant de-valuation of legacy technologies. (CEW, AE)
Another key associated value concept has been sustainable transportation which first
emerged in the 2010 energy concept. Ever since the Energiewende gained momentum in the
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political discourse, the mobility sector—including but not limited to electro mobility—has
gained prominence, to the extent that the term Verkehrswende—turn in transportations—became
an offshoot of Energiewende, pursued by German and European initiatives and institutions. The focus on the mobility sector, especially electro mobility, builds on the legacy of the car manufacturing industry and its value for the German economy and seeks a future international market advantage for Germany’s automobile and transportation industries in order to maintain
Germany’s leading position as an exporting economy (Speath, Lysack, CEW).
5.6. A Summary of Recent Developments
Germany’s Climate Action Plan 2050 encapsulates Germany’s current course and strategy regarding Energiewende. Earlier versions of this plan drafted by the Ministry of
Environment have been trimmed down following some objections from the Ministry for
Economy which summarizes the recent re-orientation of value systems towards economic values
(CEW).
The central values that aspired by this plan are climate protection through emission
reductions to meet the targets of the Paris Agreement; energy efficiency, particularly in the
transport sector—through electric mobility—and agriculture; building refurbishments and
cogeneration. The idea of sustainability is another overarching value sought across sectors
through various strategies including taxation, financing and incentivizing investments.
Furthermore, carbon sink and sequestration through sustainable forestry strategy and land use
have become central strategic values for the pursuit of Energiewende as an official government
strategy.
Germany’s Climate Action Plan 2050 is the latest historic milestone in the story plot of
the Energiewende ever since it emerged and became a significant discursive anchor in political
115 debates, especially after Fukushima. The initial driving values of Energiewende emerged out of movements that were against nuclear energy and sought socio-political de-centralization; the
Energiewende began with a comprehensive articulation which sought those value concepts through Germany’s political system through a new political party—the Green Party—which has been dedicated to environmental values and social justice issues.
Climate protection is a paramount value concept to the 2050 plan and most other strategies since the 1990’s. It started out as the idea of mitigating environmental risks through soft transition paths and gained increasing importance as an associated concept in the 1980’s. In the 1990’s, it began to supersede other concepts associated with Energiewende; after Fukushima and the prominence of the term Energiewende, climate protection has been an imperative value concept meaning in subsequent Energiewende strategies.
However, the political response to Fukushima further shifted the focus towards industrial economic values while some of the original values such as decentralization—especially, socio- political aspects such as autonomy, participation and equality—faded out. On the other hand, despite the official embrace of nuclear energy in 2009 as a bridge solution to achieve energy autonomy and import independence, the prominence of climate protection has led to concrete phase-out plans in the later years.
Official initiatives associated with Energiewende started out as regulatory interventions in the economic sector in the 1990’s—initially, these measures were established for the electricity sector—power supply—but expanded rapidly to the building sector in the same decade. In the 2000’s, energy policy strategies and measures expanded to transportation, agriculture and forestry sectors. Particularly the transportation sector has gained increasing significance in recent years, to the extent that government initiatives were dedicated to an
116 offshoot of Energiewende for the transportation sector called transportation transition
“Verkehrswende”.
A complete summary table of the key events and the dynamics of values systems for each decade can be found in Appendix D.1.
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Chapter 6: Textual Analysis with NVivo 11 Plus
This section presents the results from the textual analysis of a total of 605 documents, facilitated by the NVivo 11 Plus platform. A detailed description of the methodological operations leading to these results can be found in chapter 4.2.2.
The first section provides a visual overview of quantitative findings: 6.1 illustrates the sample stratification and the distribution of documents in epochs, categories and cross sections.
6.2 illustrates the occurrence of Energiewende in epochs, categories and cross sections and 6.3 highlights the outstanding findings. These insights are crucial findings of this dissertation and will be directly involved in the discussion in chapter 9.
The second and third sections will report the findings from the first layer of analysis.
Both will distinguish between the results from context and collocation analysis for each of their sub-sections. Section 6.2 reports chronological findings for each of the nine epochs from Pre-
1979 to 2015-2017 which structure the sub-sections. Section 6.3 reports the categorical findings from each of the 7 categories of authorship. Hence, each subsection—time epoch or author category—contains two sub-sections—themes in context and Energiewende collocates. Most sub-section, except the earliest epoch, and also provide a visual overview of ranked concepts as extracted through the analysis in the form of a word cloud.
The coloration of these word clouds is only meant to provide contrast. However,
underlined words resemble concepts which have been objectified to stand out in the text and
avoid confusion—strikethrough resembles objectified concept in decline. Furthermore, instances
of Energiewende found through auto-coding appear in bold.
Developments prior to 1991 exclusively refer to developments in West Germany.
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6.1 Dataset: Quantitative Visualisations
6.1.1 Sample stratification.
Figure 6.1 depicts the final structure of the sample of 605 documents based on the different strata which crystallized throughout the analysis. The first distinct type of documents as illustrated in the right pie are protocols from parliamentary discussions from 1970-2017.
Following Perren & Sapsed (2013) these types of documents have been particularly sought to construct a representative sample of the occurrence of a single-word concept in the parliamentary discourse—in this case, Energiewende in the German parliament. However, about a quarter of the sample in the left pie consists of documents that have been accumulated throughout the narrative analysis. The left pie illustrates the weight of the different categories of documents after different categories were discovered and populated throughout the analysis.
Figure 6.1. Types of Documents
43
5 4 4 449 140 1
39 14
4 5 7 14 Plenary Protocols Other (motion, response, contract, speech) NGO Oko NGO Other Campaigns Coalition Contracts Legislations Special Comissions Executive Environment (Report) Executive Environment (Strategy) Executive BMWI (Report) Executive BMWI (Strategy)
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The non-parliamentary section of the sample has been analyzed separately and represents a point of comparison for both the parliamentary discourse and the results of the narrative analysis. The major categories are legislations, campaign documents, executive documents and
NGOs.
For the chronological analysis, the epochs and turning points from the narrative analysis provide a basis—a sort of initial codebook—for a chronological stratification of the sample.
Figure 6.2 illustrates the chronological structure of parliamentary documents.
Figure 6.2: Chronological Structure of Plenary Protocols (Parliament)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000 2000-2005 2005-2009 2009-2011 2011-2013 2013-2015 2015-2017
The epochs in the narrative analysis which were based on decades have been further broken up after 2000, particularly due to increasing dynamics and turn of events. In Figure 6.2, the number of plenary protocols represents the number of sessions in which Energiewende has been mentioned. What immediately stands out is that after a steep rise, the number of sessions in which Energiewende was mentioned, the trend seems to lose steam after the turn of the millennium. Even though epochs represent shorter time spans, the turn of the trend stands out,
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particularly considering that the Green party became part of the German government for the first
time. Furthermore, the sudden rise in 2011 represents the effect of the Fukushima catastrophe.
Despite the decline in 2013-2015, the rise in the subsequent years indicates that Energiewende
became a hotter topic in the German Parliamentary sessions than it ever was during the time that
the Green party was part of the Government.
Figure 6.3 illustrates the chronological structure of non-parliamentary documents. The
first outstanding issue, particularly in contrast with the parliamentary documents is that the
highest number of documents were published in the 2005-2009 epoch. On the other hand, the
number of documents published after the Fukushima catastrophe is among the lowest. These two
observations suggest a reverse trend between parliamentary and non-parliamentary developments in key turning points. Nonetheless, the sheer number of documents without considering the content and looking at specific variables cannot provide a reliable proxy for Energiewende trends. For instance, legislations encompass background documents and all campaign manifestos and coalition contracts were included, regardless of whether they reference Energiewende or not.
However, legislation documents emerge early as a major bulk in the 1990’s and comprise most documents published in 2005-2009—the most populated epoch. Campaign documents and coalition contracts also constitute a consistent part of each epoch since the 1990’s but since there were no federal elections in 2011, the lack of this portion makes up for the gap in 2011.
Figure 6.3 also demonstrates that executive documents related to Energiewende first emerged as early as 2000’s but it was not before 2009-2011 that they made for a significant part of the sample; whereas the initial documents were published by the Ministry for Environment, after the Fukushima catastrophe, most documents were published by the Special Commission
121 and the Ministry for Economy. NGO documents, particularly those published by the Öko institute comprise of another significant portion of the sample in each epoch.
30 Economics Ministry (Strategy)
Economics Ministry (Report) 25
Environment Ministry (Strategy)
20 Environment Ministry (Report)
Special Comissions
15 Legislations
Coalition Contracts
10
Campaigns
5 NGO Other
NGO Oko
0 Other (SPD Motion, Responses, Phase-out Contract, 2011 Speech) Figure 6.3: Chronological/Categorical Stratification of Non-Parliamentary Documents
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Some of the key documents in the sample such as the initial motions by the political
parties, the phase-out contract and the Chancellor’s speech after the Fukushima catastrophe
could not be assigned to a specific category and were listed as ‘other’.
6.1.2 Energiewende occurrences: distribution and trends.
Compared to the number of documents, occurrences of the word Energiewende represent
a better proxy for mapping related developments. Nonetheless, the structure of the sample
provides a great opportunity for comparing the occurrence statistics and diffusion trends of the
Energiewende.
Figure 6.4 illustrates the occurrence of Energiewende in parliamentary discussions. The trend seems to match the trend in Figure 6.2: since only plenary protocols that contain references to Energiewende were selected for the sample, the occurrence instances can be expected to somewhat reflect the structure of documents. Like the course of a catapulted object, the initial
trend resembles a downward parabola; whereas the increasing trend in the 1980’s gets slower in
the 1990’s, and begins to decline in the 2000’s.
Figure 6.4. Energiewende Occurrences in Parliament
10000
1000
100
10
1 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2009 2011 2013 2015
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However, as if pulled by a force from above, the occurrence of Energiewende suddenly
erupts in 2011 and remains on a higher level. This phenomenon resembles an elevating effect of
the Fukushima catastrophe on the idea of Energiewende in parliamentary discussions.
800 Economics Ministry (Strategy)
700 Economics Ministry (Report)
600 Environment Ministry (Strategy)
500 Environment Ministry (Report)
Special Comissions 400
Coalition Contracts 300
Campaigns
200
NGO Other
100
NGO Oko
0 Other (SPD Motion, Responses, Phase-out Contract, 2011 Speech) Figure 6.5: Energiewende Occurrences in Non-Parliamentary Documents
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Figure 6.5 illustrates the distribution of Energiewende occurrences in non-parliamentary
documents across time and document categories.
What stands out is that while early occurrences can be attributed to the Öko institute, later
occurrences, particularly after the Fukushima catastrophe can be attributed to the executive
branch of the Government. Furthermore, legislation documents which constitute a significant
part of the sample do not contain any references to Energiewende at any point. The occurrence in
campaign documents becomes significant only in the 2013-2015 epoch and immediately declines
in the following election.
Another outstanding issue is the declining trend in 2000’s and the subsequent chasm.
This trend is consistent with the trends observed in previous illustrations; the emphasis in the
special commission documents in the early 2000’s (orange) seems to have had no effect in increasing the diffusion of the term in the following epochs. However, the emphasis of the special commission reports after the Fukushima catastrophe is followed by an increased engagement with the term by the executive branch. After 2013, an upsurge of the occurrences can be observed, particularly in campaign documents and for the first and only time, in coalition contracts between ruling parties, this indicates a general popularity of the term in this epoch.
Figure 6.5 demonstrates that the occurrence in NGO documents, especially in Öko institute publications, sharply declined after 2000 and vanished in 2005-2011. Considering the trends observed previously, Öko seem to have pushed the initial diffusion of Energiewende; however, the meaning of Energiewende could have developed independent from NGO agendas in the subsequent years as Öko and other institutes used the term less often.
Figure 6.6 illustrates the distribution of occurrences across non-parliamentary document categories. The greatest part consists of executive government documents (represented by the
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blue spectrum) which in turn mostly consists of reports published by the Ministry of Economy,
dwarfing the number published by the Ministry of Environment. Figure 6.5 reminds that most of these documents were published after 2013 which demonstrates the extensive use of the term over a relatively short period of time by the Ministry of Economy.
93
586
639
27
17 300 235 39
NGO Oko NGO Other Campaigns Coalition Contracts Special Comissions Executive Environment Executive BMWI (Report) Executive Strategy
Figure 6.6: Energiewende Occurrences by Document Categories Öko institute documents comprise the second greatest section of the pie in Figure 6.6.
Other NGO’s only make for a small fraction—in the same range as occurrences in coalition
contracts and Ministry of Environment documents. The third biggest section consists of
campaign documents—manifestos and program summaries on Energiewende—which, as Figure
6.5 suggests, mostly occurred after 2013. The fourth biggest section consists of special
commission reports which mostly occurred in two epochs: 2000-2005 after the green party
participated in the coalition government and in 2013-2015, after Fukushima. Together, Figure
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6.5 and 6.6 demonstrate the engagement of different institutional actors with Energiewende across time.
Figure 6.7 further stratifies the occurrences in campaign manifestos based on party associations. About half of all references to Energiewende were made in Green Party manifestos.
The SPD, the Left Party and FDP are the following parties in terms of using Energiewende in
campaign manifestos. The CDU party has mentioned Energiewende the least, only under-
matched by the AFD party which only exists since 2013. The relatively low ranking of CDU is
particularly relevant since it has been the ruling party since 2005, including during and after the
Fukushima catastrophe.
Figure 6.7: Energiewende Occurrences in Campaign Documents
3 10
48 19
26
103
AFD CDU FDP GRUENE Linke SPD
6.1.3 Outstanding insights.
Comparing the insights from the sample stratification and the distribution of Energiewende,
the following major issues stand out:
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1. The similar trends in the distribution of parliamentary documents and the occurrence of
Energiewende among those documents suggests that the pattern is reliable and that
Energiewende is somewhat evenly distributed across this set.
2. The trend pattern resembles the shape of an “N-wave” instead of an “S-curve”: one may
think of a catapulted object which gradually looses momentum, before being suddenly
elevated by a major elevating force.
3. Legislation documents related to Energiewende were collected through narrative analysis and
comprise a majority of the non-parliamentary sample; however, they do not reference
Energiewende at all.
4. Despite the many non-parliamentary documents collected in the 2000-2005 and the 2005-
2009 epochs, the distribution of Energiewende occurrences suggests that these epochs
represent a chasm for the diffusion of Energiewende as a term.
5. The frequent use of the term by the special commission in 2000-2005 seems not to have
boosted the diffusion of the term, whereas the relatively les frequent use of the special
commission in 2011-2013 has been followed by a major uptake of the term by the executive
government institutions, particularly the Ministry of Economy.
6. NGOs, particularly the Öko institute affiliated with the Green party have initially contributed
significantly to pushing the diffusion of the term but somewhat abandoned the term during
the epochs of chasm (2000-2009). However, the second most frequent of reference to
Energiewende has been made by the Öko institute. The use of the term by another NGO’s
seems rather marginal.
7. The surge in the use of the term in 2013-2015 across all relevant categories, particularly the
frequent references by campaign documents and the only reference in coalition contracts in
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this epoch, indicate the peak of its popularity. The slight decrease in the number of
occurrences, particularly in campaign documents and coalition contracts further reiterates
that this epoch represents peak popularity.
8. Among the major political parties, most of the references to Energiewende have been made
by the left leaning parties: The Greens, SPD and Linke. Except for the SPD which
participated in two coalition Governments with the CDU, Greens and Linke always ran
against the ruling coalition. The low number of references by the CDU is particularly
outstanding given that this party has ruled since 2005, responded to the Fukushima
catastrophe through a special commission in 2011 and in 2013 and mandated the Ministry of
Economy with the Energiewende.
9. Figure 6.8 integrates the distribution of Energiewende in parliamentary and non-
parliamentary documents to compare the trends. Both trends resemble a similar pattern
consisting of a downward parabola followed by a steep rise and subsequent consolidation and
stagnation. The consistency in patterns underscores its reliability.
10. A comparison of trends in Figure 6.8 provides further insights: there seem to be two distinct
time shifts:
a. Non-plenary documents take the lead in referring to Energiewende until the 1990’s.
However, in the 1990’s, the trend in non-parliamentary documents begins to decline
whereas the slower trend in parliamentary documents keeps its upsurge momentum.
b. In 2000-2005, references in non-parliamentary documents decline sharply and lag
behind the trend in parliamentary documents ever since.
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Figure 6.8: Energiewende Occurrence Trends in Comparison
10000
1000
100
10
1 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2009 2011 2013 2015
Parliamentary Non-parliamentary
These two time-shifts suggest the following key insights:
1. The non-parliamentary discourse initiated the use of the term and promoted/pushed the
term in the initial stages. As Figure 6.5 demonstrated, most of these references are made
by Öko institute publications.
2. The parliamentary discourse reacted sharper to the Fukushima effect but self corrected.
3. Trends seem to establish a higher ground but slightly diverging; while parliamentary
references are slightly increasing, non-parliamentary reference are somewhat in decline.
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6.2 Chronological Results
This section reports the chronological results, obtained from conducting context and
collocation analysis to each of the chronological case/nodes and thereby, to all the documents for
each epoch. These epochs were established through the narrative analysis. For each epoch,
themes in context have been distinguished from Energiewende collocates to differentiate
between the developments in the broader context and immediately associated value systems.
Context analysis has been conducted through the auto-coding function of Nvivo 11 Plus and
collocation analysis builds upon the most frequent words surrounding Energiewende.
The word clouds reflect the relative weight of the most prominent concepts in each
epoch. These weights were determined through a qualitative review of quantitative findings
which highlighted the most relevant prominent values and relativized their frequency rankings
based on common denominators. The results of the qualitative review were exported from Excel
to wordart.com and visualized in the word could in each sub-section.
Reports accompanying the word clouds on the other hand, go beyond the relative rankings and provide insights from various angles of the sample, including categories and cross- sections. These reports refer to Appendix B and C for rankings as well as Appendix D.1 which has been produced based on the German concepts in Appendix B, presents summary tables of the evolution of concepts—the establishment, ascent and decline in each epoch.
6.2.1 Pre-1979.
The most outstanding finding of textual analysis has been the discovery of an earlier origin of the word Energiewende. Energiewende first appeared in a critical report of the dynamics of nuclear energy in Germany, in an academic publication entitled Energiewende and
Gestaltwende (Hinder, 1957). This report dubbed the efforts of the SPD party as manifested by
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Professor Leo Brandt, to pursue a “second industrial revolution” as an “atomic Energiewende”
which would lead the way to the “atomization” of energy supply. The report takes a critical
stance against such an energy transition towards nuclear energy systems and draws attention to
its risks and consequences. It has noted that the original speech by Dr. Brandt did not say a single
word about environmental risks and suggested that any developments in nuclear energy supply must be supplemented with research about the risks and consequences of nuclear energy, as well
as international standards and enforcement systems.
However, Energiewende did not occur in any other documents before 1979. In 1979,
three documents have been identified that refer to Energiewende—all within partisan political
discourses: 1) the Energiewende motion passed by a provincial branch of the left leaning Social
Democratic Party (Beschlussdatenbank, 1979), 2) a section of the plenary protocol of the federal
parliament’s deliberative assembly featuring an argument about Energiewende (Deutscher
Bundestag, 1979), and 3) a response that was published by the center right Christian Democratic
Union (Winkler, 1979). These documents were used for textual analysis; the first instance
(Hinder, 1957) was excluded to avoid skewing the sample with an outstanding instance in relatively distant past.
Themes in context:
In parliamentary documents, the only relevant contextual themes discovered are energy and nuclear energy. This demonstrates how the issue of nuclear energy has been a key issue underlying the idea of Energiewende.
The outstanding contextual themes in non-parliamentary documents suggests that the
initial idea of Energiewende was developed around energy policy, particularly the value of
energy supply security; the main concerns were about dependency on energy resource imports
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(especially from the middle east) and the social and technological risks of nuclear power plants.
Furthermore, concepts such as energy saving, local energy resources (particularly coal),
consumption planning and job creation and environmental risks particularly stand out.
Looking into individual document categories, the motion by the SPD has emphasized the problem with nuclear power plants and the risks and consequences for future generations
whereas the response by the CDU has emphasized the value of coal as a local resource, energy
savings and new energy resources while considering nuclear energy indispensable. However,
energy security and the problem of dependency on OPEC and the middle-east also appear as
significant themes in context.
Energiewende Collocates:
Energiewende was first mentioned only once in the German federal parliament by
Helmut Kohl—A CDU delegate who went on to become the longest serving German chancellor
in the following decades—to develop an argument against the energy policy positions of the SPD
which was the major coalition partner with the FDP party in forming a government coalition at
the time. Kohl questioned the Energiewende action program rather critically by contrasting it
with the “common assumption” that dependency on oil imports can be achieved through energy
savings and the development of alternative energies, especially nuclear energy which has been
deemed indispensable. In non-parliamentary documents, there have been few references to
Energiewende in the SPD document but none in the CDU’s response. Significant collocates resemble the themes—nuclear catastrophe, nuclear phase out, energy saving, renewable energies,
research and environmental protection.
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6.2.2 1980-1990.
Documents from the 1980-1990 are difficult to digitize with high accuracy. As a result,
the auto-coding process sometimes detect faux themes based on fragments of words. This
particularly applies to Öko institute documents.
Themes in Context:
Figure 6.9: 1980-1990 – Contextual Themes Figure 6.9 illustrates a word cloud of the most prevalent and relevant contextual themes.
What stands out is that the themes with higher weights (electrical, industrial, facilities, costs,
resources, supply, price,) are predominantly related to industrial economic values. Most notably,
electricity carries the highest ranking. Nuclear energy and phase-out also stand out as central
issues. Other outstanding themes are renewable energies (wind, solar, biomass), emissions, decentral production, energy saving, heat, coal and jobs. Hence, the background of the
Energiewende debate was initially articulated as an economic problem from an industrial perspective. However, the driving values (which appeared in sub-themes) are decentralization,
134 renewable energies, energy savings and to a lesser extent, communal values. In parliamentary the only contextual themes pertaining to the subject were energy and nuclear energy.
However, the most outstanding insight from this era is that the term Energiewende has emerged for the first time as an independent theme in parliamentary documents with three key adjacent values: nuclear phase-out, efficiency, and ecological.
Energiewende Collocates:
In parliamentary documents, nuclear energy for electricity supply and the phase-out debate constituted the main collocates, particularly with reference to the Chernobyl nuclear catastrophe. However, counter-measures such as renewable energies, energy savings and efficiency, import taxation, technological progress, ‘turn in consumption’ also appeared alongside Energiewende. Perhaps most surprisingly, public transportation has also been referencing in connection with the Energiewende which makes it the first instance of the transportation appearing in the chronological analysis.
Figure 6.10: 1980-1990 – Energiewende Collocates
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Figure 6.10 illustrates a word cloud of the most prevalent and relevant words and concepts collocated with Energiewende. Most notably, oil and to a lesser extent, uranium stand out as a central issue across all documents in this epoch. Again, electricity is another major theme, followed by energy policy, consumption, efficiency. This indicates that the problem to which Energiewende responded was dependency on imported fossil fuels and nuclear energy and the solution has been sought through energy policy measures on both the supply and demand side. Most collocates in this epoch emerged in the Öko categories (see Figure 6.6).
6.2.3 1990-2000.
Themes in Context:
Technical problems in digitizing printed text persisted to a lesser extent in the 1990s.
In parliamentary documents the outstanding concept pertaining to the subject in first 300 frequent words of the plenary protocols is ecology, whereas energy rose to a higher frequency.
Figure 6.11: 1990-2000 – Contextual Themes Figure 6.11 demonstrates that ecology and emissions particularly stand out in non- parliamentary documents. This indicates that despite the previous appearance of related ideas
136 such as environmental risk and emissions, they became central concepts in 1990-2000 in the context of the Energiewende discussion in non-parliamentary documents. Jobs appear for the first time as an independent theme in both sets. Some key concepts of the previous epoch remain prevalence such as energy supply, efficiency and savings, electricity heat, coal and other fossil fuels. On the other hand, some previously key concepts such as renewables, nuclear phase-out, become rather marginalized.
Some of the sub-themes also stood out due to their prevalence across themes, particularly sustainability and transportation. The emergence of transportation within various themes and occasionally, as a key theme including sub-themes such as public, non-motorized and low- emission transportation particularly stands-out. Decentralization also remains a prevalent sub- theme.
The term Energiewende appears again as a theme in parliamentary and, for the first time, among the sub-themes of non-parliamentary documents as well. In parliamentary documents, sub-themes include, ecological, investment, solar and, most outstandingly, real and red-green which stood for the government coalition of the time. In non-parliamentary documents, adjacent concepts include, novel (!), emissions, coal and electricity. Most significantly, Energiewende first emerges as an independent theme in Öko institute documents (5) with such relevant sub- themes as green, industrial, cogeneration, demand and transportation. Hence, the Öko institute first actively engaged in constructing a meaning around the idea of Energiewende; looking back at Figure 6.8, 6.5 and 6.3, 1990-2000 was the first summit of Energiewende occurrence across all non-parliamentary documents whereas Öko publications comprised of about a quarter of this epoch and contain almost all references to Energiewende.
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Energiewende Collocates:
Outstanding collocates of Energiewende in parliamentary documents accoding to the ranked list (Appendix B) include the term “turn in transportation”—transportwende which appears as a single word with the same composition as Energiewende. Jobs (job creation) as well as tax reforms and investment are emerging concepts associated with the Energiewende.
Sustainability, ecological and environmental porotection as well as renewables and energy efficiency remain top collocates.
Figure 6.12: 1990-2000 – Energiewende Collocates
Figure 6.12 demonstrates the development of Energiewende collocates: compared to the previous epoch, energy imports, particularly fossil fuels have become marginal but energy efficiency, renewables, decentral supply, transportation—most surpassingly, cars appear in this picture. Electricity, nuclear phase-out and coal seem to have maintained their positions. Heat is
138 an emergent issue which is also observed in the themes in context but has an outstanding weight in among collocates.
In comparison with the themes in context, what stands out is that ecological values and emissions reduction seem to be rather sidelined. However, in comparison with collocates of the previous epoch, ecological values seem to be another emergent issue.
In Öko institute publications, the outstanding collocates of Energiewende are renewable energies particularly biomass which has a relatively high ranking in collocates within the Öko category. Furthermore, cogeneration is among the most significant themes as well as energy use, demand and consumption. However, nuclear phase-out seem to be relatively marginal compared to Figure 6.12 but reflects the absence of this term in contextual themes as illustrated Figure
6.11. Other absent collocates include energy independence (imports), oil and uranium.
6.2.4 2000-2005.
Themes in Context:
In parliamentary documents, the most outstanding concepts are sustainability and renewables which first appear in the list of the 300 most frequent words for this epoch. In this list, ecology has a slightly lower rank whereas energy ranks higher than previously observed.
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Figure 6.13: 2000-2005 – Contextual Themes In Figure 6.13, the most outstanding themes is sustainability again, which rose from the margins and emerged as the top weighted concept in this epoch, along with renewables and efficiency—which have maintained their relative position. Electricity re-appears and decentralization remains significant. Social and public values make a first significant appearance. Biomass and Geothermal also seems to be on the rise among the renewable energies and stands out in this picture and other forms make a more diverse and expressive appearance in this epoch. However, transportation, heat, industrial and general energy supply in general seem to have moved to the margins.
Looking into the ranked list in Appendix B, decentral supply, biomass and emissions seem to be among frequently recurring sub-themes. This corroborates the findings illustrated in
Figure 6.13 but indicates that emissions have not been marginalized as much. Furthermore,
Appendix B and C show that transportation is a prevalent theme particularly in the report by the
140 special commission in which it appears with sub-themes like non-motorized vehicles, public transportation, efficiency, emissions and most importantly, with Energiewende as a sub-theme.
What is most surprising however, is that in the reports by the special commission, energy intensive companies become a somewhat prevalent theme for the first time. Developments in the next epochs will illuminate the importance of the latter observation. Furthermore, the theme of ecology has interesting sub-themes which resemble potential political measures for achieving ecological values—tax reform, financial reform, investment, modernization and research.
Energiewende only appears as a theme in parliamentary documents; sub-themes include global, sustainable, investment, initiatives, green, nuclear phase-out and climate protection. In non-parliamentary documents, Energiewende only appears in the special commission category adjacent with transportation and investment.
Energiewende Collocates:
The most outstanding collocate of Energiewende in parliamentary documents is global which is amongst the most frequent collocates and appears for the first time. Sustainability and climate protection also stand out—particularly compared to the 1990’s but in line with the prevalent themes of this epoch—even though environmental and environmental values ranked among the highest collocates in the previous epoch as well. Other high ranking collocates such as
‘turn in transportation’ and renewables, seem to be relatively in decline, but nonetheless significant. Some relevant minor collocates in this epoch include financing, investment, structural change and biomass.
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Figure 6.14: 2000-2005 – Energiewende Collocates As Figure 6.14 demonstrates, Energiewende collocates became more diverse in this epoch. What immediately stands out is the high weight of global and the emergence of developing countries, which is consistent with the observation in contextual themes.
Furthermore, compared to the previous epoch, the rise of ecological values such as climate protection and emission reduction particularly stand out; nuclear phase-out has also acquired a relatively higher weight in this epoch. Also, wind energy and jobs seem to have higher weights compared to the previous epoch. Financing and investment remained at about the same weight whereas export has emerged as a significant collocate which resonates with global and developing countries. Another key emergent collocate is transition pathways which resonates with structural change observed in contextual themes. Transportation, heat and electricity have significantly declined and disappeared from this picture.
The list of ranked words further corroborates the significance of global, developing countries, transition paths and exports as emerging themes. Furthermore, the decline of
142 electricity, heating and (to a lesser extent) transportation is also reflected in the ranked list in
Appendix.
On the other hand, the significance of some of the marginal collocates in Figure 6.14 is expressed more clearly in the ranked list in Appendix: clean air policy as well as forestry policy seem to be key collocate that are used most frequently in the first government strategy. This illuminates how the first conception of Energiewende by the government was coined by environmental values sought through environmental policies.
Campaign documents in this epoch place the highest emphasis on nuclear phase out but climate protection, ecological modernization and emission reduction are also among the highest ranking collocates. However, Öko institute publications place a higher emphasis on emissions reduction and ecological modernization than nuclear phase-out. Jobs and job creation seem to be a concept that is ranked relatively high in campaign documents and the coalition contract. On the other hand, in the special commission report there are no job related collocates; instead, the emphasis is on globalization, financing, investment, export credit, developing countries and transition pathways. This indicates that the first attempts for adopting the idea of Energiewende involved reconstructing the idea as a driver of the export based German economy.
6.2.5 2005-2009.
Themes in Context:
In parliamentary documents of the 2005-2009 epoch, sustainability and renewables remain among the most frequent words whereas the ranking of renewables slightly declines.
Ecology and environment related keywords are absent from the list in this epoch. However, social justice—for the first time so far—makes an appearance with a relatively high rank.
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As Figure 6.15 demonstrates, sustainability is a less significant theme in non- parliamentary documents. Renewables are back as the most weighted theme whereas solar, wind,
biomass and, to a slightly lesser extent geothermal, have also acquired significantly more weight.
Figure 6.15: 2005-2009 – Contextual Themes Furthermore, social values, social justice and communal values seem to appear in this
epoch among the non-parliamentary documents as well, even though with a relatively lower
weight. Looking at the ranked list in Appendix B, renewables, electricity, energy supply and
supply security are also prevalent themes in this epoch which have relatively high rankings as
subthemes. Another outstanding theme in the list are energy intensive companies. Some
emergent minor but significant themes include hydro, biogas, management and integration.
In campaign documents, nuclear-phase out has a relatively higher rank. In the coalition
contract, companies, particularly energy intensive and communal companies stand out as two of
the few relevant themes. In legislation documents, network operators particularly stand out as a
highly ranked main theme. In the report by other NGOs, the theme of social justice is
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outstandingly high ranked and regenerative economy stands out as a particularly relevant
concept, even though relatively lower ranked.
Energiewende appears again as a theme in parliamentary documents with some of the
previous sub-themes such as global, ecological, and sustainable. However, other prevalent sub-
themes particularly stand out: consecutive, real and radical are novel characteristics to be
associate with Energiewende in this era. The only reference to political orientation is this period
is the left. What stands out most is the rather eccentric top sub-theme green houses.
Energiewende Collocates:
In parliamentary documents, the most prevalent collocate of Energiewende is need,
which reflects the focus of the discussion on whether it is an urgent issue. Other most relevant and prevalent collocates include, renewables, efficiency, sustainability, ecology and climate
protection. Outstanding themes that seem to be emerging—and re-emerging—are transmission
grids, nuclear phase-out, emissions, climate change, affordable and biofuels.
In Figure 6.16 ecological values such as ecological modernization and climate protection
are the cornerstone of Energiewende collocates in non-parliamentary documents. This is
consistent with the previous epoch but contrasts with the contextual observation in this epoch in
which ecological values were relatively marginal.
Nuclear energy is another outstanding concept which, most surprisingly, does not appear
together with phase-out in this epoch—instead, the idea of nuclear energy revival appears in the
campaign manifesto of the SPD party in 2005, accusing the CDU of having ecologically
regressive plans to roll back the Energiewende.
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Figure 6.16: 2005-2009 – Energiewende Collocates According to the ranked lists of concepts in Appendix B and C, what stands out is that
NGO’s other than the Öko institute, even though only mentioning Energiewende once, associate it with ideas such as agricultural turn, turn in transportation and biotechnologies. Transportation turn also appears in campaign documents (summaries) which indicates that it has been closely associated with the Energiewende even at times when Energiewende fell through the chasm of it’s diffusion in this epoch—see Figures 6.4 and 6.5.
Despite the few instances in which Energiewende was used in this epoch, the executive strategy contains a significant portion. Collocates mostly reflect the word cloud in figure 6.1.6, except for reactor security. Nuclear and reactor security has been a mandate of the Ministry of
Environment which has published a strategy in this regard.
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6.2.6 2009-2011.
Themes in Context:
In parliamentary documents, energy, renewables and sustainability remain top themes with minor ranking differences compared to the previous epochs. What stands out is that communities emerge as a relatively high-ranking theme which is unprecedented in previous epochs.
Figure 6.17: 2009-2011 – Contextual Themes As Figure 6.17 illustrates, renewable remains the top theme like in previous epochs.
However, sustainability, efficiency and electricity have also rise to the top compared to the previous epoch. Decentralization returns as a significant theme. On the other hand, ecological values, different forms of renewable energies (solar, biomass, wind), transportation and social justice have become relatively sidelined.
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Some of the marginal themes which stand out include public and communal values,
affordability, batteries and storage capacity. Transmission networks and energy intensive
companies are also themes that remain on the margins since the previous epoch.
According to the ranked lists in Appendix B, energy intensive companies and jobs has a
relatively high ranking. However, looking Appendix C demonstrates that it is mainly in the
coalition contract, legislation and executive reports in which this theme appears most. In
coalition contracts, it appears as the top theme whereas in campaign document, it does not;
instead, companies appear with sub-themes such as public and communal. On the other hand,
decentral energy supply and particularly electricity supply appear consistently across all
documents.
Two key outstanding themes in the ranked list in Appendix are affordability and export
initiatives seems to be most prevalent in the Ministry of Economy reports. Furthermore,
transmission networks (expansion and integration) are emphasized in executive strategies.
On the other hand, transportation which seems to be a declining concept in this epoch is
appears as some of the main themes and sub-themes of Öko institute publications—particularly
cars, public transportation, low emission and transport research. This indicates that transportation
related measures were the focus of Öko publication in this epoch. Two outstanding themes in this category are decentral energy supply and downsizing.
Nuclear phase-out only appears once as a main theme in the campaign manifesto of the
Green party which had been campaigning as an opposition party. However, nuclear facilities
appear in executive strategies with sub-themes such as safety and renovations.
Energiewende appears as a theme in parliamentary documents and as sub-themes in non-
parliamentary documents. What stands out most is the rise of social values as sub-themes of
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Energiewende in parliamentary documents; other sub-themes include success, buildings and ecological. In non-parliamentary documents, environment, transportation, German and investment appear as adjacent concepts to Energiewende.
Energiewende Collocates:
In parliamentary documents, several collocates emerge and rise to the most prevalent:
European—implying a shift from global to European ambitions—expansion—implying the expansion of renewable energies and energy efficiency technologies—and EEG—the feed-in tariff law. Ecological and environmental values and climate protection remain among the top collocates. Nuclear phase-out also remains among the top collocates which indicates that, unlike in the contextual themes, nuclear phase-out has been a significant part of the parliamentary discussions about Energiewende.
Furthermore, transportation re-emerges as a minor collocate. The most outstanding minor collocate is lobby interests—a rather eccentric minor theme: upon further examination, it is mentioned in a statement by 11 members of the SPD party in protest to the 12th amendment of the nuclear energy law, which, as they assert, has been pushed by lobby interests of the four major German utility companies (NVivo 17-1, 23/37).
In non-parliamentary documents, most of the references to Energiewende have been made in campaign and executive documents; most surprisingly, there are no references to
Energiewende in the two Öko institute documents. In other NGO documents, it is only mentioned once which, upon further examination appears to be in a context of critical disbelief towards achieving the values of Energiewende considering their conflict with industrial interests and their lobbying power—particularly agricultural (pesticide) and car manufacturing lobbies.
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Figure 6.18: 2009-2011 – Energiewende Collocates As Figure 6.18 illustrates, there are significant changes in the weighted picture of
Energiewende collocates in non-parliamentary documents. The most outstanding is the independent emergence of climate as a collocated word—according to the ranked lists in
Appendix B and C, climate change has become a significant collocate in campaign documents and a report by the Ministry of Environment. Furthermore, several previous collocates are back with relatively high weights: renewables, energy efficiency, transportation and jobs. Energy supply, electricity and sustainability remain relatively high weighted collocates whereas emissions, nuclear phase-out, agricultural turn and various forms of renewables—solar, wind, hydro and bioenergy—maintain marginal positions.
6.2.7 2011-2013.
Themes in Context:
In parliamentary documents, energy and sustainability emerge in the top 300 most frequent words but with a relatively lower rank compared to the previous epoch. Renewables do
150 not appear at all, but social justice re-emerges in this epoch, even though only at the bottom of the list.
Figure 6.19: 2011-2013 – Contextual Themes In non-parliamentary documents, electricity, nuclear (phase-out), decentralization and production facilities appear as the highest weighted themes. Particularly the re-appearance of nuclear phase-out is outstanding but not much surprising considering that the Fukushima catastrophe happened in this epoch. Renewables and various forms of renewable energies such as wind, geothermal and biomass also appear, but with a relatively lower weight compared to themes in the previous epoch. What stands out particularly is the emergence of data as a significant concept for the fist time, as well as the marginalization of ecological values and climate protection.
Energiewende, even though a theme with somewhat higher weight in Figure 6.19, only appears in parliamentary documents and in individual categories: special commission and
151 executive reports. In parliamentary documents, the top sub-theme of Energiewende is social acceptance, investment, transportation, success, ecological, nuclear phase-out and buildings. In terms of political affiliations, the left and the greens appear as sub-themes.
The ranked lists in Appendix B and C provide insight into the distribution of the key concepts across the different types of publication. For instance, the outstanding themes discovered in the speech by the German chancellor to the parliament in the immediate aftermath of Fukushima, indicates that besides nuclear phase-out, energy intensive businesses and intelligent transmission networks have been central concerns of the executive government when turning towards the values of the Energiewende.
On the other hand, Energiewende appears as the top theme of the report by the special commission and one of the most significant themes in the executive report by the Ministry of
Economy. Sub-themes of Energiewende include (intelligent) transmission networks but instead of energy intensive companies, the special commission emphasizes decentral supply.
Energiewende Collocates:
As Figure 6.3 has shown, there has been a tremendous hike in references to
Energiewende in parliamentary documents—from less than 100 to over 2000 reference. Hence,
Energiewende collocates in this epoch constitute a particularly rich sample. Most top collocates reflect the top collocates in previous epochs—such as renewables, climate protection and climate change, energy efficiency. Other collocates have made significant ascent in term of their frequency ranking—particularly nuclear phase-out and affordability. Outstanding collocates that
(re-)emerge include Fukushima, companies, social acceptance, social justice, transmission networks (re-), building sector (refurbishment), research and decentralization. Most noticeably, global and European aspects and ambitions associated with Energiewende seem to have
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vanished. Transportation is another collocates which is absent from the top 300 Energiewende
collocates.
Figure 6.20: 2011-2013 – Energiewende Collocates However, unlike in parliamentary documents, reference to Energiewende in non-
parliamentary documents did not demonstrate the same upsurge as the parliamentary documents;
according to Figure 6.8, it was in this epoch in which the trend of parliamentary references got
ahead of the non-parliamentary documents. Most of the references were made by the special commission which had been appointed in the wake of the Fukushima catastrophe.
As Figure 6.20 demonstrates, the top collocate is energy supply, followed by efficiency
and renewables. Some of the outstanding emergent collocates include turn, ethical and joint
effort which indicate the consensus that Fukushima has projected upon Energiewende.
Fukushima itself also appears as a significant collocate. However, despite the Fukushima effect
observed in parliamentary documents, nuclear phase-out remains a rather marginal collocate.
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Other outstanding collocates include data, jobs, infrastructure, capacity markets and
social justice. Most notably, no individual form of energy supply (solar, wind, biomass,
geothermal etc.) is among the top collocate in this epoch which reflects a certain detachment
from key technological concepts.
According to the ranked lists in Appendix C, some additional outstanding themes can be
found in the individual categories. Most importantly, in the speech by the German Chancellor at
the time (Angela Merkel, CDU), Energiewende was not mentioned at all; however, looking at
collocates of the term “wende” (turn), affordable is a significant collocate, followed by
industrial, global and electricity. This reflect a peculiar concern for economic and industrial
aspects of the Energiewende indicating that the primary values emphasized in this context are
related to macro-economic costs of energy supply, particularly electricity.
On the other hand, the top collocates in the NGO report reflect environmental values—
climate protection and climate change. Furthermore, nuclear phase-out is also a top collocate in this report. However, the NGO report in the epoch is published by Greenpeace—there have been no Öko institute publications in this epoch.
The ranked list of collocates in the special commission report reflects the weighted structure of the word cloud; this is not surprising given the extra-ordinary portion of references made by this report. What stands out in this category is nuclear-phase which appears in higher ranks. Infrastructure also appears with a relatively higher rank than reflected in the word could.
Communities are also one of the frequent collocates in special reports.
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6.2.8 2013-2015.
Themes in Context:
In parliamentary documents in this epoch, energy rises to the top 100 rank and renewables appear again in the top 300 along with sustainability. Furthermore, social justice also rises slightly and digital appears within the top 300. Most surprisingly, Energiewende also appears as the 274th most frequent word.
Figure 6.21: 2013-2015 – Contextual Themes According to Figure 6.21, this epoch has a greater variety of themes. What stands out most is that some of the contextual themes from the previous epoch which were discovered in the chancellor’s speech and executive documents, have become some of the top weighted themes— particularly energy intensive companies, intelligent grid, storage technologies and affordable.
Renewables, efficiency and electricity are back as top themes and digital has become a major
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theme along with data. However, biomass is the only specific kind of renewables which can be
observed in this picture.
On the other hand, nuclear energy and phase-out as well as wind and solar energies have
vanished from the word cloud whereas decentralization is still a significant sub-theme. Some
concepts maintained their relatively marginal weight—sustainability, energy security, ecology,
education, transportation, jobs and investment. Other concepts have emerged as marginal
significant concepts—medium sized and communal companies, heat and cogeneration, circular
economy, waste management, net metering and social justice.
Energiewende is also among the top themes in the overall analysis of all documents in
this epoch, as well as in the category of Öko institute and executive documents. In parliamentary documents, European, German and global stand out as novel themes; other themes include
efficiency, transportation, buildings, decentralization and coal-phase-out. In non-parliamentary
documents, data, circular economy and communication stand out as novel; other themes include
transportation, success, sustainable, decentralization, building, heat, global and European. In Öko
publications, sub-themes of Energiewende merely encompass circular economy and waste
management whereas in executive documents, the sub-themes are business initiatives and
transportation. This indicates that the Öko institute has been emphasizing ecological values;
particularly, it has been trying to introduce the ideas of circular economy and waste management
as key concepts to the Energiewende. On the other hand, the executive branch seems to be more
interested in economic values.
Energiewende Collocates:
The number of references to Energiewende in parliamentary documents has declined
from over 2000 to under 1000 according to Figure 6.3. However, the number of references is still
156 way above the levels before Fukushima. Some of the top collocates remain such as renewables, climate protection, energy efficiency electricity and affordability. Some of the previous top collocates have re-merged such as global, sustainability, industrial, investment, supply, emissions and decentralization.
The most outstanding collocates which have emerged in this epoch are companies and digitization. While the emergence of digitization can be considered as part of a greater technological trend which also applies to Energiewende, the emergence of businesses can be considered along previous trends in which companies, especially energy intensive companies, have been collocated with Energiewende. Furthermore, industrial and jobs also emerge as top collocates which indicates the increasing weight of industrial economic values associated with
Energiewende in this epoch. The building sector is another emerging collocate. Most notably, nuclear phase-out has declined further down the ranks in this epoch and transportation is still absent from the top 300 collocates.
As Figure 6.4 has demonstrated, the peak of references in non-parliamentary documents has been in 2013-2015 with over 700 references. Hence, this epoch resembles the richest sample of collocates in non-parliamentary documents. As Figure 6.22 demonstrates, some of the top themes have remained the same since the las epoch—particularly supply, renewables, efficiency, climate protection, affordability, global, industrial, companies, and waste. Some concept have gained significant weight compared to previous epochs: supply, affordability and climate protection.
The most outstanding emergent collocates in Figure 6.21 include entrepreneurship and circular economy which almost match in weight with the other legacy concepts such as renewables and efficiency. Buildings (refurbishments), success, barriers and urgency are also
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outstanding emergent collocates in this epoch. Some of the marginal emergent collocates such as metering, intelligent and profit also stand out. Data does not seem to be in this picture, but
digitization is another notable marginal concept.
The most significant re-merging collocates are heat, infrastructure, emissions, communal,
security and transportation.
Figure 6.22: 2013-2015 – Energiewende Collocates Some of the concepts from the previous epoch stand out as having moved further to the
margins of Figure 6.22—most significantly sustainability, nuclear phase-out, and transmission
networks. Some previously outstanding collocates such as ethical, joint effort and turn vanished
from the picture in this epoch.
According to the ranked lists in Appendix B and C, circular economy is the top collocate
in Öko publications and exclusive to this category. This implies the agency of Öko in associating
158 the idea of circular economy with Energiewende in this epoch. Other main collocates in the Öko category include electricity generation, emissions, climate protection and waste.
In campaign documents, communal, decentralization and nuclear phase-out and building refurbishment stand out. In the coalition contract in this epoch, dialogue, success and infrastructure are among the highest ranking collocates whereas nuclear phase-out is relatively lower, and decentralization is among the lowest.
In executive strategies, transmission networks, building strategy, intelligent, metering and urgency stand out as particularly significant. In executive reports on the other hand, ‘barriers for start-up companies’—entrepreneurship—are the highest ranking collocate. Furthermore, industrial economy, supply security and affordability are among the highest ranking collocates whereas climate protection and transmission networks rank relatively lower.
6.2.9 2015-2017.
Themes in Context:
As Figure 6.2 has demonstrated, the number of parliamentary sessions in which
Energiewende was mentioned doubles in this epoch compared to the previous. In parliamentary documents, energy falls back significantly in ranks. Furthermore, “sustainability”, “digital” and social justice remain in top 300 with minor ranking differences. Energiewende is no longer in top
500 and renewables remains notably absent.
In non-parliamentary documents, as Figure 6.23 demonstrates, many key themes have maintained their top weight: electric, renewables, efficient, sustainable, digital, Energiewende, emissions, ecology, investment and public—whereas efficiency has slightly gained weight, renewables and energy intense companies seem to have slightly lost some in comparison. The most significant re-emerging themes are wind and solar (with significant weights), climate
159 protection, biomass, transportation and social justice (the latter rather marginally). Outstanding emerging themes, although mostly marginal themes, are global, initiatives, technologies, car sharing, transformation, actors, buildings (refurbishment) and success—however, some new themes emerge with relatively high weights: recycling, value and infrastructure.
Figure 6.23: 2015-2017 – Contextual Themes Declining themes include affordability, communal and heat. The most significant themes which have vanished include circular cogeneration and intelligent grid.
Energiewende appears as a top theme in parliamentary and non-parliamentary documents. In parliamentary documents, affordable, electro mobility, transmission networks and social justice are the most outstanding subthemes; social acceptance, heat and cogeneration are also among the top sub-themes. In non-parliamentary documents, affordable, digital, companies and education stand out as novel sub-themes. Other significant sub-themes include success, global, transportation, investment, decentralization, climate, buildings and electricity.
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According to the ranked lists in Appendix C, what stands out is that Energiewende is the
top theme in Öko and other NGO publications. Other outstanding emerging collocate in Öko
include social transformation, recycling, climate protection, car sharing, transportation and jobs.
On the other hand, most of the themes in executive documents still reflect economic
values. However, Energiewende is also among the top themes of executive documents in this
epoch. A significant sub- theme of Energiewende in executive documents is success, which
indicates the status of Energiewende as a showcase project with a positive sentiment. Other
outstanding sub-themes of Energiewende include transportation, investment, initiatives for
businesses, incentives, digitization, electricity supply and building sector.
Energiewende Collocates:
According to Figure 6.3, the number of references to Energiewende in parliamentary
documents has risen slightly, to about 1000 in this epoch. This demonstrates that the level of post-Fukushima references has stabilized. However, compared to pre-Fukushima, the references
have increased about ten-fold.
Some of the key collocates have maintained their high ranking: renewables, climate
protection, digitization, economy, electricity and nuclear phase-out—efficiency has slightly
declined in ranks and nuclear-phase-out remains at the bottom of the top 300 collocates.
The most outstanding collocates which have surged in this epoch include communal
(communities), decentralization and transportation. Success is another surging collocate which
has emerged in this epoch right after it had been emphasized in government publications in the
previous epoch. ‘Just’—social justice—also stands out as a surging emergent collocate in this
epoch. Some of the emerging themes with relatively lower rankings include smart grids, supply
security, consumers, energy communities, electro mobility and education.
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The decline of collocates such as companies, energy intensive, industry, emissions, sustainable and investment particularly stand out in this epoch, given their relatively high ranking in the previous epoch. Most notably, buildings (refurbishment) does not appear in the top
500 collocates in this epoch.
As Figure 6.4 has demonstrated, the number of references in non-parliamentary documents has significantly declined in this epoch but remains the second highest number of references overall. Many of the top collocates have remained the same with minor changes in relative weights—supply, renewables, efficiency, electricity, climate protection, affordability, global, sustainable, industry, security, companies, buildings, emissions, transmission networks, wind, nuclear phase-out and social acceptance.
Figure 6.24: 2015-2017 – Energiewende Collocates The most outstanding emergent collocates are electro mobility and storage technology, even though not with great relatively great weights. The outstanding collocated which have re- emerged in this epoch are jobs, communities, strategy, transformation and cars.
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Some collocates stand out due to their surge in weight in this epoch—particularly
digitization, subsidies, transportation, education, social justice, decentralization, investments and
heat. However, some of the key themes from the previous epoch are missing, most notably,
entrepreneurship, circular economy and net metering. Recycling has become further
marginalized. Infrastructure and biomass which can be considered legacy collocates also re-
appear as marginal collocates. Finally, the decline of success in this epoch compared to the
previous is also notable, even though it remains visible in Figure 6.24.
According to the ranked list in Appendix C, the outstanding top collocates in Öko institute publication in this epoch are decentralization, climate protection, communications, global, transformation, transport (cars, electro mobility) and recycling. This demonstrates how decentralization and transportation (particularly electrification in transport) have returned as key concepts in this epoch. Some of the key collocates from the previous epoch—most notably, circular economy—seem to have vanished but recycling remains as one of the lesser top
collocates. However, the most outstanding collocate in Öko institute publication is
communications.
In other NGO documents, nuclear-phase out stands out as the top collocate and
Fukushima is among the frequent collocates as well. Education, smart grids and electricity
storage also appear as outstanding collocates.
In campaign documents, the most outstanding top collocate is social justice. Nuclear phase-out is also a relatively high ranking collocate. Energy cooperatives also appear as a unique collocate. The coalition contract was not published by the time that the textual analysis had been conducted in 2017.
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In executive documents, digitization, energy supply, electricity, efficiency, affordability, incentives and transmission networks are the top collocates; except for digitization, relative rankings mostly the same as the previous epoch. Outstanding collocates in executive reports are success, intelligent, investment, de-carbonization and incentive regulation. In the strategies, climate protection stands out as a top collocate and gas supply also stand out as an emergent collocates in this epoch—building strategy appears with a relatively higher rank and gas supply is an emergent collocate unique to this epoch.
6.3 Categorical Results
This section reports the categorical results, obtained from implementing context and collocation analysis to each of the categorical case/nodes and thereby, to all the documents for each category of authorship. Categories of authors were mainly established based on the publisher, but narrative analysis has also pointed at some of the key actors.
These categories include plenary protocols of the German Parliament, ministerial reports—Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Environment—NGO reports—Öko institute and others—campaign manifestations—Green party, Left party, SPD, CDU, FDP, AFD— government coalition contracts of ruling parties, special commission reports and legislations. The order reflects the prevalence of Energiewende occurrences across categories.
For each category, themes in context have been distinguished from Energiewende collocates to differentiate between the developments in the broader context and the value systems immediately associated with Energiewende. Context analysis has been conducted through the Nvivo 11 Plus auto-coding function and collocation analysis builds upon the most frequent words surrounding Energiewende.
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The word clouds reflect the relative weight of the most prominent concepts in each
category and line of analysis. These weights were determined through a qualitative review of
quantitative findings which highlighted the most relevant prominent concepts and relativized
their frequency rankings based on common denominators. The results of the qualitative review
were exported from Excel to wordart.com and visualized in the word could in each sub-section.
The reports accompanying the word clouds on the other hand, go beyond the relative
ranking of words and provide insights from various angles of the sample, including chronology
and cross-sections. These reports also refer to Appendix B and C for ranking lists of original
German concepts as well as to Appendix D.2 which presents summary tables of the evolution of
values—the establishment, ascent and decline for each category.
However, the results of the cross-section analysis—of chronological and categorical
strata—have exhausted the scope of this project and has thus been moved to the Appendix E.
These include short reports about the dynamics of each epoch for each document category, regarding the development of value concepts. Based on cross-section analysis report in Appendix
E, Appendix F has been created for each category as Chapter 8 will explain. Nonetheless, some of the key insights have been included in this the following reports for each document category.
6.3.2 Parliamentary documents.
As Figure 6.1 has demonstrated, there are a total of 464 plenary protocols in which
Energiewende has been mentioned. The auto-coding function of NVivo could not process the comprehensive amount and therefore, the themes in context are based on a word frequency analysis of the 500 most frequent words to provide the closest approximation.
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Themes (word-frequency) in Context:
Figure 6.25: Parliamentary Documents – Contextual Themes The most prevalent themes in context demonstrate a preoccupation with economic values,
particularly those related to employment (jobs) and economic growth. Social values are also
among the highest weighted and particularly, social justice stands out as a prevalent theme in
parliamentary discussions. Sustainability, ecology, renewables also emerge as major themes in
context of parliamentary documents.
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Energiewende Collocates:
Figure 6.26: Parliamentary Documents – Energiewende Collocates Figure 6.26 demonstrates the weighted structure of Energiewende collocates in all parliamentary documents. The highest weighted are climate (change, protection, environment), social (acceptance, communities, public), economic (jobs, costs, affordable, industries, medium companies, entrepreneur, e-intensive companies, consumer) and supply (electricity, transmission, decentralization)—some of the legacy values in the chronological analysis. Nuclear phase-out and renewables are almost among the relatively high weighted collocates but to a somewhat lesser extent.
What stands out most among the other higher weighted collocates are success and urgent, which can be considered two key qualifying collocates that emerged in the later epoch, but not until after the executive branch adopted the term as well. Furthermore, German and European are also significant. On the other hand, whereas global seem to have been a key collocate in the post
2000’s debate, it seems that in the parliament, the German and European dimension of
Energiewende were valued most.
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Looking at the ranking of party abbreviation as collocates also provides interesting
insights. Clearly, the Green party is the top party collocated with Energiewende and the social
democratic Party SPD is second. Most surprisingly, the Christian democratic CDU party which
has been ruling the longest and has initiated Energiewende as an executive mandate is merely at
the third rank. The FDP which has been a government coalition partner from 2009-2013—
before, during and after Fukushima—is the least frequently collocated with Energiewende with a
significant gap behind the third-ranking CDU party. The Left party does not appear in the list,
perhaps due to their name change from PDS; neither does the AFD party due to its recent
formation.
6.3.3 Government ministries.
According to Figure 6.1, there are a total of 23 documents categorized as strategies and
reports issued by the Executive branch of the government, from the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Economy. This constitutes the third biggest category in non-parliamentary documents. However, this category has the most references to Energiewende, most of which, according to Figure 6.5, appeared after 2013.
Themes in Context:
As Figure 6.27 demonstrates, the most outweighing themes are companies (particularly
energy intensive companies and medium companies), renewables (solar, wind, biomass,
geothermal) electric (supply, decentralization, storage, green), efficiency and measures. What
stands out again is the predominant theme of industrial economic values, most significantly
expressed in the weight of companies as well as export, supply and industries. Furthermore,
measures appear as another major theme which demonstrates the practical approach of the
executive branch. Incentive also appears as a significant collocate which resembles a policy
168 measure, particularly in an economic policy context. Furthermore, affordable, tax and investment are other key themes which resonate with the theme of economic values and policy measures.
Energiewende also emerges as an auto-coded theme, even though not particularly high weighted. Sub-themes include global, medium sized business initiatives, transportation, electricity; digitization and buildings. The most outstanding marginalized themes include transportation (cars, cities, Energiewende), emissions, consumption and guiding visions.
Figure 6.27: Government Documents – Themes in Context The results of categorical analysis in Appendix C provide a more stratified insight into the different categories of executive documents.
In executive strategies, measures are the top theme. Transportation appears with a relatively higher weight and includes outstanding sub-categories such as efficient vehicles, hybrid, and intelligent. Guiding visions is another outstanding collocate in this sub-category.
In the Ministry of Environment documents, most of the themes are related to renewable electricity supply and various forms of renewable energy (wind, solar, geothermal, biomass)
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stand out. Cogeneration is also a relatively higher ranked collocate. On the other hand, climate
protection, ecology and environmental themes are surprisingly lower ranked.
In Ministry of Economy documents, the ranking of themes reflects the overall structure of
the word cloud illustrated in Figure 6.27: businesses, particularly energy and electricity intensive
firms are the top themes. Incentives emerge as a main theme, including renewables, tax,
efficiency, research, financial, ecological and, most surprisingly, nuclear energy. Furthermore,
Energiewende appears as an auto-coded theme in this category with some alternative sub- themes such as German, global, affordable, industry, growth. Most notably, communication
solutions stand out as a unique sub-theme of Energiewende.
Energiewende Collocates:
Figure 6.28 demonstrates the weighted structure of Energiewende collocates in all
Government Ministries documents. Legacy values such as supply, electricity, economy,
companies, costs and most frequently, renewables and efficiency stand out among the prevalent
themes in this category. But like the contextual themes, the structure of collocates suggests a
preoccupation with industrial economic values and policy measures geared towards
entrepreneurship and growth of medium sized businesses.
Some of the outstanding collocates include digitization—which despite it’s late
emergence appears with relative high weight—2020, 2030 and 2050 as deadlines for emission
targets and obstacles (barriers) which appears in context of entrepreneurship and business.
European is also among the relatively high weighted collocated whereas global and national
remain absent. Whereas successful is among the top collocates, urgent is absent.
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Figure 6.28: Government Documents – Energiewende Collocates On the other hand, climate protection and ecological values seem to be rather sidelined.
Renewables also emerge rather on the margins except for wind energy, which is among the
higher weighted. Transportation, the building sector, infrastructure, transmission networks and
emissions also seem rather sidelined. The most outstanding absent collocate is decentralization.
Looking at the sub-categories, the top collocate in strategy documents is digitization which
indicates that most of the emphasis is within this category. Furthermore, innovation, smart grids
and measurement systems stand out as top collocates.
In documents issued by the Ministry of Environment, sustainability and climate
protection stand out as relatively high ranked collocates but the list is rather short. Documents
issued by the Ministry of Economy on the other hand comprises a bigger sample in which industrial economic values and policies for entrepreneurship and business growth are
predominant. However, it is interesting to note that measurement systems also appear at the
bottom of this list. Ecological values and climate protection have relatively lower frequencies.
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6.3.4 Non-Governmental Organizations.
Overall, there are 21 documents categorized as NGO documents: 14 as Öko studies from the early 1980’s to 2018 and 7 as other NGO documents from the late 1990’s to 2018.
Themes in Context:
Figure 6.29: NGO Documents – Themes in Context As Figure 6.29 demonstrates, the most outweighing themes in all NGO documents reflect some of the legacy values and themes from chronological analysis such as electricity, costs, supply, development (sustainable, economic, technological), companies, industry and transportation. Some other themes stand out due to their relatively higher weight, for instance, production (generation) consumption, heat, wind, decentralization, cogeneration, public and communal. Some concepts stand out particularly due to their marginal appearance, for instance: sustainable, efficient, ecological and nuclear phase out. Most notably, the theme of
Energiewende has not been discovered in this category. Other missing themes are transmission networks, investment, economic and financial policy measures and qualities like affordable, accessible and secure.
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Looking into the ranked lists in Appendix B and C, the theme of transportation seems to
have more weight than reflected in Figure 6.29, including sub-themes such as public, non-
motorized, climate protection, combined and efficient. Furthermore, heating, particularly district
heating and cogeneration seem to be another key focus area of NGO document in this context.
Whereas the structure of themes in the word cloud somewhat reflects the ranked list for
all NGO documents, some differences particularly stand out for the Öko institute: transportation
policy along with demand side management emerge as the high-ranking sub-themes of measures,
which appears as the highest-ranking theme for Öko documents. Furthermore, Energiewende
appears as a relatively high-ranking theme in the Öko institute documents—associated sub-
themes include industrial, electricity supply, consumption, buildings, cogeneration,
transportation, emissions, circular economy; waste economy, affordable and decentralization.
Energiewende Collocates:
Figure 6.30 demonstrates the structure of collocates in all NGO documents. Considering that NGOs, particularly the Öko institute have been entrepreneurial actors in constructing and promoting the idea of Energiewende, this collocates in this category are particularly insightful in terms of illuminating the origins of concepts and values associate with Energiewende.
Some of the key legacy values that can be observed as collocates are electricity
(generation, supply), renewables, efficiency, industry, nuclear phase-out, heat, emissions, climate
protection and decentralization. The outstanding collocate however, is the 2020; even though it
did appear in the top collocates of government documents, it appears as the most prevalent theme
in this context. Circular economy is another top collocate with resonates with recycling which
also appears in Figure 6.30, even though somewhat marginal. Furthermore, transportation related
themes such as cars, rail, air and public also stand out.
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As the ranked list in Appendix C further illuminates, nuclear phase-out, climate protection and decentral supply have a significantly higher rankings compared to the themes in context or the previous categories. Furthermore, district heating and cogeneration are also key collocates in addition to being among the top themes in the NGO category. Most notably, the economic overtone seems to be absent among collocates in this category.
Figure 6.30: NGO Documents – Energiewende Collocates Using the ranked list in Appendix C to differentiate between Öko and other NGO’s, what stands out most is the higher emphasis of the Öko institute on cogeneration, transportation and decentralization. Other NGO’s on the other hand, collocate nuclear phase-out most frequently with Energiewende along with economic value as well as ecological values such as climate protection. Furthermore, transmission networks and electricity storage have been associated with the Energiewende mainly by other NGO’s rather than the Öko institute. However, circular economy and recycling have only been collocated with Energiewende by the Öko institute.
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6.3.5 Political campaigns.
Overall, there are 37 documents classified as campaign documents including campaign
manifestos and comparative summaries from 1998 to 2018 that focus on the position of parties
on Energiewende.
Themes in Context:
As Figure 6.31 demonstrates, the legacy values reflected in the contextual themes of campaign documents include sustainable development, transportation, technology, public,
companies (particularly energy and electricity intensive) and ecological. The most outstanding
theme unique to this category is people, which emerges as a top theme in campaign documents
consistent with insights from the chronological analysis. Some themes stand out due to their
relatively high weight in this category: society and cultural development, medium sized
businesses, transportation and infrastructure.
Figure 6.31: Campaign Documents – Contextual Themes However, many of the legacy themes such as renewables, nuclear phase out, efficiency,
energy supply, heat, industry and decentralization are entirely missing. But considering that
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unlike most of the other categories, campaign documents were not specific to the Energiewende,
the generality of the themes and the absence of many legacy concepts and themes of values is
justifiable. On the other hand, looking at the ranked list in Appendix C, the list for relevant
themes for the campaign documents is very short; hence, some of the outstandingly frequent
themes may be only perceived as such in relation to a list with relatively few relevant and
prevalent themes.
Looking at the themes in the individual campaign documents, these followings stand out:
Green party: people, women society, businesses, work and responsibility are among the
top themes. Most themes are related to social and economic values, but green is also an
outstanding theme, including a broad range of environmental sub-themes as well as the term
Energiewende. Mobility and transportation policy particularly stand out as relevant sub-themes.
SPD: people, work, businesses, education and society are among the top themes.
Relevant themes are mainly economic such as investment, infrastructure and jobs.
CDU/CSU: people, Germans, good, businesses and cooperation are among the top
themes—some of the themes associated with good are work, retirement, apprenticeship, future,
opportunities, transportation network and neighborhoods. Other themes suggest an overtone of
national security concerns and industrial and economic values—such as companies (medium,
public); economy, jobs, security (international, national, public, financial, companies, families);
development (economic, GDP).
PDS/ Left party: public, people, businesses, work, society and women are among top
themes. Most notably, sub-themes of businesses include medium and communal. Ecological
values only appear as sub-themes. Outstanding themes include jobs (equal, good, digital),
infrastructure (modern, public, social, cultural) and good (education, work, access).
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In FDP campaign documents, people, companies, education, market competition and
German are the main concepts. However, the associated theme with Energiewende is tax burden,
which reflects a core concern of the party. However, renewable energies and ecological values
also appear as somewhat significant sub-themes.
The AFD party only exists since 2013 and represents strong nationalist and anti- immigration sentiments. Perhaps not surprisingly, Germans are the top theme in their campaign documents, followed by states, citizens, people and members. The two most outstanding themes are demographic development, and the notion of judgement. Companies, infrastructure and economy can also be found in relatively lower ranks.
Energiewende Collocates:
Figure 6.32: Campaign Documents – Energiewende Collocates Figure 6.32 demonstrates the structure of collocates in all campaign documents. The
legacy values that re-emerge as top collocates in campaign documents include renewables,
climate protection, efficiency, social, economic, costs, markets and decentralization. Nuclear
phase-out does not appear per se, but nuclear energy is among top collocates.
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Outstanding and unique values to this category are social justice which appear to be one of the highest ranking collocates, as well as health to a lesser extent. Furthermore, communal, communities and decentralization seem to have relatively high weight in this category.
Affordability and success also appear in this category as high ranking collocates.
On the other hand, the concern with industrial corporate values, particularly the car manufacturing industries are also among the top collocates. An outstanding but rather marginal collocate is energy cooperatives. Transportation, (particularly the term turn in transportation) is also among the relatively lower weighted collocates.
Looking at the ranked list of collocates for individual parties in Appendix C, the following insights stand out:
Green Party’s top collocate is success. Furthermore, climate protection, social justice, inclusiveness, ecological, and emissions stand out as relatively high ranking collocates.
Collocates reflecting economic values such as economy, jobs, global, financing and decentralization are also prevalent. What stands out the most are collocates related to transportation, particularly transportation turn, railways, national mobility plan and electro mobility. Efficiency and energy security are among the relatively lower ranking collocates.
The CDU/CSU’s top collocate is energy savings and efficiency. Other collocates such as jobs, affordable, entrepreneurship, investment incentive and growth indicate the predominance of economic theme among collocates. Climate protection and health are also among the somewhat higher ranking collocates. The most outstanding and unique collocate is storage technologies.
The SPD’s top collocate is affordable. Other top collocates such as communities, social justice and energy cooperatives suggest an underlying social theme of associated values.
However, many collocates also reflect a pre-occupation with economic values—such as
178 efficiency, management, technologies, supply, markets, industrial. Ecology, climate protection and most notably, nuclear-phase are also among the top themes. What stands out the most is the emphasis on the expansion of infrastructure, particularly network infrastructure, along with decentralization.
The FDP’s top collocate is renewables. Other top collocates such as costs, market economy, energy supply and financial suggest an emphasis on economic values. However, some of the top collocates particularly stand out: energy storage, building refurbishment, modernization and communication. Climate protection is among the relatively lower weighted collocates.
The Left party’s top collocate is social justice, followed by nuclear phase-out. Ecological values and climate change also emerge as top collocates. The most outstanding collocates are decentralization, education and democratic. However, transportation, transmission networks and energy storage are among the rather marginal collocates. Energy cooperatives, agriculture and public investment are the unique and outstanding themes in this category.
The AFD’s top collocate is burdensome, closely followed by risk, additional costs and problems. Hence, the short list of top collocates clearly demonstrates a negative bias and further includes electricity blackouts, network instability and profiteers.
6.3.6 Special commissions.
There are four documents categorized as reports by special commission.
Themes in Context:
Despite the limited number of documents categorized as special commission, most are directly related to the Energiewende and hence provide a wealth of relevant themes. As Figure
6.33 demonstrates, only few of the legacy values appear as top collocates in this category—most
179 notably, sustainable development, policy measures, energy and electricity supply, security, consumption, emissions and transport.
Figure 6.33: Special Commission – Themes in Context Some of the themes that are not unique to this category but stand out particularly due to their high weight are research, companies (energy intensive), industry, incentives, initiatives and financing; all indicate a predominant economic theme of values in this category. On the other hand, some of the legacy values such as renewables, efficiency, nuclear phase-out climate protection, decentralization and social values (social justice) seem rather sidelined.
Energiewende Collocates:
Figure 6.34 demonstrates the structure of collocates in special commission reports. There are relatively few legacy values in this category—most notably, sustainability, research, costs, renewables, supply, and to a lesser extent, climate protection and infrastructure.
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Figure 6.34: Special Commission – Energiewende Collocates The most outstanding collocates due to their novelty are model project, transformation,
capital and lever. Furthermore, both national and global appear with outstanding high weights.
Developing countries, export credit, and initiatives can also be observed as novel and unique
collocates. These indicate the kind of industrial, export-oriented ambitions that the special
commission have associated with the Energiewende, in the process of promoting it as an objective goal for the executive government and strategizing on their behalf.
Most notably, nuclear phase-out seems absent from collocates and instead, nuclear
energy appears among higher ranking collocates. This may indicate that nuclear phase-out has
not been a foregone conclusion when looking at the entirety of the special commission reports.
Furthermore, social values, particularly social justice and communities as well as
decentralization and various forms of renewable energy—solar, wind, bio, hydro, geo—seem
notably absent from the collocates in this category.
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6.3.7 Government coalition contracts.
Overall, there are 5 documents categorized as government coalition contracts from 1998
to 2018. All of them were used for auto-coding regardless of whether they address
Energiewende.
Themes in Context:
Like campaign manifestos, the scope of government coalition contracts is way beyond
the Energiewende and documents in this category do not pertain directly to the subject. This
means that the themes in contexts are not expected to be as relevant to the Energiewende as other categories where the documents are selected based on their relevance. Nevertheless, the auto-
coding of these documents provides some contextually relevant insights.
Figure 6.35: Government Coalition Contracts– Themes in Context As Figure 6.35 demonstrates, German stands out as the most prevalent theme, followed
by people, measures and cooperation—the latter stands out as particularly unique to this
category. Companies, including energy intensive companies and development are still among the
relatively higher weighted but secondary compared to their position in ministerial documents.
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Promotion” is another unique outstanding theme which appears in context of ecological innovation, sustainable development and renewable energies. This indicates that the coalition contracts mainly lay out strategic measures to achieve the promotion of those legacy values.
Among the sub-themes, jobs and tax measures (law, policy) stand out as particularly frequent.
Decentralization and transportation can also be found on the margins of Figure 6.35 as somewhat frequent sub-themes. Efficiency, supply, nuclear phase-out, climate protection and social justice are most notably missing.
Energiewende Collocates:
Figure 6.36: Government Coalition Contracts – Energiewende Collocates Figure 6.36 demonstrates the structure of Energiewende collocates in government coalition contracts. From the legacy values, renewables, climate protection and ecological values, energy efficiency, nuclear phase-out, transmission networks and electricity supply stand out in this category, whereas the relatively low ranking of electricity supply is most notable.
Economy seems to be the most frequent collocate whereas equal opportunity has been found as a unique collocate in this category. Other outstanding collocates include infrastructure,
183 electricity markets, transportation, transmission network expansion and integration, intelligent and smart grids). What stands out most is culture, which upon further inspection of the list in
Appendix C, seems refer to “building culture through education”. Most notably, social values and decentralization are absent.
6.3.8 Legislations.
Overall, there are 42 documents categorized as legislation, including the official documentation for key legislations that relate to the Energiewende from the early 1990’s to 2018.
All legislations documents were selected based on their relevance for Energiewende, some of them were found directly through a reference in the narrative analysis and others through further research. However, none of these documents mention Energiewende and thus, themes in context are the only venue for textual analysis.
Themes in Context:
The list of auto-coded themes for legislation documents is notably short. From this short list, a limited number of relevant themes have been extracted in Appendix C and illustrated in
Figure 6.37.
What stands out most is that electricity is the top theme, followed by facilities. Sub- themes include generation facilities, wind, biomass, biogas, geothermal, market value and market integration, costs—macroeconomic, external—and companies. Hence, economic values seem to be predominant among the themes.
Among the sub-themes, energy and electricity intensive companies stand out as the most prevalent. On the other hand, renewables only appear as a sub-theme of energies and not a main theme. Marginal themes such as local supply and supply security are most notable.
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Figure 6.37: Legislations – Themes in Context This demonstrates that most of the legislation documents are about regulating the market economy of electricity generation, particularly in connection with renewable energies such as wind, biomass, and biogas and geothermal. The absence of other forms of renewables, most importantly solar, particularly stands out.
Collocates:
Energiewende has not been mentioned in this category.
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Chapter 7: Energiewende and the Chronological Evolution of Values
This section will compare the results of narrative analysis from Chapter 5 and chronological textual analysis in Chapter 6.2 to answer the first set of research question: what
values were associated with the Energiewende and how did that change over time?
For this purpose, the next section 7.1 will begin with a review of how Energiewende has
been auto-discovered as a contextual theme by the NVivo software. The “Auto Coding Wizard”
of Nvivo 11 has been used to find contextual themes in each time epoch and category of
documents. In some epochs, Energiewende has been discovered by this function as a sub-theme
and in rare cases, as a main theme. The themes that are linked to Energiewende—adjacent or
sub-ordinated—and their evolution over time provide an initial perspective on the evolution of
values and value concepts linked to Energiewende. On this basis, the overarching groups of
values have been identified and used to classify the findings in chapter 6.2.
The following sections 7.2 to 7.5 will present the classified results from Chapters 5 and 6
by value systems and sub-groups. Each item will be discussed in terms of its evolution
throughout time in narrative analysis and chronological textual analysis; for the chronological
analysis, the evolution of concepts collocated with the term Energiewende will be discussed in
addition to the evolution of concepts in contextual themes. Collocated concepts have been
associated directly with Energiewende whereas contextual themes have been associated in a
broader sense and thus, resemble value concepts in context of the debate on Energiewende.
In terms of formatting, underlined words are objectified (value) concepts that are
discussed outside of their ordinary context—strike though indicates their decline. Italic signifies
overarching themes and bold marks a general value system (economic, environmental, social
and odd).
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7.1 Energiewende as a Main- and Sub-theme
Energiewende has been discovered automatically by NVivo as main and sub-themes across various epochs. When discovered as a main theme, Energiewende includes a range of sub- themes; when discovered among sub-themes, adjacent words and themes entail associated concepts and meanings. Such auto-discovered thematic structures provide key analytical implications for the evolution of values associated with Energiewende from an independent standpoint than the researcher.
In parliamentary documents, Energiewende has emerged as a main theme since 1979 consistently until 2017. In non-parliamentary documents, it can only be found as a main theme in
1990-2000 and later from 2011 until 2017. However, in 2000-2005 and 2005-2009
Energiewende does not emerge as an independent theme; instead, it appears as a sub-theme. In
2009-2011, Energiewende does not appear among contextual themes at all.
The first sub-themes of Energiewende resemble concepts that became part of its legacy: nuclear phase-out, efficiency and ecological values. Ever since, auto-coding has consistently found Energiewende as a main theme in parliamentary documents. However, in non- parliamentary documents, Energiewende has only emerged as a sub-theme in 1990-2000 and
2009-2011. However, from 2013 to 2017, it has also emerged as a main theme.
What stands out in 1990-2000 is that ecology remain a significant sub-theme in parliamentary documents and emissions emerges as another environmental value among the first adjacent themes in non-parliamentary documents. However, other themes such as investment and solar in parliamentary, as well as coal and electricity in non-parliamentary documents can be grouped as economic values. Some themes such as real and novel also stand out as rather odd values but suggest that this epoch as been an early milestone in the evolution of
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Energiewende. Furthermore, the fact that Energiewende was first discovered as a main theme in
non-parliamentary documents in this epoch and that it also appears as a main theme in Öko
institute documents, implies a central role of Öko in the development of Energiewende—
resembling entrepreneurship. Some of Öko institute’s unique concepts such as industrial,
demand, cogeneration and transportation reflect the kind of concepts that Öko has sought to
project into Energiewende: they can be grouped as related to the demand side.
In 2000-2005, there has been a shift in environmental values when sustainability and
climate protection have replaced ecology and emissions among the sub-themes. Economic policy
measures are most prevalent: investment has re-emerged in parliamentary as well as the special
commission category and global implies the extension of the political dimension of
Energiewende. Transportation has been the only theme discovered in the special commission
report which reflects the concepts of Öko in the last epoch.
In 2005-2009 despite the decline of references to Energiewende, it has been auto-
discovered as a theme in parliamentary documents. Top sub-themes mostly relate to
environmental values—particularly ecological and sustainable. However, global stands out as the
most prevalent concept in this epoch, implying the establishment of the previous extension in
economic policy dimension. Real and radical represent rather odd values which can be
interpreted as reactions to the decline of Energiewende.
In 2009-2011 social values rise significantly among Energiewende sub-themes in parliamentary documents; in non-parliamentary documents, environmental and economic demand and policy concepts such as transportation and investment appear as sub-themes. On the
other hand, global has been absent and instead, German appears as a sub-theme which can be
188 interpreted as a shift back to national policy and ambitions. Furthermore, success re-emerges as an odd value.
In 2011-2013, social values maintain top representation in parliamentary sub-themes of
Energiewende, particularly social acceptance. However, most other themes relate to economic values such as investment (policy), transportation (demand), nuclear phase-out (supply) and buildings (infrastructure). Ecological values can also be found among the sub-themes and success remains.
In 2013-2015, there seems to be a return to economic values; social values seem to be absent and the only environmental values are sustainability and circular economy in non- parliamentary documents. In both document sets, decentralization, transportation, buildings, global and European appear as sub-themes of Energiewende. In parliamentary documents, concepts related to economic supply (decentralization, coal phase-out), demand (efficiency, transportation), policy (global, European, German) and infrastructure (buildings) stand out. In non-parliamentary, odd values (success, data, and communication) as well as demand concepts
(heat, transportation) particularly stand out. Considering the emphasis of the Öko on environmental values, it seems that it has been crowded in this epoch.
In 2015-2017, a broader range of concepts have been discovered among the sub-themes of Energiewende. In both parliamentary and non- parliamentary documents, affordable stands out as a novel theme that relates to economic values but is rather odd to fit in any sub-group. In parliamentary documents, social values stand out once again, this time including social acceptance as well as social justice. Economic values mostly relate to demand (electro mobility, heat and cogeneration) and infrastructure (transmission network). In non-parliamentary documents, economic values seem more prevalent, particularly supply (decentralization,
189 electricity), demand (transportation, companies), infrastructure (buildings) and policy
(investment). Furthermore, environmental values (climate protection) and social values
(education) can also be found among the sub-themes. What stands out most is the group of odd values, particularly affordable which appears in both parliamentary and non-parliamentary documents as an odd theme; digital and success also stand out as important odd themes among non-parliamentary documents.
Looking at the evolution pattern of Energiewende as an auto-coded theme and its associated concepts, the most recurrent are ecological (1980-1990, 1990-2000, 2005-2009, 2009-
2011), investment (1990-2000, 2000-2005, 2015-2017), global (2000-2005, 2005-2009, 2013-
2015, 2015-2017), buildings (2009-2011, 2011-2013, 2013-2015, 2015-2017) and transportation
(2009-2011, 2011-2013, 2013-2015, 2015-2017). Ecological values only appear in parliamentary documents. Investment first appears in parliamentary documents in 2000-2005 but again only in
2015-2017 in non-parliamentary documents. Global and buildings have first emerged in parliamentary documents, then in all documents and finally only in non-parliamentary.
Transportation on the other hand, has first emerged in non-parliamentary documents but subsequently, it has appeared in all documents. Furthermore, success also stands out in terms of its recurrence: it has appeared in consecutively since 2009-2011 in parliamentary documents and after 2013 until 2017, also in non-parliamentary documents.
A few insights particularly stand out; first, the emergence of political affiliations in parliamentary documents. In 1990-2000, “Red-Green” Can be found among the sub-themes which stands for the coalition of the Social Democratic Party and the Green Party which came to power in 1998. Later in 2000-2005, only “Green” can be found among the sub-themes. In 2005-
2009, “Left” is the only reference to a political party. In 2011-2013, “Left” and “Green” have
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emerged as the last references to a political party. These insights illuminate role of political
parties and their engagement with Energiewende: first, the Red/Green coalition elevated the
concept to a greater significance in the parliamentary discourse in the late 1990’s. However,
when the significance declined in 2005-2009, the Left Party became the most engaged actor.
Finally, the Green party restored its engagement level and became a key sub-theme along with
the “Left” after Fukushima in 2011-2013.
Another outstanding insight is that the decline of reference to Energiewende in 2005-
2009 seem to have propelled a sense of radicalism and grandiloquence in the engaged actors of
the time—the Left party.
Overall, the themes subordinated and/or adjacent to Energiewende can be grouped as
economic, environmental, social and odd values. Economic values include a broad range of
concepts; the following four sub-groups stand out: supply, demand, infrastructure and policy.
These groups and sub-groups will be used to discuss the evolution of concepts and how actors
engaged in the construction of meanings, linking them to the idea of Energiewende.
7.2 Economic Values
The theme of economic values is by far the richest and most prevalent theme, containing
many sub-themes and concepts. It is consistently prevalent in the results obtained from the
narrative analysis, context analysis and collocation analysis.
Economic values are prevalent in all time periods, found as contextual themes (auto-
discovered by NVivo) in documents and document groups, as well as recurrent collocates of
Energiewende. Economic values are most prevalent themes is most epochs; the only times in
which other themes become preeminent are 1990 to 2005, and to a lesser extent 2011-2013.
However, in 2013-2015, economic values regain pre-eminence and retain in the following years.
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What stands out is that, economic values re-gain pre-eminence in 2005-2009 across all the documents at a time where the occurrence of Energiewende had declined the most.
Among the concepts that fit into the economic category, four themes stand out: supply, demand, infrastructure and policy.
7.2.1 Supply.
Most economic values associated with Energiewende are related to energy supply. The
term “supply” is the fourth most prevalent in textual analysis. The first three—renewable
energies, nuclear and electricity—are related to energy supply as well.
Generally, energy supply related concepts are most prevalent in the earlier years and fluctuate in the mid to upper ranks; in later years, these concepts remain in lower but significant ranks among both themes and collocates. This relative decline stands out most in 2000-2005,
2011-2013 and to a lesser extent 2013-2015; in 2013-2015 and 2015-2017, supply concepts still rank high, but the sheer diversity of new concepts crowds out the kind of pre-eminence that supply concepts achieved in earlier years. The most significant economic supply concepts and their evolutionary patterns are as follows:
Supply Security is a cornerstone value of Energiewende since the early years and except
for a few gaps, consistently appears as a significant concept associated with Energiewende. In
context, it’s been a key theme since the late 1970s. However, according to the collocation and
narrative analysis, it appears explicitly in 1980-1990 as an associated concept. Oher related
concepts which appear along with supply security are energy import independence, local energy
resources and coal—however, these concepts decline after 1990. In the narrative, supply security
re-emerges in 2000-2005. In context, it re-emerges in 2005-2009 and 2013-2015. Among
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collocates it re-emerges as a minor concept in 2013-2015 but with a relatively high rank in 2015.
Hence, supply security has been most significant from 1970 to 1990 and after 2013 until 2017.
Renewable energies: resemble one of the most prevalent and recurrent concepts emerging since the late 1970’s; wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, hydro and biogas refer to the
most prominent forms of renewables which have been tracked throughout the analysis. In the
narrative, renewables are consistently among the top concepts associated with Energiewende,
especially from 2000 to 2010. However, the significance of solar begins to decline after 2005
and fades in the following years.
In context and among collocates, “new” and “alternative” energies stand out since the late
1970’s. “Renewables” first emerge in 1980-1990 and consistently remain among the top
contextual themes and Energiewende collocates—except for 2011-2013 in parliamentary
documents. Wind, solar and bio-energies first appear in the 1980’s and remain among the top
themes and collocates except for 2011-2013 when solar and bio-energies become less
significant. Geothermal and Hydro first emerge as significant themes in 2005-2009 but only
become collocates in 2009-2011; subsequently, they remain significant—except in 2011-2013.
Hence, it seems that not only solar energy declined as a significant concept at about the
same time as in narrative analysis (2005-2009), but that hydro and geothermal energies also
declined in 2011-2013. Wind energy is the most consistently appearing concept both as theme
and collocate. However, all forms of renewable energies are more often found in the themes than
among collocates.
Electricity (electric) is a preeminent concept found in various forms and combinations
throughout the different analyses. In the narrative analysis, electricity supply and the electricity
sector become prevalent since after 1980-1990; after 1990-2000 and along with the first
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regulatory measures, electricity markets and locally produced electricity become a legacy
concept and remained throughout the years.
Electricity emerges as a top theme in 1980-1990 but becomes a top collocate in the 1990-
1980.
However, in the years after 1990-2000, it does not appear among top ranking collocates until
2011—afterwards, electricity surges in ranks and various other forms such electricity demand
and transmission network appear among collocates in 2015-2017.
Decentralization is a key concept associated with Energiewende but the pattern of its evolution across the dataset is somewhat divided. According to the narrative analysis, it appears as early as the 1970s as a core value and remains among the top values throughout the years— except after 2011 where it has been crowded out by other issues.
In context, decentralization emerges first becomes prevalent in 1980-1990 and remains
significant—except in 2005-2009 and 2011-2013. Among the collocates, it similarly emerges as significant in 1980-1990 and remains in 1990-2000; however, after 2000, decentralization
declines and stagnates until 2013. In 2013-2015 decentralization only re-emerges the collocates
in parliamentary documents but subsequently, regains significance across the dataset.
Hence, narrative and textual analysis demonstrate a major inconsistency: in narrative
analysis, 2011 seem to be the turning point towards the decline of the significance of
decentralization as a value associated with Energiewende. Textual analysis on the other hand,
indicates that after 2011, there has been a surge in the collocation of decentralization with
Energiewende. Furthermore, textual analysis demonstrates a gap in the 2000-2009 but in
parliamentary documents, decentralization could still be found among the significant collocates.
However, the complete absence of decentralization among collocates in 2000-2005 stands out in
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particular: since the key feed-in legislation was negotiated and passed in this period, the absence
of decentralization goes against expectations.
Nuclear phase-out: Nuclear phase-out could also be considered a subset of
environmental values, but it directly impacts the economics of energy supply. In the narrative
analysis, nuclear phase-out is consistently among the top values associated with Energiewende—
except in 2009-2011 where nuclear energy was reconsidered in government strategies. Context
and collocation analysis demonstrate somewhat similar results: in context and particularly in
parliamentary documents, nuclear phase-out is among the few auto-discovered themes except in
1990-2000 and 2009-2011. After 2013 following the Fukushima catastrophe, nuclear phase-out
becomes a sub-theme of Energiewende. Among collocates, nuclear phase-out is consistently
significant but becomes less so in 2009-2011. After 2011, it competes with a variety of new
collocates in ranking.
Fossil fuel: is a key concept against which the idea of Energiewende was framed since the early years which stands out in the titles of the first Energiewende studies. These studies argued for the possibility of an energy future without oil and uranium as fuel. In the narrative,
fossil fuels have been found consistently as a contra-value to the Energiewende ever since the
1970’s—a value against which Energiewende was framed. Whereas in the earlier years oil was
the primary form of fossil fuel opposed, coal became the main contra-value.
In context and among collocates, only in the period between 1970 and 1990 were fossil
fuels found in higher ranks. In both, oil is a highly significant counter-concept from 1970 to
1990. Coal on the other hand, emerges in the late 1970’s in context and remains a significant
collocate in 1980-2000 with positive association for its role as a locally sourced energy.
However, from 2000-2011, it does not emerge as significant which contrasts to the findings from
195 narrative analysis. After 2011, coal occasionally re-emerges together with phase-out, particularly in the later years 2015-2017.
7.2.2 Demand.
Economic values that fit within the theme of demand also comprise a majority of highly recurrent concepts and therefore, compete with the theme of supply in pre-eminence. The term demand as such does not seem nearly as recurrent as supply; however, consumption and use can be tracked as surrogates that imply issues related to economic demand. What stands out in the overall pattern is that there has been an increase in the significance of concepts related to companies and business as energy consumers in the later years.
Consumption first emerges in context as consumption planning in the late 1970’s and does not reappear until 2000--it only becomes significant in 2009-2011, and after 2013 until
2017. Hence, there is a gap in 2000-2009 and later in 2011-2013. What stands out most is that in
1990-2000 consumption appears as a sub-theme to Energiewende. Among collocates,
“consumption-turn” appears in 1980-1990 but declines in the following years. Nonetheless, consumption and other meanings such as energy use appear consistently as sub-themes and among collocates, especially in 1990-2000 and later in 2015-2017.
Efficiency: is the most prevalent concept pertaining to the theme of demand. In the narrative analysis, it consistently appears as a top-concept from the late 1970’s to 2017. In context, it first appears as “energy savings” in late 1970’s mentioned as an alternative measure for energy transition instead of nuclear phase-out; in the following decades it became a legacy value. After 1990, energy efficiency can be consistently found as a top theme—except for 2005-
2009 and 2011-2013. Similarly, “savings” emerges among collocate as early as the late 1970’s while “efficiency” remains significant since 1990 onwards. However, efficiency does not appear
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significant at all in 2000-2005. On the other hand, efficiency can be found in 2005-2009 among
the top 100 collocates in parliamentary documents but not in non-parliamentary documents.
Heating and Cogeneration: Even though there have been no specific references in the
narrative, heating and cogeneration occasionally appear as significant concepts in context and as
collocates; in context, heating appears as a top theme from 1980 to 2000 and later in 2013-2015.
Cogeneration only appears in 1990-2005 and 2013-2015. Among collocates, heating similarly
appears in top ranks in 1990-2000, 2013-2015, but also in 2015-2017. Cogeneration on the other
hand, only appears in 1990-2000 as a top collocate. Hence, heating and cogeneration were
associated with Energiewende in 1980-1990, became most prevalent in 1990-2000, declined ever since only to re-emerge after 2013 and surge in 2015.
Industry, businesses (companies) and Energy/Electricity-Intensive firms are highly prevalent and construe an outstanding category of themes and collocates in terms of their implications for the evolution of Energiewende. In the narrative, industrial growth is among the
legacy values since in 1980-1990 and remains significant afterwards.
In context, industrial values emerge among the top themes in 1980-1990 and become a
sub-theme to Energiewende in 1990-2000. However, in the subsequent epochs they decline.
Businesses, particularly medium-sized firms, emerge as a top theme after 2000 and remain
significant ever since—except for in 2011-2013. From 2013 to 2017, businesses become a sub-
theme of Energiewende and in 2015, “initiative for firms” becomes highly significant.
On the other hand, energy/electricity intensive firms emerge as a minor theme after 2000-
2005, surge to become a top theme in subsequent years and remain significant since—except for
2011-2013. However, after 2013 until 2017, E-intense firms are crowded out but can still be
found in sub-themes.
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Among collocates, industrial values and first emerge in 2009 and remain among top
collocates ever since. Businesses first emerge in 2011-2013 and surge to become a top collocate
in 2013-2015, along with related concepts such as entrepreneurship and profits. However, after
2015, business related concepts become less prevalent despite the persistence of the industrial theme. E-intense companies can only be found among the top collocates in 2013-2015.
Hence, industrial values were first associated with Energiewende in the earlier years but
became most prevalent after 2009 until 2017. Businesses are most preeminent in 2011-2015 and
E-intense firms in 2013-2015. What stands out most is that after 2013-2015, the significance of
businesses and E-intense firms begins to decline: according to the narrative, it was in this period
where a reform exempted E-intense firms from paying fees to subsidize Energiewende.
Transportation: is a key concept consistently and closely associated with Energiewende.
In the narrative, transportation first emerged in 2000-2005 (as low-carbon transportation and
electric mobility) and remained significant in the following years. In context, it emerges earlier
in 1990-2000 as a top theme with various associations such as public, non-motorized and low
emissions. In the same epoch, transportation also emerges as sub-theme to Energiewende in the
Öko category. In 2000-2005, transportation is among the top themes and among subthemes of
Energiewende in the special commission category. In 2005-2009, transportation stagnates but
surges again in 2013-2015 and becomes a preeminent theme and a sub-theme to Energiewende.
Among the collocates, transportation similarly appears in 1990-2000, stagnates in the
following years, surges in 2013-2015 (particularly in parliamentary documents) and remains a
top collocate in the following years until 2017. Therefore, transportation seems to be a consistent
concept that emerged in 1990-2000 in conjunction with Energiewende, remained significant in the following years but surged and became closely associated with Energiewende after 2011.
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7.2.3 Infrastructure.
Some other economic values can be categorized as related to infrastructure. Overall, infrastructure concepts are concentrated in the later years, particularly after 2011 (Fukushima).
As such, the term infrastructure does not appear in the narrative analysis; however, it appears as a top collocate in 2011-2013 and 2013-2015 and as a top contextual theme in 2015-2017.
On the other hand, in 2000-2005 modernization emerges as a top theme and structural change and transition pathways as top collocates, which can arguably be considered as closely related to infrastructure. Hence, infrastructure concepts first appear in 2000-2005 and become most prevalent after 2011 (Fukushima).
Market infrastructure: according to the narrative analysis, market liberalization— which can be considered a change in the economic infrastructure—becomes a significant concept in 1990-2000. After 2010, the emergence of capacity markets also resembles a market infrastructure concept. None of these concepts stand out among the top themes. However, in
2011-2013, capacity markets emerge among top collocates.
Transmission Grid: is among the most significant concepts related to infrastructure.
However, it does not appear in the narrative analysis. In context, it emerges in 2005-2009 along with network operators as a rather marginal theme. In the following years, transmission grid ascends to higher ranks until it becomes a top theme after 2013 until 2017. Most notably, “smart grid” can be found among sub-themes of Energiewende since 2013-2015. Among collocates, transmission grid evolves with a similar pattern: it first appears in 2005-2009 as well, rises to become a top collocate in 2013-2015 (smart grid) and remains in a top position in 2015-2017.
Net-metering is a highly significant infrastructure concept that also relates to demand: it represents a technology that facilitates decentralization and enables consumers to become
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suppliers. However, it is a rather rare concept which emerges as a late collocate only in 2013-
2015. Even though it does not appear in top ranks in the context, it appears at the same time as
data and digitization emerge and become top themes.
Buildings: the building sector and building refurbishments are significant but rather rare
concepts related to infrastructure. In the narrative, the building sector appears in 1990-2000 along with the first enactment of the building code in the parliament. In context, it can only be found among the top themes in 1990-2000 and in 2015-2017. However, as previously discussed, buildings appear consistently as an adjacent theme with Energiewende from 2009 to 2017.
Among collocates, the building sector first appears in 2011-2013 and remains among the top
collocates along with building refurbishments in 2013-2015. However, buildings decline in ranks
significantly in 2015-2017, where they are crowded out by the surging variety of new collocates.
Hence, the concept of the building sector has been associated directly with Energiewende after
2009-2011 until it became an independent theme in 2015-2017.
Mobility and storage technologies are outstanding infrastructure concepts which appear
after 2013 in context and among collocates. In context, storage technologies stand out as a top
theme from 2013 to 2017; car sharing and electric mobility can also be observed in the same
epochs. Among collocates, storage technologies emerge as a top collocate from 2013 to 2017
whereas electric mobility only emerges in 2015-2017. Hence, E-mobility started out as a theme
and then became a significant collocate but storage technologies emerged among both at the
same time.
7.2.4 Policy.
Most economic values also have a dimension of political implications. This may be due to the bias of the sample of documents in terms of the predominance of institutional policy
200 papers. The narrative also indicates that most economic values pertain directly or indirectly to energy policy. On the other hand, some themes and collocates particularly reflect core political values and specific measures in policy making.
Jobs are the most outstanding core policy value which that stands out throughout most themes and collocates. What demonstrates the centrality of jobs as a core value and objective in policy making is its consistent presence in the top 100, and sometimes the top 10 words across all parliamentary documents. In both narrative and textual analysis, job creation first emerged in the early 1970’s. From 1990 to 2005, jobs emerge as an independent contextual theme and surge among collocates; the only gap where jobs are absent from themes and collocates is in 2005-
2009; however, from 2009 until 2017 jobs re-emerge as significant among themes but especially among collocates, particularly in parliamentary documents.
Global, European and National are outstanding concepts that embody key dimensions in policy making. In the narrative, there has been no emphasis whatsoever on the level of policy making and how that shifted throughout the development of Energiewende. However, in context, global occurs regularly as a sub-theme, especially in 1990-2000, 2013-2015 and most in 2015-
2017. Among collocates, global ranks high in 2000-2005 along with the most prominent legislation that established the feed-in tariff. In 2009-2011, global and European stand out as prevalent collocates. Global remains significant in 2013-2015 and surges after 2015-2017.
Investment is a key political concept that applies to a wide range of measures to facilitate the Energiewende—including and often adjacent with economic and financial investment. In the narrative, it has not been standing out in any epoch. However, in context, it first emerged in 2000-2005 as a significant sub-theme. Next, it re-surfaced in 2013-2015 as a significant theme and surged in 2015-2017. Among collocates, investment emerged earlier in
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1990-2000 but followed a similar pattern in 2000-2005 and from 2013 to 2017. These patterns are consistent with the pattern of themes that are adjacent with or subordinated to the theme of
Energiewende.
Incentives and subsidies are key concepts that policy measures deploy to achieve change in markets. In the narrative, incentives emerge in 1990-2000 adjacent with wind energy.
In 2000-2005 when the feed-in tariff was enacted, incentives emerge together with other forms of renewables. However, in textual analysis—both context and among collocates—incentives and subsidies do not appear before 2015-2017. This makes narrative and textual analysis inconsistent. While there can arguably be mistakes in data gathering, analysis and interpretation, this may also indicate how early incentives and subsidies were not directly associated with the idea of Energiewende or that they have become particularly important later in 2015-2017.
Policy reforms are policy measures deployed to achieve broader social and economic change. In the narrative, first policy reforms emerged in 1990-2000 as economic reform (market liberalization) and building reform. In 2000-2005, the feed-in tariff and the nuclear phase-out agreement resemble the first major policy reforms related to Energiewende. The feed-in tariff was constantly reformed in subsequent years. However, in context, the only significant policy reform themes found were tax and finance reform in 2000-2005. Among collocates, tax reform appeared earlier in 1990-2000. What stands out most is that policy reforms associated with
Energiewende seem to be limited to only tax and financial reforms and somewhat dissociated since 2005-2009. This implies that the feed-in tariff and nuclear phase-out in 2000-2005 were the most significant in policy reforms related to Energiewende.
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7.3 Environmental values
Another outstanding group of values related to climate, ecology and environment.
However, a relatively fewer number of key concepts found in the analysis can be grouped as environmental values. Nonetheless, these concepts often stand out in their higher rankings across the inquiry.
In general, themes related to climate, environment and ecology emerge as early as the late
1970’s in context and surge in the 1990-2000. In 2000-2005, environmental values stand out among the highly significant collocates, but somewhat decline in 2005-2009. In 2009-2011, environmental values re-emerge as significant and rise to the top collocates and themes in 2013-
2017.
Environmental risk and Environmental protection have been key to Energiewende since
the late 1970’s in the narrative and among themes and collocates. Sustainability is another key
concept which appeared consistently since 1990-2000 and remained in higher ranks across the inquiry. Since 2000-2005, climate protection emerged as a top value concept in the narrative
analysis and among the top collocates. Furthermore, circular economy and recycling emerged
among collocates pre-eminent from 2013 until 2017.
Sustainability is the most prominent concept among environmental values. It emerged,
according to some narrative accounts, as early as 1970’s. However, sustainability emerges as a
highly significant theme since 1990-2000. However, after 2011-2013, sustainability has been
somewhat crowded out by other emerging themes. As previously discussed, sustainability also
appears as an adjacent theme with Energiewende from 2000 to 2009 and as a sub-theme to
Energiewende in 2013-2015. Among collocates, sustainability first emerges in 2000-2005 and
consistently remains among the top collocates until 2017. What stands out is that sustainability
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has been a prevalent theme and collocate in 2005-2009 where references to Energiewende were
lowest.
Environmental values include environmental risk, environmental protection, and
ecological modernization. Environmental risk is an early associate concept according to the
narrative and collocation analysis since the late 1970s. In the narrative and among collocates,
environmental protection has become a top theme in the 1990-2000 and remains significant
throughout the years, especially after 2013 until to 2017 among collocates. Ecological values can
be found in the top themes and collocates since 1980-1990, most significantly in 2000-2011; the
only relative gaps in the significance of environmental and ecological values is in 2011-2013.
Hence, environmental values first appear in conjunction with risk, followed by
protection, followed by ecological modernization and subsequently, the rise of ecological values
associated with Energiewende. The decline of environmental protection, especially after 2011,
can be arguably related to the rise of climate protection and the focus shifted from environment
to a broader understanding of ecology and climate.
Climate protection and climate change are outstanding concepts across all lines of
inquiry. Narrative and collocation analysis are consistent in demonstrating that climate protection
first emerged in 1990-2000 as a key idea associated with Energiewende. However, climate
protection first becomes a top theme in 2000-2005 and once again in 2015-2017. Among
collocates, climate protection first emerged in parliamentary documents in 1980-1990 and
remains a significant collocate until 2017. Among non-parliamentary documents, climate
protection becomes a top collocate since 2000-2005 and remains until 2017—except for 2011-
2013. This demonstrate that climate protection was associated with Energiewende since 1980-
1990 in parliamentary documents but only became a major theme in the Energiewende debate in
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2000-2005 and 2015-2017. However, since 1990-2000 climate protection has been consistently associated with Energiewende across the dataset.
Climate change first appeared as climate catastrophe in 1990-2000 as an outstanding
collocate. From 2005 until 2013, climate change appears as an outstandingly high ranked legacy
collocate. Hence, while the significance of climate protection increased and it has been
consistently linked to Energiewende, the perception of risks related to climate change seem to
have gradually decreased.
Emissions (reduction) can be considered a surrogate concept for climate protection and
appears consistently significant in textual analysis. Emissions first appear in 1980-1990 as a top
theme and remains until 2005-2009 where it declines. However, it becomes a top collocate again
from 2013 to 2017. In 1990-2000, emissions is also a sub-theme to Energiewende. Among
collocates, emissions similarly appear first in 1990 and remain significant until 2005. However,
in 2009-2013, the significance of emissions as a collocate declines; in 2013-2017 it become a top
collocate again. What stands out most is that emissions first appeared as a theme and became
significant among collocates subsequently; after a relative gap in 2005-2013, it become highly
significant again in themes and collocates.
Circular economy is a key concept that did not appear as a top-ranking concept before
2013. From 2013 to 2017 however, it emerged as highly significant along with related concepts
such as recycling. In 2015-2017, circular economy appeared together with recycling and waste
management as significant sub-themes to Energiewende. Among collocates, circular economy
appears only once as a top collocate in 2013-2015 but recycling also appears in 2015-2017.
Hence, despite the emergence of recycling in earlier years among the sub-themes, circular
economy first emerged as a key concept associated with Energiewende in 2013-2015.
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Insights from chapter 6.2.5 indicate that in 2000-2005, forestry has been a key collocate frequently used in the Ministry of Environment’s strategy for Energiewende. This further demonstrates the role of environmental values in the initial conception of Energiewende by the
German government and its pursuit of environmental policies.
7.4 Social Values
Social values have been found since the early years in all lines of inquiry. The social risks of nuclear energy have been a cornerstone of Energiewende since the late 1970’s, particularly in the narrative and collocation analyses.
In context, public values emerge as a top social theme in the 1990-2000; subsequently in
2000-2005, social values become more prevalent. What stands out the most is that social values, particularly social justice emerge among the top themes in 2005-2009 for the first time, when the use of the term Energiewende and the number of textual sources were at their lowest. In 2009-
2011, public, communal and community rank significantly high as themes. From 2013 to 2017, social justice, education and communal values become top themes again.
Among collocates, social risks and public emerge as early as in 1980-1990. Public remains a top collocate in 1990-2000. In 2000-2005 and 2005-2009, transition pathways and structural change emerge as collocates. In 2011-2013, social acceptance and social justice first emerge as significant collocates, social justice remains significant in 2013-2015. Finally, in
2015-2017, a full range of social values including social acceptance, social justice, communal values, education and cooperatives become significant collocates; this indicates that social values only became closely linked and highly relevant for the concept of Energiewende in the later epochs.
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Social Justice is a key social value which can also be considered a political value given how it is often pursued. Social justice is most frequently observed in parliamentary documents as a top 100 word. The occurrence pattern of the word social justice stands out most in its contrast to the Energiewende diffusion pattern: in context, social justice has been discovered in 2005-
2009 as a theme at a time when Energiewende occurred the least. In 2011-2013, social justice re- emerges among the 300 most frequent words but also as a top collocate in parliamentary documents. In 2013-2015, social justice becomes a top theme in all documents and in 2015-
2017, it surges in ranking as a theme and collocate. Hence, after Fukushima, the significance of social justice as a value in the debate on Energiewende has steeply increased and thereby, its association has been established.
Communal values have emerged early in association with Energiewende. In the narrative, communal have been among the top values since 1980-1990. In context, communal values first emerge in 1980-1990 and becomes more significant in 2005-2009. In 2009-2011, communities emerge among the top themes and re-appear among in 2013-2015 and 2015-2017.
In 2013-2015, communal and community values stand-out among both themes and collocates.
However, in 2015-2017, communities and communal stand out as top collocates but not as top themes. Hence, it seems that communal values were the predecessor of community values but they both emerge as highly associate of Energiewende in 2013-2015. What stands out most is that communal first emerged as a top theme, became more significant in 2005-2009 when
Energiewende appeared the least, and only became a significant collocate after 2013.
Education is also a key concept that first emerged as a contextual theme in 2013-2015 and remained significant in 2015-2017. Among the collocated, education only becomes highly significant in 2015-2017. Hence, it seems that education has not really been associated with
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Energiewende before 2013: but afterwards, it seems that education has become increasingly
prevalent and closely associated with Energiewende.
Social acceptance is a key concept that has direct implications for the core research
question. Social acceptance appears as a top collocate from 2011 to 2017 but never among the
significant themes. Considering that “acceptance” is the ideal outcome of technological diffusion
processes—society as units of adoption, see Chapter 3.3.4—the rise of social acceptance in the
later epochs means that Energiewende has become a classical problem of diffusion and directly
linked with such problems in the post-Fukushima discussions.
The greatest variety of social concepts can be found from 2011 to 2017; in 2011-2013
among top collocates (social acceptance, transition, ethical, social justice), in 2013 among top
themes (public transport, social, social justice, communal, education) and in 2015-2017 among
both themes and collocates (social, public transport, social justice, social acceptance, communal,
education, cooperatives). This means that social values evolved from collocates to contextual
theme in the broader discussion and remain highly significant until 2017.
7.5 Odd values
Odd values hardly fit within one specific category. However, they emerge among top
themes and collocates in the textual analysis and resemble key value concepts that shaped the
Energiewende in certain epochs of its evolution. In some cases, they could also be found in the
narrative analysis.
Data and Digitization are two key concepts that appear in narrative analysis and textual analysis somewhat consistently. Data first emerged among collocates of ‘wende’ in 2011-2013.
In 2013-2015, data was also found among the top contextual themes. In 2013-2015, digitization
was found in the narrative, as well as among the top themes and collocates. In 2015-2017, digital
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has become a legacy theme, a highly significant collocate as well as a sub-theme to
Energiewende. In the narrative, digitization of power markets and intelligent networks were
found in 2013-2015 which corroborates the significance of the digitization trend. Hence, data
and digitization (digital) can be interpreted to represent emergent concepts which have been
increasingly associated with Energiewende since 2011—after it became a key part of the
executive government agenda.
Affordability is a key value concept which has been found in conjunction with
Energiewende in various lines of analysis. Affordability does fit within the category of economic
values, but it not only relates to the demand side but is often used in context of energy supply,
infrastructure and policy making. Hence, it is a somewhat odd value and considering its
evolution trend, it deserves special attention.
Affordability first appears among collocates in 2005-2009 in parliamentary documents.
In 2009-2011 and 2013-2015, it becomes a marginal theme in non-parliamentary documents and appears together with related meanings such opportune and cost efficient. Affordability remains
a significant collocate in 2011-2013 and 2013-2015, particularly in parliamentary documents. It
is only in 2013-2015 when affordability appears across all documents as a significant collocate
but still as a sub-theme. Nonetheless, affordability is among the top 500 collocates of
Energiewende in all parliamentary documents.
What is most interesting about this pattern is that after 2014, the significance of
affordability begins to rapidly decline. This coincides with the passing of the feed-in tariff law
revision which provided significant relief for companies and corporations (see narrative
analysis). On the other hand, this trend coincides with the decline of energy-intensive companies,
as previously discussed.
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Modes of transportation such as non-motorized transportation and electro mobility
also stand out due to the importance of transportation as one of the most pre-eminent themes.
Since 1990-2000, Keywords implying a “transportation-turn” towards “non-motorized” and
“public” transportation can be found in textual analysis among both the significant themes and
collocates. In the narrative however, transportation, particularly public transportation first
becomes significant in 2000-2005. In textual analysis, electro mobility emerges as a top collocate
and a sub-theme to Energiewende in 2015-2017.
Communications is a rather rare concept which appears nevertheless significant in the
later epochs. First, communication emerges as a marginal theme as well as a sub-theme and
collocate (“communication solutions”) in 2015-2017. This suggests that the focus on
communications has occurred rather late and only in specific document categories but with a
high emphasis; this suggests that it has been pursued by specific actors.
Success in another rare and late concept which has important implications for the core research question and the understanding of Energiewende as an unfolding diffusion process. In the narrative, success has been increasingly associated with Energiewende after 2010; later in
2015, it has been the explicit subject of assessment in a government report. Among the themes,
success only emerges in 2015-2017 as a minor theme. However, among collocates, it first
emerges in 2013-2015 but declines to relatively lower rank in 2015-2017. This demonstrates that
the greatest debate on the success of Energiewende and its possibility took place between 2013
and 2015.
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Chapter 8: Actors and Value Systems Engagement
This chapter responds to the second set of research questions: what has been the role of
various institutional actors in conjoining value meaning with the idea of Energiewende?
Who were the most engaged actors? When and how did they engage with Energiewende
and associated values?
Chapter 6.3 provides an insight into the various categories of documents and the concepts
that they engaged with. Each of these categories can be considered as representing an actor that
has engaged in the evolution of the concept of Energiewende and the construction of meaning
around it. This part of the discussion is dedicated to assessing the impact of each of these actors
through the lens of how they engaged with different concepts in different epochs through themes
and/or collocates. Engagement through themes indicates that they engaged in context of the
broader discussion on Energiewende while engagement through collocates indicates that they
specifically associated the value with the concept of Energiewende.
The following section 8.1 presents outstanding findings from chapter 6.3 for each actor.
Using the same grouping structure for concepts as in the previous Chapter 7, 8.2 to 8.5 will
present outstanding findings about the role of actors in the evolution chronology of
Energiewende for each group and individual concept. These summaries particularly draw from
the cross-sectional results in Appendix E and F.
In terms of formatting, underlined words are objectified (value) concepts that are
discussed outside of their ordinary context—strikethrough indicates decline. Italic signifies a
conceptual theme and bold marks an overarching value system (economic, environmental, social and odd).
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8.1 Actors and Engaged Values
The parliament: through themes, the parliament has primarily engaged with economic
and social values. Some of the outstanding themes include jobs, social justice, renewables and
sustainable. Through collocates, the engagement with climate values and success stands out.
Other collocates mostly concern economic and social values; supply, jobs, social justice, public,
renewables efficiency, heating and affordable stand out among collocates.
Ministries: through themes, government ministries have engaged mostly with economic
values but also a few environmental values such as sustainable, ecological and climate. However,
most prominent themes are related to economic supply, demand and policy: Companies, electric,
renewables, efficiency, supply, decentralization, solar wind, energy intensive and incentives.
Most remarkably, the Ministry of Economy has directly engaged with Energiewende through themes.
Through collocates, economic policy has been the focus, but supply and demand values
are also preeminent. On the other hand, a variety of odd values such as digitization, affordable,
obstacles, measurement, successful and target years (2020, 2030). Environmental and social
values can also be scarcely observed.
NGOs: NGOs overall have engaged mostly with economic values—particularly supply
and demand—and social values through themes. Engagement with environmental values has
been rather scarce and marginal. Preeminent supply themes include electricity, supply,
renewables, and decentralization. On the other hand, consumption, heating, transportation and
efficiency stand out as preeminent demand themes. Through collocates, NGOs have engaged
more with environmental values such as air, emissions, ecological, recycling and climate
212 protection. Circular economy and the target year 2020 stand out as the most preeminent collocates. Other outstanding collocates include heating and co-generation and rail.
Campaigns: Through themes, campaigns have mostly engaged with social values such as people, public, society and communal. Economic values, particularly economy, infrastructure and transportation also stand out. Environmental values such as sustainable and ecological are comparably marginal. Through collocate, campaigns have engaged with a broader variety of values like renewables, climate protection, social justice, jobs, nuclear phase out, supply, decentralization, successful.
Themes discovered in the analysis of individual parties match their commonly perceived values but also reveal interesting insights which are outside of the scope of this discussion.
Through collocates, what stands out about the Green party is that it was most concerned with the success of Energiewende. Furthermore, the Green party has engaged with a range of with environmental (ecological, climate protection, emissions), economic (jobs, global, financing, economy, decentralization, efficiency) and social values (social justice, inclusiveness). Electric mobility and transportation particularly stand out. SPD has engaged with a broad range of economic (affordable, nuclear phase out, cooperatives, infrastructure), social (communities, social justice, health) and environmental values (climate protection). CDU/CSU has engaged mainly with economic values such as efficiency, jobs, investment and entrepreneurship and storage technologies; FDP has mainly engaged with economic values such as renewables, supply, buildings and markets. The Left party has engaged mostly with social values such as social justice, education, democratic and decentralization and cooperatives but also significantly with nuclear phase-out. The few collocates of the AFD party suggests a negative bias towards the Energiewende.
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Special commissions: Through themes, special commission have mostly engaged with economic (supply, demand, policy) and environmental values. Environmental values, particularly sustainability, emissions, ecological and climate stand out. Economic values such as supply, consumption, electricity, transportation, industry, companies, decentralization, renewables, global and tax reforms are among the prevalent. What stands out most is that special commissions have engaged significantly with Energy intensive companies.
Through collocates, the only engaged environmental value has been sustainability.
Instead, economic policy has been the most engaged value system including global, national, investment, financing, incentives and initiatives. Other economic values include supply, renewables, nuclear phase-out, efficiency and infrastructure.
Coalition Contracts: Through themes, coalition contracts have engaged mostly with economic policy, demand and social values. Policy values such as German, jobs and market particularly stand out. Coalition contracts have also engaged significantly with other economic values such as companies, industries, markets, renewables, decentralization and transportation.
Energy intensive companies particularly stand out.
Through collocates, coalition contracts have engaged with economic supply, demand and infrastructure. Outstanding economic values include supply security, renewables, efficiency, transportation, infrastructure, markets and smart grids. The only environmental value that stands out is climate protection. What stands out most is culture and equal as the only two prevalent social values.
Legislations: have only engaged through themes. What stands out is the almost exclusive engagement with economic supply values such as supply security, electricity, generation facility,
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renewables, wind, (bio) gas and geothermal. The only other prevalent concepts are companies
(demand) and market integration (infrastructure).
8.1.1 Comparing the engagement of actors in the evolution chronology.
The results of the cross-section of chronological and categorical analysis have been
mapped in Appendix F; it presents a distribution of the value systems, conceptual themes and individual concepts over time in context and among collocates, by document categories. The main legend of the table consists of the various document categories that comprise of the actors.
Whenever a value has been among the top-ranking ones in each document category, the initial of that category appears in the respective time epoch among themes and/or collocates of that epoch.
Hence, for each concept or value system, high-impact actors can be traced chronologically in the themes and context of each epoch.
Based on the distributions, matrices have been constructed to count the number of instances—epochs—in which each actor has significantly engaged with each concept. For each value system—economic, environmental, social, and odd—two separate tables and matrices have been created to account for the distribution in contextual themes and collocates. Each matrix has been enhanced with data bars to facilitate reading and comparison. At the end of each row, the number of times that actors appeared significant for each concept has been summed up. At the end of each column, the number of times that each actor has referenced any of the concepts— within the respective group—has been summed up to demonstrate the number of times an actor has significantly engaged with a concept or value system. Hence, with the help of the matrices, the most engaged actors in each value system can be identified and their engagement with contextual themes and Energiewende collocates can be distinguished.
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The following subsections will discuss the results based on the reports in Appendix E and
the tables in Appendix F. For each value system and individual concept, a section will illuminate
the most engaged actors, their epochs of significant engagement and whether they engaged
through themes or collocates.
8.2 Economic Values
For the group of economic values in total, the most engaged actors in the Energiewende discussions have been the Öko institute, the German parliament, legislation and political
campaigns. The Ministry of Economy also seems to have had a significant influence—
considering the combined engagement in strategies and reports. The least engaged actors have
been the Ministry of Environment (particularly in strategies), special commissions and coalition
contracts.
The Öko institute has been influential in most years except for a gap in 2005-2013. The
parliament has been somewhat evenly engaged except in 2009-2013. Legislations never
mentioned Energiewende but curiously, the peak of legislative engagement with concepts that
are otherwise associated directly with Energiewende (through collocates) is from 2005 to 2011
when Energiewende occurred the least. Political campaigns on the other hand, demonstrate a
rather gradual trend; first in 1990-2000, campaigns have engaged at about a steady rate and grew
significantly in the later years from 2013 to 2017. What stands out about the ministries is that
strategically, the Ministry of Environment has engaged the least with economic values. However,
in 2009-2011 the Ministry of Environment seem to have had a significantly high engagement,
even compared to the Ministry of Economy which subsequently took the lead on Energiewende.
The engagement of the Öko institute can be observed both in themes and collocates.
However, the engagement through collocates stands out in the earlier years. Other NGOs’
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engagement has been mostly through collocates and particularly stands out from 1990 to 2005
and in 2013-2015. Legislations have exclusively engaged through the themes since 1990
consistently, peaking from 2005 to 2011. Political campaigns demonstrate a notable pattern:
from 1990 to 2011, the engagement of campaign through the themes has increased gradually but
somewhat declines after 2011. Through collocates however, the engagement of campaigns has
stagnated since 1990 until 2011 but peaks after 2013.
Among economic values, the order of prevalence (based on how often concepts rank high
in document groups) matches the order in the chronological discussion: supply, demand,
infrastructure and policy. Among supply related concepts, renewables, nuclear phase-out,
electricity, supply and decentralisation seem to particularly stand out. Among demand related
concepts, efficiency, industrial values—particularly businesses—and transportation. Grids are
the most prevalent concept related to infrastructure and jobs are the most prevalent related to
policy. Outstanding insights into these individual concepts will be discussed.
8.2.1 Supply.
Supply: the most engaged actors are special commissions, legislations and the
ministries. The special commission has been most engaged in 2000-2005 through themes and in
2011-2013 through collocates as well. Legislations engage in 1990-2000 through themes.
Ministries engage in 2005-2011 through themes and from 2009 to 2017 increasingly through collocates.
Supply security has been most engaged by special commissions from 1980 to 2000 and
in 2015-2017 through themes. In 2013-2017, the Ministry of Economy and political campaigns have engaged with supply security through collocates.
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Renewables: the most engaged actors are parliament, Öko institute, campaigns and
legislations. The parliament has consistently engaged through collocates. Campaigns have engaged through collocates first in 1990-2000 and from 2009 to 2013 but also through themes
from 2005 to 2011. Legislations have engaged since 1990 until 2017 consistently through
themes.
Considering the specific types of renewables, legislations are the most engaged,
particularly with wind, biomass/biogas and geo-thermal through themes. Through collocates, the
most engaged actor is the Öko institute, but campaigns and other NGOs have also engaged
significantly. The trend that stands out with regards to wind, solar and bio is that the Öko
institute seems to be the first significant actor which has collocated these ideas with
Energiewende; subsequently in 1990-2000, wind, solar and bio emerge as significant themes.
Electricity: the most engaged actors are legislations, campaigns, Öko and special
commissions. Most actors have engaged through themes—engagement through collocates has
been comparably lower. Legislations and Öko have mostly engaged through themes. Through collocates, Öko and government ministries have been most engaged. Öko and special commissions are the first actors that have engaged through themes in 1980-1990 but later in
1990-2000 and after 2013, have only engaged collocates.
Decentralization: the most engaged actors are parliament and Öko. Campaigns and other NGOs have also engaged significantly with decentralization. What stands out most is that the parliament have exclusively engaged through collocates. Öko and campaigns have engaged somewhat evenly through themes and collocates and special commissions have also engaged significantly through themes. After 2011, government ministries take the lead in engaging with decentralisation through themes and collocates, especially after 2015 until 2017.
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Nuclear phase-out: the most engaged actor by far is the parliament. Campaigns have also engaged significantly, as well as other NGOs to a lesser extent. What stands out most is that the parliament has engaged through both themes and collocates since the late 1970’s until 2011; however, nuclear phase-out is subsequently no longer a significant collocate Energiewende but consistently remains a top theme. Campaigns have engaged through collocates consistently from
1990 to 2017. Through themes however, campaigns have engaged only from 2005 to 2011.
Another issue that stands out is that despite the various enactments on nuclear phase-out, legislations have not been engaged. However, the bias of the dataset could have had an effect: most legislative documents are related to the feed-in tariff and nuclear enactments are dwarfed in that crowd. Öko has only engaged through collocates from 1980 to 2005. Subsequently, other
NGOs have notably engaged with nuclear phase-out from 2005 to 2011.
Fossil Fuels: the most engaged actors are the parliament, Öko and other NGOs. Most of the engagement has been through the themes. However, from 1980 to 2000, Öko has engaged through collocates as well. What stands out most is that legislations have also engaged through themes in 1990-2000. However, engagement with fossil fuels has declined since 2000. Later in
2011, other NGOs have taken up the engagement with fossil fuels through theme. In 2015-2017,
Öko has engaged through themes as well.
8.2.2 Demand.
For economic values relating to demand, the most engaged actors are the Öko institute,
Campaigns and the parliament. The ministries also demonstrate a high level of engagement— particularly the Ministry of Economy. However, other actors like special commissions and other NGOs have also demonstrated significant engagement with demand concepts.
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Öko and the parliament have engaged mostly in the earlier and the later years—except for a relative gap in 2005-2011; Öko has engaged through both themes and collocates but the parliament has primarily engaged through collocates. The Ministry of Environment has also engaged significantly in 2000-2005 and the Ministry of Economy after 2009 until 2017; both have engaged primarily through collocates.
Consumption: the most engaged actor is the Öko institute. The parliament has also engaged with consumption but significantly less than the Öko institute. Öko and the parliament have both engaged primarily through collocates in the earlier years until 2005. Öko has also engaged through themes in earlier years (from 1980 until 2000) and after 2013. The parliament has only engaged with consumption again through collocate in 2015-2017. What stands out is that the economic ministry has engaged from 2009 to 2013 through themes and collocates but the
Ministry of Environment has engaged in 2013-2015 through collocates.
Efficiency: The most engaged actors are campaigns, the parliament and Öko.
Ministries have also engaged somewhat significantly in later years. Campaigns have engaged through both themes and collocates; through themes, campaigns have consistently engaged with efficiency since 1990 until 2017; through collocates, their engagement demonstrates a notable gap in 2005-2009. The parliament has engaged exclusively and consistently through collocates— except for a gap in 2009-2013.
What stands out most is that the Ministry of Environment has significantly engaged with efficiency from 2009 to 2013; afterwards, the Ministry of Economy took over the lead and has engaged primarily through collocates, especially in their strategies but also in their reports.
Another outstanding insight is that special commissions have engaged significantly in both 2000-
2005 and 2009-2011. In 2013-2015, coalition contracts have also engaged with efficiency
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through collocates. This makes efficiency one of the most influential concepts associated with
Energiewende.
Heating and Cogeneration: the most engaged actors are Öko and Special commissions.
Öko has first engaged through both themes and collocates in 1980-1990; subsequently from 1990
until 2005, Öko has engaged only through themes. Special commissions on the other hand, have
consistently engaged but through themes only (in 1980-1990, 2000-2005 and 2011-2013). What
stands out most is that engagement in later epochs has been through collocates first by coalition
contracts (2013-2015) and subsequently, campaigns (2015-2017).
Industrial values: the most engaged actors for industrial values are Öko and coalition
contracts. Coalition contracts and campaigns also stand out in their engagement with businesses
and energy intensive firms. Öko leads the early engagement with industrial values in 1980-1990
through themes and collocates; in 2000-2005 Öko has engaged through collocates and after 2013
until 2017 through both themes and collocates again. What stands out most about is that the
Ministry of Environment has been an engaged actor: it has engaged significantly in 2000-2005 through themes and 2011-2013 through collocates.
Businesses: the most engaged actors are the economic ministry, campaigns and legislations. The parliament has also engaged significantly after 2011 to 2017 through
collocates. The economic ministry has engaged in 2011-2013 through themes and after 2013 until 2017 through both themes and collocates. Campaigns have engaged through themes consistently since 2000 but only in 2013-2015 through collocates. What stands out most is that the parliament has engaged significantly after 2011 until 2017 through collocates.
Energy-intensive firms: the most engaged actors are legislation, campaigns and coalition contracts. Legislations lead the engagement through themes in 1990-2000. After 2000,
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campaigns and coalition contracts have taken the lead in engaging through themes. The only
engagement through collocates has been by the Ministry of Environment in 2013-2015.
Transportation: The most engaged actors are the Öko institute, other NGOs and the
Parliament. Öko has engaged through themes in 1990-2000, 2009-2011 and 2015-2017. Other
NGO’s have engaged through themes in 1990-2000, 2005-2009, 2011-2013. Through collocates,
Öko has engaged with transportation in 1990-2000, and 2015-2017 while other NGOs have engaged in 2005-2009. The parliament has engaged exclusively through collocates in 1990-2005,
2009-2011 and 2015-2017. What stands out is the engagement of environment and economic ministries: the Ministry of Environment has engaged in 2000-2005 through themes and 2009-
2013, through collocates; the economic ministry has significantly engaged in 2013-2017 through themes, and in 2013-2015 through collocates. This suggests that the engagement with transportation has been most widespread among actors but also somewhat scattered and inconsistent.
When it comes to specific forms of transportation (public, non-motorized, car sharing and
electro mobility), the most engaged actors are the Öko institute, the parliament and the
Ministry of Environment. In 1990-2005, Öko institute and Ministry of Environment have also
engaged with public and non-motorized transportation, but only through themes. However, Öko
and the parliament are the only actors that have engage with car sharing and electro mobility in
2015-2017.
8.2.3 Infrastructure.
The most engaged actors with economic values related to infrastructure are the Ministry
of Economy, parliament and legislation. Öko institute and other NGOs have also engaged significantly with concepts related to infrastructure.
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Infrastructure: as such, the term infrastructure has not been engaged with through
themes. However, four different actors have engaged with it exclusively through collocates:
initially, Öko (1980-1990), much later the special commission (2011-2013), coalition contracts
(2013-2015) and the Ministry of Economy (2015-2017). This pattern suggests that
infrastructure has been initially engaged as a key concept of Energiewende by Öko since 1980
but has henceforth been rather marginal. After the 2011 (Fukushima), first special commissions
and then the executive government have adopted this concept in context of Energiewende as part
of an economic agenda.
Grids: the most engaged actors are the Ministry of Economy, the parliament and legislations. Legislations are one of the earliest engaged actors since 2005 which have engaged consistently until 2017 through themes. The parliament on the other hand, engaged exclusively through collocates since 2005. In the later years however, engagement with grids has intensified
and diversified significantly. What stands out most is the role of ministries: the Ministry of
Environment has first engaged with grids in 2009-2011 through themes but subsequently, the
ministry of economic has taken the lead on engagement through both themes and collocates since
2013 until 2017. In 2015-2017, campaigns, coalition contracts and other NGOs have also engage
significantly with grids through collocates.
Net-metering: The only engaged actor is the Ministry of Economy which has engaged
with net-metering through both themes and collocates in 2013-2015. Other actors seem to not
have engaged with net-metering at any other time.
Buildings: the most engaged actor is the parliament which engaged through collocates since
2011 until 2017. However, legislations have first engaged with buildings in 1990-2000 but there
has been no other engagement before 2011. In 2013-2015, the Ministry of Economy and
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campaigns have also engaged with buildings through collocates. In 2015-2017, the Ministry of
Economy has engaged through themes and Öko through collocates. This indicates that buildings have long been the focus of the government but not an issue that was associated with
Energiewende since early years. It was adopted by campaigns and Öko in the latest periods.
Mobility: the only engaged actor is Öko which has initially engaged through themes in
2013-2015 and subsequently through collocates in 2015-2017.
Storage (technology): the most engaged actors are other NGOs and the Ministry of
Economy. However, the first actor which has engaged with storage has been the Ministry of
Environment in 2009-2011 through collocates. Subsequently, the Ministry of Economy has
engaged from 2011 until 2015 through themes. Other NGOs have engaged through collocates
consistently since 2011 until 2017. Öko has only engaged in 2013-2015 through themes. In
2015-2017, campaigns have engaged through collocates.
8.2.4 Policy.
The most engaged actors in economic values related to policy are the parliament, campaigns and the ministries, particularly the Ministry of Economy. The parliament has first engaged with economic policy values in 1990-2000 through themes and collocates. From 2000 to
2017, the parliament has engaged only through collocates. Campaigns have engaged most from
1990 to 2005 and from 2013 until 2017 through collocates; through themes on the other hand, campaigns have only engaged in 1990-2000 and 2015-2017. The Ministry of Environment and
the Ministry of Economy have both engage significantly in 2009-2011 through themes and
collocates. The Ministry of Environment has further engaged in 2011-2013 through collocates. In
2013-2015, the Ministry of Economy has taken over the engagement but through themes—not
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collocates. In 2015-2017, the Ministry of Economy has engaged intensely through both themes and collocates.
Jobs: the most engaged actors with the most prominent economic policy value are the
parliament, campaigns and Öko. Öko has first engaged with jobs through themes in 1980-1990
and through collocate in 2000-2005. Campaigns have engaged in 1990-2000 through themes and
collocates, in 2000-2005 through collocates, in 2009-2011 and in 2015-2017 through themes.
The parliament has engaged in 1990-2000 through themes and collocates and in 2000-2005 and
2013-2017 through collocates.
The range of actors who have engage with jobs are somewhat diverse. However, what
stands out most is that the most engaging epoch has been 1990-2000 in which the parliament,
Öko and campaigns have engaged through collocates. In 2000-2005 in addition to all mentioned
actors, coalition contracts have engaged as well. This indicated that from 1990 to 2005, one of
the commonly associated concepts with Energiewende was its job creation potential.
National: the most important actors were campaigns and coalition contracts which, in
1990-2000, have engaged with national values through themes and collocates.
Global/international: the most engaged actors are the parliament, ministries and campaigns. Campaigns have first engaged with global values in 2000-2005 through collocates.
The Ministry of Economy has engaged in 2009-2011 through themes and the Ministry of
Environment in 2011-2013 through collocates. The parliament has engaged exclusively through collocates from 2005 to 2017—except in 2011-2013. What stands out most is that special commissions have engaged in 2000-2005 through collocates.
Investment: the most engaged actors are the parliament and the Ministry of Economy.
The parliament has first engaged in 1990-2000 and consistently remains through collocates until
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2017—except for in 2005-2009. The Ministry of Economy has first engaged in 2009-2011
through themes and again in 2015-2017 through both themes and collocates. What stands out is
that in 2015-2017, the Ministry of Economy has specifically engaged with investment in their
strategic documents through collocates. Furthermore, in 2013-2015, campaigns have also
significantly engaged through collocates.
Incentives: the most engaged actors are legislations and the Ministry of Economy.
Legislations have engaged since 2000 until 2015 through themes. In 2013-2015, the Ministry of
Economy takes over the lead of engaging through themes until 2017. What stands out most is
that campaigns are the first to engage with incentives through collocates in 2013-2015; in 2015-
2017, in addition to campaigns, the Ministry of Economy has also engaged through collocates in
their strategies and reports. Hence, the first direct association of incentives with Energiewende
has been led by campaigns.
Policy reforms: it is rather difficult to establish the most engaged actors based on the
current stratification of data. However, the first engaged actors were campaigns (through
collocates) and coalition contracts (through themes) in 1990-2000. Subsequently in 2000-2005,
Öko and the special commission have engaged significantly through collocates. In 2005-2009, the parliament has engaged through collocates but what stands out most is that there has been no engagement after 2011 (Fukushima). This indicates that the most prominent policy reforms directly associated with Energiewende were those enacted prior to Fukushima.
8.3 Environmental Values
The group of environmental values is smaller in comparison with economic values.
However, most of the values in this group are among the top ranking and most engaged with actors. The most engaged actors are the parliament, Öko institute, ministries and campaigns.
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Special commissions and other NGOs have also significantly engaged with environmental
values. On the other hand, legislations have not significantly engaged with environmental values at all.
The parliament has first engaged with environmental values in 1980-1990 and since 1990 somewhat evenly until 2017 through both themes and collocates—but mostly through collocates.
Öko has first engaged through collocates in 1980-1990 and in 1990-2005, through both themes and collocates. In 2005-2013, there has been a gap in Öko’s engagement; however, after 2013, it increases significantly. The Ministry of Environment has first engaged in its strategy through themes and collocates in 2000-2005 but from 2005 to 2011, the engagement has shifted from strategies to reports. Since 2009-2011 the Ministry of Economy has also engaged with environmental values, but significant engagement has occurred from 2013 to 2017. The campaigns have first engaged in 1990-2000 and maintained engagement only in 2000-2005 and
2009-2011. In 2013-2017, campaigns have engaged more intensely. Special commissions have engaged significantly throughout all epoch’s in which their reports were published (1980-1990.
2000-2005 and 2011-2013).
Environment: the most engaged actors are campaigns, ministries and to a lesser extent the Öko institute and special commissions. Most engagement has been through collocates.
Through themes, various actors have engaged with the environment and environmental values.
Most notably, special commissions have engaged in all three periods of their emergence through themes (1980-1990, 2000-2005, 2011-2013); in the latter two periods, the Ministry of
Environment has also engaged significantly through themes. The engagement of Öko and campaigns in 1990-2000 also stands out.
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Through collocates, campaigns have mostly engaged with the environment since 1990-
2000 and remained engaged until 2017. However, Öko has engaged earlier in 1980-1990 and
again from 2013 to 2017. In the later years, a greater variety of actors (ministries, Öko,
campaigns and coalition contracts) have engaged. However, what stands out is that special
commissions do have engage through collocates with the environment. This means that special
commissions have not associated the environment directly with Energiewende.
Ecology: the most engaged actors are campaigns and to a lesser extent Öko and special
commissions. Compared to the environment, ministries have been significantly less engaged in
ecological values. However, most engagement with ecology has been through collocates. Again,
campaigns have most consistently engaged from 1990 until 2015 through themes and collocates.
Special commissions have exclusively engaged through themes; Öko has engaged in earlier and
later years through collocates.
What stands out is that the parliament is relatively less engaged with ecology and
environment. Through themes, the parliament has only engaged in 1990-2000 with ecology.
Through collocates, it has engaged from 1990 to 2005 with the environment and from 2005 to
2011 with ecology.
Sustainability: the most engaged actor is by far the parliament. Ministries and special commissions have also engaged significantly, but comparably less. The parliament has first engaged in 1990-2000 through collocates and in the following years through both themes and collocates. The Ministry of Environment has first engaged through themes in 2000-2005 and subsequently, through both themes and collocates until 2011. What stands out most is that special commissions have engaged in 2000-2005 through both themes and collocates—later in
2009-2011, only through collocates. Furthermore, coalition contracts have engaged in 2009-2011
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through themes and in 2013-2015 through collocates: this implies that sustainability has become
a surging concept that has been increasingly associated with Energiewende at the intersection of
political and popular discussions.
Climate protection: the most engaged actors are the parliament and to a lesser extent the ministries, Öko and campaigns. What stands out is that most engagement has been through collocates. Through themes, significant engagements have been with the parliament in 2005-
2009, Öko and Ministry of Environment in 2009-2011, and Öko in 2015-2017.
Through collocates, the parliament has engaged consistently from 1980 to 2017. Campaigns have
engaged since 1990 somewhat consistently as well—except for a gap in 2005-2009. The
Ministry of Environment has engaged from 2000 to 2009 and the Ministry of Economy from
2013 to 2017. In 2013-2015, the Ministry of Economy has also engaged significantly with
climate protection. Special commissions have engaged in 2000-2005 and 2011-2013 exclusively
through collocates.
Climate change: the most engaged actor is the parliament. What stands out is that
engagement has occurred exclusively through collocates. The parliament has engaged
consistently from 1990 until 2013. Other actors have engaged sporadically; for instance,
campaigns have engaged in 2009-2011 and 2013-2015; the Ministry of Environment in 2009-
2011 and special commissions in 2000-2005. What stands out is that initially in 1990-2000, climate catastrophe was used instead of climate change.
Emissions: the most engaged actors are the Öko institute and to a lesser extent, special commissions. Special commissions have first engaged in 1980-1990 through themes, and in
2000-2005 through both themes and collocates. In 2011-2013, special commission have engaged through themes only. Öko has also engaged mostly through themes since 1990 to 2017—except
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for 2005-2009 and 2011-2013; through collocates, the Öko institute has engaged from 1990 to
2005 and in 2013-2015. Campaigns have also engaged significantly through collocates in 2000-
2005 and 2015-2017.
Recycling and Circular Economy: the only engaged actor is the Öko institute. In 2013-
2015, Öko has engaged intensively with both concepts through themes and collocates to the extent that recycling and circular economy emerged as significant themes and collocate in all
documents. In 2015-2017, the Öko institute has engaged with recycling through themes and
collocates. However, circular economy has been only engaged in 2013-2015.
Forestry: the most engaged actors are the other NGOs who have engaged with forestry
through collocates in 1990-2000 and 2011-2013. The Ministry of Environment has also engaged
in 2000-2005 through collocates.
8.4 Social Values
The group of social values is denser than environmental value in that the variety of
identified concepts is less but most of them demonstrate high engagement with a variety of actors increasingly over time since the early years.
The most engaged actors in social values are first and foremost the parliament and to a lesser extent, the campaigns and the Öko institute. Coalition contracts and special commissions also engage with social values at about the same average as with the previous two groups. What stands out most is the low engagement of the ministries and legislations.
The parliament has engaged consistently with social values since the late 1970’s through themes and collocates. The lowest level of engagement has been through collocates in 2000-2005 and 2009-2011—hence, in 2005-2009 where Energiewende appeared the least, the parliament’s engagement with social values through collocate has remained relatively high. Campaigns have
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engaged with social values sporadically since 1990 but consistently significant after 2013 until
2017. However, the campaigns’ engagement in 2009-2011 has been significantly higher
compared to previous periods. The Öko institute has engaged most significantly in 1980-1990,
2000-2005 and 2015-2017. The gap in 2009-2011 reflects the gap in Öko publications at the time as reflected in the sample structure and other lines of analysis. Special commissions have engaged through both themes and collocates in 2000-2005 but increasingly through collocates in
2011-2013.
Social: the most engaged actors with society and social values are the parliament,
campaigns and the Öko institute. Coalition contracts and other NGOs have also engaged
somewhat significantly. The parliament has consistently engaged through themes from late
1970’s until 2017. Through collocates, the parliament has only engaged with social values after
2011 until 2017. This indicates that the parliament has first associated Energiewende with social
values after Fukushima.
Campaigns have engaged with social values and society first through collocates in 1990-
2000 and through themes in 2005-2009 and consistently through both since 2009 to 2017. Öko has only occasionally engaged through themes and collocates before 2015-2017 but in that epoch, it has engaged consistently through both. Considering the high engagement of Öko with previous value systems, the relatively low engagement with this group particularly stands out.
Special commissions have first engaged through themes in 2000-20005 and in 2011-2013 through both.
Social Justice: the most engaged actor is the parliament which has consistently engaged
with social justice through themes—except for 1980-1990. What stands out most is the
significant engagement of other NGOs in 1990-2000 through collocates. Campaigns have
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engaged first through themes in 2000-2005; in 2013 to 2017, they have engaged through
collocates. In 2013-2015, coalition contracts have also engaged through both themes and
collocates. Hence, social justice seems has been a contextual value that has been increasingly
associated with Energiewende, pioneered by other NGOs who have first engaged through
collocates.
Public: the most engaged actor is the parliament which has engages consistently since
1970 to 2017 through themes. Through collocates, the parliament has engaged from 1980 to
2000 and from 2011 to 2015. Other actors have engaged in succession: first Öko (2000-2005) and later other NGOs (2009-2011) through themes; through collocates special commissions
(2011-2013), campaigns (2013-2015) and the Ministry of Economy (2013 to 2017) have engaged significantly. Hence, despite the pioneer role of NGOs in engaging with public values, they have been associated directly with Energiewende by the government after Fukushima.
Communal and collective: the most engaged actors are the parliament, Öko and campaigns. The parliament has engaged consistently since 2000 until 2017 through themes—
however, only in 2015-2017 has the parliament engaged through collocates. Öko has engaged
through both themes and collocates in 1980-1990 and 2000-2005 and again only in 2015-2017
through collocates. Campaigns have engaged in the later years from 2013 to 2017 through both
themes and collocates. Ministries have engaged in 2009-2011 (environment) and 2013 to 2015
(economics) through collocates. Special commissions have engaged in 2011-2013 through
collocates. What stands out is that coalition contracts have engage significantly in 2005-2009 and
2013-2015.
Communities: the most engaged actors are the parliament and to a lesser extent, Öko.
First, the SPD party has engaged through themes in the late 1970s. In subsequent years, the
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parliament has consistently engaged through collocates—except for in 2009-2011. Öko has only
engaged from 1980 to 2000 through themes. Through collocates, special commissions have
engaged in 2011-2013; campaigns and the Ministry of Economy have engaged in 2015-2017.
Social acceptance: the most engaged actors are the Ministry of Economy and special commissions. First, Öko has engaged significantly through themes in 1990-2000; however, Öko has only ever engaged again through themes in 2013-2015. Special commissions on the other hand, have engaged through both themes and collocates in 2000-2005 and through collocates in
2011-2013. This indicates that special commissions have engaged significantly in associating social acceptance with Energiewende. The Ministry of Economy has first engaged in 2009-2011 through collocates and in 2015-2017 through both themes and collocates. Campaigns have engaged in 2009 until 2017 through themes and in 2013-2017, through collocates as well.
Coalition contracts stand out for their engagement in 2009-2011 through themes, and in 2013-
2015 through collocates.
Social change: the most engaged actors are the parliament and Öko. The parliament has
engaged exclusively through collocates in 1980 to 2000, in 2005-2009 and in 2011-2013. Öko
has engaged through both themes and collocates in 1980-1990 and in 2015-2017. Furthermore,
special commissions have engaged in 2000-2005, campaigns and other NGOs in 2005-2009
through themes. However, most of the early engagement has been with the idea of structural
change which relates to economic rather than social values. What stands out is compared with
social acceptance, social change has been generally less engaged. However, in 2005-2009 when
the engagement of social acceptance has been declined along with references to Energiewende,
engagement with social change has surged.
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Education: the most engaged actors are the parliament, campaigns and to a lesser
extent, coalition contracts. What stands out is that most engagement has been through themes,
particularly in 2000-2005 where a broad range of actors have engaged through themes—
campaigns have first engaged in 1990-2000; since 2000, the parliament has engaged consistently until 2017. Through collocates, the parliament has first engaged in 1990-2000 and later in 2009-
2011; campaigns have engaged from 2009 until 2015. Coalition contracts have engaged
consistently since 2000 to 2015 through themes and in 2013-2015, through collocates as well.
Hence, even though Education seems to be a consistent contextual theme and despite its early
association with Energiewende, it has only been significantly associated with Energiewende in
2013-2015.
8.5 Odd Values
Odd values either do not fit within any of the previously discussed groups or could fit in
more than one. In any case, odd values stand out in some epochs as key associated values and
thus, had a key role in the evolution process of Energiewende. However, given that it is not the
cohesion of odd values that makes it a group, interpreting the results for this group as a whole
can be precarious and subject to rebuttal. Nonetheless, insights from the engagement of actors
with odd values imply key issues the greater discussion and conclusions.
The most engaged actors with odd values are the parliament, ministries and to a lesser
extent campaigns and coalition contracts. Most of the engagement has occurred after 2009—
after 2013, engagement has intensified through both themes and collocates. The parliament has
engaged since 1980, campaigns and coalition contracts have engaged after 2009 and ministries
after 2013. What stands out is the relatively lower engagement of Öko and special commissions.
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Affordability: the most engaged actors are the Ministry of Economy, the parliament
and campaigns. The parliament has first engaged through collocates in 2005-2009. Subsequently
in 2009-2011, campaigns, Öko and the Ministry of Economy have engaged through themes. In
2011-2013, the parliament has engaged significantly whereas the German chancellor in her
speech following Fukushima catastrophe, had engaged with affordability as one of the few
collocates of ‘wende’. After 2013, the parliament, campaign, coalition contract and the Ministry
of Economy become highly engaged through both themes and collocates. What stands out most
is that Öko has only engaged through themes in 2009-2011 and 2015-2017.
Data: the most engaged actors are Öko and legislations. Öko has first engaged as early as 1990-2000 through collocates; later in 2009-2011 through themes and 2013-2015 through both. Legislations have engaged only through themes in 2005-2009, 2011-2013 and 2013-2015.
What stands out most is that campaigns and coalition contracts have engaged first through themes in 2009-2011, and after 2013 through both themes and collocates.
Digital and Digitization: The most engaged actors are the parliament, the Ministry of
Economy, campaigns and coalition contracts. First, campaigns and coalition contracts have
engaged through themes in 2009-2011. After 2013 to 2017, the parliament has engaged through
both themes and collocates. What stands out is that the Ministry of Economy has engaged in
2013-2015 through themes but in 2015-2017, through themes and collocates in strategies as well
as reports. Coalition contracts have also engaged in 2013-2015 thorough themes and collocates.
Communication: the most engaged actor are the ministries, coalition contracts and
special commissions. The Ministry of Environment has first engaged in 1990-2000 through
themes. Since 2011, the Ministry of Economy has consistently engaged through collocates until
2017; in 2013-2015 it has also engaged through themes. Coalition contracts have engaged in
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2005-2009 through themes and 2013-2015 through collocates. Special commission have engaged
through both themes and collocates in 2011-2013.
Success: The most engaged actor is the parliament, which has consistently engaged
through themes. However, given the generality of the term, engagement through themes can’t be
directly related to Energiewende. Through collocates however, the parliament has engaged with
success in 1990-2000, 2005-2009, and after 2011 until 2017. Furthermore, the economic ministry has engaged through themes and collocates in 2013-2015 and through collocates in 2015-2017.
Special commissions have engaged in 2011-2013 and campaigns from 2013 to 2017 through collocates. What stands out is that other NGOs have first engaged through collocates in 1990-
2000.
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Chapter 9: Discussion – Energiewende as Innovation
In pursuit of the core question (how does innovation unfold in the realm of ideas and
values?) this dissertation has studied the case of Germany’s energy transition as encapsulated in the word Energiewende. Research questions have problematized the core question within the context of Energiewende by tracing the evolution of the occurrence of the term, its associated value systems and the engagement of actors. Chapters 7 and 8 have addressed the research questions by presenting a key value systems and individual concepts (idea-values) associated with Energiewende; each item includes a summary of the chronological evolution and the engagement of actors. These summaries are the outcome of the second layer of analysis, contrasting the results obtained from comparing the results of the first layer which have been obtained from narrative and textual analysis as described in Chapter 6.
This chapter will discuss outstanding findings in terms of their correspondence with energy transition literature as reviewed in Chapter 2, and innovation theory literature in Chapter
3. Theoretical implications of findings—as interpreted—address the core question.
First, quantitative findings will be discussed in the light of innovation theory, particularly the most prominent theoretical references in contemporary Energy Transition literature—Diffusion of Innovations (Rogers, 2003) and the Multi-Level Perspective (Geels & Schot, 2007)—in 9.1.
In 9.2, outstanding evolution patterns of ideas associated with Energiewende will be discussed in terms of their correspondence with those models. In 9.3, findings will be discussed considering the theories of entrepreneurship and innovation, as well as the diffusionist concepts of change agency; entrepreneurial actors will be identified and their engagement with Energiewende and associated value systems will be outlined. Finally, in 9.4 a short narrative of Energiewende will
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be re-constructed, describing the innovation process of the term, the evolution value systems and
the significant engagement of actors.
9.1 The Diffusion of Energiewende
The findings in this dissertation challenge some of the fundamental assumption of
diffusionist theories. Chapter 2 has found the Diffusion of Innovations theory (Rogers, 2003) as
one of the most popular innovation theories used in Energy Transition research, particularly
when it comes to the study of Energiewende in the last two decades. Chapter 3 has examined this
theory and found profound conceptual limits and contradictions in its fundamental assumptions:
even though the theory of diffusion has evolved from rural sociology, the focus has remained on
technological diffusion in context of commercial and economic organizations. Whereas
innovations are about functional technologies, communication is understood as unidirectional transmission of information from a centralized source; adoption rates, as predicted in the S- curve, demonstrates a teleology of growth and a bottom-up bias.
On this basis, Chapter 3.3.4 has argued that even though the theory claims to conceptualize a micro-process of social change that could also explain the diffusion of ideas, it
remains limited to a market-based understanding of society as units of technological adoption.
On the other hand, Rogers (2003) has complexified actors through his elusive concept of change
agents while excluding the agency of change.
The term ‘Energiewende’ serves as a linguistic device that represents a novel idea which
has diffused progressively across various communication channels, over time and across various
discourses. Hence, this dissertation has tested the conceptual elements and theoretical predictions
of Rogers (2003) diffusion of innovation theory against the findings from textual analysis of 605
documents through the NVivo platform—these include all transcriptions of parliamentary
238 discussions in which Energiewende had occurred including legislation documents, executive documents from the Ministries of Economics and Environment, special commission reports, prominent NGO studies and political campaign documents.
However, the S-curve does not immediately stand out as the diffusion pattern of
Energiewende; none of the distribution patterns of Energiewende occurrences, as discussed and illustrated in Chapter 6.1.2 and reproduced below in Figure 9.1, resemble an S-curve. Instead, quantitative findings of occurrences suggest that the closest alphabetic shape to the distribution pattern of Energiewende would be the wavy shape of the letter N. Nonetheless, some isolated segments of the diffusion of Energiewende and related concepts and values can be interpreted to resemble elements of the S-curve as well.
10000
1000
100
10
1 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2009 2011 2013 2015
Parliamentary Non-parliamentary
Figure 9.1: “Figure 6.8: Energiewende Occurrence Trends in Comparison”
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The wavy shape of “N” has an important difference with the curvy shape of “S” which
bears highly significant theoretical implications: First and most obviously, there are two episodes
of upsurge with an episode of decline in-between. Second, the initial stage does not resemble an
upward parabola as in the S-curve—this is particularly obvious in in parliamentary documents
which comprise the greater and most representative part of the sample. Instead, the pattern of the
first stage of diffusion resembles a downward parabola and reminds of the pattern of a catapulted
object. These two key differences suggest a fundamentally different dynamics than the diffusion of innovation theory; they imply a stronger initial bottom-up force catapulting the idea of
Energiewende which has subsequently lost momentum. However, the second sudden surge after
2011 is more difficult to explain with Rogers (2003) diffusion theory and will be discussed in the next section through the lens of Geels & Schot’s (2007) multi-level perspective.
Nonetheless, some segments of the quantitative occurrences of the term Energiewende— as reflected in Figure 9.1—resemble elements of Roger’s (2003) diffusion theory but also indicate strong external effects. For instance, the segment from 1970 to 1990 in non- parliamentary documents and from 2008 to 2012 in parliamentary documents could be interpreted to resemble the S-curve. On the other hand, in non-parliamentary documents, occurrences have increased steeply between 1980 and 1990. In parliamentary documents, there has been an even steeper increase around 2011. Hence, occurrences in parliamentary documents—which more closely resemble a representative sample of the popular discourse— began slower and remained behind the trend in non-parliamentary document—until in 2011 when occurrences in parliamentary documents got ahead. This suggest that the external effect of the Fukushima catastrophe has been paramount in providing Energiewende with a strong
momentum, particularly in the popular discourse.
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Before Fukushima, one could interpret the case of Energiewende as a classical, bottom-
up process of diffusion driven by niche actors—the fact that the early section of occurrence trend
in non-parliamentary documents most resembles diffusion helps this case, because it implies that
the technical discourse was ahead of the popular in using the term.
Figure 9.2: “Figure 6.5: Energiewende Occurrences in non-parliamentary documents”
800 Economics Ministry (Strategy)
700 Economics Ministry (Report)
600 Environment Ministry (Strategy)
Environment Ministry 500 (Report)
Special Comissions 400
Coalition Contracts
300
Campaigns
200 NGO Other
100 NGO Oko
0 Other (SPD Motion, Responses, Phase-out Contract, 2011 Speech)
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Figure 9.2 illustrates details about the occurrence trends in non-parliamentary documents.
It demonstrates how in earlier epochs, Energiewende was mostly used in a single category of documents: the Öko institute publications. Hence, the Öko institute may be considered the initial change agent or entrepreneur which was mainly responsible for driving the diffusion process of the idea of Energiewende.
However, the Öko institute has become less engaged with the term Energiewende after
2000-2005 and has remained among the least engaged until 2013-2015. After the Fukushima catastrophe, a variety of new actors have become engaged with Energiewende—first the special commission and then the Ministry of Economy and other NGOs. It was not before 2013-2015 that the Öko institute resumed engagement with the idea of Energiewende. Campaigns became significantly engaged after 2013-2015 when the occurrence of Energiewende reached maximum.
The late special commission can be considered another change agent—Figure 9.2 has demonstrated how it has been the most engaged actor right after Fukushima in 2011-2013. But since the commission was set up by the German government to respond to the Fukushima catastrophe, the catastrophe can be considered an external source of change agency which has acted upon the diffusion process as a supporting force of the landscape.
9.1.1 Forces of the landscape.
Chapter 2.3 has presented the socio-technical approach, particularly the multi-level perspective (Elzen et al., 2004) as an extension of the diffusionist approaches. The social landscape has been proposed as the top level in the nested hierarchy of sociotechnical regimes as depicted in the theoretical model of the Multi-Level Perspective; it is in this realm of values from where a set of deep structural trends and social, economic and political entanglements act upon the diffusion process. However, Geels and Schot’s (2007) theoretical extensions only conceives
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of the forces of landscape as a stabilising force acting upon the bottom-up process of diffusion and against the bottom-up momentum. Even though they predict—as discussed in 2.4.1—that forces of the landscape cannot constitute a driver of transition, the dynamics after Fukushima as observed in the statistical data in Chapter 6.1.2 suggest that there has been a driving force which has supported the process from the landscape rather than suppressing it.
Figure 9.1 demonstrates how the parliamentary discourse initially lagged behind the technical discourse of non-parliamentary documents—until the Fukushima catastrophe; subsequently, the trend in parliamentary documents overtakes the lead, suggesting a support from the landscape. Before Fukushima, the effect of the landscape seems to have been somewhat in line with the extended theoretical model of the multi-level perspective: developments in the social landscape and deep values have exerted pressure upon the socio-technical regime and on the bottom-up diffusion process of a niche innovation—here, the idea of Energiewende.
The effect of the pre-Fukushima landscape pressure can be most clearly seen in the 2005-
2009 epoch in Figure 9.1. In parliamentary documents, landscape pressure has slowed down the diffusion of Energiewende; in non-parliamentary documents, the pressure has further suppressed the diffusion process. Hence, the 2005-2009 era represents some sort of a chasm.
But suddenly and probably as an effect of the Fukushima catastrophe on landscape developments, Energiewende occurrences rise significantly in the years following 2011. This effect can hardly be attributed to any niche developments and active “entrepreneurial” driving forces from bottom-up—the purpose of the special commission was to respond to Fukushima. In non-parliamentary documents, the distribution in Figure 9.2 demonstrates how most of the occurrences in the following years can be found not in Öko documents—which, as argued earlier, can be most closely interpreted as the source of entrepreneurship and change agency,
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driving the diffusion process in earlier years—but in the report of the special commission in
2011-2013 and subsequently, in campaign and executive government documents. Since Öko had abstained from using the term Energiewende until after the Fukushima catastrophe, it can be argued that the catastrophe itself has been the driving force for the resurrection and resurgence of
Energiewende.
Geels (2007) had argued that the landscape developments cannot act as a driving force but can only exercise stabilizing effects. This dissertation has found that the landscape had first
exercised a repressive effect which initially suppressed the evolution of Energiewende. But
subsequently, the landscape acted as a supporting force that precipitated an unusual peak without
significant change agency from entrepreneurial niches.
Hence, it can be interpreted that as a result of the Fukushima catastrophe, a driving force
from the landscape of values has prompted a surge in the occurrence of the term in public
discourses. The fact Energiewende has been found after 2011 in parliamentary and executive
government and campaign documents, indicates that it has attained high popularity. Hence,
landscape developments have indeed acted as a driving force in promoting the term
Energiewende which represents the idea of energy transition in context of Germany.
Therefore, even though both the theory of diffusion (Rogers 2003) and the multi-level
perspective (Elzen et al, 2004; Geels & Schot, 2007) can explain parts of the phenomenon of
Energiewende, none of them seem to be able to explain all developments consistently. The main
phenomenon which both theories fail to explain is the effect of Fukushima catastrophe: it’s
outside of the scope of diffusion of innovation theory and as a force of landscape, it’s not
consistent with the prediction that it can only act as a stabilizing force but instead, has been
found to act as a strong supporting force that promotes Energiewende after 2011.
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9.2 Outstanding Values and Patterns of Evolution
Besides quantitative occurrences of Energiewende and its development over time, the
evolution of associated value systems and the broader social landscape have been investigated in
this dissertation in response to the first set of research questions.
Value is an elusive concept, rarely the object of thorough theoretical investigation.
Chapter 3 has argued how the concept of value in innovation theory is based on Schumpeterian
assumptions about the value of monetary profit. Schumpeter (1934, 1939) had narrowed the concept to the economic realm, ignored and dismissed previous conceptions (Schumpeter, 1954)
but later became alienated by econometric models that built on his theories (Louçã, 2014).
In Chapter 3.4.2, alternative approaches in anthropology and communication theory
culminated to an understanding of values as the cornerstones of stories, myths and narratives,
which, in turn, are the cornerstone of a humanities based on the assumption of “Homo-Narrans”
(Fisher, 1989). Value, from this perspective, is not a unified currency such as Machiavellian and
Nietzschean power or Schumpeterian monetary profit. Instead, value systems manifest in
language and text through various systems of ranked idea-values (Graeber, 2001). Hence, the
inquiry of value systems in this dissertation has built on narrative and textual analysis decipher
the dynamics of value systems associated with Energiewende.
The chronological evolution of value systems in context of Germany’s Energiewende has
been sampled and analyzed through a methodology as described in Chapter 4. Results were
presented in Chapter 5 and Chapter 6.2. Chapter 7 has stratified the results and described the
evolution of value systems associated with Energiewende for each concept, theme and value
systems.
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Some of these evolution patterns stand out most due to their correspondence with
findings from the review of Energy Transition studies in Chapter 2. Some patterns stand out due
to their consistency across the dataset. Some also stand out in terms of their implication for the
Diffusion of Innovations theory (Rogers 2003) and the extended Multi-level perspective (Geels and Schot 2007).
In chapter 7, the evolution of values associated with Energiewende have been dissected into three main groups of values: economic values (supply, demand, policy, and infrastructure),
environmental values and social values. What stands out most is that the overall prevalence of
economic values—particularly related to energy supply—corroborates the supply side bias of
Energy Transition studies and hence, the pre-eminence of quantitative economic output data that encourage statistical analysis approaches.
Value systems have been established after a qualitative review of quantitative data. Based
on, the initial perspective in 7.1—Energiewende, auto-discovered by NVivo Auto Coding
Wizard together with adjacent and subordinated idea-values—a basic structure for the
classification of the textual analysis has been constructed which, in turn, has yielded consistent
results: for instance, the occurrence pattern of Energiewende as an NVivo auto-discovered
theme, matches the quantitative occurrence pattern of the term, resembling an N-wave—peaks in
1990-2000 and 2011-2013, declines between 2005-2011 especially in 2009-2011.
The evolution patterns of values adjacent and subordinated to Energiewende in auto- coded results as summarized in 7.1, are often consistent with the results of narrative analysis: in the beginning, it has been mostly about economic values and energy supply. Environmental value and demand side concepts first emerged in 1990-2000 and policy values became an
246 outstanding focus in 2000-2005, particularly global aspects of political values. After 2013 until
2017, economic and environmental values have been most prevalent in both results.
However, there are significant points of contrast: first, social values in the narrative, were among the initial core values since the late 1970’s; in the texts however, social values only became significant after 2000 and prevalent after 2013. Another outstanding contrast is that whereas in the narrative, decentralization had declined in the years following 2011, it can be found as a significant sub-theme of Energiewende from 2011 to 2017.
In the results described in 7.2 to 7.5, a few evolution patterns resemble a classical diffusion process marked by a slow start, rapid incline and subsequent stabilization that resembles an S-curve (Rogers 2003). Most notably, some value concepts most resemble S-curve developments: economic values such as (supply) renewable energies and wind, (demand) businesses, transportation, infrastructure, transmission grids, storage technologies and electric mobility; Environmental values such as climate protection, climate change and recycling; social acceptance, digitization, and affordability. Some of these concepts—especially storage technologies, electric mobility, recycling, social acceptance and digitization—emerged relatively late and thus, have only had a short run in the later two epochs.
Nonetheless, some of these patterns include gaps, particularly in 2009-2011 and 2011-
2013. Furthermore, since the review of value concepts has been conducted qualitatively, ranking has been determined based on quantitative estimates and not as concrete as the previously discussed quantitative results of Energiewende occurrences.
Another major group demonstrates an evolution pattern that resemble the N-wave rather than the S-curve—marked by a steep incline in the epochs between 1980 and 2005 and after
2011-2013. Concepts that resemble the N-wave pattern are first, economic values such as supply
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security, geothermal, hydro, electricity, (demand) efficiency, heating and cogeneration, market
infrastructure, buildings, (policy) jobs, investment and global. Among Environmental and
social values, emissions and communal most resemble features of the N-wave.
Some concepts stand out due to their sudden appearance and/or disappearance: most notably, fossil fuels in 1980-1990, policy reforms and forestry in 2000-2005, and net-metering,
circular economy and communication in 2013-2015. What stands out is that policy reforms first
emerged in 1990-2000 and later again in 2005-2009, but not at a significant level. This indicates that policy reforms, despite only one major significant occurrence in 2000-2005, has had a
slower start and fade-out. Therefore, policy reforms also resemble features of both the S-curve
and the N-wave. Other concepts, however, only appear in one epoch, mainly in 2013-2015 where
the greatest and the most diverse repertoire of values has been extracted.
Some value concepts stand out due to their unusual and inexplicable patterns: first,
nuclear phase-out has a significant gap in 1990-2000 which is unusual given that other concepts,
as previously mentioned, often peaked in this epoch. Nonetheless, the gap in 2009-2011 makes
nuclear phase-out a viable candidate for the N-shaped pattern. Buildings on the other hand,
demonstrate features of the S-curve: despite some inconsistencies in narrative, context and
collocations, buildings have become increasingly associated with Energiewende from 2009-
2011. Ecological values peak in their significance from 2009 to 2001 when other concepts rather
decline.
The pattern of social justice contrasts the most with the diffusion of Energiewende in that
it first surged in significance in 2005-2009. Success emerges rather suddenly as highly
significant but declines in the following years.
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Some value concepts stand out due their inconsistent patterns: most notably, the
evolution of decentralization in the narrative and textual analysis are in stark contrast; while in
the narrative, 2011 is the turning point towards the decline of its significance, in textual analysis
decentralization begins to surge, resembling rapid diffusion after 2011. Furthermore, when the
prominent feed-in tariff was enacted in 2000-2005, decentralization did not emerge as
significant. To resolute, one may interpret that that although decentralization has been a key
associated with Energiewende after 2011 in textual analysis, its meaning and its context of use is
fundamentally different compared to the narrative analysis.
Other inconsistent patterns can be observed in the evolution of consumption, incentives
and subsidies and social values. Consumption sporadically appears in different epochs across the
dataset. Incentives and subsidies appear at different times in narrative—1990 to 2005—and
textual analysis--2015-2017. What stands out most is that in textual analysis, incentives and
subsidies can’t be found in 2000-2005 when key Energiewende legislations were enacted. Social
values also demonstrate different evolution patterns in narrative and textual analysis—in the
latter they appear as highly significant between 2005 and 2011 when the occurrence of
Energiewende and associated concepts had stagnated and declined.
Finally, energy intensive firms not only stand out due to their somewhat unusual
evolution pattern but also due to their implications: the evolution pattern resembles classical
features of the diffusion model but it suddenly stops being significant in the latest epoch—2015-
2017—after a final piece of legislation was enacted to exempt energy intensive firms from
surcharges that payed for incentives and subsidies related to the Energiewende. This indicates a
targeted use of the term which amounted to a legislative change, whereas the issue became
subsequently irrelevant and abandoned.
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Education also stands out due to the contrast between contextual and collocation analysis:
while in context education appears consistently, it has only been directly associated with
Energiewende in the later years.
9.2.1 Diffusion vs. forces of the landscape.
Besides the diffusion model (Rogers 2003), features of the multi-level perspective (Elzen et al 2004, Geels and Schot 2007) can be observed in the evolution of value concepts as well— particularly the forces of the landscape. Methodological choices, particularly the pursuit of two separate analysis methods as described in Chapter 5, have sought to facilitate differentiated analytic perspectives to distinguish bottom-up diffusion from the effects of the landscape on the evolution of value system.
In Chapter 6, two lines of analysis have been pursued: first, through auto-coding in
NVivo, entire bodies of documents in each segment (case) have been analyzed to extract
contextual themes that reflect value systems of the landscape. Second through collocation
analysis, the most frequent words immediately surrounding Energiewende in each occurrence
have been extracted and accumulated for each case to reflect directly associated value systems.
Some of the most prominent Economic values of Energiewende appear at the same time among themes and collocates—renewables, decentralization, nuclear phase-out, efficiency,
heating and cogeneration, transportation, transmission grids, jobs and incentives. However, many
other concepts first appear in one of the lines of analysis—either among themes or collocates.
Those who first appear as collocates are more likely to resemble value concepts that
Energiewende has introduced to the broader discussion. Some of these concepts stand out due to
a clear head start and their resemblance of the S-curve; these include investment, policy reforms,
infrastructure, climate protection, social acceptance and affordability. Some others only appear in
250 a one or two periods but first (or only) among collocates: net-metering, data, storage technologies, forestry, circular economy and success. The evolution of climate protection and social acceptance stand out in particular: one would expect them to be more general concepts that have found their way from the broader context of the discussion but their evolution pattern in data clearly show that they’ve been directly linked with the idea of Energiewende ever since they first emerged.
Other value concepts first appear in context and subsequently become associated with
Energiewende. What stands out is that most of these concepts belong to the economic category and resemble the N-wave—such as supply security, geothermal, hydro, electricity, and global. A few also partly resemble the S-curve such as businesses, energy intensive firms and industrial values. Some of them resemble an irregular or inexplicable evolution pattern—most significantly buildings and consumption. Furthermore, a greater number of values that first appeared in context fit within the group of environmental values—environmental, sustainability, emissions— and social values—social justice, communal, education. Among odd values, the evolution of digitization stands out the most in terms of emerging from the context.
Hence, many of the economic values, particularly those with an evolution pattern resembling the N-wave, can be interpreted as the effects of the forces of the landscape, rather than the bottom-up diffusion process: they have found their way from the broader discussion to becoming directly associated with Energiewende. Some resemble the S-curve and thereby, a classical diffusion pattern which suggests the effect of the bottom-up force. Social and environmental values have been most often found in context first. However, climate protection is an important exception which has been found with a direct association with Energiewende.
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This suggest—consistent with findings from narrative analysis—that Energiewende been essential in promoting climate protection.
9.3 Engaged Actors and Entrepreneurs
Chapter 3 has argued that the economic concept of entrepreneur has been the cornerstone of most contemporary innovation theory. Despite a lack of acknowledgement of the philosophical roots of the concept, the Schumpeterian concept of entrepreneurship and innovation (1934, 1939) have shown clear parallels with Machiavellian (1532) and Nietzschean
(1909, 1910, 2003, 2006) concepts. However, Schumpeter’s (1909) endeavour began with a clear exclusion of social values and deliberate situation of the concept within economic theory.
Nonetheless, the Schumpeterian (1934) archetype of the entrepreneur has been limited to the realm of economics with rudimentary characteristics inherited from early philosophical concepts—Chapter 3.4 has concluded that an entrepreneur in a classical sense represents an individual, middle-aged, male, morally flexible contrarian who operates in a commercially organized state, seeking monetary profit, disturbing the equilibrium through innovations and causing economic growth.
On the other hand, the concept of entrepreneurship is almost absent in diffusionist theories (Elzen et al., 2004; Geels & Schot, 2007; Rogers, 2003) often used in contemporary
Energy Transition studies; instead, the elusive concept of change agents together with opinion leaders and aids have been used to explain the initial driving force and leadership of the diffusion process but the agency of change—entrepreneurial motivations have been assumed as external effects. Instead, these models focus on the adoption process, especially the relationship between each stage and its respective adopter types.
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Even though classical innovation theory does not provide a coherent lens for tracing entrepreneurship for this dissertation, it does provide useful conceptual elements for following
the agency of change in the realm of values and identify entrepreneurs in the case of Germany’s
energy transition. The stratification of textual sources into categories based on their authorship as described in Chapter 6.3 has facilitated the tracing of concepts and comparing the engagement of actors—as discussed in Chapter 8. These engagement levels indicate an agency of certain categories of authorship in the evolution processes of Energiewende value systems.
Throughout the emergence and rise of the term Energiewende, several key actors have been influential. Most occurrences of Energiewende can be found in Öko, Green party, special commissions and government ministries. Öko is among the most engaged actors overall—only
behind government ministries in non-parliamentary documents—whereas most of occurrences
between 1980 and 2000 have been in this document category. This makes Öko institute the most
viable candidate for the role of entrepreneur and change agent. However, given its not-for-profit
and organizational nature, the application of the classical concept of entrepreneurship is
questionable. Nonetheless, the moral novelty and eccentricity of Öko’s position—an
organization dedicated to environmental causes, particularly by members of the anti-nuclear
movement—does correspond with the assumptions of entrepreneurship theory.
Furthermore, the entrepreneurial role of the Öko institute in the evolution of
Energiewende and its associated value systems is consistent with the transformative change
paradigm in innovation theory, particularly its focus on the influence of civil society actors as
discussed in Chapter 3.1.3.
The Green party—the political arm of the environmental movement—has been another
highly engaged actor in the evolution of Energiewende. More than half of all references in
253 campaign documents and most of the other references between 1980 and 2000—besides those made by Öko—appear in the campaign documents of the Green party. In contrast, references in the manifestos of the CDU party—which has consistently been a ruling party after the
Fukushima catastrophe, including during the uptake of the term by government ministries—is among the lowest of all political parties.
Special commissions have also mentioned Energiewende frequently but can hardly be interpreted to resemble an entrepreneur. After the Green party first entered a government coalition in 2000-2005, a special commission had been appointed which produced a report that contains most of the references to Energiewende in this epoch. However, perhaps due to the change in the government in 2005-2009, the first special commission has had limited effects on the diffusion of Energiewende. In 2011-2013 on the other hand, the special commission report contains the most occurrences of Energiewende and the term was subsequently taken up by government ministries and becomes a significant part of the popular discourse reflects in
Parliamentary documents and campaign manifestos—it even emerges as part of the 2013 coalition contract. This indicates that the agency of the special commission has been not been proactive and it rather reacted to the effects of the Fukushima catastrophe on popular discourses.
Finally, government ministries, particularly the Ministry of Economy stand out due their most frequent use of the term Energiewende, but only in the latest epochs. However, even though
Energiewende first appeared in the documents after 2011, the greatest number of references among all the categories appears in the reports of the Ministry of Economy; before that, most references appeared in strategies and reports by the Ministry of Environment. This indicates that the government’s early values of Energiewende were mostly environmental but after the
Fukushima catastrophe, they shifted towards economic values. This also indicates that the
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significant parts of government engagement with Energiewende have been in reaction—without
much initiative and independent agency. The government’s agency in associating values with
Energiewende however, demonstrates a tendency towards economic values.
Among major political parties, the low engagement of the CDU party with Energiewende
in their campaigns stands out in particular: the CDU has ruled in coalition ever since 2005—in
2005-2009 with FDP and in 2009-2017 with SPD—as part of a government that oversaw the
response to the Fukushima catastrophe and mandated the Ministry of Economy with the
Energiewende. Therefore, the discrepancy of CDU’s low engagement with Energiewende in
campaigns and the high engagement during their government stands out the most. This further
corroborates the reactionary—rather than entrepreneurial—nature of the response of the
government to Fukushima: the major ruling party was one of the least engaged among the
Germany’s political parties according to the analysis of their campaign documents.
9.3.1 Actors and the evolution of values.
Chapter 8 has summarized the engagement of actors—authors of document categories—
with different concepts and value systems in context of Energiewende and their influence on the
evolution process. The timing, intensity and level of engagement—themes vs. collocates—
indicate the level of activity and agency for a certain concept or value system. This section is
focused on discussing actors that mention Energiewende the most and the concepts that they
most actively engaged with, providing insight into their agency.
The Öko institute—as the research arm of the environmental movement—has engaged with a broad variety of concepts from all groups. What stands out most is that Öko engages significantly with social change in the earliest (1980-1990) and latest (2015-2017) years. Most
notably missing economic values are businesses, transmission grids, net metering, global,
255 investment and incentives. Among environmental values, sustainability and climate change are missing climate protection has demonstrated only limited engagement. Among social values, social justice and education are missing. On the other hand, the Green party—as the political arm—has focused more on some of those missing values, most notably climate protection, global and social justice.
Special commissions have engaged most significantly with environmental values such as sustainability, climate change and climate protection. Considering the low engagement of Öko with some economic values, the engagement of special commission stands out in particular: supply security, industrial values, businesses, energy intensive businesses, heating and cogeneration, global, investment and initiatives. The only social values engaged with by the earlier special commission in 2000-2005 have been social change and social acceptance. Social change has not been engaged with ever since after Fukushima (2011), the special commission has engaged with a broader variety of social values such as social, public, communal, communities and social acceptance. This indicates that the earlier commission harbored an agency of change, particularly in the pursuit of environmental values and the later in pursuit of social values.
Ministries have engaged significantly with a broad range of concepts. In the years prior to Fukushima (2000-2009), the Ministry of Environment has engaged with Energiewende, but after the mandate transfer to the Ministry of Economy, engagement surged significantly. What stands out most is that even the Ministry of Environment—in addition to engaging with environmental values—also engaged with economic values, particularly as related to industries in 2009-2011. Among economic values, businesses, energy intensive firms, global, investment, incentives, transmission grids and net metering stand out the most—particularly since they were
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missing in the Öko category. Among environmental values, sustainability, climate protection and
climate change stand out as recurrent in contrast to Öko.
Another outstanding insight about ministries is their engagement with social values and odd values. Particularly in the later years, social values such as public, communal, communities
and social acceptance have been engaged frequently. Furthermore, the high engagement with odd
values is unique to the Ministry of Economy—especially with affordability, digitization
communication. Some of the least engaged values that stand out are renewables and nuclear-
phase out.
The parliament cannot be conceived of as a single institutional actor given the diversity
of political voices represented in the transcribed sessions. Nonetheless, parliamentary documents
comprise the major part of the sample and include the highest number of Energiewende
occurrences. Therefore, parliamentary engagement with values can be interpreted to reflect the
socio-political landscape. For instance, some of the values stand out as uniquely frequent in
parliamentary documents—most notably, social justice, jobs and affordability. However, some of
the legacy values have not been significantly engaged such as supply security, electricity,
ecology, recycling, social acceptance and communication.
9.3.2 Actors vs. forces of the landscape.
Building on 9.2.1, the stratification of context vs. collocation analysis facilitates important insights into the possible entrepreneurial activities in associating certain concepts with the idea of Energiewende. Here, the initial occurrence of a concept as a significant collocate in a
specific document category and subsequently, its frequent occurrence subsequently in context
can be interpreted as a typical diffusion pattern. Hence, the category of documents in which the
concept first occurs can be interpreted as closest to the agency of change and entrepreneurship.
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On the other hand, if a concept first appears in context in multiple categories of documents and subsequently among collocates, this can be interpreted as an effect of the landscape forces.
Several concepts most stand out in their resemblance of a pattern that indicates a classical diffusionist bottom-up force of entrepreneurship (Geels, 2004; Geels & Schot, 2007; Rogers,
2003). Some have previously been interpreted as following the classical diffusion model:
Renewables first appear as collocates in the SPD manifesto of Energiewende in 1979 and wind,
solar and bio in Öko studies in the following decade. Climate protection and climate change also
resemble the diffusion pattern and started out as collocates in parliamentary documents. Others
include storage technologies, investment, affordability, data and communication.
Some concepts don’t resemble a typical diffusion pattern but first emerge as a collocate
in specific document categories: for instance, buildings demonstrate an unusual pattern which
involves a first appearance in the building reforms in the late 1990’s—however, after 2011
buildings re-emerge among collocates in parliamentary documents and the Ministry of Economy.
Global resembles an N-wave pattern but first emerged among collocates in the special
commission reports in 2000-2005.
Some concepts simultaneously appear among top themes and collocates, often since early
years. These concepts can also be interpreted as legacy values prompted by a sense of agency
and entrepreneurship: most significantly, nuclear phase-out and efficiency first emerges in the
late 1970s in parliamentary documents, and in 1980-1990, in Öko and Green party campaign
documents as well. Consumption and industrial values also appear in 1980-1990 in Öko and
special commission categories—at the same time in 1980-1990, decentralization and social
change first appear in Öko and parliamentary documents. Sustainability, transportation,
investment and policy reforms first appear in 1990-2000 in parliamentary documents.
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Transmission grids first appear in 2005-2009 in Öko and other NGO documents and the
parliament. Environment and ecology also start out in 1990-2000 in special commission report
among themes, and in Öko reports among collocates. These patterns indicate that the parliament,
the Öko institute, other NGO’s and special commissions acted as entrepreneurial change agents.
Furthermore, communication stands out since it has been first discovered as a theme in
the documents of the Ministry of Environment in 2000-2005, but after 2011, it has become a top
theme and collocate in multiple categories such as campaigns, special commissions and the
Ministry of Economy. This indicates an entrepreneurial role of the Ministry of Environment in
promoting the value of communication in context of Energiewende.
On the other hand, the evolution pattern of other concepts indicates the influence of
forces of the landscape—particularly a supporting effect after 2011. Some of these concepts first emerge as top themes in multiple categories of documents such as supply security, electricity,
heating, cogeneration and digitization. Some first emerge as top themes found in parliamentary
documents: jobs, social justice, public and communities—since parliamentary documents
comprise the greater and most representative part of the sample, they can be interpreted to
represent the landscape. Some first emerge as among top themes in legislations: energy intensive
businesses, geothermal, hydro.
Legislations are the ultimate outcome of parliamentary debates and were considered key
milestones in the narrative; however, legislations did not mention the word Energiewende at all.
Hence, auto-discovered themes in legislations can be interpreted as an abstraction of the greater
debate on Energiewende that reflect broader contextual concepts in the landscape. Nonetheless,
concepts found in context of parliamentary or legislation documents could also have been
promoted by other actors beyond the authorship categories included in this work.
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Hence, concepts such as supply security, electricity, heating, cogeneration, jobs, and
social justice, public, communities, energy intensive businesses, geothermal and hydro, can be
interpreted to have found their way from the greater conversation to being immediately
associated with Energiewende. What stands out about their evolution pattern is that they most
resemble the N-wave or unusual pattern that do not resemble a classical diffusion process.
Instead, they resemble the supporting effects of the forces of landscape which is in direct contradiction with the MLP theory (Geels & Schot, 2007).
9.4 Energiewende: A Short Story of Turning Value Systems
This final section presents a short story of Energiewende and the evolution of associated value systems. The narrative seeks to illuminate whether the emergence of certain concepts can be associated with certain actors and how the forces of the landscape promoted and demoted concepts and value systems.
Energiewende is a word that represents Germany’s energy transition. It initially emerged somewhat unwittingly in 1957, only once in a critical report of the SPD party’s pursuit of a
“second industrial revolution” towards nuclear Energy for energy supply. It was not before 1979
that the word was used again—most narrative and textual accounts of the history of
Energiewende consider the origins of Energiewende around 1980. Hence, the first value
associated with Energiewende was nuclear energy and the “atomization” of energy supply
(Hinder, 1957).
In 1979, it was the SPD party which used the word for a second time; this time, in pursuit of a turn away from nuclear energy towards nuclear phase-out, from energy imports towards local resources. Nuclear phase-out was rebutted by the CDU party in parliament and energy independence was embraced but conceived in terms of the value of alternative energies and
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energy savings. Renewable energies, energy efficiency and nuclear phase-out subsequently
became key legacy values of Energiewende.
In the 1980-1990, the Öko institute first published a report with Energiewende in the title
and established itself as a change agent with entrepreneurial ambitions; at the same time, it
introduced legacy values with economic, environmental and social dimensions. The first special commission cited Ökos Energiewende report and broadly engaged through themes relating to economic—particularly supply—and environmental values. The Green party first
entered the German parliament and replaced the SPD in terms of engaging with Energiewende in
the debates. The most outstanding concepts in this epoch that emerge from the greater debate are
supply security, coal, electricity, consumption, industrial, emissions and ecological values. Öko
has particularly associated wind, solar, bio energies, coal, (as a local resource) decentralization,
heating and cogeneration, infrastructure, jobs, public and communal values and social change
with the initial idea of Energiewende. In the parliament, social change and climate protection
first emerge as associated concepts in the later 1980’s and nuclear phase-out remains a highly
significant value, particularly in parliamentary debates.
In 1990-2000, the first peak of the number of Energiewende occurrences can be observed
in non-parliamentary documents—mostly in Öko documents. The emphasis on several previous
legacy values such as supply, electricity, renewables, decentralization, efficiency, heating and
cogeneration remains; however, nuclear-phase out is less in focus. Öko has introduced
transportation and data to the associated concepts and emphasized others such as, emissions, and
social acceptance. The Green party in the parliament, has further emphasized environmental
values such as climate protection and sustainability as well as economic values such as jobs and
investment. The first Energiewende legislations were enacted in this epoch which incentivized
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decentralization and renewable electricity supply and introduced heating and cogeneration and
buildings sector to Energiewende. Other NGO’s also played a key role in first associating social
justice and forestry with Energiewende. Energy-intensive firms first appear in legislations in this
epoch.
In 2000-2005, a major political turn as a result of the election of a new government in
1998 had unfolded but the idea of Energiewende seem not to have gained a significant
momentum as a result: occurrences of Energiewende began to stagnate. Nonetheless, the themes and collocates found in this epoch comprise a rich sample.
Key legacy values in this epoch include nuclear phase out, efficiency, heating and
cogeneration, investment, climate protection, ecological modernization and emissions. In the
special commission report, globalization, businesses, energy intensive firms, financing, export
credits, developing countries and transition pathways stand out as novel concepts associated with
Energiewende. Campaigns have also collocated job creation with Energiewende. This indicates
that the first attempts for adopting the idea of Energiewende by the government involved the
reconstruction of the idea as a vehicle for the export based German economy.
On the other hand, in 2000-2005, decentralization has not been found in direct
association with Energiewende in textual analysis, but the narrative has indicated that this has
been the epoch in which decentralization became materialized after the new feed-in legislation.
Nonetheless, a range of social values such as public and communal values, social acceptance and
social change were frequent in both Öko and the special commission reports.
In 2005-2009, occurrences of Energiewende began to decline across the dataset, which is
consistent with a political turn and course change described in the narrative: a new government
coalition turned away from decentralization by amending legislations and shifting incentives
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from solar to geothermal and hydro. Some legacy values such as supply security, renewables,
electricity, nuclear phase-out, global, ecological and emissions remain significant in this epoch.
Novel concepts include transmission grids and affordability which both first emerged in context
of the public discourse—in parliamentary documents. On the other hand, the Left party took the
lead away from the Green party in using the term Energiewende in this epoch and shifted the value systems further towards social values while using a more urgent rhetoric; social justice and
communal values stand out as highly significant associates of Energiewende in parliamentary
documents.
In 2009-2011, occurrences of Energiewende were at their lowest and it was not found as
a theme by Nvivo in this era. Most significantly, nuclear-phase out declined significantly while
nuclear energy became more significant in context of the debates which is consistent across the
sample. Legacy values such as supply, electricity, efficiency, transportation, sustainability and
climate protection maintained their significance in this epoch. Some values stand out due to their
surging significance—especially social values such as public, communal. Among economic
values, the significance of hydro, geothermal, consumption, transmission grids, jobs and
buildings stand out most—the rise of hydro and geo-thermal further corroborates the shift away
from decentralization and towards centralized energy production. Among odd values, the re-
emergence of data and the first emergence of digitization in parliamentary and campaign
document illustrates how they became significant in the broader context of the Energiewende
debate. Ministries (economics, environment) first emerged as significant actors in this epoch,
particularly in associating novel technological concepts such as batteries and storage
technologies.
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In 2011-2013, Energiewende occurrences exploded as a result of the socio-political
effects of the Fukushima catastrophe—which, as argued, represents a force of the landscape that acted—against theoretical predictions of Geels & Schot (2007)—as a driver for rather than a barrier of the diffusion of Energiewende. In this era, the special commission, ministries and other
NGOs stand out as the most engaged actors whereas Öko remains rather disengaged. The resurgence of nuclear phase-out in this epoch stands out the most while other economic legacy
values maintain prevalence. Affordability, transportation and decentralization also become
increasingly significant again across the dataset. The special commission played a key role in
promoting the association of social values such as public, social justice, social acceptance,
communal, social change, as well as other economic legacy values such as infrastructure.
Ministries, particularly the Ministry of Environment played a key role in promoting
decentralization, capacity markets, transmission grids, and affordability. On the other hand, data,
digitization and social justice have become significant themes in context of the Energiewende
debate. The relative decline of environmental values—sustainability, climate protection and
climate change—stands out in this epoch.
In 2013-2015, the most diverse set of concepts have been associated with Energiewende.
In addition to social values which remain recurrent in this epoch, most legacy economic values
and environmental values re-emerge. Öko, campaigns, coalition contracts and ministries
became highly engaged with Energiewende. What stands out most is the prevalence of values
such as nuclear phase-out, business, energy intensive firms, affordability, and infrastructure.
Ministries, particularly the Ministry of Economy has focused on economic values such as infrastructure, businesses, energy intensive firms, incentives, affordability, building
refurbishment, net metering, smart grids and electric mobility. Öko has focused on
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environmental values such as climate protection, emissions, circular economy, waste, recycling
and communication. Social values such as communal, social acceptance, education and social
justice appear across various document categories. What stands out most is that several values
such as digital, education, businesses and energy intensive firms have found their way from the
broader discussion to be directly associated with Energiewende in this epoch.
In 2015-2017, the engagement with Energiewende has remained at about the same level
with a slight decline compared to the previous period, whereas associated concepts remain as
diverse. The Ministry of Economy, Öko, other NGOs and campaigns are the most engaged actors
in this epoch—what stands out is that all political campaigns have engaged with Energiewende.
Most concepts from the previous epoch remain highly significant; some concepts such as
decentralization, transportation, incentives, climate change, social justice and social acceptance
have become more significant. Some have become less significant such as companies, especially
energy intensive companies, buildings and success. Digitization, smart grids and communication
stand out as highly significant concepts that have been directly associated with Energiewende by
the Ministry of Economy and Öko. Coal phase-out which had previously emerged as a marginal
concept, has become highly significant in this epoch, particularly emphasized by other NGOs.
Öko has further emphasized decentralization. Finally, all social values have been close associates
of Energiewende across the dataset in the final epoch.
In the story of Energiewende, there have been several major turns: first, Energiewende was conceived to describe the turn towards centralized nuclear energy in the 1950s. In 1980s, it
was re-cast as a term by the environmental movement against nuclear energy for nuclear phase-
out, which, nonetheless, associated the term with economic rather than environmental values.
However, environmental values became prevalent in the 1990s and pre-eminent after the
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political reforms of the SPD-Green government coalition in 2000. However, in 2005-2009, the new government coalition turned away from the idea of Energiewende as its occurrence declined significantly.
After 2009, there has been a turn towards social values, particularly after the Fukushima
catastrophe in 2011. The turn away from decentralization back towards nuclear energy after 2009
was undone by the Fukushima catastrophe in 2011 which brought Energiewende to the center of
the political debate and reconnected it with the value of nuclear phase-out and decentralization.
Nonetheless, the findings from the narrative analysis indicate that the occurrence of the
terminology does not necessarily imply the rise of the value of decentralization since subsequent
undertakings—particularly by the government—have practically undermined the value of
decentralization.
On the other hand, the latest turn after 2013 has particularly empowered the rise of social
values and prompted the emergence of new environmental and technological infrastructure
values.
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Chapter 10: Conclusions
10.1 Energiewende and the Innovation of Values
Germany’s Energy Transition is a prominent example of a new generation of energy
transitions in the world to start out as an articulated idea rather than market-driven technological
change. It resembles the latest trend in innovation theory and policy dubbed transformative
change, which conceives innovation not from an economic and technological perspective, but
from a social and value systems perspective. Its encapsulation in the word Energiewende provides a unique opportunity for investigating the emergence and diffusion of the term and its evolution in terms of associated value systems.
This dissertation has utilized this potential through a communicational approach to assessing the utility of mainstream innovation theory in the realm of ideas and values.
Energiewende, as reconstructed in this study, provides a case for how innovations unfold in the realm of ideas and values, leading to transformative change. However, this dissertation has found that diffusionist and Schumpeterian approaches in innovation theory cannot consistently explain the evolution of Energiewende; nonetheless, some theoretical elements have been useful for sample stratification, analysis and interpretations.
Energiewende has been presented as a showcase example of a national mission-oriented research and innovation project by the European Commission (Mazzucato, 2018), particularly due to its societal challenges of achieving environmental values. However, the focus of the
European Commission is on the bottom up-diffusion of research and innovations processes.
Furthermore, the in-depth case study report of the European Commission (Kuittinen & Velte,
2018) is focused on key political and economic measures and indicators of Energiewende and societal challenges have been rather sidelines. In this sense, the EC’s case study report (Kuittinen
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& Velte, 2018) demonstrates similar theoretical and methodological biases as scholarship in the
field of energy transition research as reviewed in Chapter 2. This dissertation has contributed to
understanding societal challenges of energy transitions through the lens of communications in
terms of how value systems shaped and evolved around the idea of Energiewende.
The findings of this dissertation (Chapters 5-8), particularly some of the key legacy and novel concepts associated with Energiewende, closely correspond with the Kuittinen & Velte
(2018) and energy transition research literature as reviewed in Chapter 21. Some of the most
preeminent values found here have also been found as key drivers in Kuittinen & Velte
(2018)—such as economic growth and environmental values such as sustainability and climate
protection. Globalization, particularly in context of technological market such as for renewables
and energy efficiency have also been found prevalent in both. Some other concept implied in funding allocations were also found in this dissertation as highly relevant2.
On the other hand, there are significant points of contrast between the findings in this
dissertation and Kuittinen & Velte (2018), which constitute key contributions of this dissertation to the study of Energiewende and the field of energy transition research. First and foremost, the origin of the word Energiewende has been found much earlier than what the EC report or any other account of its evolution history; all prior studies date the earliest emergence of
Energiewende back to 1979 when it was used by the SPD party (Beschlussdatenbank, 1979) to pursue nuclear phase-out. However, none of the studies and narrative have acknowledged the first instance in 1957 when it was used to describe the political ambition of SPD to pursue a
1 Nuclear phase-out, renewables, electricity, supply security, import reduction, efficiency, consumption, heating and cogeneration, transportation, market infrastructure, grids, buildings, investment, jobs, policy reforms, emissions and digitization 2 Particularly solar, wind, bio-energies, geothermal, hydro, industrial, businesses, incentives and storage technology.
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second industrial revolution through nuclear technology in energy supply (Hinder, 1957). This
sharp contrast—nuclear energy vs. nuclear phase-out—implies the centrality of nuclear energy
supply to the Energiewende debate and uncovers an initial re-branding of the term and an early
re-valuation which has thus far been overlooked.
Another point of contrast is that several key values found in this study are missing in
Kuittinen & Velte (2018), such as some environmental values and all social values. Among
environmental values, the idea of circular economy, recycling and waste management have
been found to have become prevalent after 2013: these values were promoted specifically by
Öko at the height of its second attempt to closely engage with the idea of Energiewende, but not
mentioned in Kuittinen & Velte (2018) at all. Among social values, none of the key values
discussed in this dissertation have been mentioned or remotely captured by the lens of Kuittinen
& Velte (2018).
The absence of social values from the Kuittinen & Velte (2018) can be attributed to the
fact that this report has looked at Energiewende through the lens of the European Framework
Programme H2020 which understands social challenges in terms of “achieving a ‘secure, clean and efficient energy supply’” (p.26) with a focused on funding technological initiatives to foster bottom-up technological change. This further illuminates the diffusionist, supply side bias which has been shown in this dissertation to be rooted in biases of energy transition scholarship at
large, as well as theoretical limitations and contradiction in classical innovation theory. This dissertation has uncovered the emergence and evolution of key social values closely associated with Energiewende—particularly after its second inception—such as public, communal and
communities, and later, social justice.
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In terms of key actors, the Kuittinen & Velte (2018) has focused on a broad range of executive government actors such as the Ministry of Economy, environment, education, finance, transport and agriculture as well as the KfW bank for economic development, using statistical and quantitative data and analytic approaches. The scope of this dissertation on the other hand, has been limited to the Ministry of Economy and the Ministry of Environment; instead, an in- depth analysis of the engagement of a broader range of public and social actors with the idea of
Energiewende and its associated value systems has been provided, using a combination of narrative and textual analysis methods. These actors include special commissions, political parties and NGOs, particularly the Öko Institute.
What stands out in the Kuittinen & Velte (2018) but has not been found as significant in this dissertation, is the value of hydrogen fuel cells, which has become the latest objective of policy measures and research funding, pursued through a national initiative. This initiative has been launched in 2016 by the Ministry of Transportation which has been outside the scope of this dissertation. Hence, hydrogen fuel cells have emerged as the most recent idea-value and objective in the area of transportation which has rapidly become associated with the
Energiewende and promoted into high significance by the executive government. However, the fact that hydrogen fuel cells have not been encompassed in this study demonstrates how late and sudden they have emerged and how other social actors were not engaged.
Overall, this dissertation has not been aiming at providing an impact assessment of the
Energiewende. However, some general implications stand out; namely, the single most significant influence on the Energiewende has been the Fukushima catastrophe which has boosted the concept into widespread popularity and placed it on top of the Government agenda.
This demonstrates that despite the critical role of the government, preceding events have had a
270
significant influence in facilitating the popular and official uptake of the idea. Hence, what
makes the Energiewende stand out is the grassroots origin of the Energiewende and the initial
articulation of the word as a concept through a comprehensive study. Therefore, it has been this
combination—grassroots origins, sophisticated articulation and the Fukushima catastrophe which
awakened a strong sense of popular suspicion towards nuclear energy, reinforcing initial value
concepts of Energiewende—this has made the Energiewende a unique case of energy transition.
10.2 Theoretical and Methodological Contributions
Besides the insights into the evolution of the idea of Energiewende, the core question of
this dissertation has sought to make theoretical and methodological contributions to the study of
innovation as transformative change in the realm of ideas and values.
The extensive theoretical investigation into the origins of innovation theory has traced the
concept of entrepreneurship in philosophical archetypes such as in the Machiavellian Prince
(1532) and Nietzschean “Übermensch” (1909, 1910, 2003)—an eccentric, independent individualist contrarian seeking to overcome existing orders and facilitate a trans-valuation of traditional value systems.
The Schumpeterian appropriation of the political and philosophical concept of the entrepreneur had carved out the economic aspects of entrepreneurship (Schumpeter, 1934), conceptualized it in context of a commercially organized state (1939), but deliberately excluded the social aspects to begin with, left for “scientific fiction” to discover (1909). However,
subsequent econometric models built on and appropriated Schumpeterian concepts to the point that Schumpeter became alienated by the complexity of the models (Louçã, 2014).
Diffusionist approaches originate in rural sociology and focus on the adoption process of commercial technologies. The Diffusion of Innovation theory (Rogers, 2003, 2004) has claimed
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to have theorized the micro-process of social change. Despite the usefulness of its theoretical
elements, some of its core assumptions and conceptual structures have been found to be elusive and contradictory, such as social system or the change agent. Nonetheless, socio-technical approaches have added the layer of social landscape to socio-technical regimes and conceived of diffusion as a bottom-up process from technological niches (Elzen et al., 2004). However, theoretical extensions assert that the social landscape can only exert pressure upon the diffusion process and cannot drive or support the process (Geels & Schot, 2007).
Instead, this dissertation builds on alternative approaches in understanding the concept of value borrowed from anthropology (Graeber, 2001) and communication theory—semiotics
(Coupe, 2013) and narrative theory (Fisher, 1989)—to discover the mythical and fictional
dimensions of innovation in the social realm: the story of Energiewende has been reconstructed
through an approach that builds on structural linguistics and narrative theory. The anchor points
of this story are the diffusion of the term in the first place as well as the evolution of associated
value systems and the role of institutional actors, discerned through narrative and textual analysis
using the NVivo 11 software.
The narrative analysis in Chapter 5 has used popular reference—some in common with
the Kuittinen & Velte (2018)—as well as personal accounts of figures such as Han-Josef Fell, a
co-author of the most prominent feed-in tariff legislation about the Energiewende and the
evolution of its value concepts. On this basis a first account of the story of Energiewende has
been composed with a focus on key events, related documents and the evolution of associated
value systems. This story has provided a qualitative cornerstone for a quantitative approach to
textual analysis, as well as a point of reference and comparison. Based on a thorough discussion
of results in Chapter 9, the story of Energiewende has been reconstructed.
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Textual analysis has encompassed a set of 605 documents, consisting of plenary protocols of parliamentary discussions, legislations, NGO reports, ministerial strategies and reports—Ministries of Economy and Environment—special commission reports, campaign
documents and coalition contracts. On the NVivo 11 platform, documents have been organized by time epochs and author categories.
The quantitative tracking of Energiewende occurrences have provided a first statistical overview of its evolution pattern—in Chapter 6.1. Most notably, the diffusion theory cannot consistently explain the rather N-shaped pattern—dubbed the N-wave—which has important technical differences with the S-curve and thus, demonstrates the limits of innovation theory in conceptualizing the diffusion of ideas. It has been argued in Chapter 7 that, against theoretical predictions, the Fukushima catastrophe has acted as a supporting effect of the landscape, facilitating a comeback of Energiewende without proactive agency from technological or social niches.
For each strata of textual data, two methods have been implemented: context analysis and collocation analysis—as described in Chapter 4. Context analysis consists of findings from
NVivo’s Auto Coding Wizard which have been reviewed and selected qualitatively. Themes and sub-themes in context are relevant and recurrent in each case—a category or epoch of analysis. It has been discussed how themes in context reflect the dynamics of the broader discussion, in
contrast to Energiewende collocates which reflect the dynamics of directly associated value
concepts. Hence, concepts found in contextual themes in various categories are more likely to be
related to the deep social landscape. On the other hand, Energiewende collocates first emerging in a certain category of document are more likely to reflect the agency of the category’s author in initiating a bottom-up diffusion process.
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Some of the evolution pattern of significant value concepts resemble a classical diffusion
involving a distinguished early adaptor or change agent that has played a pivotal role in
promoting those concepts. Most significantly, the Öko institute and the Green party which most
resemble entrepreneurial actors have promoted concepts such as: energy supply, demand,
consumption, transportation, jobs, policy reform, communal and social change. Other NGOs
promoted concepts such as forestry, social justice, and success. Special commissions have
introduced concepts related to globalization—industrial exports, export credit, developing
countries—business initiatives, social acceptance, and transition pathways. The Ministry of
Environment introduced transmission grids, storage technologies, communication and
affordability. The Ministry of Economy resembles a laggard adopter of Energiewende, which,
despite its late assignment with Energiewende, mentions Energiewende most among all
categories. Even though the Ministry of Economy has engaged with a broad range of legacy values, it has introduced very few novel concepts—only a few stand out, such as smart grids and
net metering.
However, evolution patterns of other significant concepts resemble the effect of the
forces of landscape in that they first occur across documents in various categories, and their
association with Energiewende is difficult to attribute to a certain document category or
authorship. The most outstanding of such include supply security, electricity heating,
cogeneration, jobs, social justice, public and communities. What stands out is that most of these
value concepts resemble the evolution pattern of Energiewende (N-wave) rather than the
classical diffusion pattern (S-curve).
Moreover, some unusual patterns particularly stand out: energy intensive businesses,
geothermal and hydro—all these concepts first appeared in legislations without precedent in
274
parliamentary or non-parliamentary documents. One may interpret that these concepts have been
superimposed and not an organic outcome of public or technical discussions as investigated in
this dissertation. Their diffusion-like evolution pattern suggests that there may be an external
source of agency driving the association of these concepts with Energiewende outside of the
scope of the current dataset.
Finally, the evolution pattern of decentralization has been inconsistent across the dataset:
while narrative analysis found that the year 2011 has been the turning point towards the decline
of decentralization, textual analysis has found a turn towards an upsurge in its significance,
particularly in government documents. These diametric findings suggest that the meaning and/or
the context of use of the term decentralization are contentious or too complex to be interpreted
with this methodological approach at hand.
Hence, this dissertation has most significantly contributed to theorizing the innovation of
ideas and values, tested the utility of mainstream innovation theory and built a custom
methodology based on communication theory to look beyond its limits. This approach has
achieved critical insights into the development of Energiewende and associated value systems.
10.3 Limitations
The approach in this dissertation has some considerable limitations and has not been considering some important recent advances in public policy studies; as pointed out in chapter
2.4.2 and 3.4.3, conceptual innovation and social innovation have been theorized and applied in environmental policy studies to trace the emergence and evolution of new ideas in policy debates. In this line of inquiry, there has not been a clear distinction between concepts and values and the notion of values has been invoked occasionally without theoretical contemplations.
275
Nonetheless, this dissertation has made use of these approach in the late stages to distinguish
between concepts and value systems and update terminology.
However, this area of research has been initially outside of the scope of this dissertation
and could have made more profound contributions towards refining the theoretical and
methodological approach. In the future, theoretical contributions of his dissertation can be further
complemented by some of those key theoretical insights in environmental policy studies. Yet, the
distinction between concepts and values remains a key issue that needs to be clarified
theoretically. Furthermore, some of the methodological approaches used in public policy studies
can inform future methodological designs drawn from this dissertation and complement the
approach with critical refinements.
10.4 Relevance and Future Research
This dissertation has laid a groundwork for future research, publications and
interdisciplinary collaborations. First, the theoretical contributions provide critical insights into the origins of the concept of innovation and entrepreneurship which needs to be introduced to the innovation theory scholarship. These insights will critically contribute to the transformative change frame in innovation policy by illuminating theoretical origins, limits and contradictions.
Insights will also contribute to conversations about the role of human motivation and agency across various theoretical disciplines such as economics, anthropology, sociology, psychology and communications.
The methodological contributions of this dissertation provide an example of how the evolution of value concepts can be investigated through stories about a specific idea—in this
case, the Energiewende. Other concepts which have been elusive in this study due to their complex meanings, can be explored in future projects—for instance, the concept of “costs”
276
which has been left out or decentralization which has turned out in inconsistent patterns. Some of
the findings, such as the auto-coded results of campaign documents, provide astounding insights
about the value systems of political parties and their evolution, which can be subject to a distinct
line of investigations.
Furthermore, sample stratification and analysis methods can be revisited and applied to
different datasets such as the Ministry of Transportation—which has become highly engaged in the latest years. Particularly, documents from the National Innovation Programme for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology3 provides a great repertoire for textual analysis.
The relevance of this dissertation for the Canadian context is exemplified in a recent
compendium of climate change mitigation policies (Esfahlani & Layzell, 2018) in which the
author has used a similar methodological approach to dissect provincial climate change measures
in response to the Pan Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change, as
manifested in provincial action plans and other strategic documents. Through transcribed consultations, narratives were established, and key documents obtained. These documents were analyzed, political measures were classified, and levels of engagement were quantified across the strata. This compendium has provided a first overview of the concepts pursued through political instruments across Canadian provinces. The results have been presented in 2018 at the Cities
IPCC conference in Edmonton and at the HEC Chair in Energy Sector Management Seminar
Series in Montreal. The compendium project has been conducted at the Canadian Energy
Systems Analysis Research (CESAR) as part of the 2017 Pathways Project, with funding provided by the National Energy Board of Canada in Calgary.
3 https://www.now-gmbh.de/en/national-innovation-programme
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Energy transition research has been mostly focused on the same kind of quantitative, supply/output-based data and statistical methods of analysis. Consequently, policy has been mostly engaged in a limited realm of values. Environmental values have been central to energy transitions, but social values are often excluded or neglected. This dissertation has demonstrated how investigating the evolution of social values in textual data can provide insight into the innovation process of ideas and values in the social realm, as part of transformative change.
Future research can build upon such approaches to overcome the predominance of economic approaches to theory and analysis. In order to address the social challenges of energy transitions, social values and their evolution must be analyzed and understood systematically.
Faced with the challenges of climate change, influencing value systems and the promoting social values have been the greatest challenges of transformative change, just like the promotion of technology has been the challenge of traditional innovations. Facilitating the promotion of environmental and social values requires active conscious leadership, which in turn requires the kind of critical insight provided in this dissertation.
The most ambitious aim of this dissertation is to collaborate with the emerging field of machine learning and artificial intelligence in future research. Whereas data sciences and machine learning are becoming explosively significant fields of research, these developments have sparked critical discussion about their economic, social and political ramifications in the near future. At this point, most commercial interest in machine learning has been for marketing and advertisement purposes through the engagement with the consumers and their value systems.
A controversial example of the potentials of machine learning and artificial intelligence has been the recent case of Cambridge Analytica which has sought to map and manipulate values of social media consumers for political advertisement (Cadwalladr & Graham-Harrison, 2018).
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Interdisciplinary academic research groups will be in an exceptional position to address meta-problems of machine learning and Artificial Intelligence, particularly when it comes to problems concurrent in social research and the humanities. When it comes to the problem of values, the structure and dynamics of value systems, methods of their inquiry and ethical issues humanities traditions can contribute significantly to the infrastructural design of algorithms and intelligent systems. For instance, theoretical and methodological insights of this dissertation can contribute to the design of machine learning algorithms that can map value systems, trace idea- values, evaluate their prevalence and identify motivations, agencies and patterns of entrepreneurship driving their evolution. Insights from such interdisciplinary pilot projects can facilitate the definition of initial criteria and provide critical philosophical insights for the design of intelligent systems and machine learning algorithms.
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APPENDIX A: PROFILES OF NARRATIVE SOURCES
A.1. Profiles of Interviewees
1. Dr. Phillip Späth, Chair of Sustainability Governance at the University of Freiburg in
Germany wit with a research focus on Energiewede and personal background in
Environmental Activism: interviewed July 27, 2015.
2. Hans Joseph Fell, an author of Germany’s first Renewable Energy Act, a member of the
Green Party and former member of Parliament (1998-2013) and current president of the
“Energy Watch Group”. Interviewed on February 1st, 2016
3. Dr. Florian Braun, Professor at the Philosophy Department, University of Kiel (Christian
Alberecht Universitaet Kiel), specialized in energy conflicts and motivations against
wind energy. Interviewed August 2, 2016.
4. Dr. Mishka Lysak, Professor at the department of social work focused on environmental
issues, particularly Germany’s Energiewende. Interviewed, August 15, 2016
A.2. Profiles of Organizations Providing Public Narratives
1. Energy Transition (ET) – The German Energiewende is an initiative of the Heinrich Böll
Stiftung—a prominent German think thank affiliated with Germany’s Green Party. The
website offers a simple timeline of significant events with short descriptions and link to
details, from 1974-2015 (Timeline Energiewende, n.d.).
http://www.energiewende.de/urspruenge/
2. Agora Energiewende (AE) is a non-profit think tank focused on stakeholder consultation
for energy policy development. It’s a joint initiative of Stiftung Mercator—a prominent
NGO dedicated to social and climate causes. The website offers an interactive timeline
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(2000-2025) which divides the history of Energiewede in the stages of “infancy, early
years, present and outlooks” (“History of Energiewende,” n.d.).
https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/die-energiewende/history-of-energiewende/
3. Clean Energy Wire (CEW) is a non-profit news organization; a joint initiative of Stiftung
Mercator and the European Climate Foundation; a journalistic resource dedicated to
Germany’s Energy Transition. The website offers a historic narrative and a timeline of
milestones of the Energiewende from 1972-2011 (Hockenos, 2015).
https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/very-brief-timeline-germanys-energiewende
4. Carbon Brief (CB) is an independent UK based organization dedicated to policy
responses to climate change and supported by the European Climate Foundation. Despite
the focus on the UK, it published an interactive timeline of Energiewende published
including a historic narrative and an evaluation of its accomplishments and challenges.
https://www.carbonbrief.org/timeline-past-present-future-germany-energiewende
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A.3. Interview Protocol and Questions
1. Introduction – Context:
Please tell me about how you understand energy systems? • How do you understand the term “Energiewende”? • How have you been engaging with and/or observing this phenomenon? • How do you compare this phenomenon with other energy system transitions?
2. Social Dynamics of Energiewende: Please tell me what social dynamics do you associate with the Energiewende? • What drivers and barriers have you experienced and/or observed to shape or affect this phenomenon? • What social forces have you experienced and/or observed to shape or affect this phenomenon? • Please specify which forces you experienced and/or observed to act as a driver of, and which to act as a barrier of transition?
3. Energiewende, Communication and Innovations: Please tell me what new meanings have you experienced and/or observed to shape or affect the Energiewende? How were they communicated? • What shifts in the power of meanings have you experienced and/or observed to shape or affect this phenomenon? • What innovations, particularly non-technological innovation in the realm of society and culture have influenced and shaped the Energiewende? • Please specify your experience with these innovations and/or your observations about how they developed.
4. Social Value Systems: Please tell me what innovations in guiding visions, attitudes and ways of thinking have you experienced and/or observed to shape or affect the Energiewende? • Which key actors, organizations or networks have you experienced and/or observed to shape or affect this phenomenon? • Particularly, which enterprises, entrepreneurs or entrepreneurships have you been experiencing and/or observing to engage significantly in shaping or affecting the Energiewende?
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5. Conclusion: In context of the Germany’s Energiewende, can shifts in the power of meanings be associated with shifts in social value system? Can you suggest any other person who you would consider an entrepreneur in the social and cultural realm, or in a position to have an interesting perspective to contribute on the provided questions?
A.4. Copyright Permission for Figure 2.1
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APPENDIX B: CHRONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS RESULTS - RANKED LISTS OF
ASSOCIATED CONCEPTS (IDEA-VALUES)
B.1. Pre-1979
B.1.1. Themes in Context:
Non-Parliamentary:
kernkraftwerke 2 9 energiequellen 2 8 energie 2 5 kohle 1 5 energieversorgung 2 4 steinkohle 1 4 abhängigkeit vom 2 3 kernkraftwerk 2 3 kernkraftwerken 2 3 strom 2 3 kohlekraftwerk 1 3 technologien 1 3 energiewirtschaft 2 2 neuer energiequellen 2 2 arbeitsplätze 1 2 braunkohle 1 2 einsparung 1 2 energiebedarfsprognosen 1 2 energieverbrauchsordnung 1 2 gesellschaftlichen risiken 1 2 marktwirtschaft 1 2 nahen osten 1 2 neue energiequellen 1 2 bewirtschaftete energie 1 1 einsparung von energie 1 1 sparen von energie 1 1 versorgung mit energie 1 1 versorgungssicherheit mit energie 1 1 herkömmliche energiebedarfsprognosen 1 1 wachsenden energiebedarfsprognosen 1 1
301
B.1.2. Energiewende Collocates:
Parliamentary:
aktionsprogramm 1 kernkraftwerke 1 spd 1
Non-Parliamentary
atomausstieg 1 atomenergie 1 atomkraft 1 energieeinsparung 1 energiesparprogramme 1 erneuerbare 1 gau 1 kernenergie 1 kernkraftwerk 1 nuklearkatastrophe 1 umweltschutz 1 energiepolitik 2
B.2. 1980-1990
B.2.1. Themes in Context:
Parliamentary
energiewende 9 10 ausstieg 2 2 der atomenergie 2 2 ausstieg aus der atomenergie 1 1 ausstieg aus der atomenergie 1 1 energiewende mit der atomenergie 1 1 abbau regenerativer energien 1 1 förderung erneuerbarer energien 1 1 energiewende durch energieeinsparung 1 1 energiewende mit der atomenergie 1 1 notwendige energiewende 1 1
302
ökologische energiewende 1 1
wirtschafts 1285 unternehmungen 533 ökologischen 526 umwelt 505 landwirtschaft 333 marktwirtschaftliches 330 arbeitslosigkeit 329 kernenergie 325 energien 292 umweltschützern 277
Non-Parliamentary
energie 4 159 anlagen 4 148 entwicklung 4 101 strom 4 94 emissionen 2 91 energiequellen 4 81 energieversorgung 4 76 industrie 4 74 kohle 4 62 unternehmen 3 59 stromerzeugung 3 51 emission 1 35 energieeinsparung 3 34 gemeinden 3 31 elektrische energie 3 10 chemische industrie 2 9 umgebung kerntechnischer anlagen 1 5 chemischen industrie 2 4 anlagen zur erzeugung 1 4 industrielle stromerzeugung 1 4 einsparung von energie 3 3 wirtschaftlichen entwicklung 2 3 substitution von energie 1 3
303 emissionen radioaktiver stoffe 1 3 kommunalen energieversorgung 1 3 anteils industrieller stromerzeugung 1 3 strukturellen entwicklung 2 2 technische entwicklung 2 2 technologische entwicklung 2 2 wirtschaftliche entwicklung 2 2 ausgaben für energie 1 2 eigenerzeugter energie 1 2 elektrischen energie 1 2 anlagen industrieller stromerzeugung 1 2 kerntechnische anlagen 1 2 kerntechnischen anlagen 1 2 nachgeschalteten anlagen 1 2 zentrale anlagen 1 2 entwicklung energiepolitischer strategien 1 2 emissionen aus kernkraftwerken 1 2 radioaktiven emissionen 1 2 alternativen energieversorgung 1 2 energieversorgung fossile brennstoffe 1 2 offentliche energieversorgung 1 2 rationellen energieversorgung 1 2 umweltbelastungen durch die energieversorgung 1 2 umweltfreundliche energieversorgung 1 2 anlagen industrieller stromerzeugung 1 2 dezentraler stromerzeugung 1 2 windenergie zur stromerzeugung 1 2 dezentraler anlagen 1 1 autonome entwicklung 1 1 energieintensive entwicklung 1 1 energieintensiven entwicklung 1 1 entwicklung dezentraler 1 1 entwicklung umweltverträglicher 1 1 entwicklung von alternativtechnologien 1 1 6ffentjichen energieversorgung 1 1 arbeitsgemeinschaft regionaler energieversorgung 1 1 atomare energieversorgung 1 1 energieversorgung auf die gesellschaft 1 1 energieversorgung auf die stabilität 1 1 kommunale energieversorgung 1 1
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kornmunalen energieversorgung 1 1 probleme kommunaler energieversorgung 1 1 rationale energieversorgung 1 1 solarelektrische energieversorgung 1 1 ausbau industrieller stromerzeugung 1 1 behinderung industrieller stromerzeugung 1 1 dezentralisierten stromerzeugung 1 1
B.2.2. Energiewende Collocates:
Parliamentary:
energien 8 3 atomenergie 11 2 ausstieg 8 2 erneuerbaren 12 2 grünen 6 2 atomenergieausstieg 19 1 atomkraftfixierte 17 1 aussteigen 10 1 energieeinsparung 17 1 energiequellen 14 1 energiesparen 13 1 energiesteuer 13 1 energieverschwendung 20 1 energieverschwendungssucht 26 1 energiewirtschaft 17 1 konsumwende 11 1 mineralölsteuer 15 1 monopolistischer 16 1 nahverkehrs 11 1 regenerativer 13 1 technologieprogramm 19 1 verkehr 7 1 zentralistischer 16 1 atom 4 1 notwendigkeit 13 1 schritt 7 1 stromerzeugung 14 1 tschernobyl 11 1
305
Non-Parliamentary:
moglich 7 5 elektrizitatswirtschaft 23 1 energiedienstleistung 21 1 energieverbrauch 16 1 erdöl 5 1 hemmnisse 9 1 institutionellen 16 1 kommune 7 1 nergieverbrauch 15 1 okologisch 10 1 sozial 5 1 sozial 6 1 technologische 14 1 wohlstand 9 1 dezentralen 9 1
B.3. 1990-2000
B.3.1. Themes in Context:
Parliamentary:
energiewende 21 31 energiewende 12 16 ausstieg 5 7 eine energiewende 4 5 erneuerbare energien 4 4 einstieg in eine energiewende 2 2 ökologische energiewende 2 2 ausstieg aus der kernenergie 2 2 einstieg in die energiewende 1 1 einstieg in die solarenergie 1 1 echte energiewende 1 1 energiewende mit sonnentechnologie 1 1 investitionen für die energiewende 1 1 sofortige energiewende 1 1
306
wirklichen energiewende 1 1 ausstieg aus der atomenergie 1 1 ausstieg aus der atomkraft 1 1 ausstieg ohne eine energiewende 1 1 energiewende mit ausstieg 1 1 energiewende ohne einen ausstieg 1 1 erneuerbaren energien 1 1 markteinführung erneuerbarer energien 1 1 regenerative energien 1 1 regenerativen energien 1 1 regenerativer energien 1 1 energiewende mit ausstieg 1 1 energiewende ohne einen ausstieg 1 1 grünrote energiewende 1 1 grünroten energiewende 1 1 investitionsimpuls für die energiewende 1 1 klimaschutz ohne energiewende 1 1 nachhaltige energiewende 1 1 ökologische energiewende 1 1 wirklichen energiewende 1 1
wirtschafts 11 3989
sozialste 9 3011 unternehmungen 14 2391 gesellschafts 13 2036
ökologischsten 14 1580 energien 8 1092 gerechtigkeit 13 1050
Non-Parliamentary entwicklung 14 260 strom 13 178 kosten 14 127 energien 16 111 wirtschaft 18 109 emissionen 8 105 gesellschaft 10 102 umwelt 13 81
307
arbeit 11 81 produkte 7 70 wettbewerb 10 69 technologien 11 65 steinkohle 5 59 gas 9 56 stromerzeugung 10 54 nachhaltige entwicklung 6 9 wirtschaftlichen entwicklung 5 9 wirtschaftliche entwicklung 4 7 nachhaltigen entwicklung 2 5 energiewirtschaftliche entwicklung 3 3 gesellschaftliche entwicklung 3 3 technischen entwicklung 3 3 ökologische entwicklung 2 3 soziale entwicklung 2 3 solarthermie strom 1 3 ökonomischen entwicklung 2 2 strom aus sonnenenergie 2 2 karminholz strom 1 2
B.3.2. Energiewende Collocates:
Parliamentary:
ökologische 11 verkehrswende 6 klimaschutz 5 nachhaltige 5 regenerative 4 steuerreform 4 atomenergie 3 atomausstieg 3 energieeinsparen 3 erneuerbare 3 energieverwendung 2 investitionen 2 solarenergie 2 strukturwandel 2 umweltgerechte 2
308 wende 2 alternative 1 arbeitslosigkeit 1 arbeitsplatzeffekte 1 arbeitsplatzschaffend 1 arbeitsplätze 1 atom 1 atomanlagen 1 atomkraftwerken 1 autoverkehrs 1 biomasse 1 chemiewende 1 co2 1 emissionsschutz 1 energieanwendung 1 energieerzeugung 1 energiegewinnung 1 energiesparen 1 energiesparinvestitionen 1 energieversorgung 1 kernenergie 1 klima 1 klimakatastrophe 1 klimaschutzkonzept 1 kohle 1 kohlekraftwerke 1 kohlesubventionierung 1 kohleverstromung 1
Non-parliamentary: entwicklung 26 pkw 20 endenergieverbrauch 19 regenerativer 18 co2 17 kwk 15 industrie 14 stromerzeugung 13
309 endenergiebedarf 12 hkw 12 stroms 12 wärme 12 ausstieg 11 energiewirtschaft 11 energiequellen 10 steinkohle 10 atomenergie 9 brennstoffen 9 diesel 9 einsparungen 9 kleinverbrauch 9 fernwärme 8 verkehrsleistungen 8 braunkohle 7 raumwärme 7 elektrische 6 erdgas 6 flugverkehr 6 güterverkehr 6 kopplung 6 solaren 6 ökologisch 6 biomasse 5 dezentrale 5 emissionen 5 kraftwerkspark 5 verkehr 5 wind 5 akw 4 anstieg 4 atomausstieg 4 atomkraftwerke 4 effizientere 4 einsparpotentiale 4 einstieg 4 energieeinsparung 4 energierechts 4 energieverbrauchs 4
310
fossilen 4 heizöl 4 industrielle 4 klimaschutz 4 personenverkehr 4 photovoltaik 4 primärenergiebedarf 4 primärenergieverbrauch 4 schienennahverkehr 4 schienenverkehr 4 straßengüterverkehr 4 strombedarf 4 arbeitsplätze 3 eisenbahn 3 elektroantrieb 3 individualverkehr 3 kraftwerksinvestitionen 3 luftfracht 3 motorisierten 3 schienenfernverkehr 3 solarthermie 3 uran 3
B.4. 2000-2005
B.4.1. Themes in Context:
Parliamentary:
energiewende 21 31 energiewende 11 22 ausstieg 5 7 erneuerbaren energien 6 6 erneuerbaren energien 6 6 erneuerbaren energien 6 6 erneuerbare energien 4 4 globale energiewende 3 4 energiewende zur nachhaltigkeit 1 3 ausstieg aus der kernenergie 2 2 ausstieg aus der atomenergie 1 1
311
ausstieg aus der atomkraft 1 1 ausstieg ohne eine energiewende 1 1 energiewende mit ausstieg 1 1 energiewende ohne einen ausstieg 1 1 erneuerbaren energien 1 1 markteinführung erneuerbarer energien 1 1 regenerative energien 1 1 regenerativen energien 1 1 regenerativer energien 1 1 energiewende mit ausstieg 1 1 energiewende ohne einen ausstieg 1 1 grünrote energiewende 1 1 grünroten energiewende 1 1 investitionsimpuls für die energiewende 1 1 klimaschutz ohne energiewende 1 1 nachhaltige energiewende 1 1 ökologische energiewende 1 1 wirklichen energiewende 1 1 ausweitung erneuerbarer energien 1 1 erneuerbare energien 1 1 fundamentalopposition gegen eine energiewende 1 1 grünen energiewende 1 1 initiativen für eine energiewende 1 1 internationale energiewende 1 1 internationalen energiewende 1 1 weltweite energiewende 1 1
wirtschafts 11 4842 soziales 8 2517 energien 8 1708 nachhaltigste 13 1440 wettbewerb 10 1124 gerechtigkeit 13 1116 erneuerbarer 12 1114
Non-Parliamentary:
312 entwicklung 12 701 kosten 12 342 neue technologien 6 25 wirtschaftlichen entwicklung 6 14 soziale entwicklung 5 14 nutzung erneuerbarer energiequellen 4 11 nachhaltige nutzung 3 11 neuen technologien 5 9 wirtschaftliche entwicklung 3 8 technische maßnahmen 3 8 effiziente nutzung 3 8 nachhaltige technologien 2 8 nachhaltige entwicklung 7 7 technologische entwicklung 4 7 technologischen entwicklung 2 7 wirtschaftlicher entwicklung 2 7 ökonomische entwicklung 4 6 effizientere nutzung 3 6 klimapolitische maßnahmen 1 6 nukleare energie 1 6 gesellschaftlichen entwicklung 4 5 energetischen nutzung 2 5 nutzung von biomasse 2 5 effiziente technologien 2 5 umweltfreundliche technologien 2 5 nachhaltigen entwicklung 3 4 energiepolitische maßnahmen 3 4 effizienteren nutzung 3 4 energetische nutzung 3 4 energie aus biomasse 3 4 grüner strom 3 4 fossilen technologien 2 4 nachhaltigen technologien 2 4 grünen strom 2 4 strom aus windenergieanlagen 2 4 umsetzung energiepolitischer maßnahmen 1 4 regenerative energie 1 4 fossiler technologien 1 4 entwicklung nachhaltiger energiesysteme 2 3 gesellschaftliche entwicklung 2 3
313 sozialen entwicklung 2 3 nachhaltigen nutzung 2 3 erneuerbaren technologien 2 3 strom aus biomasse 2 3 globalisierung nachhaltige entwicklung 1 3 leitbilds nachhaltige entwicklung 1 3 verkehrspolitischen maßnahmen 1 3 einsatz kommerzieller energie 1 3 einführung energieeffizienter technologien 1 3 endenergieverbrauch an strom 1 3 fernwärme strom 1 3 regenerativem strom 1 3 strom aus wasserkraftanlagen 1 3 ökologische maßnahmen 2 2 effizientere technologien 2 2 effizientesten technologien 2 2 erneuerbare technologien 2 2 regenerativen technologien 2 2 dezentrale technologien 1 2 emissionsminderung relevanten technologien 1 2 energiesparende technologien 1 2 solare technologien 1 2 binnenmarktes für strom 1 2 gas erneuerbare strom 1 2 anderen technologien 1 1 dezentralen technologien 1 1 dezentraler technologien 1 1 effizienter technologien 1 1 effizienteren technologien 1 1 effizienzsteigerung existierender technologien 1 1 effizienzsteigerungen existierender technologien 1 1 emissionsarmer technologien 1 1 energieeffektive technologien 1 1 energieeffiziente technologien 1 1 energieeffizienter technologien 1 1 energieeffizientere technologien 1 1 energieineffiziente technologien 1 1 dezentrale strom 1 1 effiziente strom 1 1
314
B.4.2. Energiewende Collocates:
Parliamentary:
erneuerbarer 18 klimaschutz 11 nachhaltigkeit 9 weltweit 7 ausstieg 7 globale 7 atomausstieg 4 kernenergie 4 ökologische 4 arbeitsplätze 3 regenerative 3 windenergie 3 ökosteuer 3 atomenergie 2 atomkraft 2 effizienz 2 energiepolitischen 2 energiesparen 2 finanzieren 2 holz 2 investitionen 2 strukturwandel 2 umweltschutz 2 verkehrswende 2 beschäftigungsstabilisierend 1 beschäftigungswirksamkeit 1 biogas 1 biomasse 1 dezentral 1 effizient 1 effizienzrevolution 1 energieeffizienz 1 energieeffizienzmaßnahmen 1
Non-Parliamentary:
315 globaler 68 nachhaltigkeit 35 entwicklung 18 internationalen 17 förderung 13 wirtschafts 12 finanzierung 10 entwicklungsländern 9 klimaschutz 8 transformationspfad 8 initiativen 6 kosten 6 öko 6 weltweite 6 co2 5 energiesysteme 5 erneuerbarer 5 gesellschaftliche 5 kapital 5 ausstieg 4 emissionen 4 energienutzung 4 exportkreditanstalten 4 investitionen 4 klimaschutzpolitik 4 technologien 4 atomenergie 3 energiewirtschaft 3 finanzbedarf 3 finanzierungsinstitution 3 fossiler 3 schwellenländern 3 technologische 3 transformationsstrategie 3 umwelt 3 ökologisch 3 arbeitsplätze 2 bedarf 2 effizienten 2 effizienzsteigerung 2
316
endenergieverbrauch 2 energiearmut 2 energieeffizienz 2 finanzielle 2 finanzierungsinstrumente 2 finanzierungsquellen 2 industrielle 2 kernenergie 2 sustainable 2 transformationsfahrplans 2 umweltveränderungen 2 verkehr 2 windkraftwerke 2
B.5. 2005-2009
B.5.1. Themes in Context:
Parliamentary:
energiewende 19 38 energiewende in gewächshäusern 2 10 energiewende in gewächshäusern 2 10 energiewende in gewächshäusern 2 10 energiewende in gewächshäusern 2 10 erneuerbaren energien 4 8 erneuerbaren energien 4 8 erneuerbaren energien 4 8 linke konsequente energiewende 2 2 ökologische energiewende 2 2 radikalen energiewende 2 2 erneuerbare energien 1 1 erneuerbarer energien 1 1 neue energien 1 1 richtung erneuerbarer energien 1 1 energiewende durch das einspeisegesetz 1 1 energiewende in europa 1 1 energiewende zur nachhaltigkeit 1 1 nachhaltige energiewende 1 1 nachhaltigen energiewende 1 1
317
ökologischen energiewende 1 1 radikale energiewende 1 1 weltweite energiewende 1 1 wirkliche energiewende 1 1 energiewende in deutschland 1 1 energiewende in europa 1 1
sozialste 9 3213 energien 8 2079 nachhaltigkeit 14 1704 familie 7 1667 kosten 6 1571 gerechtigkeit 13 1421 erneuerbarer 12 1361
Non-Parliamentary: strom 18 589 anlagen 20 548 unternehmen 20 280 kosten 19 267 anlage 14 246 energien 23 243 vergütung 13 228 nutzung 21 192 biomasse 17 157 stromerzeugung 13 143 erneuerbarer energien 17 137 sicherheit 15 109 erneuerbaren 20 95 anlage erzeugten strom 9 32 anteil erneuerbarer energien 10 24 einsatz erneuerbarer energien 7 20 erneuerbare energien 9 18 anteils erneuerbarer energien 7 18 erneuerbaren energien 7 16 förderung erneuerbarer energien 7 12
318 ausbau erneuerbarer energien 5 12 stromintensive unternehmen 7 11 strom aus biomasse 6 11 vorrang erneuerbarer energien 6 11 strom aus windenergieanlagen 5 10 stromerzeugung aus biomasse 4 8 stromerzeugung aus biogas 3 8 strom aus geothermie 6 7 stromerzeugung aus windenergie 5 7 strom aus biomasseanlagen 6 6 stromintensiven unternehmen 6 6 technische sicherheit 5 6 sozialer sicherheit 3 6 arbeitsgruppe erneuerbare energien 1 6 sozialen sicherung 4 5 nutzung erneuerbarer energien 3 5 nutzung erneuerbarer energien 3 5 basis erneuerbarer energien 4 4 bereich erneuerbarer energien 3 4 terminus erneuerbare energien 3 4 strom aus biogas 2 4 bundesregierung erneuerbare energien 2 4 erneuerbaren stromerzeugung 2 4 nachhaltige sicherung 2 4 strom aus mehreren windenergieanlagen 3 3 strom aus solarenergie 3 3 erzeugung erneuerbarer energien 3 3 effizienten nutzung 3 3 solarthermischen stromerzeugung 3 3 stromerzeugung auf see 3 3 stromerzeugung aus erdgas 3 3 elektrizitätsversorgungsunternehmen 3 3 biomasse strom 2 3 versorgungssicherheit erneuerbarer 2 3 anteile erneuerbarer energien 1 3 prozent erneuerbare energien 1 3 geothermische stromerzeugung 1 3 beitrag erneuerbarer energien 2 2 eigenvermarktung erneuerbarer energien 2 2 einsatzfähigkeit erneuerbarer energien 2 2
319 integration erneuerbarer energien 2 2 nachhaltigen nutzung 2 2 industrielle stromerzeugung 2 2 solaren stromerzeugung 2 2 geothermischen energie 2 2 nutzung geothermischer energie 2 2 bereich erneuerbare energien 1 2 nachhaltige nutzung 1 2 stromerzeugung aus geothermie 1 2 stromerzeugung aus meeresenergie 1 2 erneuerbare strom 1 1 erneuerbaren strom 1 1 erneuerbarer strom 1 1 geothermischer strom 1 1 anlagen erneuerbarer energien 1 1 bundesverbands erneuerbare energien 1 1 einspeisung erneuerbarer energien 1 1 erneuerbarer energien 1 1 gesamtanteils erneuerbarer energien 1 1 nutzung erneuerbarere energien 1 1 primärenergieäquivalents erneuerbarer 1 1 programm erneuerbare energien 1 1 regenerativen energien 1 1 solare energien 1 1 versorgung erneuerbare energien 1 1 versorgungssicherheit erneuerbare 1 1 effizienteren nutzung 1 1 effizienzrevolution bei der nutzung 1 1 nutzung erneuerbarer quellen 1 1 nutzung erneuerbarere energien 1 1 nutzung regenerativer 1 1 biomassenutzung zur stromerzeugung 1 1 dezentralen stromerzeugung 1 1 geothermie zur stromerzeugung 1 1 geothermischen stromerzeugung 1 1 regenerativen stromerzeugung 1 1 solarthermische stromerzeugung 1 1 stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren 1 1 stromerzeugung aus sonnenenergie 1 1 stromerzeugung aus stein 1 1
320
stromerzeugung aus wasserkraft 1 1 effizienzrevolution bei energie 1 1
B.5.2. Energiewende Collocates:
Parliamentary:
brauchen 16 energien 14 grünen 12 erneuerbarer 11 energieaußenpolitik 6 ökologisch 6 nachhaltige 6 stromübertragungsleitungen 5 energieversorgung 4 klimaschutz 4 atomausstieg 3 energieeffizienz 3 klimawandel 2 atomkonzerne 1 atomkraft 1 atomkraftwerke 1 atomwirtschaft 1 ausstieg 1 bezahlbare 1 biokraftstoffe 1 dezentralen 1 emissionen 1 emissionshandel 1 energieerzeugung 1 energiequellen 1 energiesparen 1 energieverbrauch 1 energieversorgungsunternehmen 1 netzzugang 1
Non-Parliamentary:
321
verkehrswende 3 ökologische 3 nachhaltigen 2 nutzung 2 ressourcenverbrauchs 2 umwelt 2 umweltbelastung 2 ökologie 2 abhängigkeit 1 atomenergie 1 biotechnologien 1 energieversorgung 1 energiewirtschaft 1 erneuerbare 1 klimaschutzes 1 naturschutz 1
B.6. 2009-2011
B.6.1. Themes in Context:
Parliamentary:
energiewende in deutschland 27 37 erfolgreiche energiewende 6 9 energiewende im gebäudebestand 3 8 sozialen energiewende 3 8 ökologische energiewende 5 7 soziale energiewende 5 7 energiewende zum erfolg 5 5 echte energiewende 4 4 grünen energiewende 3 4 linke energiewende 3 4 akzeptanz für die energiewende 3 3 energiewende in gefahr 3 3 investitionen in die energiewende 3 3 beschleunigten energiewende 2 2 energiewende in europa 2 2 grüne energiewende 2 2 nachhaltige energiewende 2 2
322
nationale energiewende 2 2 sozialökologische energiewende 2 2 atomwende durch eine energiewende 1 1 bezahlbare energiewende 1 1 dezentrale energiewende 1 1 dezentralisierung in der energiewende 1 1 dialogprozesse für die energiewende 1 1 energieinfrastruktur für die energiewende 1 1 energiewende akzeptanz 1 1 energiewende für das umweltbundesamt 1 1 energiewende für den stromkunden 1 1 energiewende für mehr arbeitsplätze 1 1 energiewende im gebäude 1 1 energiewende im gebäudebereich 1 1 energiewende im verkehr 1 1 energiewende in der gesellschaft 1 1 energiewende mit atomausstieg 1 1 globale energiewende 1 1 globalen energiewende 1 1 kommunen für die energiewende 1 1
wirtschafts 11 2070 soziales 8 1577 energien 8 1185 gesellschafts 13 1068 erneuerbarer 12 978 kommunen 8 932 nachhaltige 11 795
Non-Parliamentary:
unternehmen 16 389 entwicklung 17 348 menschen 10 326 strom 16 313 energie 15 258 energien 18 245
323 unternehmen 16 244 kosten 15 199 wirtschaft 17 184 gesellschaft 13 170 technologien 15 165 energien 20 157 entwicklung 19 151 energie 17 150 nutzung 14 144 kosten 17 139 energieeffizienz 12 136 strom 14 134 technologien 14 130 umwelt 17 124 sicherheit 14 120 emissionen 9 114 erneuerbarer energien 16 113 energieversorgung 12 107 gesellschaft 7 106 energiewende 18 105 wirtschaft 18 105 daten 13 99 stromerzeugung 13 93 klimaschutz 14 90 großen 15 89 industrie 14 77 erneuerbaren 15 76 erneuerbarer energien 14 72 windenergieanlagen 6 71 infrastruktur 14 69 energieträger 12 67 erneuerbare energien 7 20 einsatz erneuerbarer energien 7 19 erneuerbaren energien 5 18 erneuerbaren quellen 6 17 anteil erneuerbarer energien 8 16 nachhaltige entwicklung 7 15 digitale infrastruktur 8 14 ausbau erneuerbarer energien 5 12 förderung erneuerbarer energien 4 11
324 erneuerbaren energien 4 10 nachhaltigen entwicklung 3 10 nachhaltigen energieversorgung 2 10 ausbau erneuerbarer energien 7 9 nachhaltige entwicklung 5 9 nutzung erneuerbarer energien 5 9 anteil erneuerbarer energien 5 9 erneuerbarem strom 5 8 verbreitung erneuerbarer energien 2 8 regenerative energien 5 7 strom aus windenergieanlagen 1 7 strom aus windenergieanlagen 1 7 fossile energieträger 6 6 erneuerbaren strom 4 6 erneuerbaren strom 4 6 erneuerbarer strom 3 6 strom aus windenergie 3 6 nutzung erneuerbarer energien 2 6 ökologische entwicklung 5 5 dezentrale energieversorgung 5 5 nachhaltige energieversorgung 4 5 wirtschaftliche entwicklung 4 5 erneuerbaren stromerzeugung 4 5 erneuerbaren stromerzeugung 4 5 konventionelle energieträger 4 5 elektrischer energie 3 5 sichere energieversorgung 3 5 strom aus biomasse 3 5 intelligente energie 3 5 erneuerbaren energiequellen 3 5 erneuerbare energieträger 3 5 anteils erneuerbarer energien 2 5 sozialen kosten 2 5 strom aus solaranlagen 2 5 nachhaltigen entwicklung 2 5 bereich nachhaltige energie 1 5 nachhaltige energien 1 5 potenzial erneuerbarer energien 1 5 thema erneuerbare energien 1 5 klimaschutz im verkehr 1 5
325 stromerzeugung aus windenergieanlagen 1 5 ausschreibungen für windenergieanlagen 1 5 erneuerbaren stroms 4 4 elektrischem strom 3 4 stromintensive unternehmen 2 4 regenerativen energien 2 4 energieeffizienz in der industrie 2 4 erfolgreiche energiewende 2 4 erneuerbaren energieträger 2 4 ausbaus erneuerbarer energien 2 4 bereich erneuerbarer energien 2 4 einsatz erneuerbarer energien 2 4 erneuerbaren energieträger 2 4 entwicklung alternativer energiequellen 1 4 kontext erneuerbarer energien 1 4 strom aus biogas 1 4 bezahlbare energie 3 3 ausbaus erneuerbarer energien 3 3 nachhaltige technologien 3 3 stromkostenintensive unternehmen 3 3 soziale entwicklung 3 3 wirtschaftlichen entwicklung 3 3 energiewende aktionsplan 3 3 globale energiewende 3 3 erneuerbare stromerzeugung 3 3 integration erneuerbarer energien 3 3 entwicklung moderner energietechnologien 2 3 förderung erneuerbarer energien 2 3 solare energien 2 3 erneuerbaren strom 2 3 strom aus biomasse 2 3 biomasse strom 2 3 digitalen gesellschaft 2 3 fluktuierender stromerzeugung 2 3 stromerzeugung aus geothermie 2 3 stromerzeugung in deutschland 2 3 erneuerbaren energieträgern 2 3 anteils erneuerbarer energien 2 3 sozialen infrastruktur 2 3 entwicklung nationaler energiepolitiken 1 3
326 gesamtinvestitionen in energie 1 3 export erneuerbarer energien 1 3 finanzierung erneuerbarer energien 1 3 zukünftiger energieversorgung 1 3 energie aus biomasse 2 2 nachhaltige energie 2 2 bereich erneuerbarer energien 2 2 bereichen erneuerbare energien 2 2 einführung erneuerbarer energien 2 2 netzintegration erneuerbarer energien 2 2 vorrang erneuerbarer energien 2 2 effizientere technologien 2 2 intelligenter technologien 2 2 sauberen technologien 2 2 klimafreundlichen energieversorgung 2 2 sicheren energieversorgung 2 2 energieintensiven unternehmen 2 2 entwicklung an den weltenergiemärkten 2 2 entwicklung von energietechnologien 2 2 digitalisierung energiewende 2 2 energiewende investitionen 2 2 energiewende leitlinien 2 2 mittelstandsinitiative energiewende 2 2 anlagen zur stromerzeugung 2 2 stromerzeugung aus biomasse 2 2 stromerzeugung aus kohle 2 2 stromerzeugung aus photovoltaik 2 2 stromerzeugung aus wind 2 2 erneuerbaren anlagen 2 2 zubau erneuerbarer energien 2 2 digitalen infrastruktur 2 2 energieträger öl 2 2 bereichen elektrische energie 1 2 elektrische energie 1 2 kohle andere energie 1 2 alternativen energien 1 2 basis erneuerbarer energien 1 2 bundesregierung erneuerbare energien 1 2 erzeugung nachhaltiger energien 1 2 exportförderung erneuerbarer energien 1 2
327 exportinitiativen erneuerbare energien 1 2 energieeffizienter technologien 1 2 förderung umweltfreundlicher technologien 1 2 klimafreundliche technologien 1 2 klimafreundlichen technologien 1 2 umweltfreundlichen technologien 1 2 strom aus windenergieanlagen 1 2 klimaneutrale energieversorgung 1 2 richtung nachhaltige energieversorgung 1 2 umweltschonende energieversorgung 1 2 klimaschutz im luftverkehr 1 2 stromintensive unternehmen 1 2 stromintensiven unternehmen 1 2 entwicklung neuer energietechnologien 1 2 energiewende im verkehr 1 2 forschungsforum energiewende akteure 1 2 – stromerzeugung 1 2 fluktuierende stromerzeugung 1 2 investitionen in stromerzeugung 1 2 erneuerbaren brennstoffen 1 2 anteile erneuerbarer energien 1 2 vermeidungswirkungen erneuerbarer energien 1 2 ausbau von windenergieanlagen 1 2 netzanbindungen von windenergieanlagen 1 2 emissionsbilanzierung erneuerbarer energieträger 1 2 nutzung erneuerbarer energieträger 1 2 energieintensive unternehmen 1 1 energieintensiven unternehmen 1 1 dezentrale energie 1 1 entwicklung kommunaler energie 1 1 erneuerbare energie 1 1 erneuerbaren energie 1 1 geothermale energie 1 1 nachhaltigen energie 1 1 nachhaltigkeit von energie 1 1 nutzung geothermischer energie 1 1 regenerative energie 1 1 regenerativen energie 1 1 renewable energie 1 1 solare energie 1 1
328 solarer energie 1 1 thema erneuerbare energie 1 1 alternative energien 1 1 anhang erneuerbarer energien 1 1 anwendern erneuerbarer energien 1 1 aufkommen erneuerbarer energien 1 1 ausbaus regenerativer energien 1 1 bau erneuerbarer energien 1 1 beitrag erneuerbarer energien 1 1 bundesregierung erneuerbaren energien 1 1 einsatz erneuerbaren energien 1 1 einsatz regenerativer energien 1 1 einsatz umweltfreundlicher energien 1 1 elektrifizierung erneuerbare energien 1 1 energiefazilität erneuerbare energien 1 1 nutzung neuer energien 1 1 nutzung regenerativer energien 1 1 nutzungsform erneuerbarer energien 1 1 prozent erneuerbare energien 1 1 richtlinie erneuerbare energien 1 1 sachen erneuerbare energien 1 1 sektorabkommens erneuerbare energien 1 1 sektoren erneuerbare energien 1 1 solaren energien 1 1 solarer energien 1 1 alternative technologien 1 1 biogas in der strom 1 1 dezentrale strom 1 1 regenerativem strom 1 1 regenerativer strom 1 1 strom aus biomasseanlagen 1 1 strom aus geothermie 1 1 biomasse für die energieversorgung 1 1 dezentralen energieversorgung 1 1 dezentraler energieversorgung 1 1 klimaschonenden energieversorgung 1 1 nachhaltiger energieversorgung 1 1 nachhaltigeren energieversorgung 1 1 umweltfreundliche energieversorgung 1 1 umweltfreundlichen energieversorgung 1 1
329 umweltverträglichen energieversorgung 1 1 klimaschutz agrarpolitik 1 1 agrarindustrielle unternehmen 1 1 energieeffizienz in unternehmen 1 1 energieintensive unternehmen 1 1 initiative energieeffizienznetzwerke unternehmen 1 1 stromkostenintensiven unternehmen 1 1 unternehmen effizienzziele 1 1 bevölkerung für die energiewende 1 1 dezentralen energiewende 1 1 echte energiewende 1 1 energiewende auf das wachstum 1 1 energiewende auf die wertschöpfung 1 1 energiewende für den klimaschutz 1 1 energiewende im gebäudebereich 1 1 energiewende im stromsektor 1 1 energiewende im unterricht 1 1 energiewende mit investitionen 1 1 energiewende versorgungssicherheit 1 1 forschungsförderung für die energiewende 1 1 forschungsforum energiewende 1 1 gebäudesektors für die energiewende 1 1 globalen energiewende 1 1 kosteneffiziente energiewende 1 1 kostengünstige energiewende 1 1 technologietransfer für eine energiewende 1 1 zielarchitektur zur energiewende 1 1 digitalen wirtschaft 1 1 daten für windenergie 1 1 daten vom verteilernetzbetreiber 1 1 daten zum energie 1 1 energie nach daten 1 1 energiewirtschaftsgesetzes genannten daten 1 1 energiewirtschaftsgesetzes übermittelten daten 1 1 ökonomische daten 1 1 abfalls geothermische stromerzeugung 1 1 geothermie stromerzeugung 1 1 kernenergie zur stromerzeugung 1 1 kosteneffiziente stromerzeugung 1 1 großen energiekonzerne 1 1
330
großen stromkonzerne entmachten 1 1 vier großen stromkonzerne 1 1 erneuerbaren alternativen 1 1 erneuerbaren am strommix 1 1 erneuerbaren anteil 1 1 erneuerbaren anteils 1 1 erneuerbaren antrieben 1 1 erneuerbaren aufwand 1 1 erneuerbaren ener 1 1 erneuerbaren erdwärme 1 1 erneuerbaren erzeugung 1 1 erneuerbaren erzeugungseinheiten 1 1 erneuerbaren kraftstoffen 1 1 erneuerbaren leistung 1 1 erneuerbaren technologien 1 1 erneuerbaren wärme 1 1 erneuerbaren wärmebereitstellung 1 1 erneuerbaren wärmetechniken 1 1 gesamtanteil aus erneuerbaren 1 1 angebot erneuerbarer energien 1 1 austausch erneuerbarer energien 1 1 beitrag erneuerbarer energien 1 1 emissionsbilanz erneuerbarer energien 1 1 entwicklungsszenarien erneuerbarer energien 1 1 erneuerbarer energien 1 1 markteinführung erneuerbarer energien 1 1 prozent erneuerbarer energien 1 1 überschussmengen erneuerbarer energien 1 1 vorrang erneuerbarer energien 1 1 digitaler infrastruktur 1 1 energiewirtschaftlichen infrastruktur 1 1 infrastruktur mobilität 1 1 biogener energieträger 1 1 emissionsbilanz erneuerbarer energieträger 1 1 energieträger erdgas 1 1
B.6.2. Energiewende Collocates:
Parliamentary:
331 euro 5 ausbau 4 bündnis 4 erneuerbaren 4 eeg 3 klimaschutz 3 ökologischen 3 ausstieg 2 energieeffizienz 2 stromnetze 2 atomausstieg 1 atomstrom 1 kerntechnologie 1 klima 1 klimawandel 1 lobbyinteressen 1 solarstrom 1 sonnenenergie 1 verkehr 1 grünen 5 linken 1 netze 1
Non-Parliamentary:
erneuerbaren 14 globalen 14 energieeffizienz 12 energieeinsparung 10 nachhaltigkeit 8 klimaschutz 4 subventionen 3 verkehrsbereich 3 energiesparen 2 energieversorgung 2 europa 2 klimawandel 2 nationen 2
332 notwendigkeit 2 sozialen 2 verkehr 2 windenergie 2 arbeitsplätze 1 atomenergie 1 ausstieg 1 autos 1 bildung 1 bioenergie 1 biogene 1 biomassenutzungsmustern 1 dringlichkeit 1 effizienz 1 eingespart 1 emissionszertifikaten 1 energieaußenpolitik 1 entwicklungsländern 1 euro 1 gerechtigkeit 1 individualverkehr 1 industrie 1 initiativen 1 investition 1 klimaschädliche 1 kohle 1 nationalen 1 sicherheit 1 strombedarfs 1 transportbereich 1 transportdienstleistungen 1 umwelt 1 umwelttechnologie 1 umweltveränderungen 1 wasserkraftpotenzial 1 windenergieressourcen 1 zentrale 1
333
B.7. 2011-2013
B.7.1. Themes in Context:
Parliamentary:
energiewende in deutschland 27 37 erfolgreiche energiewende 6 9 energiewende im gebäudebestand 3 8 sozialen energiewende 3 8 ökologische energiewende 5 7 soziale energiewende 5 7 energiewende zum erfolg 5 5 echte energiewende 4 4 grünen energiewende 3 4 linke energiewende 3 4 akzeptanz für die energiewende 3 3 energiewende in gefahr 3 3 investitionen in die energiewende 3 3 beschleunigten energiewende 2 2 energiewende in europa 2 2 grüne energiewende 2 2 nachhaltige energiewende 2 2 nationale energiewende 2 2 sozialökologische energiewende 2 2 atomwende durch eine energiewende 1 1 bezahlbare energiewende 1 1 dezentrale energiewende 1 1 dezentralisierung in der energiewende 1 1 dialogprozesse für die energiewende 1 1 energieinfrastruktur für die 1 1 energiewende energiewende akzeptanz 1 1 energiewende für das umweltbundesamt 1 1 energiewende für den stromkunden 1 1 energiewende für mehr arbeitsplätze 1 1 energiewende im gebäude 1 1 energiewende im gebäudebereich 1 1 energiewende im verkehr 1 1 energiewende in der gesellschaft 1 1 energiewende mit atomausstieg 1 1
334
globale energiewende 1 1 globalen energiewende 1 1 kommunen für die energiewende 1 1
wirtschaftung 13 10433
energien 8 3763 nachhaltigsten 14 3321 gerechtigkeit 13 3229
Non-Parliamentary:
strom 8 296 anlagen 9 219 anlage 5 165 vergütung 6 90 daten 5 80 anforderungen 6 76 rechtsverordnung 5 71 anteil 8 61 vergütung für strom 4 18 anteil erneuerbarer energien 5 10 strom aus biomasseanlagen 3 8 strom aus windenergieanlagen 3 8 vermarktete strom 2 7 marktwerts für strom 2 6 strom aus biogas 2 6 einspeisung von strom 3 5 technologie durch rechtsverordnung 4 4 strom aus biomasse 3 4 strom aus windenergie 2 4 solarthermische anlagen 1 4 strom aus deponiegas 3 3 strom aus geothermie 3 3 strom aus mehreren windenergieanlagen 3 3 anlage emissionsreduktionseinheiten 3 3 anforderungen an die vermarktung 3 3 daten an das anlagenregister 2 2 daten für strom 2 2
335
ökologische anforderungen 2 2 biomasseverordnung mit einem anteil 2 2
B.7.2. Energiewende Collocates:
Parliamentary:
energien 139 erneuerbaren 114 kosten 90 wirtschaftlichkeit 78
notwendigkeiten 64 klimaschutz 60 energieeffizienz 45 atomausstieg 44 bezahlbar 43 unternehmen 33 akzeptanz 32 ökologischen 31 fukushima 30 gerechtigkeit 30 gesellschaft 28 netzausbau 28 ausstieg 27 klimafonds 24 netze 24 gebäudebereich 23 forschung 20 energieversorgung 19 infrastruktur 19 investitionen 19 klimawandel 18 gebäudesanierung 17 dezentralen 14 versorgungssicherheit 13 energieforschung 13
Non-Parliamentary:
336 nationale 11 entscheidungen 9 monitoring 9 energieversorgung 6 ethik 6 öffentliche 6 gemeinschaftswerk 5 diskurs 4 gesellschaft 4 ausstieg 3 effiziente 3 erneuerbare 3 international 3 investitionen 3 kernenergie 3 kosten 3 wichtige 3 akzeptanz 2 effizienz 2 energieeffiziente 2 energienutzung 2 ethische 2 infrastruktur 2 klima 2 nachfrage 2 nachhaltige 2 strom 2 treibhausgasemissionen 2 atomenergie 1 atomkraftwerkes 1 bürgerdialoge 1 datenerfassung 1 dienstleistungen 1 energiepreise 1 energieproduktivität 1 energietechnologien 1 gas 1
337
B.8. 2013-2015
B.8.1. Themes in Context:
Parliamentary:
energiewende zum erfolg 16 30 erfolgreiche energiewende 11 11 energiewende im verkehr 8 9 energiewende im gebäudebereich 5 8 dezentrale energiewende 6 7 energiewende durch energieeffizienz 2 7 dezentralen energiewende 6 6 erfolgreichen energiewende 6 6 energiewende durch kohleausstiegsgesetz 2 5 energiewende zu einem erfolg 4 5 akzeptanz für die energiewende 3 3 europäischen energiewende 3 3 globalen energiewende 2 3 bezahlbaren energiewende 2 2 energiewende im verkehrssektor 2 2 energiewende im wärmesektor 1 2 energiewende mit sicherheit 2 2 bezahlbare energiewende 1 1 bioenergie für die energiewende 1 1 biomasse bei der energiewende 1 1 elektromobilität zur energiewende 1 1 energiesparen zur energiewende 1 1 energiewende als wärmewende 1 1 energiewende an das stromnetz 1 1 energiewende beim netzausbau 1 1 energiewende im wärmebereich 1 1 energiewende in europa 1 1 energiewende mit dem stromsektor 1 1 energiewende versorgungssicherheit 1 1 energiewende von der atomkraft 1 1 energiewende zu einem erfolgsmodell 1 1 energiewende zu einem exportschlager 1 1 europaweite energiewende 1 1 gerechten energiewende 1 1 gerechtigkeit bei der energiewende 1 1
338
gerechtigkeit in der energiewende 1 1 globale energiewende 1 1 industrie an der energiewende 1 1 internationalen energiewende 1 1 investitionen in die energiewende 1 1 kohleverstromung trotz der energiewende 1 1 kommunen an der energiewende 1 1 kwk für die energiewende 1 1 nachhaltigen energiewende 1 1 netzausbau zusammen die energiewende 1 1 netze an die energiewende 1 1 sozialistische energiewende 1 1 verkehrsministerium mit der energiewende 1 1 weltweite energiewende 1 1
wirtschafts 11 3559 soziales 8 2187 energien 8 1914 gesellschafts 13 1832 kommunen 8 1420 gerechtigkeit 13 1175 digitales 9 1154 erneuerbarer 12 1138 nachhaltige 11 1130 energiewende 12 991
Non-Parliamentary:
unternehmen 16 533 entwicklung 16 265 strom 15 241 deutschen 15 225 gesellschaft 11 177 energien 17 162 energiewende 16 150 wirtschaft 15 135 energie 14 133
339 investitionen 14 126 sicherheit 11 110 erneuerbare energien 5 18 ausbau erneuerbarer energien 5 16 mittelständischen unternehmen 6 11 bereich erneuerbare energien 2 10 nutzung erneuerbarer energien 5 8 nachhaltigen entwicklung 5 7 wirtschaftliche entwicklung 4 7 einsatz erneuerbarer energien 2 7 wirtschaftlichen entwicklung 4 6 energieintensive unternehmen 3 6 anteils erneuerbarer energien 3 6 energien gesetz 3 6 anlage erzeugten strom 1 6 anteil erneuerbarer energien 3 5 bereich erneuerbarer energien 1 5 regenerative energien 4 4 betroffenen unternehmen 3 4 förderung erneuerbarer energien 3 4 energiewende im verkehr 3 4 stromintensiven unternehmen 2 4 energien quelle 2 4 plattform erneuerbare energien 2 4 strom aus biogas 1 4 strom aus biomasse 1 4 ausbaus erneuerbarer energien 1 4 mittelstandsinitiative energiewende 1 4 kommunalen unternehmen 3 3 soziale entwicklung 3 3 technologische entwicklung 3 3 deutschen diktaturen 3 3 erneuerbarer energien 3 3 erzeugung erneuerbarer energien 3 3 vorrang erneuerbarer energien 3 3 bezahlbare energie 3 3 sozialer sicherheit 3 3 multinationale unternehmen 2 3 stromintensive unternehmen 2 3 deutschen energieversorgung 2 3
340 deutschen strommarkt 2 3 basis erneuerbarer energien 2 3 saubere energie 2 3 digitale sicherheit 2 3 öffentliche sicherheit 2 3 strom aus windenergieanlagen 1 3 entwicklung von alternativen 2 2 wirtschaftlicher entwicklung 2 2 strom aus dem netz 2 2 alternative energien 2 2 ausbau regenerativer energien 2 2 bereichen erneuerbare energien 2 2 einspeisung erneuerbarer energien 2 2 forschungsforum energiewende 2 2 forums energiewende 2 2 masterplan energiewende 2 2 bezahlbarkeit von energie 2 2 erneuerbare energie 2 2 konventionelle energie 2 2 entwicklung erneuerbarer energien 1 2 entwicklung von speichertechnologien 1 2 einspeisung von strom 1 2 emissionsfaktoren für strom 1 2 emissionsfaktoren strom 1 2 erneuerbaren strom 1 2 anteile erneuerbarer energien 1 2 arbeitsgruppe erneuerbare energien 1 2 beiträge erneuerbarer energien 1 2 bereich regenerativer energien 1 2 entwicklung erneuerbarer energien 1 2 erbaren energien 1 2 erzeugung erneuerbaren energien 1 2 integration erneuerbarer energien 1 2 konventionellen energien 1 2 prozent erneuerbare energien 1 2 prozent erneuerbaren energien 1 2 nachhaltigen energiewende 1 2 energiewende unternehmen 1 1 energiewirtschaftlichen entwicklung 1 1 entwicklung digitaler 1 1
341
entwicklung im verkehrssektor 1 1 entwicklung kommunaler dienstleistungen 1 1 entwicklung von biokraftstoffen 1 1 entwicklung von effizienz 1 1 entwicklung von energieeffizienztechnologien 1 1 entwicklung von energietechnologien 1 1 entwicklung von smartgrid 1 1 entwicklung zur effizienzsteigerung 1 1 kommunale entwicklung 1 1 nachhaltige entwicklung 1 1 nachhaltiger entwicklung 1 1 ökologische entwicklung 1 1 ökologischen entwicklung 1 1 ökologischer entwicklung 1 1 alternativen energien 1 1 fossile energien 1 1 fossilen energien 1 1 datenschutz energiewende 1 1 energieforschung zur energiewende 1 1 energiewende für die kreislaufwirtschaft 1 1 energiewende zu einer erfolgsgeschichte 1 1 europäische energiewende 1 1 globale energiewende 1 1 kommunikationslösung für die energiewende 1 1 ökologische energiewende 1 1 alternativen energie 1 1
B.8.2. Energiewende Collocates:
Parliamentary:
erfolg 56 erneuerbaren 45 klimaschutz 38 energieeffizienz 35 wirtschaft 30 bezahlbar 25 erfolgreiche 21 industrie 21 arbeitsplätze 17
342 notwendig 17 nachhaltigkeit 16 unternehmen 16 gesellschaftliche 14 internationalen 12 investitionen 12 klimapolitik 10 sozialen 10 ökologischen 10 dezentrale 8 energieversorgung 8 gebäudebereich 8 klima 8 klimaschutzziele 8 effizienter 7 energieintensiven 7 atomausstieg 6 digitalisierung 6 emissionshandel 6 energieeffizienzrichtlinie 6 strom 6 umwelt 6 atomkraft 5 digitalen 5 gebäudesanierung 5 kohle 5
Non-Parliamentary: kreislaufwirtschaft 101 hemmnisse 74 unternehmensgründungen 72 erneuerbarer 55 unternehmen 42 deutschland 37 ziele 35 wirtschaft 28 europäischen 28 energieeffizienz 27
343 zentraler 27 energiepolitik 22 energieversorgung 19 klimaschutz 18 deutschen 18 bezahlbarkeit 17 akzeptanz 14 gerecht 14 erfolgreiche 13 stromerzeugung 12 investitionen 11 industrie 11 versorgungssicherheit 11 öffentliche 11 klima 9 verkehr 9 energieverbrauchs 8 forschung 8 sozial 8 strommarkt 8 bildung 7 dienstleistungen 7 energieforschung 7 infrastruktur 7 kommunen 7 umweltverträglichkeit 7 weltweit 7 ökologisch 7 biomasse 6 dialog 6 effizienz 6 emissionen 6 kohle 6 nachhaltig 6 nationalen 6 strom 6 umwelt 6 wandel 6 dezentrale 6 atomkraft 5
344
forschungsforum 5 kosteneffizienz 5 netzausbau 5 treibhausgasemissionen 5 energieforschungsprogramms 5 energiesparen 5 global 5 naturschutz 5 arbeit 4 arbeitsplätze 4 atomausstieg 4
B.9. 2015-2017
B.9.1. Themes in Context:
Parliamentary:
energiewende zum erfolg 16 30 erfolgreiche energiewende 11 11 energiewende im verkehr 8 9 energiewende im gebäudebereich 5 8 dezentrale energiewende 6 7 energiewende durch energieeffizienz 2 7 dezentralen energiewende 6 6 erfolgreichen energiewende 6 6 energiewende durch kohleausstiegsgesetz 2 5 energiewende zu einem erfolg 4 5 akzeptanz für die energiewende 3 3 europäischen energiewende 3 3 globalen energiewende 2 3 bezahlbaren energiewende 2 2 energiewende im verkehrssektor 2 2 energiewende im wärmesektor 1 2 energiewende mit sicherheit 2 2 bezahlbare energiewende 1 1 bioenergie für die energiewende 1 1 biomasse bei der energiewende 1 1 elektromobilität zur energiewende 1 1 energiesparen zur energiewende 1 1
345
energiewende als wärmewende 1 1 energiewende an das stromnetz 1 1 energiewende beim netzausbau 1 1 energiewende im wärmebereich 1 1 energiewende in europa 1 1 energiewende mit dem stromsektor 1 1 energiewende versorgungssicherheit 1 1 energiewende von der atomkraft 1 1 energiewende zu einem erfolgsmodell 1 1 energiewende zu einem exportschlager 1 1 europaweite energiewende 1 1 gerechten energiewende 1 1 gerechtigkeit bei der energiewende 1 1 gerechtigkeit in der energiewende 1 1 globale energiewende 1 1 industrie an der energiewende 1 1 internationalen energiewende 1 1 investitionen in die energiewende 1 1 kohleverstromung trotz der energiewende 1 1 kommunen an der energiewende 1 1 kwk für die energiewende 1 1 nachhaltigen energiewende 1 1 netzausbau zusammen die energiewende 1 1 netze an die energiewende 1 1 sozialistische energiewende 1 1 verkehrsministerium mit der energiewende 1 1 weltweite energiewende 1 1
wirtschafts 11 6433 unternehmungen 14 5142 sozialste 9 4780 gesellschafts 13 4378 kommunen 8 3487 energien 8 2613 digitales 9 2297 gerechtigkeit 13 2279 nachhaltigkeits 15 2224
346
Non-Parliamentary: menschen 10 326 strom 16 313 unternehmen 16 244 energien 20 157 entwicklung 19 151 energie 17 150 nutzung 14 144 kosten 17 139 technologien 14 130 sicherheit 14 120 gesellschaft 7 106 energiewende 18 105 wirtschaft 18 105 daten 13 99 stromerzeugung 13 93 großen 15 89 erneuerbaren 15 76 erneuerbarer energien 14 72 windenergieanlagen 6 71 infrastruktur 14 69 energieträger 12 67 erneuerbare energien 8 26 erneuerbaren quellen 6 17 nachhaltige entwicklung 7 15 digitale infrastruktur 8 14 ausbau erneuerbarer energien 5 12 ausbau erneuerbarer energien 5 12 mittlere unternehmen 3 12 effiziente nutzung 5 11 förderung erneuerbarer energien 4 11 förderung erneuerbarer energien 4 11 erneuerbaren energien 4 10 erneuerbaren energien 4 10 anteil erneuerbarer energien 5 9 anteil erneuerbarer energien 5 9 erneuerbarem strom 5 8 strom aus windenergieanlagen 1 7 strom aus windenergieanlagen 1 7
347 fossile energieträger 6 6 erneuerbaren strom 4 6 erneuerbaren strom 4 6 erneuerbarer strom 3 6 strom aus windenergie 3 6 nutzung erneuerbarer energien 2 6 nutzung erneuerbarer energien 2 6 nutzung erneuerbarer energien 2 6 wirtschaftliche entwicklung 4 5 erneuerbaren stromerzeugung 4 5 erneuerbaren stromerzeugung 4 5 konventionelle energieträger 4 5 strom aus biomasse 3 5 intelligente energie 3 5 erneuerbaren energiequellen 3 5 erneuerbare energieträger 3 5 strom aus solaranlagen 2 5 nachhaltigen entwicklung 2 5 stromerzeugung aus windenergieanlagen 1 5 ausschreibungen für windenergieanlagen 1 5 erneuerbaren stroms 4 4 elektrischem strom 3 4 mittelständischen unternehmen 3 4 mittleren unternehmen 3 4 arbeitsgruppe erneuerbare energien 2 4 ausbaus erneuerbarer energien 2 4 bereich erneuerbarer energien 2 4 einsatz erneuerbarer energien 2 4 effiziente technologien 2 4 erfolgreiche energiewende 2 4 erneuerbaren energieträger 2 4 ausbaus erneuerbarer energien 2 4 bereich erneuerbarer energien 2 4 einsatz erneuerbarer energien 2 4 erneuerbaren energieträger 2 4 strom aus biogas 1 4 mittelständische unternehmen 3 3 stromkostenintensive unternehmen 3 3 soziale entwicklung 3 3 wirtschaftlichen entwicklung 3 3
348 energiewende aktionsplan 3 3 globale energiewende 3 3 erneuerbare stromerzeugung 3 3 integration erneuerbarer energien 3 3 biomasse strom 2 3 anteils erneuerbarer energien 2 3 bereich erneuerbare energien 2 3 erneuerbare energie 2 3 effizientere technologien 2 3 digitalen gesellschaft 2 3 fluktuierender stromerzeugung 2 3 stromerzeugung aus geothermie 2 3 stromerzeugung in deutschland 2 3 erneuerbaren energieträgern 2 3 anteils erneuerbarer energien 2 3 sozialen infrastruktur 2 3 energieintensiven unternehmen 2 2 entwicklung an den weltenergiemärkten 2 2 entwicklung von energietechnologien 2 2 digitalisierung energiewende 2 2 energiewende investitionen 2 2 energiewende leitlinien 2 2 mittelstandsinitiative energiewende 2 2 anlagen zur stromerzeugung 2 2 stromerzeugung aus biomasse 2 2 stromerzeugung aus kohle 2 2 stromerzeugung aus photovoltaik 2 2 stromerzeugung aus wind 2 2 erneuerbaren anlagen 2 2 zubau erneuerbarer energien 2 2 digitalen infrastruktur 2 2 energieträger öl 2 2 stromintensive unternehmen 1 2 stromintensiven unternehmen 1 2 entwicklung neuer energietechnologien 1 2 nutzung erneuerbarer energiequellen 1 2 nutzung erneuerbarer energieträger 1 2 digitale technologien 1 2 digitalen technologien 1 2 energiewende im verkehr 1 2
349 forschungsforum energiewende akteure 1 2 – stromerzeugung 1 2 fluktuierende stromerzeugung 1 2 investitionen in stromerzeugung 1 2 erneuerbaren brennstoffen 1 2 anteile erneuerbarer energien 1 2 vermeidungswirkungen erneuerbarer energien 1 2 ausbau von windenergieanlagen 1 2 netzanbindungen von windenergieanlagen 1 2 emissionsbilanzierung erneuerbarer energieträger 1 2 nutzung erneuerbarer energieträger 1 2 agrarindustrielle unternehmen 1 1 energieeffizienz in unternehmen 1 1 energieintensive unternehmen 1 1 initiative energieeffizienznetzwerke unternehmen 1 1 stromkostenintensiven unternehmen 1 1 unternehmen effizienzziele 1 1 ökonomische entwicklung 1 1 ökonomischen entwicklung 1 1 digitaler technologien 1 1 emissionsmindernde technologien 1 1 energieeffiziente technologien 1 1 bevölkerung für die energiewende 1 1 dezentralen energiewende 1 1 echte energiewende 1 1 energiewende auf das wachstum 1 1 energiewende auf die wertschöpfung 1 1 energiewende für den klimaschutz 1 1 energiewende im gebäudebereich 1 1 energiewende im stromsektor 1 1 energiewende im unterricht 1 1 energiewende mit investitionen 1 1 energiewende versorgungssicherheit 1 1 forschungsförderung für die energiewende 1 1 forschungsforum energiewende 1 1 gebäudesektors für die energiewende 1 1 globalen energiewende 1 1 kosteneffiziente energiewende 1 1 kostengünstige energiewende 1 1 technologietransfer für eine energiewende 1 1
350 zielarchitektur zur energiewende 1 1 digitalen wirtschaft 1 1 daten für windenergie 1 1 daten vom verteilernetzbetreiber 1 1 daten zum energie 1 1 energie nach daten 1 1 energiewirtschaftsgesetzes genannten daten 1 1 energiewirtschaftsgesetzes übermittelten daten 1 1 ökonomische daten 1 1 abfalls geothermische stromerzeugung 1 1 geothermie stromerzeugung 1 1 kernenergie zur stromerzeugung 1 1 kosteneffiziente stromerzeugung 1 1 großen energiekonzerne 1 1 großen stromkonzerne entmachten 1 1 vier großen stromkonzerne 1 1 erneuerbaren alternativen 1 1 erneuerbaren am strommix 1 1 erneuerbaren anteil 1 1 erneuerbaren anteils 1 1 erneuerbaren antrieben 1 1 erneuerbaren aufwand 1 1 erneuerbaren ener 1 1 erneuerbaren erdwärme 1 1 erneuerbaren erzeugung 1 1 erneuerbaren erzeugungseinheiten 1 1 erneuerbaren kraftstoffen 1 1 erneuerbaren leistung 1 1 erneuerbaren technologien 1 1 erneuerbaren wärme 1 1 erneuerbaren wärmebereitstellung 1 1 erneuerbaren wärmetechniken 1 1 gesamtanteil aus erneuerbaren 1 1 angebot erneuerbarer energien 1 1 austausch erneuerbarer energien 1 1 beitrag erneuerbarer energien 1 1 emissionsbilanz erneuerbarer energien 1 1 entwicklungsszenarien erneuerbarer energien 1 1 erneuerbarer energien 1 1 markteinführung erneuerbarer energien 1 1
351
prozent erneuerbarer energien 1 1 überschussmengen erneuerbarer energien 1 1 vorrang erneuerbarer energien 1 1 digitaler infrastruktur 1 1 energiewirtschaftlichen infrastruktur 1 1 infrastruktur mobilität 1 1 kommunalen infrastruktur 1 1 biogener energieträger 1 1 emissionsbilanz erneuerbarer energieträger 1 1 energieträger erdgas 1 1
B.9.2. Energiewende Collocates:
Parliamentary:
erneuerbarer 65 erfolg 51 digitalisierung 44 klimaschutz 42 akzeptanz 34 kosten 31 erfolgreiche 30 gerecht 26 kommunen 21 dezentralen 19 wirtschaft 19 notwendig 18 verkehr 18 energieeffizienz 17 klimaschutzziele 17 technologien 16 energieversorgung 15 bezahlbar 15 netze 14 strom 13 unternehmen 13 globalen 13 energieforschung 11 netzausbau 11 intelligenten 10
352 verbraucher 9 industrie 9 weltweite 9 soziale 8 atomausstieg 8 bürgerenergiegesellschaften 8 elektromobilität 8 kostengünstiger 8 profitieren 8 unterrichtung 8 versorgungssicherheit 8 arbeitsplätze 7 energieforschungsprogramm 7 nachhaltigkeit 7 ökologische 7 atomare 6 ausstieg 6 bürgerenergie 6 investitionen 6 klimakonferenz 6 klimaziele 6 netzentgelte 6
Non-Parliamentary: digitalisierung 43 erneuerbaren 42 wirtschaft 33 zentralen 32 energieeffizienz 24 sichere 19 intelligente 18 kosten 18 investitionen 16 strom 16 energieversorgung 13 bezahlbar 12 klimaschutz 12 strommärkte 12
353 förderprogramm 11 energieeffizienz 11 energieforschung 10 globalen 10 gebäude 9 unternehmen 9 umweltverträgliche 8 effizienten 8 versorgungssicherheit 8 wettbewerbsfähigkeit 8 nachhaltig 7 digitale 7 efficiency 7 öffentliche 7 forschung 7 gesellschaft 7 netze 7 verteilernetze 7 ökonomisch 7 kosteneffiziente 6 kostengünstig 6 dezentral 6 flexibilität 6 netzausbau 6 smart 6 verkehr 6 weltweit 6 anreizregulierungsverordnung 5 finanzierung 5 notwendig 5 stromnetze 5 treibhausgasemissionen 5 umwelt 5 atomausstieg 4 daten 4 forschungsforum 4 gebäudebereich 4 gerechtigkeit 4 industrie 4 klima 4
354 kommunikation 4 sozial 4 stromsektor 4 ökologischen 4 arbeitsplätze 3 atomkraft 3 effizienz 3 energieeffizienzstrategie 3
355
APPENDIX C: CATEGORICAL ANALYSIS RESULTS - RANKED LISTS OF
ASSOCIATED CONCEPTS (IDEA-VALUES)
C.1. Parliament
C.1.1. Themes in Context:
wirtschaftung 13 38374
sozialste 9 26727 gesellschafts 13 21481
energien 8 15018 nachhaltigsten 14 11690
arbeitsplätzen 14 11545 gerechtigkeits 14 11410
erneuerbarkeit 14 9117 ökologischsten 14 6832
C.1.2. Energiewende Collocates:
grünen 412 spd 316 erneuerbarer 263 cdu 212 csu 205 klimaschutz 164 linken 151 erfolg 142 kosten 139 deutsches 138 gelingen 136 soziales 130 wirtschafts 130
umsetzung 127 europäischer 118 notwendigkeiten 113
356 akzeptanz 110 energieeffizienz 103 fdp 100 erfolgreiche 89 bezahlbar 84 ökologischen 73 gerechtigkeit 71 atomausstieg 69 verbraucher 68 unternehmer 64 nachhaltigkeit 63 industrien 53 digitalisierung 51 energieversorgung 50 netzen 47 arbeitsplätze 46 netzausbau 46 investitionen 44 dezentralen 43 stroms 43 gebäudebereich 36 klimaschutzziele 36 innovationen 35 kwk 35 technologien 34 finanzierung 33 verkehr 33 fukushima 32 kommunen 31 energieforschung 30 finanzieren 29 klimawandel 29 umwelt 29 gebäudesanierung 26 klimafonds 25 versorgungssicherheit 25 wärme 25 wettbewerb 24 öffentlichkeit 24 steuern 24
357
co2 22 gesamtgesellschaftliche 20 kostet 20 ökonomisch 19 biomasse 18 intelligenten 18 klima 18 windenergie 18 effizient 18 regenerativer 18 energieintensiven 17 klimapolitik 17 umweltfreundlicher 15 emissionshandel 15 mittelständischen 15
C.2. Executive (All)
C.2.1. Themes in Context:
unternehmen 15 408 maßnahmen 20 359 energien 21 345 energie 18 324 strom 17 309 entwicklung 21 274 förderung 18 246 nutzung 16 237 energieeffizienz 15 214 investitionen 15 208 anlagen 18 201 erneuerbarer energien 18 191 ausbau 20 174 stromerzeugung 18 173 kosten 17 170 technologien 14 167 energiewende 18 163 energieversorgung 17 163 erneuerbaren 19 146 industrie 13 123
358 wirtschaft 18 109 emissionen 10 107 verkehr 12 95 erzeugung 15 90 förderung erneuerbarer energien 6 16 förderung erneuerbarer energien 6 16 nutzung erneuerbarer energien 8 14 nachhaltigen energieversorgung 5 14 wirtschaftliche entwicklung 4 14 ausbau erneuerbarer energien 6 13 erneuerbaren strom 6 10 erneuerbaren stromerzeugung 6 10 ausbaus erneuerbarer energien 5 10 nachhaltigen entwicklung 3 10 effiziente nutzung 7 9 nachhaltige entwicklung 5 9 steuerlichen förderung 5 9 saubere energie 4 9 investitionen in energieeffizienz 4 9 investitionen in energieeffizienz 4 9 externe kosten 4 8 stromintensiven unternehmen 4 7 erneuerbarem strom 4 7 erneuerbarer strom 4 7 zugang zu energie 2 7 nutzung erneuerbarer energiequellen 2 7 förderung von forschung 6 6 wirtschaftlichen entwicklung 4 6 nutzung von biokraftstoffen 4 6 globale energiewende 4 6 erzeugung von wärme 4 6 externen kosten 3 6 mittelstandsinitiative energiewende 3 6 leitungsgebundenen energieversorgung 2 6 integration erneuerbarer energien 4 5 integration erneuerbarer energien 4 5 energiewende im verkehr 4 5 energiewende im verkehr 4 5 erzeugung von strom 4 5 integrierten energie 3 5
359 intelligente energie 3 5 biomasse strom 3 5 stromerzeugung aus geothermie 3 5 stromerzeugung aus geothermie 3 5 kosten für systemdienstleistungen 3 5 deutschen energiewende 3 5 internationale entwicklung 2 5 nachhaltige nutzung 2 5 bereich nachhaltige energie 1 5 förderung von energieeffizienz 1 5 förderung von energieeffizienz 1 5 variable kosten 1 5 soziale entwicklung 4 4 umweltverträglichen energieversorgung 4 4 bezahlbarkeit von energie 3 4 strom aus biomasse 3 4 strom aus biomasse 3 4 stromerzeugung aus photovoltaik 3 4 stromerzeugung aus wind 3 4 stromerzeugung aus photovoltaik 3 4 stromerzeugung aus wind 3 4 stromintensive industrie 3 4 nutzung erneuerbarer energieträger 2 4 nationalen energieeffizienz 2 4 effiziente technologien 2 4 erfolgreiche energiewende 2 4 entwicklung alternativer energiequellen 1 4 energieverbrauchs durch mehr energieeffizienz 1 4 investitionen in kohlenutzung 1 4 bezahlbaren ausbau 1 4 stromintensiven industrie 1 4 energieintensiven unternehmen 3 3 elektrischem strom 3 3 strom aus windenergie 3 3 strom aus windenergie 3 3 erneuerbare stromerzeugung 3 3 erneuerbaren technologien 3 3 bezahlbare energieversorgung 3 3 umweltverträgliche energieversorgung 3 3 energiewende aktionsplan 3 3
360 stromintensive unternehmen 2 3 exportinitiative energie 2 3 entwicklung moderner energietechnologien 2 3 investitionen in die energieeffizienz 2 3 investitionen in den gebäudesektor 2 3 investitionen in die energieeffizienz 2 3 globalen stromerzeugung 2 3 kosten für erzeugung 2 3 effizientere technologien 2 3 umweltgerechten energieversorgung 2 3 endenergieverbrauch im verkehr 2 3 erzeugung von raumwärme 2 3 gesamtinvestitionen in energie 1 3 entwicklung nationaler energiepolitiken 1 3 wärmeerzeugung aus biomasse 1 3 energieeffizienz in der industrie 1 3 exportinitiative energieeffizienz 1 3 kommunale investitionen 1 3 export erneuerbarer energien 1 3 geothermische stromerzeugung 1 3 energiewende zur nachhaltigkeit 1 3 energieeffizienz in der industrie 1 3 erneuerbare strom 2 2 effizienten nutzung 2 2 eigenverantwortlichkeit für energieeffizienz 2 2 dezentralen anlagen 2 2 netzintegration erneuerbarer energien 2 2 internalisierung externer kosten 2 2 energieeffiziente technologien 2 2 dezentrale energieversorgung 2 2 weltschonende energieversorgung 2 2 energiewende in der bevölkerung 2 2 energieintensiven industrie 2 2 exportförderung erneuerbarer energien 1 2 exportinitiativen erneuerbare energien 1 2 entwicklung ländlicher energieunternehmen 1 2 entwicklung neuer finanzierungswege 1 2 entwicklung von speichertechnologien 1 2 industrielle entwicklung 1 2 investitionen kommunaler unternehmen 1 2
361
regenerativen stromerzeugung 1 2 industriebetrieb verbundenen kosten 1 2 digitale technologien 1 2 energieeffizienter technologien 1 2 klimafreundliche technologien 1 2 klimafreundlichen technologien 1 2 klimaneutrale energieversorgung 1 2 nachhaltige energieversorgung 1 2 umweltschonende energieversorgung 1 2 städtischen verkehr 1 2 erzeugung erneuerbaren energien 1 2 erzeugung nachhaltiger energien 1 2 effizientere anlagen 1 1 effizienteren anlagen 1 1 systemintegration erneuerbarer energien 1 1 effizienten technologien 1 1 effizienterer technologien 1 1 dezentralen energieversorgung 1 1 dezentraler energieversorgung 1 1 klimafreundliche energieversorgung 1 1 klimafreundlichen energieversorgung 1 1 klimaschonenden energieversorgung 1 1 kommunale energieversorgung 1 1 digitalisierung energiewende 1 1 energiewende im gebäudebereich 1 1 energiewende im stromsektor 1 1 effizienzpotentiale in der industrie 1 1 energieeffizienz für die industrie 1 1 energieeffizienz im industrie 1 1 energieeffizienzmaßnahmen in der industrie 1 1 energieintensive industrie 1 1 energieintensiver industrie 1 1 dezentrale erzeugung 1 1
C.2.2. Energiewende Collocates:
monitoring 79 hemmnisse 75 erneuerbarer 73
362 unternehmensgründungen 72 energieeffizienz 56 unternehmen 45 wirtschaft 45 digitalisierung 40 europäischen 36 erfolgreich 27 investitionen 25 energieversorgung 24 gesamtwirtschaftlichen 24 indikatoren 24 kosten 24 strommärkte 19 intelligente 19 strom 19 bezahlbar 17 energieforschung 16 versorgungssicherheit 16 nachhaltigkeit 16 öffentliche 14 erfolg 14 akzeptanz 13 energieeffizienz 13 energieeinsparung 13 umweltverträglichkeit 13 klimaschutz 12 2020 11 2030 11 treibhausgasemissionen 11 verkehr 10 effizienter 9 stromnetze 9 effizienz 8 netze 8 verteilernetze 8 wachstum 8 windenergie 8 dienstleistungen 7 energietechnologien 7 ökonomischen 7
363
digitale 7 efficiency 7 energiesystem 7 2050 6 energieerzeuger 6 energieforschungsprogramm 6 erzeugung 6 mittelstandsinitiative 6 stromversorgung 6 kosteneffiziente 6 kostengünstig 6 anreizregulierungsverordnung 5
C.3. Ministry of Economy
C.3.1. Themes in Context:
unternehmen 13 393 energie 14 288 energien 17 281 strom 13 250 entwicklung 17 241 förderung 14 214 energieeffizienz 12 207 investitionen 13 198 nutzung 12 193 energiewende 17 162 erneuerbarer energien 14 152 technologien 12 152 kosten 13 145 energieversorgung 14 131 stromerzeugung 15 120 industrie 11 115 erneuerbaren 15 103 wärme 12 93 verkehr 9 88 einsatz erneuerbarer energien 4 19 wirtschaftliche entwicklung 4 14 förderung erneuerbarer energien 5 13 förderung erneuerbarer energien 5 13
364 förderung erneuerbarer energien 5 13 bereich erneuerbare energien 4 13 anteils erneuerbarer energien 6 11 anteil erneuerbarer energien 5 11 nutzung erneuerbarer energien 5 11 nutzung erneuerbarer energien 5 11 ausbaus erneuerbarer energien 5 10 ausbaus erneuerbarer energien 5 10 ausbau erneuerbarer energien 3 10 ausbau erneuerbarer energien 3 10 steuerlichen förderung 5 9 saubere energie 4 9 investitionen in energieeffizienz 4 9 bereich erneuerbarer energien 3 9 nachhaltigen energieversorgung 3 9 effiziente nutzung 6 8 erneuerbaren strom 5 8 erneuerbare wärme 5 8 nachhaltigen entwicklung 1 8 erneuerbaren stromerzeugung 5 7 erneuerbarem strom 4 7 nutzung erneuerbarer energiequellen 2 7 nachhaltige entwicklung 4 6 globale energiewende 4 6 stromintensiven unternehmen 3 6 arbeitsgruppe erneuerbare energien 3 6 erneuerbarer strom 3 6 mittelstandsinitiative energiewende 3 6 thema erneuerbare energien 2 6 leitungsgebundenen energieversorgung 2 6 zugang zu energie 1 6 förderung von forschung 5 5 energiewende im verkehr 4 5 energiewende im verkehr 4 5 elektrische energie 3 5 intelligente energie 3 5 erneuerbare energien 3 5 wirtschaftlichen entwicklung 3 5 nutzung von biokraftstoffen 3 5 mittlere unternehmen 2 5
365 bereich nachhaltige energie 1 5 potenzial erneuerbarer energien 1 5 verbreitung erneuerbarer energien 1 5 nachhaltige energien 1 5 förderung von energieeffizienz 1 5 globalen energiewende 1 5 verbreitung erneuerbarer energien 1 5 soziale entwicklung 4 4 finanzielle förderung 4 4 mittelständischen unternehmen 3 4 bezahlbarkeit von energie 3 4 erzeugung von strom 3 4 erzeugten strom 3 4 stromerzeugung aus wind 3 4 elektrischer energie 2 4 weltweiten förderung 2 4 erfolgreiche energiewende 2 4 effiziente technologien 2 4 kostengünstige energieversorgung 2 4 multinationale unternehmen 1 4 entwicklung alternativer energiequellen 1 4 stromintensiven industrie 1 4 entwicklung von energietechnologien 3 3 forschungsforum energiewende 3 3 energiewende aktionsplan 3 3 umweltverträglichen energieversorgung 3 3 umweltverträgliche energieversorgung 3 3 bezahlbare energieversorgung 3 3 erneuerbare stromerzeugung 3 3 stromintensive unternehmen 2 3 exportinitiative energie 2 3 biomasse strom 2 3 entwicklung neuer energietechnologien 2 3 investitionen in die energieeffizienz 2 3 effizientere technologien 2 3 wettbewerbsfähige energieversorgung 2 3 umweltgerechten energieversorgung 2 3 stromerzeugung aus geothermie 2 3 stromintensive industrie 2 3 unternehmen aus dem bausektor 1 3
366 entwicklung nationaler energiepolitiken 1 3 internationale entwicklung 1 3 energieeffizienz in der industrie 1 3 exportinitiative energieeffizienz 1 3 nachhaltige nutzung 1 3 energiewende zur nachhaltigkeit 1 3 finanzierung erneuerbarer energien 1 3 export erneuerbarer energien 1 3 energieeffizienz in der industrie 1 3 energieintensiven unternehmen 2 2 nachfrage nach energie 2 2 nutzung regenerativer energien 2 2 netzentwicklungsplan strom 2 2 technologischen entwicklung 2 2 energieeffizienz von verbrennungsmotoren 2 2 energieeffizienz als rendite 2 2 nutzung von windenergie 2 2 nutzung regenerativer energien 2 2 effizienten nutzung 2 2 energiewende in der bevölkerung 2 2 erneuerbaren technologien 2 2 energieeffiziente technologien 2 2 dezentrale energieversorgung 2 2 stromerzeugung aus biogas 2 2 stromerzeugung aus photovoltaik 2 2 energieintensiven industrie 2 2 energiekosten in der industrie 2 2 investitionen in energie 1 2 nachhaltige energie 1 2 markteinführung erneuerbarer energien 1 2 bundesregierung erneuerbare energien 1 2 exportförderung erneuerbarer energien 1 2 exportinitiativen erneuerbare energien 1 2 erzeugung nachhaltiger energien 1 2 verschwendung fossiler energien 1 2 strom in wärme 1 2 strom für wärme 1 2 entwicklung moderner energietechnologien 1 2 industrielle entwicklung 1 2 förderung von atomkraft 1 2
367
förderung umweltfreundlicher technologien 1 2 förderung nachhaltiger energiepolitik 1 2 energieeffizienz technologie ländliche 1 2 elektrifizierung energieeffizienz in industrie 1 2 nutzung von bioenergiepflanzen 1 2 nutzung erneuerbarer energieträger 1 2 exportförderung erneuerbarer energien 1 2 förderung umweltfreundlicher technologien 1 2 umweltfreundlichen technologien 1 2 klimafreundliche technologien 1 2 klimafreundlichen technologien 1 2 energieeffizienter technologien 1 2 digitale technologien 1 2 richtung nachhaltige energieversorgung 1 2 klimaneutrale energieversorgung 1 2 regenerativen stromerzeugung 1 2 energieeffizienz in industrie 1 2 städtischen verkehr 1 2 wärmesektor erneuerbare energien 1 1 verkehrssektor erneuerbare energien 1 1 wärme aus strom 1 1 wärmebereitstellung aus strom 1 1 nutzung geothermischer energie 1 1 nutzung von geothermie 1 1 kosteneffiziente nutzung 1 1 effizientere nutzung 1 1 nutzung von elektroautos 1 1 nutzung kommunaler verkehrswege 1 1 nutzung von elektrofahrzeugen 1 1 leuchtturmprojekte für eine energiewende 1 1 energiewende zu einer erfolgsgeschichte 1 1 energiewende in der industrie 1 1 investition auf energiewende 1 1 bevölkerung für die energiewende 1 1 energiewende auf das wachstum 1 1 energiewende versorgungssicherheit 1 1 energiewende im gebäudebereich 1 1 kommunikationslösung für die energiewende 1 1 digitalisierung energiewende 1 1
368 kosteneffiziente energiewende 1 1 netzintegration erneuerbarer energien 1 1 systemintegration erneuerbarer energien 1 1 export für technologien 1 1 exports von technologien 1 1 einführung dezentraler technologien 1 1 umweltfreundliche technologien 1 1 umweltbezogene technologien 1 1 nachhaltige technologien 1 1 effizienterer technologien 1 1 klimafreundlicher technologien 1 1 umweltverträglichen technologien 1 1 verbreitung effizienter technologien 1 1 höchsteffiziente technologien 1 1 kostengünstigen technologien 1 1 kostensenkungen für die technologien 1 1 technologien zur energieeinsparung 1 1 klimaschonende technologien 1 1 energieversorgung auf weniger co2 1 1 dezentraler energieversorgung 1 1 sauberer energieversorgung 1 1 kohlenstoffarme energieversorgung 1 1 klimafreundlichen energieversorgung 1 1 nachhaltigeren energieversorgung 1 1 dezentralen energieversorgung 1 1 umweltfreundlichen energieversorgung 1 1 kommunale energieversorgung 1 1 kostengünstigeren energieversorgung 1 1 klimafreundliche energieversorgung 1 1 erdgaseinsatzes zur stromerzeugung 1 1 effizienzsteigerung bei der stromerzeugung 1 1 sonnenenergie in der stromerzeugung 1 1 klimaschutz in der stromerzeugung 1 1 stromerzeugung in windenergieanlagen 1 1 abfalls geothermische stromerzeugung 1 1 stromerzeugung aus sonne 1 1 stromerzeugung aus biomasse 1 1 geothermie stromerzeugung 1 1 stromerzeugung aus kohle 1 1 energieeffizienzmaßnahmen in der industrie 1 1
369
energieeffizienz im industrie 1 1 energieintensive industrie 1 1 energieintensiver industrie 1 1 kombinierter verkehr 1 1 kohlenstoffemissionsarmen verkehr 1 1
C.3.2. Energiewende Collocates:
monitoring 79 potenziale 79 hemmnisse 75 erneuerbarer 72 unternehmensgründungen 72 energieeffizienz 56 unternehmen 45 wirtschaft 45 digitalisierung 40 entwicklung 40 erfolgreich 27 indikatoren 24 innovationen 24 kosten 24 energieversorgung 23 globalen 22 intelligente 19 strom 19 strommärkte 19 bezahlbar 17 energieforschung 16 versorgungssicherheit 16 nachhaltigkeit 14 öffentliche 14 erfolg 14 industrie 14 umweltverträglichkeit 13 akzeptanz 13 energieeffizienz 13 energieeinsparung 13 wettbewerbsfähigkeit 12
370
2020 11 2030 11 treibhausgasemissionen 11 klimaschutz 10 effizienter 9 stromnetze 9 effizienz 8 energieverbrauchs 8 netze 8 technologien 8 verteilernetze 8 wachstum 8 windenergie 8 ökonomischen 7 dienstleistungen 7 digitale 7 efficiency 7 energietechnologien 7 klima 7 netzausbau 7 energieerzeuger 6 energieforschungsprogramm 6 finanzierung 6 kosteneffiziente 6 kostengünstig 6 mittelstandsinitiative 6 smart 6 stromversorgung 6 anreizregulierungsverordnung 5 übertragungsnetze 5 anreizregulierung 4 energienetze 4 messsysteme 4 ökologischen 3
C.4. Ministry of Environment
C.4.1. Themes in Context:
energien 4 64
371 strom 4 59 stromerzeugung 3 53 nutzung 4 44 erneuerbaren 4 43 ausbau 4 39 erneuerbarer energien 4 39 biomasse 4 37 emissionen 4 34 anlagen 4 34 entwicklung 4 33 förderung 4 32 energieversorgung 3 32 kosten 4 25 klimaschutz 4 21 wirtschaft 3 18 energiebereitstellung 2 15 photovoltaik 2 15 unternehmen 2 15 co2 4 14 endenergieverbrauch 1 14 einsatz erneuerbarer energien 3 13 einsatz erneuerbarer energien 3 13 wind 3 13 erneuerbare energien 3 13 stromerzeugung aus 1 13 arbeitsgruppe erneuerbare energien 1 6 nachhaltigen energieversorgung 2 5 externe kosten 1 5 externen kosten 1 4 nutzung erneuerbarer energien 3 3 ausbau erneuerbarer energien 3 3 nutzung erneuerbarer energien 3 3 ausbau erneuerbarer energien 3 3 bereich erneuerbarer energien 2 3 biogenem anteil 2 3 strom aus biomasse 2 3 marktanreizprogramm zur förderung 2 3 prozent erneuerbare energien 1 3 anteile erneuerbarer energien 1 3 anteils erneuerbarer energien 1 3
372
förderung erneuerbarer energien 1 3 biomasse mit einem anteil 1 3 biogenen anteil 1 3 geothermische stromerzeugung 1 3 erneuerbaren stromerzeugung 1 3 nachhaltige entwicklung 1 3 förderung erneuerbarer energien 1 3 strom aus geothermie 2 2 nachhaltigen entwicklung 2 2 entwicklung von technologien 2 2 sicheren energieversorgung 2 2 biomasse strom 1 2 erneuerbaren strom 1 2 neutraler strom 1 2 stromerzeugung aus photovoltaik 1 2 stromerzeugung aus geothermie 1 2 stromerzeugung aus meeresenergie 1 2 globalen stromerzeugung 1 2 nachhaltige nutzung 1 2 nachhaltigen nutzung 1 2 innovationsförderung geothermische anlagen 1 2 umweltschonende energieversorgung 1 2 nachhaltige energieversorgung 1 2 erneuerbaren energiebereitstellung 1 2 versorgungssicherheit erneuerbare energien 1 1 versorgung erneuerbare energien 1 1 programm erneuerbare energien 1 1 basis erneuerbarer energien 1 1 anteil erneuerbarer energien 1 1 primärenergieäquivalents erneuerbarer 1 1 energien gesamtanteils erneuerbarer energien 1 1 marktdurchdringung erneuerbarer energien 1 1 netzintegration erneuerbarer energien 1 1 bereichen erneuerbare energien 1 1 erneuerbare strom 1 1 strom biogene brennstoffe 1 1 strom aus photo 1 1 strom aus erneuerbaren 1 1 biokraftstoffe strom 1 1
373
geothermischer strom 1 1 erneuerbarer strom 1 1 strom aus den windparks 1 1 stromerzeugung aus diesen brennstoffen 1 1 geothermie zur stromerzeugung 1 1 stromerzeugung aus sonnenenergie 1 1 biomassenutzung zur stromerzeugung 1 1 stromerzeugung aus wasserkraft 1 1 stromerzeugung aus windenergie 1 1 stromerzeugung mit photovoltaik 1 1 solarthermische stromerzeugung 1 1 geothermischen stromerzeugung 1 1 nutzung von biomasse 1 1 nutzung von kuppelprodukten 1 1 nutzung erneuerbarer quellen 1 1 entwicklung bei den biokraftstoffen 1 1 entwicklung moderner energietechnologien 1 1 globale energieversorgung 1 1 globalen energieversorgung 1 1 weltschonende energieversorgung 1 1 klimaschonenden energieversorgung 1 1 jährliche kosten 1 1 ökonomische kosten 1 1 ökonomischen kosten 1 1 energiebereitstellung aus erneuerbaren 1 1 energiebereitstellung aus photovoltaik 1 1 erneuerbare energiebereitstellung 1 1 erneuerbaren technologien 1 1 erneuerbarer technologien 1 1
C.4.2. Energiewende Collocates:
nachhaltigen 2 ausbau 1 bewältigen 1 energieversorgung 1 energiewirtschaft 1 erneuerbare 1 klimaschutzes 1
374
naturschutz 1 reaktorsicherheit 1 solarthermischer 1 umwelt 1
C.5. Executive Strategies
C.5.1. Themes in Context:
maßnahmen 7 124 entwicklung 7 121 strom 5 83 nutzung 4 73 menschen 1 70 technologien 5 58 kosten 4 50 wirtschaft 5 49 unternehmen 3 49 sicherheit 4 45 umwelt 2 42 gesellschaft 1 41 verkehr 2 38 anlagen 6 31 energien 7 30 energieversorgung 4 27 entwicklungsländern 1 27 investitionen 4 26 ausbau 7 25 effiziente nutzung 2 6 erneuerbarer strom 1 4 erneuerbaren strom 1 3 nutzung von strom 1 3 erneuerbarem strom 1 3 kombinierten verkehr 1 3 kostengünstige energieversorgung 1 3 leitbild nachhaltiger entwicklung 1 2 entwicklung neuer maschinen 1 2 forums nachhaltige entwicklung 1 2 entwicklung verbrauchsgünstiger fahrzeuge 1 2 sozialen entwicklung 1 2
375
wirtschaftlicher entwicklung 1 2 soziale entwicklung 1 2 grüne technologien 1 2 effiziente technologien 1 2 mittelständischen unternehmen 1 2 multinationale unternehmen 1 2 wettbewerbsfähige energieversorgung 1 2 richtung nachhaltige entwicklung 1 1 forum nachhaltige entwicklung 1 1 bereich nachhaltige entwicklung 1 1 ökonomische entwicklung 1 1 effizientere technologien 1 1 mittelständische unternehmen 1 1 stromintensive unternehmen 1 1 energieverbrauch im verkehr 1 1 kraftstoffverbrauch im verkehr 1 1 nachhaltiger verkehr 1 1 intelligenten verkehr 1 1 kerntechnischen anlagen 1 1 effizienter anlagen 1 1 effizientere anlagen 1 1 anlagen neben kwk 1 1 dezentralen anlagen 1 1 effizienten energieversorgung 1 1 dezentrale energieversorgung 1 1
C.5.2. Energiewende Collocates:
digitalisierung 24 erneuerbaren 11 strommarktes 10 energieeffizienz 9 energieeffizienz 9 verteilernetze 7 2030 6 intelligente 6 innovation 5 energieversorgung 5 flexibilität 5
376
smart 5 strom 5 kosteneffiziente 4 kostengünstig 4 anreizregulierungsverordnung 3 digitale 3 effiziente 3 effizienzstrategie 3 stromerzeugung 3 stromsektor 3 2024 2 bezahlbar 2 biomasse 2 effizienz 2 effizienz 2 energieeffizienzstrategie 2 energienetze 2 gebäudestrategie 2 infrastruktur 2 klimaschutz 2 messsysteme 2 strommarktdesign 2 stromversorgung 2 umweltfreundlicher 2 versorgungssicherheit 2 übertragungsnetze 2 biomassetrends 1 bürgerenergiegesellschaften 1 digitalisierungsprozess 1 efficiency 1 effizienzstrategie 1 energieeffizienzstrategie 1 energieeinsparverordnung 1
C.6. Campaigns
C.6.1. Themes in Context:
unternehmen 34 597 entwicklung 33 457
377
öffentliche 31 388 mittlere unternehmen 18 34 mittleren unternehmen 13 23 nachhaltige entwicklung 13 23 wirtschaftlichen entwicklung 13 16 mittelständische unternehmen 12 16 nachhaltigen entwicklung 11 16 wirtschaftliche entwicklung 10 14 mittelständischen unternehmen 9 14 mittlerer unternehmen 9 11 öffentliche infrastruktur 8 10 öffentliche unternehmen 6 10 gesellschaftliche entwicklung 8 9 soziale entwicklung 6 7 öffentliche dienstleistungen 6 6 technologische entwicklung 5 6 kulturelle entwicklung 5 6 öffentliche nahverkehr 5 6 energieintensive unternehmen 3 6 kommunale unternehmen 5 5 ökologische entwicklung 5 5 förderung erneuerbarer energien 4 4 öffentliche personennahverkehr 3 3 kommunalen unternehmen 2 2 öffentliche personenverkehr 2 2 öffentliche linienverkehr 1 1
C.6.2. Energiewende Collocates:
erneuerbare 11 28 klimaschutz 11 18 gerecht 7 14 corporate 9 13 sozial 6 13 bezahlbare 10 11 ökologischen 12 10 wirtschaft 10 10 erfolgreich 11 9 kommunen 8 9
378
umwelt 6 9 energieversorgung 17 8 arbeitsplätze 13 7 atomausstieg 12 7 dezentrale 10 7 kosten 6 7 gesellschaft 12 6 gesundheit 10 6 marktwirtschaft 15 5 modernisierung 14 5 naturschutz 11 5 energieeffizienz 16 5 energiesparen 13 5 verkehr 7 5 verkehrswende 13 5 ökologie 8 5 finanzierung 12 4 infrastruktur 13 4 klima 5 4 netzausbau 10 4 technologien 12 4 wärme 5 4 digitalisierung 15 3 energiebinnenmarktes 20 3 energiegenossenschaften 23 3 industriestandort 17 3 nachhaltig 10 3 strompreise 11 3 technologische 14 3 verbraucherinnen 16 3 autoindustrie 13 2
C.7. Gruene Party
C.7.1. Themes in Context:
menschen 6 387 frauen 6 215 gesellschaft 6 171 unternehmen 6 157
379
entwicklung 6 127 verantwortung 6 126 grüne 6 111 sicherheit 6 110 nachhaltige entwicklung 3 11 nachhaltigen entwicklung 5 9 mittleren unternehmen 4 9 mittlere unternehmen 3 8 sozialen sicherung 5 7 mittelständische unternehmen 3 6 wirtschaftliche entwicklung 3 5 sozialer sicherheit 2 4 wirtschaftlichen entwicklung 2 3 kooperativer sicherheit 2 3 grüne marktwirtschaft 1 3 grüne industriepolitik 1 3 soziale sicherheit 1 3 gesellschaftliche entwicklung 2 2 ökologische entwicklung 2 2 grüne verbraucherpolitik 2 2 grüne verkehrspolitik 2 2 grüne technologien 2 2 grüne landwirtschaft 2 2 öffentliche sicherheit 2 2 kollektive sicherheit 2 2 soziale entwicklung 1 2 2014 grüne haushaltspolitik 1 2 grüne wandel 1 2 grüne mobilität 1 2 arbeitsmarktpolitik soziale sicherheit 1 2 sicherung dauerhafter arbeitsplätze 1 2 klimafreundliche entwicklung 1 1 dienste kollektiver sicherheit 1 1 finanzielle sicherung 1 1
C.7.2. Energiewende Collocates:
erfolg 10 erneuerbaren 10
380 sichere 9 klimaschutz 8 gerecht 7 umwelt 7 arbeitsplätze 6 atomausstieg 6 kohle 6 teilhaben 6 führen 5 global 5 politik 5 finanzierung 4 gesellschaft 4 wirtschaft 4 ökologisch 4 strompreise 3 verkehr 3 verkehrswende 3 ökologie 3 bezahlbar 3 dezentrale 3 erfolgreiche 3 naturschutz 3 autoindustrie 2 klimafreundlich 2 klimaschädlichen 2 atom 1 atomaren 1 atomenergie 1 bahnverkehr 1 bundesmobilitätsplan 1 bürgerinnennetzwerke 1 effizienz 1 elektromobilität 1 emissionen 1 emissionshandel 1 energiekonsum 1 energiesicherheit 1 energiesparen 1 energiespartechniken 1
381
C.8. SPD Party
C.8.1. Themes in Context:
menschen 6 189 arbeit 6 133 unternehmen 6 110 gesellschaft 6 104 entwicklung 6 92 sicherheit 6 89 frauen 6 84 deutschen 6 78 wirtschaft 6 65 investitionen 6 57 infrastruktur 6 54 arbeitsplätze 6 40 finanzierung 6 40 dienstleistungen 6 40 guten 5 38 leistungsfähige infrastruktur 4 7 mittlere unternehmen 4 6 moderne infrastruktur 4 5 mittleren unternehmen 3 5 nachhaltige entwicklung 3 5 mittelständischen unternehmen 3 4 nachhaltigen entwicklung 3 4 öffentliche infrastruktur 3 4 soziale infrastruktur 2 4 öffentliche unternehmen 3 3 gesellschaftliche entwicklung 3 3 wirtschaftlichen entwicklung 2 3 investitionen in energieeffizienz 2 3 gute infrastruktur 2 3 kulturelle infrastruktur 2 3 kleine unternehmen 2 2 mittelständische unternehmen 2 2 ökonomische entwicklung 2 2 öffentliche dienstleistungen 2 2 soziale dienstleistungen 2 2
382
privaten unternehmen 1 2 entwicklung neuer kraftstoffe 1 2 entwicklung neuer märkte 1 2 gesellschaftlicher entwicklung 1 2 ökologische entwicklung 1 1 ökologischer entwicklung 1 1 sozialen entwicklung 1 1 technischen entwicklung 1 1 umweltverträgliche entwicklung 1 1 wirtschaftliche entwicklung 1 1 wirtschaftlicher entwicklung 1 1
C.8.2. Energiewende Collocates:
bezahlbar 6 kommunen 6 erneuerbare 4 atomenergie 3 energieeffizienz 3 infrastrukturen 3 management 3 technologien 3 ökologischen 3 akzeptanz 2 ausstieg 2 energiegenossenschaften 2 energiemarkt 2 energiepolitik 2 energiesparen 2 energieversorgung 2 gerecht 2 gesellschaft 2 industriestandort 2 klimaschutz 2 naturschutz 2 speicher 2 armutsbekämpfung 1 dezentralen 1 dezentralisierung 1
383
digitale 1 digitalisierung 1 energieunternehmen 1 energieversorgungsstrukturen 1 klimawandel 1 netzausbau 1 netzbeteiligungen 1 netzinfrastruktur 1 umweltfreundlich 1 umweltverbände 1 verkehrssektor 1
C.9. CDU Party
C.9.1. Themes in Context:
menschen 6 169 deutschen 5 107 deutsche 5 86 gute 6 85 unternehmen 5 76 sicherheit 6 68 entwicklung 5 62 wirtschaft 6 45 gesellschaft 5 45 wettbewerb 5 40 integration 6 39 arbeitsplätze 5 38 landwirtschaft 5 37 versorgung 5 36 gute arbeit 3 5 mittlere unternehmen 3 5 gute ausbildung 3 4 internationalen sicherheit 2 4 gute rente 1 4 gute zukunft 3 3 mittelständische unternehmen 3 3 wirtschaftliche entwicklung 3 3 gute verkehrsanbindung 2 3 menschen gute chancen 1 3
384
gute chancen 2 2 gute bedingungen 2 2 gute nachbarschaft 2 2 börsennotierten unternehmen 2 2 äußeren sicherheit 2 2 äußere sicherheit 2 2 äußerer sicherheit 2 2 internationale sicherheit 2 2 sicherheit im alltag 2 2 einsätze zur sicherung 2 2 sicherheit unseres landes 2 2 öffentliche sicherheit 2 2 familien sicherheit 2 2 finanzielle sicherheit 2 2 inneren sicherheit 2 2 innere sicherheit 2 2 entwicklung am bruttoinlandsprodukt 2 2 entwicklung von parallelgesellschaften 2 2 wirtschaftlichen entwicklung 2 2 nachhaltige entwicklung 2 2 gute arbeits 1 2 gute regeln 1 2 landwirtschaftlichen unternehmen 1 2 sicherheit in deutschland 1 2 entwicklung neuer techniken 1 2 kulturelle entwicklung 1 2 sicherheit für deutschland 1 1 sicherheit für unternehmen 1 1 sozialen sicherung 1 1 nachhaltige sicherung 1 1 sicherheit kerntechnischer anlagen 1 1 sicherheit für arbeitnehmer 1 1 dezentrale versorgung 1 1
C.9.2. Energiewende Collocates:
energiesparen 2 arbeitsplätze 1 bezahlbare 1
385
energieversorgung 1 erneuerbare 1 existenzgründungen 1 finanziellen 1 gesundheitsgefährdender 1 investitionsanreize 1 investitionsprogramm 1 klimaschutz 1 sichere 1 solarprojekte 1 speichertechnologien 1 technologieoffenheit 1 technologischen 1 wachstumsimpulse 1
C.10. FDP Party
C.10.1. Themes in Context:
menschen 5 185 unternehmen 5 131 deutschen 6 94 deutsche 6 84 wettbewerb 6 70 liberale 5 70 entwicklung 6 69 sicherheit 5 63 gesellschaft 6 62 freiheit 5 61 arbeitsplätze 5 60 wirtschaft 5 50 finanzierung 5 42 mittlere unternehmen 3 9 mittelständischen unternehmen 2 5 mittelständische unternehmen 3 4 mittleren unternehmen 3 4 technologische entwicklung 3 4 soziale sicherheit 3 4 inneren sicherheit 3 4 individuelle freiheit 3 4
386
privaten unternehmen 3 3 wirtschaftlichen entwicklung 3 3 innere sicherheit 3 3 sozialer sicherheit 2 3 nachhaltige finanzierung 2 3 steuerbelastung für unternehmen 2 2 anreize für die unternehmen 2 2 nachhaltigen entwicklung 2 2 ökonomischen entwicklung 2 2 gesellschaftliche entwicklung 2 2 kulturelle entwicklung 2 2 soziale entwicklung 2 2 sicherung von chancen 2 2 sozialen sicherung 2 2 begleitung mittelständischer unternehmen 1 2 entwicklung erneuerbarer energien 1 2 menschen soziale sicherheit 1 2 vernetzten sicherheit 1 2 internationale sicherheit 1 2 unternehmerischen freiheit 1 2 entwicklung von technologie 1 1 nachhaltige entwicklung 1 1
C.10.2. Energiewende Collocates:
erneuerbare 4 marktwirtschaft 2 netzausbau 2 wettbewerb 2 emissionsarmen 1 emissionshandel 1 energiespeicherung 1 energieversorgung 1 entwicklungszusammenarbeit 1 erfolg 1 erfolgreich 1 finanziellen 1 gebäudebestand 1 gebäudesanierung 1
387
kommunikation 1 modernisierung 1 stromsteuer 1 umweltschutz 1 wettbewerbsfähigkeit 1 windkraftanlagen 1
C.11. Linke Party
C.11.1. Themes in Context:
menschen 6 238 öffentliche 6 141 unternehmen 6 119 entwicklung 6 106 arbeit 6 98 gesellschaft 6 89 frauen 6 86 sicherheit 6 51 öffentliche investitionen 3 8 öffentliche unternehmen 3 7 öffentliche unternehmen 3 7 wirtschaftlichen entwicklung 4 6 mittlere unternehmen 4 5 nachhaltige entwicklung 4 5 sozialer sicherheit 4 5 öffentliche dienst 3 4 mittlerer unternehmen 3 4 wirtschaftliche entwicklung 2 4 öffentliche dienste 3 3 öffentliche nahverkehr 2 3 öffentliche daseinsvorsorge 2 3 mittleren unternehmen 2 3 nachhaltigen entwicklung 2 3 gesellschaftliche entwicklung 2 3 öffentliche personenverkehr 2 2 gemeinwirtschaftlichen unternehmen 2 2 kommunale unternehmen 2 2 multinationale unternehmen 2 2 nachhaltiger entwicklung 2 2
388
soziale entwicklung 2 2 sozialen sicherung 2 2 öffentlichen sicherheit 2 2 öffentliche verkehr 1 2 öffentliche mobilitätsangebot 1 1 ökologische entwicklung 1 1 entwicklung kommunaler dienstleistungen 1 1 ökologischen entwicklung 1 1 sozialökologischen entwicklung 1 1 technologische entwicklung 1 1
C.11.2. Energiewende Collocates:
sozial 8 gerecht 4 dezentrale 3 energieversorgung 3 regional 3 bildung 2 demokratisch 2 energieeffizienz 2 energiekonzerne 2 erneuerbare 2 förderprogramm 2 investieren 2 investition 2 kommunen 2 nachhaltig 2 agrarwirtschaft 1 atomanlagen 1 atomare 1 atomausstieg 1 atomenergienutzung 1 atomkraft 1 bioenergiedörfer 1 blockheizkraftwerken 1 emissionszertifikaten 1 energiegenossenschaften 1 energiepflanzenanbau 1
389
energiespeichern 1 finanzieren 1 finanzmärkte 1 flächeneffizienz 1 hocheffiziente 1 individualverkehr 1 industrie 1 klima 1 klimafinanztransfers 1 kohle 1 kosteneffizienz 1 modernisierungen 1 netzausbau 1 personenverkehr 1 verkehr 1 windkraftanlagen 1 wärme 1 ökologische 1
C.12. AFD Party
C.12.1. Themes in Context:
deutschen 2 38 staaten 2 24 richter 1 23 bürger 2 20 menschen 2 20 mitglieder 2 19 mitglied 1 17 entwicklung 2 13 kosten 2 10 unternehmen 2 10 infrastruktur 1 8 wirtschaft 1 8 deutschen interessen 1 3 staatenbund souveräner staaten 1 3 demographische entwicklung 1 3 deutschen staatsbürgern 2 2 deutschen bevölkerung 2 2
390 deutschen bundestag 1 2 deutschen staatsangehörigkeit 1 2 deutschen banken 1 2 deutschen leitkultur 1 2 südeuropäischen staaten 1 2 wichtigen staaten 1 2 islamische staaten 1 2 demographischen entwicklung 1 2 aufnahmeanträge von deutschen 1 1 deutschen bildungssystems 1 1 deutschen rechtssystems 1 1 anwendung deutschen rechts 1 1 deutschen staatlichkeit 1 1 deutschen bürger 1 1 deutschen parteien 1 1 deutschen gesetzgebung 1 1 deutschen mark 1 1 deutschen außen 1 1 deutschen interesse 1 1 deutschen streitkräfte 1 1 deutschen sicherheitspolitik 1 1 auch deutschen 1 1 deutschen sozialleistungen 1 1 deutschen grenzübergängen 1 1 deutschen universitäten 1 1 deutschen sprache 1 1 deutschen erinnerungskultur 1 1 deutschen standard 1 1 deutschen staatsangehörigen 1 1 deutschen vorschriften 1 1 deutschen landwirtschaft 1 1 schulden fremder staaten 1 1 andere staaten 1 1 südeuropäischer staaten 1 1 diejenigen staaten 1 1 anderen staaten 1 1 insolvente staaten 1 1 organisation von staaten 1 1 funktionsunfähigkeit von staaten 1 1 souveränen staaten 1 1
391
nationalen staaten 1 1 allen staaten 1 1 europäischen staaten 1 1 geeigneten staaten 1 1 heimatnahen staaten 1 1 funktionierender staaten 1 1
C.12.2. Energiewende Collocates:
belasten 1 billionen 1 gefährdete 1 mehrkosten 1 naturgesetzlich 1 netzstabilität 1 probleme 1 profiteuren 1 risiko 1 stromausfälle 1 subventionen 1
C.13. Special Commissions
C.13.1. Themes in Context:
entwicklung 4 486 maßnahmen 4 445 nutzung 4 431 energie 4 377 emissionen 4 305 kosten 4 301 technologien 4 294 anlagen 4 286 strom 4 212 energieversorgung 4 208 förderung 4 162 energien 4 156 stromerzeugung 4 154 industrie 4 141
392
ökologischen 4 135 kraftwerke 4 131 energiepolitik 4 120 verkehr 3 119 probleme 4 114 energiequellen 4 113 unternehmen 4 113 ökonomischen 3 104 nachhaltigkeit 3 100 co2 4 98 elektrische energie 3 16 regenerativen energiequellen 3 15 regenerative energieträger 2 12 finanzielle förderung 2 12 soziale entwicklung 2 10 nachhaltige nutzung 2 10 mittleren unternehmen 2 10 solarthermische kraftwerke 1 10 wirtschaftlichen entwicklung 2 9 politische maßnahmen 2 9 fossile energieträger 2 9 basis erneuerbarer energien 2 9 technische maßnahmen 3 8 maßnahmen zur minderung 3 8 nutzung erneuerbarer energiequellen 3 8 elektrischen energie 3 8 einsatz erneuerbarer energien 3 8 einsatz erneuerbarer energien 3 8 erneuerbare energiequellen 3 8 nutzung erneuerbarer energiequellen 3 8 nachhaltige technologien 2 8 ökologischen steuerreform 2 8 nachhaltigen energiepolitik 1 8 wirtschaftliche entwicklung 3 7 effizientere nutzung 3 7 technologischen entwicklung 2 7 gesamtwirtschaftlichen kosten 1 7 nationale energiepolitik 1 7 technische entwicklung 4 6 regenerative energiequellen 3 6
393 anteils regenerativer energien 2 6 mittlere unternehmen 2 6 klimapolitische maßnahmen 1 6 nukleare energie 1 6 erneuerbaren energieträger 1 6 konzeption nachhaltiger energieversorgung 1 6 anteils erneuerbarer energien 1 6 nachhaltige energiepolitik 1 6 ökologischen schäden 3 5 technologische entwicklung 2 5 energiepolitischen maßnahmen 2 5 nutzung von biomasse 2 5 effiziente technologien 2 5 förderung regenerativer energien 2 5 förderung regenerativer energien 2 5 regenerativer energiequellen 2 5 umgebung kerntechnischer anlagen 1 5 konzept nachhaltiger energieversorgung 1 5 globalen energieversorgung 1 5 europäischen energiepolitik 1 5 nichtmotorisierten verkehr 1 5 fossile energie 3 4 energie aus biomasse 3 4 fossilen energieträger 3 4 technischen entwicklung 2 4 ökonomische entwicklung 2 4 nachhaltigen entwicklung 2 4 effiziente nutzung 2 4 einsatz kommerzieller energie 2 4 nachhaltigen technologien 2 4 kerntechnischen anlagen 2 4 dezentrale anlagen 2 4 sicherheit kerntechnischer anlagen 2 4 energieversorgung in den entwicklungs 2 4 ökologischen verträglichkeit 2 4 geothermische kraftwerke 2 4 öffentlichen verkehr 2 4 motorisierte verkehr 2 4 basis erneuerbarer energiequellen 2 4 nutzung regenerierbarer energiequellen 1 4
394
thermischen nutzung 1 4 bereich mechanische energie 1 4 regenerative energie 1 4 emissionen im verkehr 1 4 anteil erneuerbarer energieträger 1 4 finanziellen förderung 1 4 basis regenerativer energien 1 4 subventionierung erneuerbarer energien 1 4 industrielle stromerzeugung 1 4 nuklearen stromerzeugung 1 4 ökologischen finanzreform 1 4 emissionen im verkehr 1 4 motorisierten verkehr 1 4 nichtmotorisierter verkehr 1 4 nichtmotorisierte verkehr 1 4 haushalte verkehr 1 4 nutzung regenerierbarer energiequellen 1 4 energiedienstleistungen erneuerbare 1 4 energiequellen entwicklung nachhaltiger energiesysteme 2 3 thermische nutzung 2 3 nutzung fossiler brennstoffe 2 3 nachhaltigen nutzung 2 3 einsatz elektrischer energie 2 3 kerntechnische anlagen 2 3 dezentrale energieversorgung 2 3 anteil regenerativer energien 2 3 ökologische probleme 2 3 probleme bei der finanzierung 2 3 leitbilds nachhaltige entwicklung 1 3 nutzung fossiler energien 1 3 geothermaler energie 1 3 geothermischer energie 1 3 feuerungswärmeleistung bezogene emissionen 1 3 ökonomischen kosten 1 3 umweltfreundliche technologien 1 3 einführung energieeffizienter technologien 1 3 energieeffizienz bestehender anlagen 1 3 strategie nachhaltiger energieversorgung 1 3 klimaverträglichen energieversorgung 1 3
395 förderung von forschung 1 3 anwendung erneuerbarer energien 1 3 grundlage erneuerbarer energien 1 3 anteil erneuerbarer energien 1 3 nutzung fossiler energien 1 3 bereich erneuerbarer energien 1 3 regenerativen energien 1 3 nuklearer energien 1 3 anteils industrieller stromerzeugung 1 3 photovoltaischen stromerzeugung 1 3 photovoltaische stromerzeugung 1 3 ökologischen modernisierung 1 3 besonderheiten solarthermischer kraftwerke 1 3 nachhaltigkeit orientierte energiepolitik 1 3 effizienzpotenziale im verkehr 1 3 öffentliche verkehr 1 3 öffentlicher verkehr 1 3 sozialen probleme 1 3 einheimische unternehmen 1 3 sozialer entwicklung 2 2 nutzung von sonnenenergie 2 2 kommerziellen energie 2 2 erneuerbare technologien 2 2 solarthermischen anlagen 2 2 solarthermische anlagen 2 2 kommission nachhaltige energieversorgung 2 2 leitungsgebundene energien 2 2 stromerzeugung aus kohle 2 2 geothermischen stromerzeugung 2 2 konventionelle kraftwerke 2 2 ökologischen probleme 2 2 politische probleme 2 2 wirtschaftlichen probleme 2 2 gewinnorientierte unternehmen 2 2 energieintensive unternehmen 2 2 entwicklung von nachhaltigkeit 1 2 entwicklung im verkehrssektor 1 2 entwicklung dezentraler versorgungsstrukturen 1 2 nachhaltigzukunftsfähigen entwicklung 1 2 klimaverträglichen entwicklung 1 2
396 verwendung elektrischer energie 1 2 geothermische energie 1 2 nutzung erneuerbarer technologien 1 2 erneuerbaren technologien 1 2 dezentrale technologien 1 2 anlagen industrieller stromerzeugung 1 2 basis dezentraler anlagen 1 2 installation solarthermischer anlagen 1 2 bereich dezentraler energieversorgung 1 2 nachhaltiger energieversorgung 1 2 förderung erneuerbarer energieträger 1 2 förderung erneuerbarer energieformen 1 2 regenerierbare energien 1 2 einsatz fossiler energien 1 2 nutzung regenerativer energien 1 2 vorrang erneuerbarer energien 1 2 anteile erneuerbarer energien 1 2 nutzung von energien 1 2 fossile energien 1 2 kommerzialisierung erneuerbarer energien 1 2 richtung erneuerbare energien 1 2 nutzung erneuerbarer energien 1 2 anlagen industrieller stromerzeugung 1 2 dezentraler stromerzeugung 1 2 teilsegments regenerative stromerzeugung 1 2 dezentrale stromerzeugung 1 2 dezentralen stromerzeugung 1 2 regenerativer stromerzeugung 1 2 regenerativen stromerzeugung 1 2 absatz photovoltaische stromerzeugung 1 2 energieeffizienz in der industrie 1 2 emissionen in der industrie 1 2 ökologischen strukturwandel 1 2 ökologischen nachhaltigkeit 1 2 ökologischen nachhaltigkeitsziele 1 2 nuklearen kraftwerke 1 2 solarer kraftwerke 1 2 nachhaltigkeit ausgerichteten energiepolitik 1 2 technischen probleme 1 2 erneuerbaren energiequellen 1 2
397
energieintensiven unternehmen 1 2 entwicklung ökologischer aspekte 1 1 entwicklung weiterer 1 1 nachhaltigkeitsindikatoren entwicklung energieeffizienter autos 1 1 beschleunigung nachhaltiger entwicklung 1 1 umweltfreundlichen technologien 1 1 bereich nachhaltiger technologien 1 1 effizienteren technologien 1 1 klimaschonender technologien 1 1 energieeffizientere technologien 1 1 dezentralen technologien 1 1 energieeffiziente technologien 1 1 klimafreundlicherer technologien 1 1 effizientesten technologien 1 1 regenerativen technologien 1 1 effizienter technologien 1 1 energieeffizienter technologien 1 1 effizienzsteigerung existierender technologien 1 1 effizienzsteigerungen existierender 1 1 technologien dezentraler technologien 1 1 klimaverträgliche anlagen 1 1 effiziente anlagen 1 1 nuklearer anlagen 1 1 energieeffizienter anlagen 1 1 effizientere anlagen 1 1 technologischer förderung 1 1 dezentrale energien 1 1 dezentraler energien 1 1 ausbau industrieller stromerzeugung 1 1 behinderung industrieller stromerzeugung 1 1 dezentralisierten stromerzeugung 1 1 nutzung alternativer energiequellen 1 1 erschließung regenerierbarer energiequellen 1 1 einsatz regenerativer energiequellen 1 1 nutzung regenerativer energiequellen 1 1 kommunalen unternehmen 1 1 verband kommunaler unternehmen 1 1
398
C.13.2. Energiewende Collocates:
globaler 67 nachhaltigkeit 36 forschung 20 internationalen 18 nationales 15 finanzierung 10 finanzmittel 10 modellprojekte 10 entwicklungsländern 8 gesellschaftliche 8 kosten 8 monitoring 8 nutzen 8 transformationspfad 8 erneuerbarer 7 energienutzung 6 initiativen 6 investitionen 6 öffentliche 6 effiziente 5 energiesysteme 5 energieversorgung 5 finanzierbarkeit 5 hebel 5 kapital 5 kernenergie 5 pfads 5 technologien 4 exportkreditanstalten 4 klimaschutzpolitik 4 transformation 4 infrastruktur 3 konsequenzen 3 systemanalyse 3 transformationsstrategie 3 erfolgreich 3 finanziell 3 schwellenländern 3
399
technologische 3 abhängigkeit 2 effizienz 2 energieeffiziente 2 energieeffizienz 2 klimaschutz 2 transformationsfahrplans 2 verkehr 2
C.14. Oko institute
C.14.1. Themes in Context.
maßnahmen 13 289 strom 14 274 entwicklung 13 272 kosten 13 217 energie 13 204 anlagen 13 183 nutzung 12 164 stromerzeugung 14 161 emissionen 11 143 energien 14 140 pkw 8 131 verkehr 11 129 industrie 12 128 kwk 10 104 energiewende 11 88 unternehmen 11 87 energieversorgung 11 79 öffentliche 11 76 energiepolitik 10 74 verkehrsmittel 6 67 erneuerbare energien 5 16 regenerative energien 5 15 biomasse öffentliche kwk 2 12 öffentlichen verkehr 6 10 nutzung erneuerbarer energiequellen 5 9 nutzung öffentlicher verkehrsmittel 2 8 nutzung öffentlicher verkehrsmittel 2 8
400 nutzung erneuerbarer energien 6 7 nutzung erneuerbarer energien 6 7 elektrische energie 5 7 wirtschaftlichen entwicklung 4 7 verkehrspolitischen maßnahmen 3 7 nichtmotorisierten verkehr 3 7 öffentliche verkehr 3 7 öffentliche verkehrsmittel 3 7 öffentliche verkehr 3 7 öffentlichen verkehrsmittel 3 7 öffentliche verkehrsmittel 3 7 nachhaltige entwicklung 5 6 technischen maßnahmen 4 6 anteil erneuerbarer energien 4 6 gekoppelte stromerzeugung 4 6 anteil erneuerbarer energien 4 6 soziale kosten 3 6 nutzung regenerativer energien 3 6 nutzung regenerativer energien 3 6 fernwärme strom 2 6 ausbau erneuerbarer energien 2 6 öffentliche kraftwerke 2 6 elektrischen pkw 1 6 einsatz erneuerbarer energien 4 5 verkehrspolitische maßnahmen 3 5 nachfrageseitige maßnahmen 3 5 dezentrale anlagen 3 5 klimaschutz im verkehr 1 5 technischen entwicklung 4 4 energiewirtschaftliche entwicklung 4 4 derzeitige stromerzeugung 4 4 kommunale energieversorgung 4 4 industrie strom 3 4 ökologischen kosten 3 4 raumwärme warmwasser strom 2 4 anteil erneuerbarer energieträger 2 4 anteils erneuerbarer energien 2 4 elektrische pkw 2 4 bereich öffentliche gebäude 2 4 kontext erneuerbarer energien 1 4
401
öffentliche müllabfuhr 1 4 brennstoffenergie zu strom 3 3 technologische entwicklung 3 3 volkswirtschaftlichen kosten 3 3 energie aus sonne 3 3 braunkohlebetriebenen anlagen 3 3 dezentraler anlagen 3 3 stromerzeugung aus biomasse 3 3 gekoppelten stromerzeugung 3 3 endenergiebedarfs im verkehr 3 3 industrielle energiewende 3 3 öffentliche personenverkehr 3 3 grüne energiewende 2 3 mittleren unternehmen 2 3 nachfrageseitigen maßnahmen 1 3 solarthermie strom 1 3 anteil regenerative energiequellen 1 3 photovoltaische stromerzeugung 1 3 verband kommunaler unternehmen 1 3 kommunalen energieversorgung 1 3 maßnahmen im güterverkehr 2 2 verkehrsbeeinflussenden maßnahmen 2 2 industriellen strom 2 2 technische entwicklung 2 2 ökonomischen entwicklung 2 2 ökonomische entwicklung 2 2 soziale entwicklung 2 2 gesellschaftlichen entwicklung 2 2 gesamtgesellschaftliche kosten 2 2 volkswirtschaftliche kosten 2 2 einsparung von energie 2 2 elektrischer energie 2 2 solarthermischen anlagen 2 2 solarthermische anlagen 2 2 stromerzeugung aus kondensationskraftwerken 2 2 stromerzeugung zugeschriebene emission 2 2 nuklearen stromerzeugung 2 2 stromerzeugung aus kernenergie 2 2 erneuerbaren stromerzeugung 2 2 gewerblichen verkehr 2 2
402
öffentlicher verkehr 2 2 energiewende im neubau 2 2 klimaschonende energieversorgung 2 2 öffentliche netz 2 2 umweltschonendere verkehrsmittel 2 2 umweltschonende verkehrsmittel 2 2 abbildung verkehrspolitischer maßnahmen 1 2 verkehrsbezogene maßnahmen 1 2 strom aus wind 1 2 emissionsfaktoren für strom 1 2 emissionsfaktoren strom 1 2 elektrischen energie 1 2 windenergie zur stromerzeugung 1 2 stromerzeugung anfallende abwärme 1 2 energiesparenden pkw 1 2 umweltverträglicher verkehr 1 2 kopplung im energiewende 1 2 verkehrsleistungen im energiewende 1 2 kommunajer unternehmen 1 2 wirtschaftlichen unternehmen 1 2 öffentliches unternehmen 1 2 alternativen energieversorgung 1 2 umweltfreundliche energieversorgung 1 2 dezentrajen anlagen 1 1 stromerzeugung von kwk 1 1 kommunale stromerzeugung 1 1 photovoltaischer stromerzeugung 1 1 regenerativen stromerzeugung 1 1 regenerativer stromerzeugung 1 1 solare stromerzeugung 1 1 wärmeerzeugung neben der stromerzeugung 1 1 emissionen in einer energiewende 1 1 strombereitstellung im energiewende 1 1 wärmedämmungen im energiewende 1 1 energieeinsparung im energiewende 1 1 stromverbrauch im energiewende 1 1 stromeinsparung im energiewende 1 1 brennstoffeinsparungen im energiewende 1 1 endenergieverbrauch im energiewende 1 1 endenergieverbrauchs im energiewende 1 1
403
kraftwerksleistung im energiewende 1 1 stromerzeugung im energiewende 1 1 steinkohle im energiewende 1 1 energiewende auf die kreislaufwirtschaft 1 1 energiewende auf die abfallwirtschaft 1 1 energiewende für die kreislaufwirtschaft 1 1 energiewende für den klimaschutz 1 1 kostengünstige energiewende 1 1 dezentralen energiewende 1 1 öffentlichen unternehmen 1 1 unternehmen an eine gemeinde 1 1 offentlichen unternehmen 1 1 kommunalen unternehmen 1 1 kommunaje unternehmen 1 1 genossenschaftsiihnliche unternehmen 1 1 kornmunaler unternehmen 1 1 kornmunalen energieversorgung 1 1 öffentliche kwk 1 1 nichtmotorisierte verkehrsmittel 1 1 nichtmotorisierten verkehrsmittel 1 1
C.14.2. Energiewende Collocates:
2020 146 kreislaufwirtschaft 101 co2 27 stromerzeugung 22 endenergieverbrauch 21 regenerativer 18 kwk 15 optimierten 15 industrie 14 hkw 13 wärme 13 endenergiebedarf 12 klimaschutz 12 atomenergie 10 biomasse 10 steinkohle 10
404
dezentralen 9 ökologischer 9 braunkohle 8 erneuerbaren 8 verkehrsleistungen 8 energieverbrauchs 7 gesellschaftlichen 7 raumwärme 7 industrielle 6 flugverkehr 6 güterverkehr 6 verkehr 6 atomausstieg 5 nachhaltigeren 5 photovoltaik 5 windkraftwerke 5 atomkraftwerke 4 effizientere 4 energieeinsparung 4 personenverkehr 4 recycling 4 schienennahverkehr 4 schienenverkehr 4 straßengüterverkehr 4
C.15. Other NGO’s
C.15.1. Themes in Context:
entwicklung 20 460 strom 20 336 energie 19 334 kosten 19 328 nutzung 17 267 unternehmen 16 262 emissionen 18 260 anlagen 18 222 energien 21 204 stromerzeugung 20 187 verkehr 15 186
405 industrie 18 175 wirtschaft 19 158 technologien 15 152 öffentliche 16 128 kwk 15 118 erzeugung 18 117 energieverbrauch 14 99 landwirtschaft 11 91 regenerative energien 7 18 erneuerbare energien 6 17 öffentlichen verkehr 8 15 regenerativen energien 7 15 anteil erneuerbarer energien 7 13 industriellen kwk 5 12 biomasse öffentliche kwk 2 12 biomasse öffentliche kwk 2 12 nutzung erneuerbarer energiequellen 6 11 wirtschaftlichen entwicklung 5 11 nutzung erneuerbarer energien 7 9 nutzung erneuerbarer energien 7 9 wirtschaftliche entwicklung 6 9 bestehenden anlagen 5 9 öffentliche verkehr 5 9 öffentliche verkehr 5 9 elektrische energie 6 8 ausbau erneuerbarer energien 4 8 nichtmotorisierten verkehr 4 8 öffentliche verkehrsmittel 4 8 nutzung öffentlicher verkehrsmittel 2 8 nachhaltige entwicklung 6 7 industrielle kwk 5 7 soziale kosten 4 7 sozialen kosten 3 7 dezentrale kwk 6 6 ökologischen kosten 5 6 effizientere technologien 5 6 mittleren unternehmen 4 6 gekoppelte stromerzeugung 4 6 nutzung regenerativer energien 3 6 nutzung regenerativer energien 3 6
406 fernwärme strom 2 6 öffentliche kraftwerke 2 6 erneuerbaren energien 4 5 einsatz erneuerbarer energien 4 5 dezentrale anlagen 3 5 klimaschutz im verkehr 1 5 volkswirtschaftlichen kosten 4 4 kleinere anlagen 4 4 verbesserung bestehender anlagen 4 4 einführung erneuerbarer energien 4 4 dezentralen kwk 4 4 soziale entwicklung 3 4 industrie strom 3 4 ökologische kosten 3 4 gesellschaftlichen kosten 3 4 naturverträglichen wirtschaft 3 4 nachhaltigen entwicklung 2 4 raumwärme warmwasser strom 2 4 transnationale unternehmen 2 4 emissionen im stromsektor 2 4 anteils erneuerbarer energien 2 4 kontext erneuerbarer energien 1 4 kombinierten verkehr 1 4 elektrizitat wirtschaft 1 4 öffentliche müllabfuhr 1 4 ökonomischen entwicklung 3 3 gesellschaftlichen entwicklung 3 3 ökonomische entwicklung 3 3 technologische entwicklung 3 3 erzeugung von strom 3 3 erzeugter strom 3 3 elektrischer energie 3 3 nutzung von erdgas 3 3 nutzung von biomasse 3 3 mittelständischen unternehmen 3 3 konventionellen anlagen 3 3 solarthermischen anlagen 3 3 dezentraler anlagen 3 3 erneuerbaren stromerzeugung 3 3 stromerzeugung aus biomasse 3 3
407 gekoppelten stromerzeugung 3 3 stromerzeugung aus kwk 3 3 kombinierte verkehr 3 3 öffentlicher verkehr 3 3 effiziente technologien 3 3 öffentliche versorgung 3 3 öffentliche personenverkehr 3 3 umweltfreundlichen energieverbrauch 3 3 elektrischen energie 2 3 arbeitsgruppe erneuerbare energien 2 3 einsatz regenerativer energien 2 3 basis erneuerbarer energien 2 3 förderung erneuerbarer energien 2 3 umweltverträglicher verkehr 2 3 achhaltige entwicklung 1 3 solarthermie strom 1 3 nutzung globaler umweltgüter 1 3 verbreitung erneuerbarer energien 1 3 kommunale wirtschaft 1 3 atomenergiefreien strom 2 2 erneuerbaren strom 2 2 industriellen strom 2 2 erneuerbare energie 2 2 erneuerbaren energie 2 2 regenerative energie 2 2 nachhaltige nutzung 2 2 dezentrale nutzung 2 2 effiziente nutzung 2 2 transnationalen unternehmen 2 2 internationaler unternehmen 2 2 multinationale unternehmen 2 2 dezentralen anlagen 2 2 solarthermische anlagen 2 2 bereich erneuerbarer energien 2 2 regenerativer energien 2 2 anteil an der stromerzeugung 2 2 solarenergienutzung zu stromerzeugung 2 2 stromerzeugung aus kernenergie 2 2 motorisierte verkehr 2 2 öffentlichem verkehr 2 2
408
kommerzielle wirtschaft 2 2 effizienten wirtschaft 2 2 energiesparende technologien 2 2 intelligenter technologien 2 2 regenerativen technologien 2 2 dezentrale erzeugung 2 2 strom aus wind 1 2 geothermische energie 1 2 bereichen elektrische energie 1 2 nutzung biogener energieträger 1 2 kommerzielle nutzung 1 2 kommunajer unternehmen 1 2 kosten erneuerbarer energien 1 2 prozent erneuerbare energien 1 2 windenergie zur stromerzeugung 1 2 stromerzeugung anfallende abwärme 1 2 effizienzen im verkehr 1 2 nachhaltigen wirtschaft 1 2 dezentralen erzeugung 1 2 reduktionserfordernisse für den 1 2 energieverbrauch sinkendem energieverbrauch 1 2 windenergieanlage strom 1 1 dezentrale strom 1 1 umweltfreundlichen strom 1 1 dezentrale energie 1 1 kommunale energie 1 1 komrnunalen energie 1 1 kommuaalen energie 1 1 nutzung erneuerbarer ener 1 1 umweltverträglichen wirtschaft 1 1 natureffizienter technologien 1 1 umweltverträgliche technologien 1 1 dezentralen technologien 1 1 umweltschonende technologien 1 1 klimaschonende technologien 1 1 umweltverträglichkeit neuer technologien 1 1 effizienzsteigernden technologien 1 1 öffentliche nahverkehrsnetz 1 1
409
C.15.2. Energiewende Collocates:
atomkraft 3 ausstieg 2 klima 2 wirtschaft 2 akw 1 atomausstieg 1 atomenergie 1 atomstrom 1 climate 1 energiepreise 1 erneuerbaren 1 fukushima 1 gesellschaftlicher 1 klimafreundlich 1 klimaschädliche 1 netz 1 stromspeicher 1 stromtrassen 1 verkehrswende 1
C.16. Coalition Contracts:
C.16.1. Themes in Context:
deutschen 5 189 unternehmen 5 157 förderung 5 151 entwicklung 5 147 mittlere unternehmen 4 12 mittleren unternehmen 4 12 deutschen wirtschaft 3 10 nachhaltigen entwicklung 3 9 deutschen außenpolitik 5 8 mittelständische unternehmen 3 8 deutschen sprache 2 8 wirtschaftliche entwicklung 4 7 mittlerer unternehmen 3 5 deutschen industrie 3 4
410
deutschen entwicklungspolitik 2 4 deutschen minderheiten 2 4 nachhaltige entwicklung 2 4 deutschen steuerrechts 3 3 deutschen unternehmen 3 3 deutschen arbeitsmarkt 2 3 private unternehmen 2 3 gesellschaftliche entwicklung 2 3 interesse mittelständischer unternehmen 2 2 kleine unternehmen 2 2 privaten unternehmen 2 2 mittelständischen unternehmen 2 2 förderung nachhaltiger entwicklung 2 2 ökologische entwicklung 2 2 wirtschaftlichen entwicklung 2 2 ökologischen entwicklung 2 2 förderung nachhaltiger entwicklung 2 2 soziale entwicklung 2 2 multinationale unternehmen 1 2 stromintensive unternehmen 1 2 förderung ökologischer innovationen 1 2 förderung erneuerbarer energien 1 2 energieintensive unternehmen 1 1 gesetz zur förderung 1 1 entwicklung dezentraler systeme 1 1 gesellschaftlichen entwicklung 1 1 kulturelle entwicklung 1 1 entwicklung energiesparender 1 1 entwicklung innovativer verkehrsdienstleistungen 1 1
C.16.2. Energiewende Collocates:
wirtschaft 5 erneuerbaren 4 klimaschutz 4 infrastruktur 3 klima 3 sicherheit 3 ausstieg 2
411
digitalisierung 2 effizienz 2 energieeffizienz 2 energieversorgung 2 kernkraftwerke 2 nachhaltigen 2 netzausbaus 2 netzentgelte 2 wärmemarkt 2 arbeitsplätze 1 atomenergie 1 baukultur 1 chancengleichheit 1 dezentralisierung 1 effizienzsteigerung 1 energieeffiziente 1 integrierter 1 intelligente 1 klimafreundlicher 1 stromerzeugung 1 strommarktdesign 1 umweltrecht 1 umweltverträglichkeit 1 verkehrsinfrastrukturen 1 ökologisch 1
C.17. Legislations:
C.17.1. Themes in Context:
strom 31 1216 anlagen 36 1019 anlage 32 654 vergütung 28 377 kosten 27 328 unternehmen 26 308 energien 31 282 strom aus 24 273 erneuerbare energien 18 71 anlage erzeugten strom 15 66
412 anlagen zur erzeugung 18 38 anteil erneuerbarer energien 16 35 strom aus windenergieanlagen 12 33 strom aus windenergieanlagen 12 33 strom aus biomasse 14 26 strom aus biomasse 14 26 stromintensive unternehmen 12 24 erneuerbaren energien 7 20 strom aus biomasseanlagen 12 18 strom aus biomasseanlagen 12 18 strom aus biogas 6 18 strom aus biogas 6 18 vorrang erneuerbarer energien 12 17 anteils erneuerbarer energien 6 15 volkswirtschaftlichen kosten 10 14 strom aus windenergie 7 13 strom aus windenergie 7 13 betroffenen unternehmen 4 13 strom aus geothermie 11 12 strom aus geothermie 11 12 nutzung erneuerbarer energien 6 12 förderung erneuerbarer energien 6 10 einsatz erneuerbarer energien 5 10 strom aus mehreren windenergieanlagen 9 9 strom aus deponiegas 9 9 strom aus deponiegas 9 9 strom aus grubengas 9 9 externen kosten 4 9 ausbau erneuerbarer energien 2 8 marktwerts für strom 3 7 marktintegration von strom 6 6 strom aus klärgas 6 6 unternehmen im begünstigungszeitraum 5 5 stromintensiven unternehmen 5 5 basis erneuerbarer energien 4 5 unternehmen mit einem stromverbrauch 3 5 strom aus solaranlagen 2 5 terminus erneuerbare energien 3 4 bundesregierung erneuerbare energien 2 4 erzeugung erneuerbarer energien 3 3
413 heimische energien 3 3 strom aus kraftwärme 3 3 strom aus solarenergie 3 3 versorgungssicherheit erneuerbarer energien 2 3 basis regenerativer energien 1 3 strom aus wasserkraftanlagen 1 3 biomasse für strom 2 2 strom aus biomethan 2 2 strom aus sonnenenergie 2 2 strom aus laufwasserkraftanlagen 2 2 erzeugern regenerativer energien 1 2 regenerativen energien 1 2 strom aus stromerzeugungsanlagen 1 2 regenerative energien 1 1 en1euerbarer energien 1 1 erneuerbarer energien 1 1 nutzung erneuerbarere energien 1 1 strom aus der solaranlage 1 1 strom aus sonnenenergi 1 1 strom aus wasserkraftnutzungen 1 1
414
APPENDIX D: SUMMARY TABLES OF EVOLUTION DYNAMICS
D.1. Narrative summary of the development of events and values over time
Epoch Events Ascending Values Declining
Values
1970’s • "Heading Peacefully to • Nuclear Phase out 2 • Centralized Catastrophe" • Renewable Energies energy • Whyl nuclear plant cancelled • Climate risk mitigation production • “Soft Energy Paths” • Local resources • Fossil fuels • “Limits to Growth” • Coal energy • Growing • Energiewende Motion • Energy efficiency energy • Ecological sustainability economy • Stationary energy economy • Industrial Growth 1980’s • Energiewende • Nuclear phase-out 2 • Fossil Fuels Alternativreport • Energy security 2 • Nuclear • Green Party mobilization • Local energy resources energy • Climate change in media • Coal power • Centralized • Chernobyl • Renewable Energy energy • Solar energy production • Wind Energy • Industrial • Energy efficiency economic • De-centralization growth (communalization, participation, autarky, access) • Climate protection 1990’s • Nuclear reactor shutdowns • Nuclear phaseout 2 • Fossil fuels • Climate protection plan • Climate protection 4 • Coal powered • Feed-in tariff • De-centralization 2 energy • Sustainable Germany • Sustainability
415
• Coal levy phase out • Renewable Energies • Centralized • Building code reform • Solar energy energy • carbon reduction program • Wind energy production • climate change secretariat • Energy efficiency • De- • climate change office • Market liberalization centralization • Government change • Energy economy reform 2000’s • Agreement with utilities • Nuclear phase-out (2) • De- • Stade/Obrigheim Phaseout • Sustainability centralization • EEG enactment • Renewable energy (3) • Fossil Fuels • Sustainability Strategy • Energy efficiency (3) • Solar energy • EEG revision • Climate protection (4) • Nuclear • EU Emission trading • Cost reduction phase-out • Power Grid Expansion Act • Market liberalization • Energy market Reform • low-carbon transportation • Government Change • Electric mobility • Integrated Energy and • Industrial growth
Climate Program • Energy security
• EEG 2009 reform • Cost reduction 2010’s • Atomic energy act • Nuclear energy • Nuclear phase • Energy concept • Climate protection out • Fukushima Catastrophe • Renewable energy • De- • Ethics Commission report • Energy efficiency centralization • EEG 2012 amendment • Low-carbon transportation • Legacy • Utility restructuring • Electric mobility Energy • Mandate transfer • Nuclear phase out Technologies • BMWi 10-point agenda • Energiewende • Nuclear • BMWi smart metering • Industrial growth (4) energy • Federal Req. Planning Act • De-centralization (grid) • Solar energy • EEG 2014 reform • Market Liberalization • Energiewende • Capacity market study • Cost-reduction (NIMBY)
416
• EEG 2016 reform • Onshore wind power • Solar energy • Paris agreement • Centralized energy • Wind energy • Climate action plan production • Coal • De-carbonized economy • Fossil fuels
D.2. Chronological Tables: Evolution of Values
D.2.1. Themes in Context
Epoc Legacy Values Ascending Values Declining Values Energiewende h • Supply security • 1970 Import independence - • Nuclear risk 1980 • Energy saving • Local energy resources • Consumption planning • Job creation • Environmental risks • Consequences • Coal • New energies • Electricity • Nuclear phase-out • Wind • Fossil Fuels Parliament: • • • • Nuclear 1980 Renewable energies Solar Nuclear energy • Electricity • Biomass • Centralization Phase-out - • Energy Saving • Emissions (!) • Industrial • Efficiency 1990 • Decentral supply growth • Ecological
417
• Heat • Jobs • Coal • Ecology • Sustainability • Renewables Parliament: • • • • Ecological 1990 Emissions Transportation (!) Nuclear phase- • Energy supply • Public transport out • Real - • Efficiency (saving) • Non-motorized • Investment 2000 • Heat transport • Solar • Coal • Low emission • Green/red • Fossil fuels transport Non-parliament • Electricity • Energiewende (!) • Novel • Decentral • Emissions • Jobs • Coal • Electricity • Sustainability • Social • Energiewende Parliament: • • • • Global 2000 Renewables Public Transportation • Ecology • Biomass • Heat • Sustainable - • Electricity • Geothermal • Energy supply • Investment 2005 • Efficiency • Companies • Industrial • Initiatives • Emissions Minor: • Jobs • Green • Nuclear phase-out • E-intense companies • Nuclear • Decentral • Tax reform phase-out • Finance reform • Climate • Investment protection • Modernization • Research • Electricity • Energy supply • Energiewende Parliament: • • • • Greenhouse 2005 Sustainability (P) Security (supply) Sustainable • Renewables • E-intense companies (NP) s - • Social justice (!) • Minor: • Emissions • Ecological 2009 • Solar • Electricity • Ecology • Left • Wind • Hydro • Decentral • Consecutive
418
• Geothermal • Biogas • Nuclear phase- • Real • Biomass • Management out • Global • Communal • Integration • Efficiency • Radical • Companies • Transmission net • Sustainable • Renewables • Communities • Biomass Parliament: • • • • Social 2009 Sustainability Efficiency Solar • Electricity • Jobs • Wind • Success - • Supply • Climate protection • Transportation • Buildings 2011 • Companies Marginal: • Social justice • Ecological • E-intense companies • Affordability • Nuclear-phase- Non- • Storage tech out Parliament: • Transmission grids • Environmen • Decentral t • Communal • Transport • Public • German • Nuclear • Investment 2011 • Nuclear phase-out • Transmission • Sustainable (P) Parliament: • (Smart grid) • • Social - Electricity Climate • Sustainability (NP) • Energiewende (!) protection acceptance 2013 • Nuclear Marginal: • Efficiency • Investment • Decentral • Wind • Jobs • Transport • Production facilities • Geothermal • Success • Companies • Biomass • Ecological • Left-Green • Buildings • N Phase-out 2013 • Renewables • E-intensive • Wind Parliament • companies • • European - Electricity Solar • Sustainability • Smart grid • Geothermal • Global 2015 • Social justice • Storage • German • Digital technologies • Efficiency
419
• Energiewende (P!) • Efficiency • Transport • Security • Data • Buildings • Ecology • Biomass • Decentral • Transportation • Cogeneration • Coal • Heat • Affordable phaseout • Companies Marginal: Non- • Social justice • Education Parliament: • Nuclear phase-out • Jobs • Transport • Investment • Success • Circular economy • Sustainable • Waste management • Data • Recycling • Decentral • Net metering • Circular • Incentive economy • Initiative • Buildings • Heat • Global • European • Communica tion 2015 • Sustainability • Efficiency • Renewables Parliament: • • • • Acceptance - Digital Global, E-intense • Social justice (!) • Initiatives, companies • Affordable 2017 • Electricity • E-mobility • Energiewende • Heat and • Renewables • Carsharing • Affordability Cogen • Efficient • Transformation • Communal, • Electromobi • E-intense companies • Climate protection • Heat lity • Energiewende • Recycling • Cogeneration • Networks • Emissions • Companies • Smart grid • Justice • Ecology • Jobs Non- • Investment Marginal: Parliament:
420
• Incentive • Success • Success • Public • Actors • Global • Transportation • Buildings • Digital • Nuclear phase-out • Infrastructure • Transport • Investment • Companies • Decentral • Climate • Buildings • Electricity • Affordable • Education
D.2.2. Energiewende Collocates
Epoch Legacy Values Ascending Values Declining Values • Energy savings • 1970 - Alternative energies • Nuclear catastrophe 1980 • Nuclear phaseout • Renewables • Research • Environmental protection • Nuclear phase-out • (no) Oil • Environmental • • protection 1980 - Savings (efficiency) (no) Uranium • Renewables • Energy policy 1990 • Research • Energy Supply (security) • Electricity • Consumption (turn) • Energy independence (imports) • Technology
421
• Decentralization • Risks • Coal • Local resources • Renewables • Transportation (turn) • Energy imports • • • 1990 - Electricity Jobs Energy independence • Efficiency • Tax reform • Nuclear phase-out 2000 • Suitability • Heat • Fossil fuels • Environmental • Cogeneration • Oil Protection • Emissions • Uranium • Decentral supply • Biomass • Consumption • Coal • Research • Sustainability • Global • Transportation • • • 2000 - Climate Protection Wood recycling Renewables • Ecology • Waste recycling • Efficiency 2005 • Nuclear phase-out • Financing • Jobs (P) • Biomass • Investment • Heat • Emissions • Structural change • Decentral supply • Transition pathways • Electricity • Export (developing countries) • Jobs (NP) • Clear air (policy) • Ecological modernization • Forestry • Renewables • Need (urgent) • Global • • • 2005 Efficiency Transmission grids (new) Nuclear phase-out • Sustainability • Affordable (NP) – • Ecology • Biofuel • Renewables (NP) 2009 • Climate protection • Solar-thermal • Energy efficiency • Nuclear phase-out • Nuclear energy (NP) • Emissions • Transportation
422
• Climate change • Jobs • Decentral supply • Renewables • European • Decentral supply • • • 2009 - Efficiency Transition Affordable • EEG law • Transportation • Biofuel 2011 • Ecology • Jobs • Emissions • Climate protection • Lobbies • Climate change • *disbelief! • Sustainability • Industrial interests • Nuclear energy • Car manufacturing • Nuclear phase-out • Hydro • Energy supply • Renewables • Affordability • Sustainability • • 2011’s • Climate change Fukushima Ecology • Energy efficiency • Companies • Climate protection • Nuclear phase-out • Social acceptance • Emissions • Energy supply • Turn • European • Electricity • Ethical • Transportation • Jobs • Joint Effort • Solar • Social justice • Wind • Transmission networks • Biomass • • Buildings (refurbishment) Geothermal • Research • Decentral • Data • Infrastructure • Capacity market • Electricity • Industrial • Renewables • Supply • Nuclear phase-out • Energy supply • Global (P) • Sustainability
423
2013 - • climate protection • Entrepreneurship • Transmission • • networks 2015 energy efficiency Circular economy • Affordability • Success • Ethical • Industrial • Emissions • Joint efforts • Decentral • Investment • Turn • Companies • Incentive • Transportation (P) • Industrial • Digitization • Global (NP) • Jobs • E-Intense Companies • Buildings • Waste (management) • Infrastructure • Barriers • Electricity • Urgency • Metering • Storage (batteries) • Intelligent • Heat • Communal • Transportation • Dialogue 2015 - • Renewables • Communal • Companies • 2017 • Climate protection Digitization • Energy intensive • Digitization • Subsidies • Industry • Nuclear phase-out • Transportation • Emissions • Communal • Transmission grids (smart) • Affordability • • Decentral Supply security • Sustainable • Consumers • Electricity • Buildings • • Transportation Energy communities (refurbishment) • • Efficiency Electromobility • Entrepreneurship • Education • Success • Circular economy • Social acceptance • Jobs • Recycling • Incentive • Social justice • Net metering • • Subsidies Industry • Success
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• Global • Heat • Investment • Energy cooperatives • Storage (batteries) • Decarbonization • Communications
D.3. Categorical Tables: Actors and Engagement
D.3.1. Themes in Context
Cate Legacy Values Prevalent/ Marginal/ Energie- gory Novel Absent wende • Economy • Social justice Parliament • Society • Jobs/Employment • Sustainability • Growth • Renewable • Ecology
Ministries • Companies • Measures • Transportation • Global • Renewables • Incentive • Emissions • Business • Electricity • Affordable • Consumption initiatives • Supply • Tax • Guiding visions • Transport
• Development • Investment • Electricity • • Consumption • Export Public • Digitization • Efficiency • Energiewende • Buildings • Industry • Energy intensive • Economy • Solar • Decentral • Wind • Biomass, • Geothermal • Storage
425
• Development • Production • Sustainable • Electricity (Generation) (low) • Costs • Wind • Efficient (low) • Supply • Solar (thermal) • Ecological • Consumption • Cogeneration (low) • Companies • Public • Nuclear phase-
NGOs • Economic • Communal out (low) • Technological • Non-motorized • Transmission
• Industry • Intelligent networks • Transportation • Investment • Heat • Economic • Decentral policy • Affordable • Accessible • Secure • Companies • People • Renewables Campaigns Political • Society • Society • Nuclear phase • Sustainable • Cultural out, • Development development • Efficiency • Transport • Medium Business • Supply • Technology • Infrastructure • Heat • Public • Communal • Industry • Ecological • Energy intensive • Decentral
426
Commissions Special • Development • Research • Renewables • Economy • Energy intensive (low) • Sustainability • Incentives • Efficiency
i i l C i S • Policy measures • Initiatives (low) • Companies • Financing • Supply (low) • Electricity • Guiding visions • Nuclear phase- • Supply • National out (low) • Consumption • European • Climate • Industry • Public protection • • (low) Emissions Non-motorized • Transport • Tax reform • Decentral (low) • Ecology • Incentive • Social justice • Security
Coalitions Government • Companies • German • Efficiency • Development • Measures • Supply ii t t C liti C • Ecology • People • Nuclear phase- • Suitability • Cooperation out • Renewables • Energy intensive • Climate • Markets • Promotion protection • Decentral • Innovation • Social justice • Transportation (low) • Jobs
• Taxes
427
Legislations • Electricity • Facilities • Renewables • Costs • Biomass (low) • Companies • Biogas • Local supply • Markets • Geothermal (low) • Supply (Low) • Integration • Nuclear phase- • Macroeconomic out • External • Solar • Energy intensive • Social • Electricity intensive • Security (low)
D.3.2. Energiewende Collocates
Cate Legacy Values Prevalent/ Marginal/ gory Novel Absent • Renewables • Success • Global • Climate protection • German • Economy • European • Costs • Urgent • Industry • Climate change • Businesses (companies) • Social acceptance Parliament • Electricity supply • Affordable • Consumption (consumers) • E-intensive companies • Nuclear phase-out • Entrepreneurship. • Decentral • Tax • Emissions • Transmission • Heat • Digitization • Cogeneration • Buildings • Communities
428
• Supply • Obstacles • Decentral • Efficiency • Entrepreneurship • Global • Renewables • Digitization • National • Companies • European • Building sector Ministries • Economy • Successful • Infrastructure
• Costs • Investment • Transmission • Electricity • 2020 networks
• Climate protection (low) • 2030 • Emissions (low • Emissions (low) • 2050 • Transportation • Growth (low) • Incentive • Electricity • 2020 • Industrial • Supply • Circular economy economic • Renewables • Transportation emphasis • Nuclear phase-out • Cars NGOs • Heat • Rail • Emissions • Air
• Climate protection • Public • Efficiency • Cogeneration • Decentral • Recycling • Industry
429
• Renewables • Nuclear energy • Transportation • Climate protection • Social justice (low) • Social • Corporate • Nuclear phase-
Campaigns Political • Ecological • Affordable out (low) • Economic • Successful • Supply • Communities (Communal) • Nuclear phase-out • Health • Decentral • Modernization • Costs • Transportation • Markets • Infrastructure • Efficiency • Network expansion • Sustainable • Car manufacturing • Energy coops • Sustainability • Global • Infrastructure • Research • National (low) • Costs • Incentive • Nuclear phase- • Renewables • Model project, out Special Special • Supply • Investment • Social justice • Efficiency (low) • Capital • Communities Commissions • Climate protection (low) • Lever • Decentral • Pathways • Transformation • Dev. countries • Export credit • Nuclear energy • Financial • Dependency
430
Coalitions Government • Economy • Equal opportunity • Social values • Renewables • Infrastructure • Decentral • Climate protection (Ecology) • Networks expansion • Electricity • Efficiency • Networks integration supply (low) • Nuclear phase-out, • Intelligent (smart grid) • Transportation • Electricity supply (Low) • Culture (education) (low) • Electricity Markets • Transportation (low)
431
APPENDIX E: ACTOR ENGAGEMENT REPORTS
E.1. Parliament:
E.1.1. Themes
1970’s and 80’s: the only relevant themes are energy and nuclear energy.
1990’s: Ecology stands out as emerging theme.
2000’s: sustainability and renewables emerge and remain top collocates. However, ‘renewables’
does not appear in 2011 and 2015.
2005’s: social justice emerged as a top theme for the first time and except for the 2009’s epoch,
remained among the top themes.
2009: ‘communities’ becomes as a top theme but only in this epoch.
2011: only ‘sustainability’ and ‘social justice’ are relevant top theme
2013: ‘digital’ emerges as a significant theme and remains in the next epoch.
2015: ‘suitability, digital, social justice
E.1.2. Collocates:
1970’s: first collocates were action program, nuclear phase-out and construction freeze.
1980’s: ‘Chernobyl’ emerges along with nuclear phase-out and urgency. ‘Supply, electricity and
renewables first emerge as legacy values. ‘Efficiency’ emerges as energy savings. Other
outstanding collocates are technology, public transportation, de-centralization and ‘turn in
consumption.
1990’s: climate protection, sustainability and environmental values emerge as collocates for the
first time. Renewables, nuclear phase-out, efficacy and consumption remain. Solar,
investment, jobs and structural change are outstanding emergent collocates.
‘Transportation turn’ and ‘coal’ are the most eccentric emergent collocates
432
2000: Except for solar and consumption, all previous collocates remain. Financing emerges in
addition to investment. Biomass is also an outstanding emergent phenomenon.
2005: renewables, ecological, sustainable, nuclear phase-out and efficiency remain key
collocates. Climate protection has relatively declined. Energy foreign policy, transmission
grids, emissions, affordable and decentral are the most outstanding emergent collocates.
2009: In addition to previous legacy values, ‘European’, ‘expansion’ are outstanding emergent
collocates. The most outstanding collocates are the Green Party and EEG which stands for
the 2000’s feed-in law; this demonstrates the partisan association of Energiewende right
before Fukushima. The emergence of ‘lobby interests’ (though marginal) and the re-
emergence of transportation are also notable.
2011: Affordability and urgency stand out as top collocates. Companies, acceptance, social
justice and the building sector emerge for the first time. Transmission network expansion
and decentral have also re-emerged.
2013: ‘Success’ is the top collocate. Other outstanding emergent collocates are industrial,
international, digitization and emissions. Legacy collocates such as renewables, climate
protection, efficiency, affordability, jobs, urgency sustainability, companies, investments,
decentral and building sector remain.
2015: Most previous collocates remain. Outstanding emergent collocates include communities,
intelligent, energy communities and electromobility. Acceptance, social justice and
digitization noticeably rose in ranks. Affordable and nuclear phase-out noticeably declined.
The re-emergence of consumption, transport and transmission network also stands out.
E.2. Ministries:
E.2.1. Themes:
433
1970’s-1990’s: None.
2000’s: The first executive document was the first suitability strategy by the Ministry of
Environment; the prevalent themes were mostly related to sustainable development from
an economic perspective—with prevalent themes such as economy, medium sized
companies and transportation. Various forms and aspect of transportation also stand out
among the major themes and frequent sub-themes—public, energy efficient vehicles, rail,
combined, inter city, intelligent.
2005’s: The Ministry of Environment’s reports were mostly about electricity generation and
renewables resources and costs.
2009’s: In Ministry of Environment’s reports, energy supply (mostly electricity) remains the top
theme but sustainability, climate protection and ecological values become prevalent.
Furthermore, network expansion, network integration and development of storage
capacities are significant emerging themes. However, in reports by the Economic Ministry
in this epoch, energy efficiency, export initiatives, companies and investment are the major
top themes—decentral supply, indiscriminate (social justice) are significant but less
prevalent.
2011: The Ministry of Economy report in 2011, contained Energiewende as a main theme along
with renewable energies and energy efficiency. The only significant sub-theme of
Energiewende was transmission networks.
2013: In the reports, Energiewende remains a main theme but in addition to transmission
networks, top collocates are incentives for medium companies, transportation, and
research. Strategies on the other hand, emphasize smart grids, intelligent metering and
434
measuring systems, and communications, particularly in conjunction with the theme of
Energiewende.
2015: Reports only; Energiewende becomes the third major theme. Most outstanding subthemes
is ‘successful’; ‘transportation’ and ‘investment follow’. In addition to initiatives for
companies, in this epoch, initiatives for the general population is also another prevalent sub
theme. Economic growth and value creation is also a prevalent sub-theme. Furthermore,
‘electricity and building sector’ demonstrate the specific economic planning associated
with Energiewende in the later stages.
E.2.2. Collocates:
1970’s-1990’s: None.
2000: in the federal government strategy, top collocates are clean air, agriculture and forestry
policy.
2005: in the Ministry of Environment’s report, top collocates are sustainability and climate
protection, as well as renewables (particularly solar thermal), supply security and
emissions.
2009: in the only report by the Ministry of Environment, ‘global’ emerges as the top collocate.
Renewable energy and efficiency and energy supply establish as the legacy collocates.
Sustainability is at a relatively lower rank. Jobs, transportation services, hydro and climate
change are the most notable emerging values.
2011: in the report by the Ministry of Environment, emissions is the top collocate. In addition to
the legacy collocates, costs and consumption also appear as collocates. The most
outstanding collocates are ‘energy productivity and work processes. In Chancellor
Merkel’s speech Energiewende is not mentioned but the top collocates for the word
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‘Wende’ in are energy and affordability. Other collocates include global, industrial,
electricity.
2013: in the Ministry of Economy’s strategy, in addition to the legacy collocates, transmission
networks, affordability, building strategy, intelligent, metering, communication solutions
and urgency stand out as emerging collocates. In the report, collocates indicate an
additional emphasis on industrial economic values—barriers for entrepreneurship,
industrial economy and supply security. However, climate protection is only among the top
collocate s in the report.
2015: in addition to legacy collocates such as renewables, efficiency, affordability, transmission
networks and electricity supply, digitization and ‘intelligent’ rise as top collocates in
reports and strategies. Investment, incentive regulation and research also emerge as
outstanding collocates in both types of documents in this era. In the strategy, climate
protection, regional cooperation and gas supply strategy stand out as emerging collocates. I
the report, successful is a top collocate and acceptance, infrastructure and companies are
most notable.
E.3. NGOs
E.3.1. Themes:
1970’s: None.
1980’s: Themes of early Öko studies related to energy and electricity supply and consumption,
particularly in context of industrial economy (companies, jobs). Heat, and communities
(communal values) also stand out among high ranking themes.
1990’s: In Öko studies, Energiewende appears as theme associated with efficiency, consumption,
industrial emissions, transport and coal. Transportation also appears as a main theme and in
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most sub-themes associated with public, non-motorized vehicle and efficient, low emission
cars. In other NGO reports, renewables, environment and emissions are the top themes
along with transportation, energy use and efficiency. The most outstanding theme in other
NGO documents is ‘guiding visions’.
2000’s: In Öko studies, aside from the legacy themes, cogeneration stands out as a top theme.
Electricity also appears with a richer set of subthemes which are mostly different forms of
renewables.
2005’s: No Öko studies. Other NGO’s emphasize economic and social development. Justice
(global, economic and social) appears as a top theme. However, there is a clear
environmental undertone apparent in sub-themes such as ecological, regenerative, and
sustainable. Outstanding top themes include transportation emissions and ecological land
management.
2009’s: In Öko studies, cars and transportation particularly stand out among themes and sub-
themes. Associated themes are electrical, efficiency, commercial, emissions, climate
protection, public transportation and research. Decentral energy supply is another top
theme. In other NGO studies, ‘companies’ is the top theme and other themes pertain to
economic values, energy supply, emissions and electricity. Decentral stands out a frequent
sub-theme in other NGO documents as well.
2011’s: No Öko studies. In other NGO documents, Energiewende appears most notably as a
main theme. The top themes, are costs and electricity generation—sub-themes are coal,
nuclear, gas, wind, geothermal and solar. Other outstanding themes include new jobs,
decentral networks, cars, coal phase-out and risks.
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2013’s: In Öko studies, electricity production is the top theme followed by renewables and
Energiewende—associated with circular economy and waste management. Legacy themes
such as electricity production, renewals, climate protection, emissions, efficiency, and
heating also appear as top themes and frequent sub-themes. Recycling, old wood,
composting and circular economy also appear are relatively lower themes but emergent
themes.
2015’s: In Öko studies, the theme structure resembles a concrete value foundation for the
Energiewende; it is the top theme associated with climate protection, global, decentral and
cost efficient. Social transformation is the second ranking theme followed by energy data
and efficiency in companies. ‘Decentral solutions’ and recycling also stand out as top
themes. In addition to other legacy values such as sustainability climate protection,
renewables, emissions and transportation, phase-out appears as a main theme including
nuclear and coal as sub-themes. The appearance of ‘carsharing’ as an independent theme is
further notable.
In other NGO documents (Greenpeace), Energiewende is also the top theme, associated
with energy supply and, consumption and education. Nuclear and coal phase-out
particularly stand out among the top themes. Supply security also appears as a frequent
sub-theme.
E.3.2. Collocates:
1970’s: None.
1980’s: Energiewende was first introduced by the Öko institute and emerged mostly in titles and
sub-titles. Significant collocates were oil and uranium (phase-out), energy consumption,
electricity policy and most surprisingly ‘concentration of power’. Considering the
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collocates of ‘wende’, alternative energies, jobs, oil prices, industry, profit and wealth also
indicate significant originally associated value meanings.
1990’s: In Öko studies, renewable energies (solar, wind, biomass) were the top collocates. Other
emerging legacy collocates include demand and consumption, saving and efficiency,
industry, climate protection, nuclear phase-out, decentral, heating and coal. Cogeneration
and transportation stand out due to their early emergence as a top collocates. In other NGO
studies, only the word ‘wende’ was mentioned once, associated with collocates such as
guiding visions, renewables, economy, society, ecological, infrastructure and agriculture.
2000’s: In Öko studies, emissions is the top collocate and climate protection is in the list.
Efficiency, consumption, economy and jobs stand out in pertaining to economic values.
Nuclear phase-out and nuclear energy both appear. Industrial society and community
policy stand out as unique minor collocates.
2005’s: No Öko studies. Other NGO report only mentions Energiewende once, associated with
obstacles, handicap, agricultural turn, transportation turn.
2009’s: Despite X Öko studies in this epoch, no references to Energiewende can be found in
them. Other NGO’s on the other hand, mention Energiewende once, in context of a critical
disbelief towards the achievements of Energiewende (in terms of environmental and social
values) in light of the rising power of industrial lobbies for pesticide and car manufacturing
industries.
2011’s: No Öko studies. The most significant collocates in the other NGO report (Greenpeace)
are climate protection, climate turn and energy prices.
2013: In Öko studies, circular economy is the top collocate, followed by electricity generation
and emissions. An outstanding collocate is ‘waste’ which appears in various forms like
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waste economy, waste emissions, statistics, recycling, incarceration. This clearly indicates
a range of new value meanings associated with Energiewende by the Öko institute after
Fukushima. ‘Climate protection’ and ecological values also appear in the top list. However,
the only other legacy value is ‘renewables’ whereas ‘biomass’ is the only form of
renewables on the list.
2015: In Öko studies, ‘decentral stands out as the top collocate, followed by climate protection
and communication. Energy systems appears before energy supply. ‘Transformation’ and
‘actors’ also stand out as unique collocates. In addition to transport, cars and mobility are
also on the list. The emergence of ‘buildings’ is further notable and ‘recycling’ is at the
bottom of the list. In other NGO documents, nuclear phase-out and climate protection are
the top collocates. Fukushima is also a significant collocate. However, the most
outstanding collocates are education, transmission networks and electricity storage.
E.4. Political Campaigns
E.4.1. Themes
1970’s-1980’s: None
1990’s: only some minor themes of energy are relevant: economy, waste, saving and decentral.
2000’s: sustainable development and companies are among top themes. What stands out the the
emergence of energy intensive companies as a significant marginal theme. Relevant sub
themes include renewables, energy waste, savings and efficiency.
2005’s: only sub-themes reflecting legacy values such as efficiency and renewables, Nuclear
phase-out, biomass and competition in energy network are particularly outstanding themes.
2009’s: companies, particularly energy intensive companies stand out as the top theme before
people. Renewables, efficiency and nuclear phase-out remain.
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2011’s: None.
2013’s: people appear before companies as top theme. Associated with the theme of
development, cultural, communal and digital stand out as emergent sub-themes. Renewable
energy expansion, education and communities also appear as main themes.
2015’s: people still appear before companies but energy intensive only appears as a minor sub-
theme of companies, along with communal. Cultural and asocial appear along with
development again. Investment stands out as an emergent theme associated with climate
protection, sustainability and ecological values.
E.4.2. Collocates
1970’s-1980’s: None.
1990’s: only mentioned by the Green party collocated with some of the legacy values such as
energy economy, nuclear phase out, transportation (turn), decentral, efficiency, climate
protection, renewables. What stands out most is the early emergence of jobs as a high
collocate. ‘Tax reform’ is another outstanding and unique collocate (to time and category).
2000’s: top collocate is nuclear phase out. Ecological values stand out in collocates such as
climate protection, and ecological modernization. Jobs and developing countries indicate
an economic agenda. Energy efficiency and emissions further represent legacy values but
‘renewables’ is notably absent.
2005’s: Only mentioned in SPD party’s manifesto and collocated with the acronyms of the
opposition party of the time (CDU) accusing them of ‘ecological regression through the
revival of nuclear energy. Some reports about campaigns mention Energiewende a few
times, associating it with ecological modernisation, transportation turn and most
surprisingly, nuclear energy and biotechnologies.
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2009’s: climate protection is the top collocate and climate change, emissions and nuclear phase-
out are in the list. Renewables, energy efficiency and transportation represent legacy
values. ‘Social’ stands out as a unique collocate.
2011’s: no elections.
2013’s: renewables, climate protection and energy supply are the top collocates. What stands out
most is ‘social’, ‘communal’ and ‘decentral’ appearing among the top collocates.
Furthermore, the emergence of ‘global’ and ‘coal’ are notable. Other legacy collocates
include economy, companies, profit, energy efficiency, electricity and buildings.
2015: (long list) renewables is the top collocate, followed by ‘social justice’ and climate
protection. Outstanding emergent collocates include digitization, energy cooperatives,
industrial policy, transmission networks, subsidies, technologies and jobs. What stands out
are the specific technologies and measures which appears as collocates—such as wind
energy facilities, heat alternatives, emission trading, efficiency technologies, energy
storage and geothermal. Nuclear phase-out is still on the list.
E.5. Special Commissions
E.5.1. Themes
1970’s: None.
1980’s: facilities, particularly for industrial energy production and supply are most prevalent.
Emissions, environmental pollution and fossil fuel replacement (particularly, coal) stand
out as top themes emerging in an early report which referenced the Energiewende study.
Energy consumption particularly in heating as well as renewable electricity are also among
top themes.
1990’s: None
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2000’s: in addition to legacy themes such as sustainable development, electricity supply,
emissions and ecological/environmental values, transportation stands out as a significant
theme. Transportation also includes Energiewende as a sub-theme. It also stands out along
with decentral as a significant sub-theme. However, heating is no longer among the top
themes.
2005’s - 2009’s: None
2011’s: Energiewende is the top theme associated with ‘decision making, sustainable,
monitoring, market actors, and decentral. Energy supply is another significant theme
associated with decentral, smart grid, sustainable and low risk. Nuclear safety stands out as
a significant theme, but nuclear phase-out is also among the top themes and sub-themes.
Ecological values such as climate goals, emissions, and environmental values also appear.
Wind is the only renewable among the significant sub-themes.
2013’s - 2015’s: None
E.5.2. Collocates
1970’s - 1990’s: None.
2000’s: top collocate is globalization. Developing countries, financing, costs, capital, export
credits suggest initial government ambitions to use Energiewende as economic driver.
From legacy collocates suitability, climate policy and energy efficiency are present, but
renewables seem notably absent. Outstanding unique collocates are transition path and
energy systems.
2005’s: None.
2011’s: top collocate is energy supply. ‘Collective project’, society and communities emerging
as top collocates suggest a shift towards social values associated with Energiewende. On
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the other hand, competitive and capacity markets indicate an associated economic agenda.
Legacy values appear as collocates such as efficiency, research, nuclear phase-out,
renewables, infrastructure, electricity, costs and suitability. Most notably, efficiency,
research and nuclear phase-out appear with relatively higher ranks, whereas sustainability
and electricity seem to be relatively lower.
2013’s-2015’s: None.
E.6. Coalition Contracts:
E.6.1. Themes:
1970’s-1980’s: None
1990’s: Renewables, efficiency, technology and sustainable development appear as legacy
themes. Ecological tax reform and modernization stand out as unique relevant themes.
2000’s: the only relevant theme discovered is ‘development’ and the only relevant sub-themes
are sustainable and transportation service development.
2005’s: sustainable development is the top theme. Other relevant themes are communal
companies and energy intensive economy.
2009’s: companies, particularly energy intensive ones are the top theme, before ‘people.
Development appears with social and ecological rather than economic sub-themes.
Furthermore, sustainable is a frequent subtheme.
2011’s: None.
2013’s: companies, particularly energy intensive ones are the top theme, but this time after
‘people’ which is the top theme. Development appears with predominantly economic and
technological sub-themes but also includes the sub-theme social, cultural and communal.
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Communities appear as an independent theme, as well as education. Renewable energy
appears both as a theme and frequent sub-theme.
2015’s: None.
E.6.2. Collocates:
1970’s-1980’s: None
1990’s: no reference.
2000’s: collocate relate to ecological values—ecology, environment, climate protection. Job
creation is an outstanding collocate.
2005’s-2011’s: No reference.
2013’s: Economy is the top theme and affordability and supply security are among the highly
ranked. Some of the legacy values such as renewables, infrastructure, climate, efficiency,
sustainability, nuclear phase-out, heat and decentralization appear as well. Dialogue stands
out as a unique and the third most frequent collocate. Other outstanding collocates include
success, acceptance, digitization and transmission network expansion.
2015’s: None.
E.7. Legislations
E.7.1. Themes:
1970’s-1980’s: None
1990’s: Most of the relevant themes are related to the supply economy and companies. However,
energy intensive does not appear as a subtheme. The most outstanding themes are
ecological supply, coal and communities. Renewable energy is at the bottom of the list.
2000’s: electricity generation is the only relevant theme. Sub-themes refer to renewable
energies—biomass, hydro, geothermal and wind. Solar is noticeably absent.
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2005’s: In addition to the same themes as previous epoch, solar appears among renewables and
biomass appears as a main theme. Outstanding emergent themes are costs, companies
(particularly energy intensive), and network operators. Sub-themes of network operators
(‘obligated’, ‘against producers’ and ‘feed-in management’) are rather eccentric and
indicate that conflict resolution between supply stakeholders has been a key concern.
Furthermore, renumeration stands out as a unique emergent sub-theme of electricity.
2009’s: the thematic structure is remains similar; however, renumeration rises to the top sub-
them of electricity. Solar as a form of renewable energies is absent again. Environmental
taxes and audit are outstanding unique themes.
2011’s: ‘data’ is the most outstanding top theme but electricity is still the highest ranking. Sub-
themes include biomass, wind and geothermal. Feed-in and market value particularly stand
out as minor sub-themes.
2013’s: the thematic structure remains similar. Data rises in ranks and feed-in and market value
no longer appear.
2015’s: solar re-appears as a sub-them of electricity, as well as a main theme (solar facilities).
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APPENDIX F: CROSS-SECTION ANALYSIS TABLES
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