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Lab Quiz #1 on Monday (7/2): (30pts) conifers, vegetative morphology, reproductive morphology

Study: Conifers in display case outside HCK 132

Wednesday: Greenhouse tours/intro to keying Review of the previous lecture

Phylogeny Phylogenetic ingroup; outgroup; sister relationship; most recent common ancestor; monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups; Character homology; synapomorphy; symplesiomorphy; convergent character; Phylogenetic reconstruction Phylogenetic classification A “ thinking challenge” (again)

Taxa that share a MORE recent common ancestor are MORE closely related to each other

Think about your family genealogy (family tree)… MORPHOLOGY: Reproductive & Vegetative

Study of form, shape or structure of a plant and its parts variation

http://130.54.82.4/members/Okuyama/yudai_e.htm Reproductive morphology: flower

Hypericum sp. Flower parts

Flower parts

Pedicel – (from Lartin: ped=foot) stalk of a single flower in an inflorescence; Receptacle - end of stem on which flower is borne; Sepals - outer (lower) of parts; often greenish; -often function to protect in , but sometimes more colorful and showy than petals and attract ; Calyx - collective term for sepals of one flower (from Greek: kalux to cover); Petals - second whorl of parts; often colorful and showy -often function to attract pollinators; Corolla - collective term for petals of one flower (Latin = crown); – collective term for calyx and petals; -perianth parts that are not differentiated into sepals and petals (e.g., Tulip) Ref.1

tepals Corolla

Polypetalous - petals separate Gamopetalous/sympetalous - petals fused

Actinomorphic/radially symmetric/ Zygomorphic/bilaterally regular - multiple planes of symmetric/irregular - a single plane symmetry of symmetry Flower parts

Note: in this flower, the pistil is compound, consisting of five fused carpels.

compound pistil style (with 5 fused carpels)

anther

filament Flower parts

Stamens - bearing part of the flower, consist of long filament (stalk) supporting the anther, where pollen is produced; - provide ‘male’ function in reproduction; Androecium - collective term for ‘male’ portion of flower (G. andro=male, oecium from oikos=house); Carpel - producing structures, consists of swollen ovary at base, elongate style supporting the stigma at the tip, where pollen is deposited and germinates. Style is the structure via which pollen travels down to . -provides ‘female’ function in reproduction;

Flowers may have a single carpel or many carpels; the carpels may be separate or fused together Pistil - generalized term for each individual female structure in a flower; When single or separate, each carpel equals one pistil – simple pistil When fused together, one pistil may consist of many carpels - compound pistil (Note: see Figs. 4.19 and 4.20 in your textbook for more illustrations).

Gynoecium - collective term for ‘female’ portion of flower (may be one or many pistils) Carpel vs. Pistil simple pistil = 1 carpel compound pistil = >1 FUSED carpels Ovary position

Correction: perigynous Ovary position

Superior ovary: ovary arising above the point of insertions of the other flower parts (i.e., perianth parts and ); flowers are thus hypogynous: with perianth parts and stamens arising from below the ovary.

Inferior ovary: ovary that is beneath the point of insertions of the other floral parts; flowers are epigynous: with perianth and stamens borne upon the ovary.

Hypanthium: Flat, cuplike, or tubular structure on which the sepals, petals, and stamens are borne; usually formed from the fused bases of the perianth parts and stamens or from a modified receptacle.

Half inferior ovary: A floral condition where the floral parts attach midway on the ovary such that it is partly superior and partly inferior. In this case, the flowers are perigynous: with perianth parts and stamens borne on an that is distinct from the ovary (note: different from Reproductive Morphology worksheet definition…use this one!). Ovary position quiz

hypanthium TextbookKRR&DLN DVD Textbook DVD KRR&DLN

Superior; hypogynous Superior; hypogynous

Inferior; perigynous TextbookKRR&DLN DVD

Textbook DVD KRR&DLN Inferior; epigynous hypanthium

Textbook DVD KRR&DLN Inferior; perigynous Superior; perigynous Flower parts

Textbook DVD KRR&DLN

Ovule - the egg-producing structure; Placenta (plural placentae) - part of the ovary to which the ovules attach to; Placentation - Arrangement of ovules within the ovary. placenta

ovule Placentation

septum pl. septa

locule

basal free-central free-central Parietal placentation: ovules attached to the wall of the ovary. Axile placentation: ovules attached to the central axis of the ovary with two or more locules. Free-central placentation: ovules attached to a freestanding or central axis in the middle of a unilocular ovary. Basal placentation: ovules attached at the base of the ovary. Placentation quiz

Textbook DVD KRR&DLN Textbook DVD KRR&DLN

Parietal; one locule Axile; three locules

Textbook DVD KRR&DLN Textbook DVD KRR&DLN Basal; one locule Free central; one locule Placentation quiz

Textbook DVD KRR&DLN Ref2

Axile; three locule

Ref3 Free central; one locule Free central; one locule More on flower parts

In many flowers the parts in each whorl or the whorls themselves may be fused together. connate - parts of one whorl fused to each other; fusion of LIKE parts. (e.g., gamopetalous corolla: petals fused together) adnate - parts on one whorl fused to parts in another whorl; fusion of UNLIKE parts from different whorls. (e.g., epipetalous stamens: stamens adnate to petals.)

Textbook DVD KRR&DLN

Connate: gamopetalous corolla Adnate: epipetalous stamens More on flowers complete - all four whorls present incomplete - one or more whorls missing perfect - both reproductive whorls present; bisexual imperfect - one reproductive whorl missing; unisexual monoecious - with imperfect (unisexual) flowers, in which both sexes are on the same plant dioecious - plants with imperfect (unisexual) flower, in which each sex is on a separate plant Polygamous - plants with both perfect (bisexual) and imperfect (unisexual) flowers on the same plant Textbook DVD KRR&DLN Textbook DVD KRR&DLN

Imperfect and incomplete Imperfect and incomplete Inflorescence

Inflorescence: positions and arrangements of flowers on a plant. Inflorescence Inflorescence Inflorescence Inflorescence quiz

Ref.1 Textbook DVD KRR&DLN Ref.4

Solitary: a single flower formed in the axil of a (solitary axillary flower) or at the terminus of a vegetative axis (solitary terminal flower). Raceme: simple, indeterminate inflorescence with a single axis bearing pedicellate flowers. Panicle: Indeterminate inflorescence with two or more orders of branching, each axis bearing flowers or higher order axes Inflorescence quiz

Textbook DVD KRR&DLN Textbook DVD KRR&DLN Textbook DVD KRR&DLN

Umbel Spike

Umbel: Determinate or indeterminate inflorescence in which all flowers have pedicels of equal or unequal length that arise from a single region at the apex of the inflorescence axis. Spike: Simple, indeterminate inflorescence with a single axis bearing sessile flowers. Spadix: Spike with a thickened, fleshy axis, as characteristic of members of the . Inflorescence quiz

Textbook DVD KRR&DLN

Spikelet

Textbook DVD KMN Textbook DVD KRR&DLN

Head or Capitulum

Spikelet: small spike, as in the basic inflorescence units of members of and . Catkin: inflorescence consisting of a dense, elongated mass of inconspicuous, usually wind-pollinated flowers; also called an ament. Head or Capitulum: compact determinate or indeterminate inflorescence with a very short, often disklike axis and usually sessile flowers. Inflorescence quiz

Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD WSJ

Corymb

Cyme

Cyme

Textbook DVD WSJ Cyme: determinate, compound inflorescence composed of repeating units of a bearing a terminal flower and below it, one or two bracteoles; each bracteole is associated with an axillary flower, and further bracteoles, and so on. : raceme with the pedicels of the lowermost flowers elongated, bringing all flowers to more or less the same level, i.e., a flat-topped raceme.

Fruit - mature ovary; once the eggs within the ovules have been fertilized and the ovary starts to expand, it is usually called a fruit and contains ;

You will see many different types of in lab.

Multiple fruit: formed from coalescence of multiple flowers Photo: Patti Haskins Fruit

Fruit summary

Simple fruits (from a single flower) Dry fruits Dry, dehiscent fruits (opens) follicle: 1 carpel splitting along 1 suture legume: 1 carpel splitting along 2 sutures (Fabaceae only) silique: 2 carpels (includes the silicle, only) : ≥2 carpels opening in various ways

Dry, indehiscent fruits (doesn’t open) achene: 1-2 carpels containing a single , thin wall surrounding cypsela: 1 carpel ( only, i.e. sunflower seeds) samara: winged achene-like fruit caryposis: (grain) surrounding wall ± fused to single seed (Poaceae) nut: ≥2 carpels, single seed, fruit walls are thick, bony schizocarp: ≥2 carpels, splits into 1-seeded segments

Fleshy fruits drupe: 1 carpel, 1 seed, outer fruit walls soft, inner wall is hard (i.e. pit) pome: 5 carpels, inferior ovary ( only) : ≥2 carpels, several – many seeded pepo: berry with thick outer skin (e.g. banana, squash) hesperidium: berry with thick outer skins and inner sections (e.g. orange)

Aggregate fruits (from separate carpels of a single flower) e.g.: strawberry –aggregate of achenes magnolia fruit –aggregate of follicles –aggregate of drupelets

Multiple fruits (fruit is a fusion of fruit from multiple separate ) e.g.: pineapple Vegetative vs. reproductive morphology

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peanut_plant_NSRW.jpg Vegetative morphology

http://faculty.baruch.cuny.edu/jwahlert/bio1003/images/anthophyta/peanut_cotyledon.jpg

Seed = starting point of plant after fertilization; a young plant in which development is arrested and the plant is dormant.

Monocotyledon vs. dicotyledon cotyledon = leaf developed at 1st node of (seed leaf). “Textbook” plant

http://bio1903.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch35/35_02AngiospermStructure.jpg Stem variation Stem variation

http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/botf99/stems&leaves/barrel.jpg http://www.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/art0042.jpg

http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/botf99/stems&leaves/xstawb.gif http://biology.uwsp.edu/courses/botlab/images/1854$.jpg Leaf variation

http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/98/5598-004.gif Leaf variation Leaf variation Vegetative morphology

If the primary persists, it is called a “true root” and may take the following forms: taproot = single main root (descends vertically) with small lateral . fibrous roots = many divided roots of +/- equal size & thickness. http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nursery-weeds/weedspeciespage/OXALIS/oxalis_taproot.jpg adventitious roots = roots that originate from stem (or leaf ) rather than from the true root. All roots on monocots are adventitious. (e.g., corn and other grasses).

http://plant-disease.ippc.orst.edu/plant_images/StrawberryRootLesion.JPG Root variation

http://bio1903.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch35/35_04RootDiversity.jpg Image Source

Ref.1 http://www.freefoto.com/images/12/61/12_61_52---Tulip_web.jpg Ref.2 http://images.jupiterimages.com/common/detail/80/66/23466680.jpg Ref.3 http://home.comcast.net/~suzyq9/MarioQBellOpenCompare.jpg Ref.4 http://www.duke.edu/~cwcook/trees/yufi4897.jpg